Polar Research

ISSN: (Print) 1751-8369 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/zpor20

The Upper Triassic of northern Middle Siberia:

stratigraphy and palynology

Natalya V. Ilyina & Alexander Y. Egorov

To cite this article: Natalya V. Ilyina & Alexander Y. Egorov (2008) The Upper Triassic of northern
Middle Siberia: stratigraphy and palynology, Polar Research, 27:3, 372-392, DOI: 10.1111/
j.1751-8369.2008.00083.x

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.2008.00083.x

© 2008 The Author(s). Published by Taylor &

Francis.

Published online: 16 Dec 2016.

Submit your article to this journal

Article views: 140

View related articles

Citing articles: 2 View citing articles

Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at

https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=zpor20
The Upper Triassic of northern Middle Siberia: stratigraphy
and palynology
Natalya V. Ilyina1 & Alexander Y. Egorov2
1 Institute of Geology, Komi Science Centre, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 54 Pervomayskaya St., RU-167982, Syktyvkar, Russia
2 State Research and Production Enterprise Aerogeologija, 8/2 Akademika Volgina St., RU-117393, Moscow, Russia

Keywords Abstract
Carnian; northern Middle Siberia;
spore-pollen; Triassic palynology. The Lower Carnian succession in northern Middle Siberia includes continental
and marine deposits. Bivalves, nautiloids and ammonites in the marine units
Correspondence provide biostratigraphic control for a palynological study of three important
Natalya V. Ilyina, Institute of Geology, Komi sections. Palynomorph associations from the base of the succession include
Science Centre, Ural Division of the Russian forms that have previously been reported only from Norian and Rhaetian
Academy of Sciences, 54 Pervomayskaya St.,
deposits in the Tethyan and Boreal realms. This suggests that, in comparison
RU-167982, Syktyvkar, Russia.
E-mail: [email protected]
with other areas, the palynoflora of Siberia was more uniform throughout the
Late Triassic, and that the Carnian and Norian stages have a miospore assem-
doi:10.1111/j.1751-8369.2008.00083.x blage that is recognizable in a wide belt through Arctic Canada and northern
Eurasia.

Middle Siberia comprises the Eastern Taimyr Mesozoic 1958, 1960), Korotkevič (1966, 1968, 1973), Odincova
troughs of the Siberian Platform and the western slope of (1977), Romanovskaja (1989) and Krugovyh &
the Verkhoyansk mega-anticlinorium (Fig. 1). Triassic Mogučeva (2000). The results of palynological studies
rocks are distributed throughout the area and are repre- of the Carnian and Norian stages were utilized in the
sented by a wide range of facies, from marine to coastal detailed stratigraphic chart of the Triassic of this area
and continental. Rich and diverse assemblages of brachio- compiled by Kazakov et al. (2002). The exact dating of
pods, bivalves, nautiloids, ammonoids and conodonts, as the local lithostratigraphic units has been disputed, but
well as plant macrofossils and miospores, occur in these the age of most of the Carnian deposits is adequately
deposits. The abundant marine invertebrate fossils are the controlled by invertebrate fossils. The potential of
basis for a biostratigraphic scheme that is, at present, the miospores for correlating the Late Triassic deposits has
most detailed from the Boreal basins (Dagys & Weitschat been investigated at three reference sections. Palynologi-
1993). The Triassic succession in this area has been cal studies of the sections at Cape Tsvetkov, near the
reviewed by Dagis & Kazakov (1984), Egorov & Mørk village of Stannakh-Khocho, and at Cape Chekurovsky
(2000) and Kazakov et al. (2002). The present contribu- (Fig. 1) have attempted to integrate the results with the
tion focuses on the Upper Triassic deposits of the northern biostratigraphic data from the accurately dated marine
part of this region. units. For the Cape Tsvetkov section, the data of
All three Upper Triassic stages are developed in northern Romanovskaja (1989) and Krugovyh (in Krugovyh &
Middle Siberia. Carnian deposits occur throughout the Mogučeva 2000) have been included. These previous
study area, but those of Norian and Rhaetian age were studies have resulted in different interpretations of the
developed, or are preserved, less extensively. Synsedimen- age of the formations and of the extent of the strati-
tary tectonic control defines several separate facies belts. graphic gaps in the Upper Triassic succession (Fig. 2).
The detailed stratigraphic chart of the Upper Triassic is Kazakov et al. (2002) described the Osipa, Nemtsov
based on studies of bivalves, nautiloids and ammonoids and Tumul formations at Cape Tsvetkov (Fig. 2). They
(Kazakov et al. 2002). Plant macrofossils also provide interpreted the Osipa Formation as being of early Carnian
important information, and palynological data facilitate age. The formation erosionally overlies Middle Triassic
the correlation of marine and continental deposits. deposits, with a small stratigraphical gap. Previously, it
Miospores from the Triassic succession in northern was suggested that this gap equated approximately with
Middle Siberia have been studied by Kara-Murza (1951, the Stolleyites tenuis Zone (Dagis & Kazakov 1984).

372 Polar Research 27 2008 372–392 © 2008 The Authors

N.V. Ilyina & A.Y. Egorov The Upper Triassic of northern Middle Siberia

Fig. 1 Tectonic structures in northern Middle Siberia, and location of the sections studied: (1) Cape Tsvetkov section, (2) the section near the village of
Stannakh-Khocho and (3) Cape Chekurovsky section. The figure has been modified from Egorov & Mørk (2000).

Later, the presence of deposits of the tenuis Zone in the macrofossils are common in the upper part of the
section at Cape Tsvetkov was established on the basis of formation. Foraminifers, bivalves, nautiloids and
finds of the bivalve Zittelihalobia zitteli (Kurušin 1991). ammonoids indicate that the base of the formation cor-
The Osipa Formation is composed of marine shales, responds with the upper part of the omkutchanicum
with siltstones in the upper part: it is characterized Zone (Kazakov et al. 2002). The Tumul Formation suc-
throughout by marine invertebrate fossils that are ceeds the Nemtsov Formation above an erosion surface.
indicative of the tenuis and “Protrachyceras” omkut- It comprises coastal marine sandstones with interbedded
chanicum zones. The Nemtsov Formation overlies the argillaceous siltstones in the upper part. At Cape Tsvet-
Osipa Formation conformably: its age was determined as kov it lacks marine fossils, but a middle Norian–
early Carnian–early Norian (Kazakov et al. 1982; Dagis Rhaetian age is indicated by comparison with the
& Kazakov 1984; Kazakov & Kurušin 1992; Kazakov formation stratotype at Cape Tumul. In the stratotype,
et al. 2002). The formation includes alternating coastal- bivalves indicative of the Middle Norian Otapiria
marine, lagoonal and terrestrial sandstones, with ussuriensis Zone occur at the base of the formation. At
subordinate beds of shaly siltstones and shales, and, in 10 m above the base, bivalves indicative of the Rhaetian
the upper part, coals. Marine fossils are found only in Tosapecten efimovae Zone and foraminifers are found
the lower part of the formation. Wood debris and plant (Dagis & Kazakov 1984; Kazakov & Kurušin 1992;

Polar Research 27 2008 372–392 © 2008 The Authors 373

The Upper Triassic of northern Middle Siberia N.V. Ilyina & A.Y. Egorov

Fig. 2 Upper Triassic stratigraphy of the sec-

tions studied, comparing interpretations by
Dagis & Kazakov (1984) and Kazakov et al. (2002)
(columns marked 1) with interpretions by
Egorov & Mørk (2000) and the present study
(columns marked 2).

Kazakov et al. 2002). The formation is overlain by The Upper Triassic deposits in the three sections studied
Lower Jurassic deposits. (Fig. 2) are thought to represent an entire second-order
In the section near the village of Stannakh-Khocho, the Carnian transgressive–regressive cycle (Egorov & Mørk
Osipa, Chaidakh and Tumul formations are all present. 2000). The Osipa Formation and the lower part of the
Here, the tenuis Zone is missing at the base of the Osipa Ebitiem Formation represent the basal transgressive part
Formation, and the Chaidakh Formation is largely a of this sequence. The Nemtsov and Chaidakh formations
spatial and time equivalent of the Nemtsov Formation; conformably overlie the Osipa Formation: they are much
the Tumul Formation consists only of deposits of pre- thicker, and, with the upper part of the Ebitiem Forma-
sumed Rhaetian age, equivalent to its upper part at Cape tion, represent the regressive part of the sequence. Lower
Tsvetkov (Dagis & Kazakov 1984; Kazakov et al. 2002). Jurassic deposits rest on an erosion surface above these
At Cape Chekurovsky, only the Osipa and Chaidakh for- formations (Egorov & Mørk 2000).
mations are present. The tenuis Zone is missing at the
base of the Osipa Formation, and the Chaidakh Forma-
Palaeobotany
tion consists only of deposits of Carnian age (Dagis &
Kazakov 1984; Kazakov et al. 2002). Plant megafossils occur irregularly in the Upper Triassic of
In the present study a different interpretation of the northern Middle Siberia, and have only been found in the
stratigraphy in these sections—that of Egorov & Mørk Osipa and Nemtsov formations at Cape Tsvetkov.
(2000)—has been adopted (Fig. 2). At Cape Tsvetkov The sandstones in the Osipa Formation contain wood
(Fig. 3), marine, coastal marine, lagoonal and continen- debris, and stem and rhizome remains of equisetalean
tal terrigenous deposits of the Osipa and Nemtsov plants; the calcareous concretions contain the remains of
formations are exposed, but the Tumul Formation has equisetaleans (Schizoneura grandifolia Kryshtofovich &
not been found. The Osipa Formation contains brachio- Prynada) and ferns (Danaeopsis sp.).
pods, bivalves, nautiloids and ammonoids indicative of A rich and diverse macroflora occurs in the upper
an Early Carnian age, but there is no evidence of the part of the Nemtsov Formation; according to Krugovyh
presence of the complete tenuis Zone. In the section & Mogučeva (2000) and Kazakov et al. (2002), this is
near the village of Stannakh-Khocho, the Osipa and dominated by the fern Cladophlebis (represented by 14
Chaidakh formations are present. At Cape Chekurovsky, species) and the conifers Podozamites and Yuccites (repre-
the exposed but condensed Ebitiem Formation contains sented by three and four species, respectively). The
fauna assigned to the early Carnian omkutchanicum remainder of the flora comprises remains of equi-
Zone, and presumably to the seimkanense Zone setalean plants (Annulariopsis inopinata Zeiller,
(Figs. 3–5). Neocalamites carrerei [Zeiller] Halle), ferns (Dictyophyllum

374 Polar Research 27 2008 372–392 © 2008 The Authors

N.V. Ilyina & A.Y. Egorov The Upper Triassic of northern Middle Siberia

Fig. 3 Litho- and biostratigraphy, lithology and

sample levels for the Cape Tsvetkov section.

sp. and Kugartenia irregularis Sixtel), peltasperms occurred at that time. The macroflora is only indicative
(Rhaphidopteris sp. and Scytophyllum pinnatum [Sixtel] of a general Late Triassic age (Dagis & Kazakov 1984;
Dobruskina), cycadophytes (Sphenozamites surakaicus Mogučeva 1991, 1996; Krugovyh & Mogučeva 2000;
Prynada and Taeniopteris sp.) and ginkgophytes (Cze- Kazakov et al. 2002). However, according to the revised
kanowskia mogutchevae Kiritchkova & Samylina). stratigraphy of the Cape Tsvetkov section (Egorov & Mørk
The plants in this assemblage are characteristic of the 2000), the beds of the Nemtsov Formation containing the
Late Triassic flora of the Siberian palaeofloristic region, macroflora are of a later Carnian, post-seimkanense
and indicate that moderately warm, humid conditions Zone, age (Fig. 2).

Polar Research 27 2008 372–392 © 2008 The Authors 375

The Upper Triassic of northern Middle Siberia N.V. Ilyina & A.Y. Egorov

Fig. 4 Litho- and biostratigraphy, lithology and

sample levels for the section near the village of
Stannakh-Khocho. Legend as in Fig. 3.

Fig. 5 Litho- and biostratigraphy, lithology and

sample levels for the section at Cape Chek-
urovsky. Legend as in Fig. 3.

Palynology The first group (Table 1) comprises taxa that range

throughout the Triassic: the quantitative distribution of
Miospores occur in samples from all three of the sections the main groups of these taxa is shown in Fig. 6.
studied. Specimens in different states of preservation The reason for assigning some of the taxa to this
have been recovered from deposits of the tenuis and long-ranging category is as follows: spores of the genus
omkutchanicum zones, and also from overlying beds that Polycingulatisporites are characteristic of the Upper Triassic,
are devoid of marine fossils, but which may be referable and are also widely distributed in Jurassic and Cretaceous
to the seimkanense Zone. sediments. However, in northern Eurasia, in the Finnmark
At the Cape Tsvetkov section, samples were collected Platform, their first occurrence is in the basal Triassic
from the part of the Osipa Formation referred to the (Mangerud 1994). They are also a characteristic compo-
tenuis Zone, but only one sample yielded miospores nent of the Pechorosporites disertus assemblage, which is of
(Fig. 3). Sixteen samples from the sections near the presumed Late Griesbachian–Dienerian age, in the Timan–
village of Stannakh-Khocho and Cape Chekurovsky rep- northern Urals region (Jarošenko et al. 1991). In northern
resent the omkutchanicum Zone and the above-lying Middle Siberia, species of Polycingulatisporites are present
bed, lacking fauna, but referred to the seimkanense up to the top of the Olenekian (Il’ina 2001), and their next
Zone (Figs. 4, 5). Five of the samples yielded diverse main record is in the Upper Triassic. Camarozonosporites
palynofloras. The palynological associations are of nearly rudis and Lycopodiacidites kuepperi occur almost everywhere
the same composition, and, for practical purposes, have in the Upper Triassic. They are placed in the long-ranging
been regarded as one assemblage. Within this assemblage group because, in northern Eurasia, their first appearance
this paper distinguishes four stratigraphic groups of is in the Upper Olenekian, and they are consistently
miospores, based on correlation with independently present in Middle Triassic assemblages (Jarošenko et al.
dated Triassic successions (Jarošenko 1978; Fisher 1979; 1991; Mangerud & Rømuld 1991; Vigran et al. 1998; Il’ina
Visscher & Brugman 1981; Van der Eem 1983; Hochuli 2001); L. kuepperi is also recorded from the Spathian in
et al. 1989; Vigran et al. 1998). Arctic Canada (Fisher 1979). The smooth triangular spores

376 Polar Research 27 2008 372–392 © 2008 The Authors

N.V. Ilyina & A.Y. Egorov The Upper Triassic of northern Middle Siberia

Table 1 Distribution chart of miospores with wide stratigraphic ranges recorded from the Carnian in northern Middle Siberia. Compilation of palynologi-
cal data from (1) Romanovskaja (1989), (2) Krugovyh in Krugovyh & Mogučeva (2000) and (3) this study. Taxa set in bold comprise miospore group 1 of
this study.
Nemtsov
“Protrachyceras” Beds referred to the Formation,
Stolleyites omkutchanicum Neoprotrachyceras upper part with
tenuis Zone Zone seimkanense Zone plant megafossils

1 3 1 3 2 3 1 2 Taxa
• Verrucosisporites applanatus
• • Verrucosisporites narmianus
• • • Cyclotriletes oligogranifer
• • Cyclotriletes triassicus
• Nevesisporites fossulatus
• • • • • • • Nevesisporites limatulus
• Nevesisporites macrogranulatus
• • Nevesisporites pokrovskajae
• • Discisporites psilatus
• Aratrisporites coryliseminis
• • Aratrisporites fischeri
• Aratrisporites flexibilis
• • • Aratrisporites granulatus
• • Aratrisporites paenulatus
• Aratrisporites palettae
• • Aratrisporites paraspinosus
• Aratrisporites parvispinosus
• • Aratrisporites scabratus
• Aratrisporites virgatus
• Spinotriletes echinoides
• • Apiculatisporis parvispinosus
• • Anapiculatisporites spiniger
• • • • Anapiculatisporites telephorus
• • Carnisporites mesozoicus
• Todisporites major
• • Todisporites minor
• Camptotriletes cerebriformis
• Polycingulatisporites cf. circulus
• • Polycingulatisporites crenulatus
• Polycingulatisporites dejerseyi
• • • Polycingulatisporites densatus
• • • • • Lycopodiacidites kuepperi
• • • • • Camarozonosporites rudis
• • • Osmundacidites senectus
• • • • • • Dictyophyllidites mortoni
• • Dictyophyllum nilssoni
• • • • Dictyophyllum rugosum
• • • • • • Dictyophyllum vulgaris
• • • • • Concavisporites crassexinius
• • • Concavisporites toralis
• • Auritulinasporites scanicus
• • Cyathidites coniopteroides
• • Cyathidites nigrans
• Cyathidites triangularis
• • • • Alisporites australis
• • • Alisporites landianus
• • Alisporites grauvogeli
• Alisporites cf. grauvogeli
• Alisporites magnus
• • Alisporites parvus

Polar Research 27 2008 372–392 © 2008 The Authors 377

The Upper Triassic of northern Middle Siberia N.V. Ilyina & A.Y. Egorov

Table 1 Continued

Nemtsov
“Protrachyceras” Beds referred to the Formation,
Stolleyites omkutchanicum Neoprotrachyceras upper part with
tenuis Zone Zone seimkanense Zone plant megafossils

1 3 1 3 2 3 1 2 Taxa
• Alisporites cf. parvus
• Alisporites perlucidus
• Alisporites cf. aequalis
• Alisporites cf. cymbatus
• • • • Platysaccus queenslandi
• Platysaccus niger
• • • Platysaccus leschiki
• • Falcisporites stabilis
• Falcisporites snopkovae
• Falcisporites cf. snopkovae
• • Chordasporites singulichorda
• Chordasporites cf. volziaformis
• • • Chordasporites australiensis
• Sulcatisporites institatus
• • • • Sulcatisporites kraeuseli
• Striatoabieites aytugii
• • Striatoabieites balmei
• Striatoabieites multistriatus
• Cordaitina gunyalensis
• • • • Vitreisporites pallidus
• • Vitreisporites reductus
• • • • • • Ginkgocycadophytus
• Gnetaceaepollenites steevesi

Fig. 6 Quantitative distribution of the miospore

genera with wide stratigraphic ranges recorded
from the Carnian in northern Middle Siberia.

of Concavisporites, Cyathidites, Deltoidospora and Dictyophyl- Lower Triassic. In the Middle Triassic their species diversity
lidites may also be included in the long-ranging group increases, and in the Ladinian their abundance also in-
(Kručinina & Romanovskaja 1980). In northern Middle creases sharply, up to 27% in some assemblages. In the Up-
Siberia, sparse representatives of these genera occur in the per Triassic they comprise 25–48% of the spores present.

378 Polar Research 27 2008 372–392 © 2008 The Authors

N.V. Ilyina & A.Y. Egorov The Upper Triassic of northern Middle Siberia

Table 2 Distribution chart of miospores ranging from the Middle Triassic to the Carnian in northern Middle Siberia. Compilation of palynological data from
(1) Romanovskaja (1989), (2) Krugovyh in Krugovyh & Mogučeva (2000) and (3) this study. Taxa set in bold comprise miospore group 2 of this study.
“Protrachyceras” Beds referred to the Nemtsov Formation,
Stolleyites omkutchanicum Neoprotrachyceras upper part with
tenuis Zone Zone seimkanense Zone plant megafossils
1 3 1 3 2 3 1 2 Taxa
• • • • Duplexisporites gyratus
• Duplexisporites scanicus
• • Duplexisporites problematicus
• Duplexisporites toratus
• Baculatisporites baculatus
• Baculatisporites comaumensis
• • Baculatisporites verus
• • • Converrucosisporites cameroni
• Converrucosisporites conferteornatus
• Converrucosisporites luebbenensis
• • Concentricisporites nevesi
• • • • Microcahryidites doubingeri
• • • • Microcahryidites sittleri
• • Microcahryidites fastidiosus
• • • • Minutosaccus potoniei
• • • Minutosaccus schizeatus
• • Protodiploxypinus gracilis
• • Brachysaccus neomundanus
• • Florinites pseudostriatus
• • • Florinites walchius
• Latosaccus latus
• • • Podocarpidites keuperianus
• • • • Voltziaceaesporites heteromorpha
• • Voltziaceaesporites cf. globosus
• Triadispora aurea
• • Triadispora crassa
• • Triadispora staplini
• Triadispora falcata
• Triadispora obscura
• • Stellapollenites thiergartii

The second group (Table 2) comprises taxa that are levels. The miospore associations apparently marking the
common constituents of Middle Triassic assemblages, beginning of the Carnian, Norian and Rhaetian stages
and range upwards from that level. Their quantitative (Table 4) are based on data from Europe, Arctic Canada
distribution is shown in Fig. 7. The pollen Flori- and the Barents Sea (Schulz 1967; Morbey 1975; Bjærke
nites pseudostriatus (Fig. 8.4) and Florinites walchius 1977; Bjærke & Manum 1977; Lund 1977; Schuurman
(Fig. 9.26) were described from Upper Triassic deposits 1977, 1979; Fisher 1979; Visscher & Brugman 1981;
of western Kazakhstan in 1963 (Kopytova 1963: 65–69, Van der Eem 1983; Hochuli et al. 1989; Warrington et al.
pl. III, figs. 1–6). In Europe, such forms have been 1995; Warrington 1996, 1997; Hochuli & Frank 2000,
recorded as Illinites chitonoides Klaus, 1964, which is 2006; Roghi 2004).
considered here to be a junior synonym of F. Carnian: Kraeuselisporites reissingeri, Kyrtomisporis graci-
pseudostriatus. lis, Kyrtomisporis laevigatus and Zebrasporites corneolus, and
The third group of miospores comprises taxa that have the pollen Corollina meyeriana, Granuloperculatipollis rudis,
their earliest records at different levels in the Anisian and Lagenella martinii, Lunatisporites rhaeticus, Paracirculina
Ladinian of northern Eurasia, and range into the Upper maljawkinae, Paracirculina quadruplicis, Ricciisporites tuber-
Triassic (Table 3, Figs. 10, 11). culatus and Vallasporites ignacii, and perhaps Duplicisporites
The fourth group of miospores comprises taxa consid- dispertitus.
ered to appear at different stages of the Late Triassic, and Norian: Cingulizonates rhaeticus, Kyrtomisporis speciosus,
requires a revision of views concerning the appearance Limbosporites lundbladii, Semiretisporis gothae, Trianco-

Polar Research 27 2008 372–392 © 2008 The Authors 379

The Upper Triassic of northern Middle Siberia N.V. Ilyina & A.Y. Egorov

Fig. 7 Quantitative distribution of Middle Trias-

sic genera, which range into the Carnian in
northern Middle Siberia.

Fig. 8 Sample Tsv. 99g-91 is from the Stolleyites tenuis Zone from the section at Cape Tsvetkov. Samples 507-62 and 507-62a are from the “Protrachyc-
eras” omkutchanicum Zone, and samples 507-67 and 507-68 are from the beds referred to the Neoprotrachyceras seimkanense Zone. All the
aforementioned samples are from the section near the village of Stannakh-Khocho. Sample 502-43 is from the “Protrachyceras” omkutchanicum Zone
from the section at Cape Chekurovsky. (1) Lunatisporites rhaeticus, sample 507-68. (2) Ovalipollis lunzensis, sample 507-62a. (3) Samaropollenites
speciosus, sample Tsv. 99g-91. (4) Florinites pseudostriatus, sample 502-43. (5) Cordaitina gunyalensis, sample 507-62. (8.6) Plicatisaccus badius, sample
Tsv. 99g-91. (7) Chasmatosporites hians, sample 507-68. (8) Patinasporites densus, sample 507-67. (9) Praecirculina sp., sample 507-67. (10) Paracirculina
cf. quadruplicis, sample 507-67. (11) Alete folded body, sample 507-62a. (12) Chasmatosporites apertus, sample 507-62a. (13) Microcachryidites sittleri,
sample 507-62. (14) Vallasporites ignacii, sample 507-68. (15) Minutosaccus potoniei, sample 507-68. (16) Camerosporites secatus, sample 507-62a. (17)
Eucommiidites sp., sample 502-43. (18) Accinctisporites cf. ligatus, sample 507-68. (19) Microcachryidites doubingeri, sample 507-62a. (20) Minutosaccus
sp., sample 507-67. (21) Microcachryidites with four sacci, sample 507-68. (22) Protodiploxypinus gracilis, sample 502-43. (23) Micrhystridium breve,
sample 502-43. (24) Micrhystridium cf. setasessitante, sample 502-43. (25) Wilsonastrum colonicum, sample Tsv. 99g-91.
䉴

raesporites ancorae and Zebrasporites laevigatus, and the tus, L. rhaeticus, Paracirculina cf. quadruplicis, Patinasporites
pollen Rhaetipollis germanicus. densus, R. tuberculatus and V. ignacii (Table 5).
Rhaetian: Semiretisporis maljawkinae, Triancoraesporites In the uppermost part of the sections studied, the
reticulatus and perhaps Camarozonosporites golzowensis and abundant osmundaceous fern spores may comprise up to
Retitriletes semimuris (Table 4). 19% of the miospores. Most samples have also yielded
The view that this sucession of Late Triassic palyno- acritarchs and algae, including Baltisphaeridium sp.,
morphs is universal is contradicted by the data from Cymatiosphaera sp., Micrhystridium breve, Micrhystridium
northern Middle Siberia (Table 5). “Norian–Rhaetian” cf. inconspicuum, Micrhystridium cf. setasessitante, Mic-
indicators like Camarozonosporites cf. golzowensis, K. specio- rhystridium triassicum and Pterospermopsimorpha sp.
sus and S. gothae are all found in the basal Carnian (i.e., in Reworked Early Triassic and older miospores include
the tenuis Zone). The following taxa are also present in common Crustaesporites globosus, Klausipollenites sp.,
the omkutchanicum and seimkanense zones: C. cf. golzo- Kraeuselisporites apiculatus, Kraeuselisporites cuspidus, Lund-
wensis, L. lundbladii, R. semimuris, R. germanicus, S. gothae bladispora willmottii, Pechorosporites coronatus, Punc-
and Z. laevigatus, together with other spores, including tatisporites fungosus, Taeniaesporites noviaulensis, Tae-
Camarozonosporites laevigatus, K. laevigatus, Lycopodiacidites niaesporites novimundi, Taeniaesporites pellucidus and
rugulatus, Tigrisporites halleinis, Zebrasporites interscriptus the algae Tympanicysta stoschiana and Wilsonastrum
and Zebrasporites kahleri, and pollen including D. disperti- colonicum.

380 Polar Research 27 2008 372–392 © 2008 The Authors

N.V. Ilyina & A.Y. Egorov The Upper Triassic of northern Middle Siberia

Polar Research 27 2008 372–392 © 2008 The Authors 381

The Upper Triassic of northern Middle Siberia N.V. Ilyina & A.Y. Egorov

382 Polar Research 27 2008 372–392 © 2008 The Authors

N.V. Ilyina & A.Y. Egorov The Upper Triassic of northern Middle Siberia

Fig. 9 Sample Tsv. 99g-91 is from the Stolleyites tenuis Zone from the section at Cape Tsvetkov. Samples 507-62 and 507-62a are from the “Protrachyc-
eras” omkutchanicum Zone, and sample 507-67 is from the beds referred to the Neoprotrachyceras seimkanense Zone. All of the aforementioned samples
are from the section near the village of Stannakh-Khocho. Sample 502-43 is from the “Protrachyceras” omkutchanicum Zone from the section at Cape
Chekurovsky. (1) Camarozonosporites rudis, sample 507-67. (2) Camarozonosporites laevigatus, sample 507-67. (3) Camarozonosporites cf. golzowensis,
sample 507-62a. (4) Retitriletes semimuris, sample 502-43. (5) Kyrtomisporis speciosus, sample Tsv. 99g-91. (6) Kyrtomisporis laevigatus, sample Tsv.
99g-91. (7) Deltoidospora sp., sample 507-67. (8) Zebrasporites sp., sample 507-67. (9) Zebrasporites laevigatus, sample 507-67. (10) Tigrisporites
halleinis, sample 507-62a. (11) Kyrtomisporis sp., sample Tsv. 99g-91. (12) Concavisporites cf. kaiseri, sample Tsv. 99g-91. (13) Auritulinasporites scanicus,
sample 507-67. (14) Styxisporites cooksonae, sample 507-67. (15) Lycopodiacidites kuepperi, sample 507-62a. (16) Lycopodiumsporites sp., sample
507-67. (17) Cyathidites coniopteroides, sample 507-67. (18) Concavisporites crassexinius, sample 502-43. (19) Dictyophyllidites mortoni, sample 507-62a.
(20 and 21) Annulispora cicatricosa, sample 507-67. (22) Dictyophyllum rugosum, sample 507-67. (23) Concavisporites juriensis, sample 507-62a. (24)
Dictyophyllum vulgaris, sample Tsv. 99g-91. (25) Phlebopteris type, sample 507-67. (26) Florinites walchius, sample 502-43. (27) Limbosporites lundbladii,
sample 507-62. (28 and 29) Semiretisporis gothae, sample 507-62a. (30) Lundbladispora denmeadi, sample 507-67.
䉳

Fig. 10 Quantitative distribution of miospores

that appear during the Anisian and Ladinian in
northern Eurasia, and that range into the
Carnian in northern Middle Siberia.

The presence of “Norian–Rhaetian” miospores in the Romanovskaja (1989) and the palynofloras recorded in
Upper Triassic, Carnian, deposits at Cape Tsvetkov is the present study. Romanovskaja’s three assemblages
consistent with the results of the earlier palynological include the four groups of miospores recognized in the
studies (Romanovskaja 1989; Krugovyh & Mogučeva present study: (1) species with a wide stratigraphic range
2000), when considering that those authors used the (Table 1); (2) species that are major constituents of
stratigraphic scheme proposed by Dagis & Kazakov Middle Triassic assemblages, but range into the Upper
(1984) (Fig. 2). Triassic (Table 2); (3) species that appear at different
Romanovskaja (1989) recorded three assemblages levels in the Anisian and Ladinian, and range into the
from the Upper Triassic at Cape Tsvetkov—two from Upper Triassic (Table 3); and (4) species restricted to the
the Osipa Formation and one from the Nemtsov Upper Triassic (Table 5).
Formation—but the number of productive samples The oldest of the three assemblages recognized by
studied was not specified. The miospores identified, Romanovskaja (1989) is from the tenuis Zone: although
and their stratigraphic distribution, are illustrated in specimens are not abundant, the assemblage is fairly
Tables 1–3 and 5, which show the consistency between diverse. The most common miospores are Duplexisporites
the content of the three assemblages documented by scanicus, Duplexisporites toratus, Ginkgocycadophytus and L.

Polar Research 27 2008 372–392 © 2008 The Authors 383

The Upper Triassic of northern Middle Siberia N.V. Ilyina & A.Y. Egorov

Table 3 Distribution chart of miospores that appear during the Anisian and Ladinian, and that range into the Carnian in northern Middle Siberia.
Compilation of palynological data from (1) Romanovskaja (1989), (2) Krugovyh in Krugovyh & Mogučeva (2000) and (3) this study. Taxa set in bold comprise
miospore group 3 of this study.
Stolleyites “Protrachyceras” Beds referred to the Nemtsov Formation,
tenuis omkutchanicum Neoprotrachyceras upper part with
Zone Zone seimkanense Zone plant megafossils
1 3 1 3 2 3 1 2 Taxa
• • Styxisporites cooksonae
• Lundbladispora denmeadi
• Zebrasporites interscriptus
• • Zebrasporites kahleri
• Punctatisporites leighensis
• • • Annulispora microannulata
• • Annulispora folliculosa
• • Annulispora cicatricosa
• • • Stereisporites perforatus
• • Taurocusporites sp. A
• Convolutispora cf. microrugulata
• Convolutispora sp. A
• • • Uvaesporites cf. argenteaeformis
• • • Polypodiisporites ipsviciensis
• • • • Punctatosporites walkomi
• Leschikisporites aduncus
• Apiculatisporis globosus
• Anaplanisporites echinatus
• • Porcellispora longdonensis
• • • • • • Neoraistrickia taylori
• • • Polypodites cladophleboides
• Acanthotriletes ilekensis
• • Granulatisporites asper
• Asterisporites slewecensis
• Globulisporites primus
• Lophotriletes bauchiniae
• Apiculatisporis lentus
• • Type Phlebopteris
• Mesostriatites hercynicus
• Schizosaccus keuperi
• Plicatisaccus badius
• Protodiploxypinus lacertosus
• Accinctisporites cf. ligatus
• Heliosaccus dimorphus
• • • Ovalipollis pseudoalatus
• Ovalipollis lunzensis
• Ovalipollis cultus
• • Chasmatosporites apertus
• • Chasmatosporites hians
• • Quadraeculina anellaeformis
• • • Camerosporites secatus
• • Praecirculina granifer
• • Enzonalasporites vigens
• Enzonalasporites sp. A
• Duplicisporites granulatus
• Classopollis sp.

384 Polar Research 27 2008 372–392 © 2008 The Authors

N.V. Ilyina & A.Y. Egorov The Upper Triassic of northern Middle Siberia

Table 4 Miospores, the appearance of which, from published sources, appear to mark the beginning of the Carnian, Norian and Rhaetian stages.
Carnian Norian Rhaetian
Corollina meyeriana Cingulizonates rhaeticus Camarozonosporites golzowensis
Duplicisporites dispertitus Kyrtomisporis speciosus Retitriletes semimuris
Granuloperculatipollis rudis Limbosporites lundbladii Semiretisporis maljavkinae
Kraeuselisporites reissingeri Rhaetipollis germanicus Triancoraesporites reticulatus
Kyrtomisporis gracilis Semiretisporis gothae
Kyrtomisporis laevigatus Triancoraesporites ancorae
Lagenella martinii Zebrasporites laevigatus
Lunatisporites rhaeticus
Paracirculina maljavkinae
Paracirculina quadruplicis
Ricciisporites tuberculatus
Vallasporites ignacii
Zebrasporites corneolus

Table 5 Distribution chart of selected miospores in the Upper Triassic in northern Middle Siberia. Compilation of palynological data from (1)
Romanovskaja (1989), (2) Krugovyh in Krugovyh & Mogučeva (2000) and (3) this study. Taxa set in bold comprise miospore group 4 of this study.
Stolleyites “Protrachyceras” Beds referred to the Nemtsov Formation,
tenuis omkutchanicum Neoprotrachyceras upper part with
Zone Zone seimkanense Zone plant megafossils
1 3 1 3 2 3 1 2 Taxa
• • • Semiretisporis gothae
• • • • Kyrtomisporis laevigatus
• • • • Kyrtomisporis speciosus
• • • • • Cingulizonates rhaeticus
• Cingulizonates tuberosus
• Cingulizonates bulbifera
• • • Limbosporites lundbladii
• Zebrasporites laevigatus
• • Lycopodiacidites rugulatus
• Triancoraesporites reticulatus
• Retitriletes semimuris
• Camarozonosporites laevigatus
• • • Camarozonosporites cf. golzowensis
• Convolutispora cf. microfoveolata
• Polypodiisporites polymicroforatus
• Ischyosporites cf. marburgensis
• Klukisporites cf. granosifenestellatus
• Tigrisporites halleinis
• • • Concavisporites juriensis
• • Concavisporites cf. kaiseri
• • • Lunatisporites rhaeticus
• Callialasporites dampieri
• • • Vallasporites ignacii
• Paracirculina cf. quadruplicis
• Chasmatosporites elegans
• Chasmatosporites major
• Chasmatosporites minor
• • Corollina meyeriana
• Corollina torosus
• Ricciisporites tuberculatus
• Pseudenzonalasporites summus
• • Patinasporites densus
• Patinasporites funiculus
• Duplicisporites dispertitus
• Rhaetipollis germanicus

Polar Research 27 2008 372–392 © 2008 The Authors 385

The Upper Triassic of northern Middle Siberia N.V. Ilyina & A.Y. Egorov

386 Polar Research 27 2008 372–392 © 2008 The Authors

N.V. Ilyina & A.Y. Egorov The Upper Triassic of northern Middle Siberia

Fig. 11 Sample 507-62a is from the “Protrachyceras” omkutchanicum Zone, and samples 507-67 and 507-68 are from the beds referred to the Neopro-
trachyceras seimkanense Zone. All the aforementioned samples are from the section near the village of Stannakh-Khocho. Sample 502-43 is from the
“Protrachyceras” omkutchanicum Zone from the section at Cape Chekurovsky. (1) Duplexisporites gyratus, sample 502-43. (2) Convolutispora cf.
microrugulata, sample 507-67. (3) Uvaesporites cf. argenteaeformis, sample 502-43. (4) Polypodiisporites sp., sample 507-67. (5) Aratrisporites fischeri,
sample 507-62a. (6) Converrucosisporites sp. 3 “chagrenate”, sample 507-62a. (7) Converrucosisporites cameroni, sample 507-68. (8) Granulatisporites
asper, sample 507-62a. (9) Acanthotriletes ilekensis, sample 507-62a. (10) Concentricisporites nevesi, sample 507-68. (11) Todisporites minor, sample
507-68. (12) Converrucosisporites sp. 5 “granulatus”, sample 507-67. (13) Converrucosisporites luebbenensis, sample 507-62a. (14) Neoraistrickia taylori,
sample 507-62a. (15) Baculatisporites comaumensis, sample 507-67. (16) Camptotriletes cerebriformis, sample 507-67. (17) Carnisporites mesozoicus,
sample 507-67. (18) Stereisporites perforatus, sample 507-67. (19) Anapiculatisporites telephorus, sample 507-67. (20) Leschikisporites aduncus, sample
507-62a. (21) Nevesisporites pokrovskajae, sample 507-68. (22) Polycingulatisporites dejerseyi, sample 507-67. (23) Polycingulatisporites densatus,
sample 507-62a. (24) Converrucosisporites sp. 2 “smooth”, sample 507-62a. (25) Converrucosisporites conferteornatus, sample 507-62a. (26) Apicu-
latisporis parvispinosus, sample 507-67. (27) Anapiculatisporites spiniger, sample 507-62a. (28) Nevesisporites macrogranulatus, sample 507-67. (29)
Nevesisporites limatulus, sample 507-67.
䉳

kuepperi, and sometimes S. gothae. The second assemblage Assemblages VIII and IX of Krugovyh (in Krugovyh
is from the omkutchanicum Zone, and is poorer than the & Mogučeva 2000), although not diverse, include
first in terms of spore diversity and the abundance of miospores from each of the four groups recognized in this
pollen. Annulispora microannulata, Ginkgocycadophytus and study (Tables 1–3, 5); dominant forms are Annulispora,
Gnetaceaepollenites steevesi are quantitatively prominent. Duplexisporites and a group of smooth triangular spores.
Both assemblages include acritarchs, and their ages are Most samples also yielded reworked acritarchs (Veryh-
constrained as Carnian by the associated marine faunas achium sp. and Micrhystridium sp.) and Upper Palaeozoic
(Romanovskaja 1989). The third and youngest assem- miospores. Krugovyh recorded C. rhaeticus in the omkut-
blage is not stratigraphically constrained in the same way: chanicum and seimkanense zones, and K. speciosus in the
it was recovered from a part of the Nemtsov Formation highest part of the Nemtsov Formation. Krugovyh’s
that lacks age-conclusive faunal evidence, but has been assemblage IX accordingly corresponds with the third
provisionally regarded as Norian (Dagis & Kazakov 1984). assemblage of Romanovskaja (1989).
Species diversity is even poorer than that from the In the first three Upper Triassic miospore groups the
omkutchanicum Zone: representatives of Dictyophyllum records of Romanovskaja and Krugovyh reveal that the
and Kyrtomisporis dominate. species content is consistent throughout the interval
The fourth group of miospores, comprising taxa studied. We therefore consider it practical to combine the
restricted to the Late Triassic, is important because of the three assemblages of Romanovskaja (1989) and the two of
“Norian–Rhaetian” elements present. In the assemblage Krugovyh (in Krugovyh & Mogučeva 2000) into one that
from the tenuis Zone, Romanovskaja (1989) recognized characterizes the whole Upper Triassic. The appearance of
five Norian–Rhaetian taxa (C. rhaeticus, K. speciosus, L. a large number of Norian–Rhaetian taxa as early as the
lundbladii, S. gothae and T. reticulatus); C. rhaeticus also tenuis Zone, and their development in the omkutchani-
occurs in the second and third assemblages (from the cum Zone and beds correlated with the seimkanense Zone,
omkutchanicum Zone and the Nemtsov Formation, cast doubt on the correlated Norian age of the assemblage
respectively), and K. speciosus occurs in the third assem- from the upper part of the Nemtsov Formation.
blage (Romanovskaja 1989). The present study of the sections near the village of
Krugovyh studied 19 samples from the Nemtsov For- Stannakh-Khocho and Cape Chekurovsky recorded a
mation of the Cape Tsvetkov section, and recognized two richer miospore assemblage that expands the previous
palynological assemblages: VIII and IX (Krugovyh & characteristics of the Siberian Late Triassic palynoflora
Mogučeva 2000). Assemblage VIII was recovered from (Romanovskaja 1989; Krugovyh & Mogucheva 2000).
the omkutchanicum Zone and beds correlated with the The list of “Norian” species present in an independently
seimkanense Zone, and, on this basis, is assigned a dated early Carnian assemblage includes C. rhaeticus, K.
Carnian age. Assemblage IX characterizes the plant- speciosus, L. lundbladii, R. germanicus, S. gothae and Z. laevi-
bearing highest part of the Nemtsov Formation, which gatus, but not T. ancorae. Also present are the “Rhaetian”
lacks conclusive faunal evidence of age. Krugovyh fol- species C. cf. golzowensis, R. semimuris and T. reticulatus.
lowed the Upper Triassic stratigraphic scheme of Dagis & These results suggest that the boundary between the
Kazakov (1984), and adopted a Norian age for this part Carnian and Norian stages in the Boreal basin cannot be
of the formation. recognized on the basis of palynology (Tables 1–3, 5).

Polar Research 27 2008 372–392 © 2008 The Authors 387

The Upper Triassic of northern Middle Siberia N.V. Ilyina & A.Y. Egorov

Conclusions Hochuli P.A., Colin J.P. & Vigran J.O. 1989. Triassic
biostratigraphy of the Barents Sea area. In J.D. Collinson
In the present study of sections in northern Middle Siberia, (ed.): Correlation in hydrocarbon exploration. Pp. 131–153.
miospores that are considered to be indicative of the London: Graham & Trotman.
Norian or Rhaetian stages have been found to appear in Hochuli P.A. & Frank S.M. 2000. Palynology (dinoflagellate
beds dated by marine invertebrates as Carnian. These cysts, spore-pollen) and stratigraphy of the Lower Carnian
records alter the stratigraphic range of these miospores, Raibl Group in the Eastern Swiss Alps. Eclogae Geologicae
which are now considered as components of a group of Helvetiae 93, 429–443.
taxa that characterizes the whole of the Late Triassic. The Hochuli P.A. & Frank S.M. 2006. Palynomorphe und
Carnian palynoflora from northern Middle Siberia seems organisches Material aus den Raibler Schichten einer
oberostalpinen schuppe der Iberger Klippen.
more uniform than that in other regions. Therefore, global
(Palynomorphs and other organic material from the
correlation by miospores may be possible only at the level
Raibler Layers of the East Iberger Cliffs.) Eclogae
of the Upper Triassic as a whole, through recognition of a Geologicae Helvetiae 99, 131–136.
unified palynological assemblage. For more detailed sub- Il’ina [Ilyina] N.V. 2001. Palinostratigrafija srednego triasa
division, the priority should be given to marine biota. Timano–Severoural’skogo regiona. (Palynostratigraphy of the
Middle Triassic in the Timan–northern Urals region.)
Ekaterinburg: Russian Academy of Sciences Press.
Acknowledgements Jarošenko O.P. 1978. Komplekcy miospor i stratigrafija triasa
The authors are grateful to the Organizing Committee for Zapadnogo Kavkaza. (Miospore assemblages and Triassic
the invitation to attend the Boreal Triassic Conference, stratigraphy of the West Caucasus.) Trudy Geologisčeskogo
Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR 324. Moscow: Nauka.
and for supporting their participation. Atle Mørk and
Jarošenko O.P., Golubeva L.P. & Kalantar I.Z. 1991. Miospory
Geoffrey Warrington are thanked for fruitful discussions,
i stratigrafija nižnego triasa Pečorskoj sineklizy. (Miospores and
and many important suggestions on earlier versions of stratigraphy of the Lower Triassic of the Pechora basin.) Trudy
this paper; critical comments by Michael Shishkin in the Geologisčeskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR 470. Moscow:
initial stages of the work are also acknowledged. Appre- Nauka.
ciation is expressed to Peter Hochuli, Atle Mørk, Gunn Kara-Murza E.N. 1951. Sporovo-pyl’cevye kompleksy mezozoja
Mangerud, Guido Roghi, Jorunn Os Vigran and Geoffrey severnoij časti Central’noij Sibiri. (Spore-pollen assemblages
Warrington, and many other colleagues, for help with the of the Mesozoic of northern Middle Siberia.) Trudy
literature. We particularly thank Geoffrey Warrington for Naučno-issledovatel’ski Institut Geologii Arktiki 18.
reviewing this manuscript. Leningrad: Northern Seaway Publishing House.
Kara-Murza E.N. 1958. Sporovo-pyl’cevye kompleksy
triasovyh otloženij v rajone mysa Cvetkova. (Spore-pollen
References assemblages of the Triassic deposits near Cape Tsvetkov.)
In N.A. Švedov (ed.): Sbornik statej po paleontologii i
Bjærke T. 1977. Mesozoic palynology of Svalbard II. biostratigrafii 8. (Collected papers on palaeontology and
Palynomorphs from the Mesozoic sequence of Kong Karls biostratigraphy 8.) Pp. 33–65. Leningrad: Institute of
Land. Norsk Polarinstitutt Årbok 1976, 83–120. Arctic Geology Press.
Bjærke T. & Manum S.B. 1977. Mesozoic palynology of Kara-Murza E.N. 1960. Palinologičeskoe obosnovanie
Svalbard. I. The Rhaetian of Hopen, with preliminary report on stratigrafičeskogo rasčlenenija mezozoiskih otloženij Hatangskoij
the Rhaetian and Jurassic of Kong Karls Land. Skrifter 165. vpadiny. (Palynological evidence for stratigraphic subdivision of
Oslo: Norwegian Polar Institute. the Mesozoic Khatanga depression.) Trudy Naučno-issledovatel’ski
Dagis [Dagys] A.S. & Kazakov A.M. 1984. Stratigrafija, Institut Geologii Arktiki 109. Leningrad: Institute of Arctic
litologija i cikličnost’ triasovyh otloženij severa Sredneij Sibiri. Geology.
(Stratigraphy, lithology and cycles of sedimentation of the Triassic Kazakov A.M., Dagis [Dagys] A.S. & Karogodin Ju.N. 1982.
deposits of northern Middle Siberia.). Novosibirsk: Nauka. Litostratigrafičeskie podrazdelenija triasa severa Srednej
Dagys A. & Weitschat W. 1993. Correlation of the Boreal Sibiri. (Lithostratigraphic subdivision of the Triassic of
Triassic. Mitteilungen Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut northern Middle Siberia.) In A.S. Dagis (ed.): Bio- i
Universität Hamburg 75, 249–256. litostratigrafija triasa Sibiri. (Bio- and lithostratigraphy of the
Egorov A.Y. & Mørk A. 2000. The East Siberian and Svalbard Triassic of Siberia.) Pp. 5–36. Moscow: Nauka.
Triassic successions and their sequence stratigraphical Kazakov. A.M., Konstantinov A.G., Kurušin N.I., Mogučeva
relationships. Zentralblatt für Geolgie und Paläontologie, Teil 1, N.K., Sobolev E.S., Fradkina A.F., Jadrenkin A.V., Devjatov
1377–1430. V.P. & Smirnov L.V. 2002. Stratigrafija neftegazonosnyh
Fisher M.J. 1979. The Triassic palynofloral succession in the basseinov Sibiri. Triasovaja sistema. (Stratigraphy of the oil- and
Canadian Arctic Archipelago. American Association of gas-bearing basins of Siberia. Triassic system.) Novosibirsk:
Stratigraphic Palynologists Contribution Series 5B, 83–100. Russian Academy of Sciences.

388 Polar Research 27 2008 372–392 © 2008 The Authors

N.V. Ilyina & A.Y. Egorov The Upper Triassic of northern Middle Siberia

Kazakov A.M. & Kurušin N.I. 1992. Stratigrafija norijskih i phytostratigraphy of the Triassic reference section at
rėtskih otloženij severa Srednej Sibiri. (Stratigraphy of Cape Tsvetkov, eastern Taimyr [Siberia].) Geologija i
Norian and Rhaetian deposits in northern Middle Siberia.) Geofizika 41, 535–550.
Geologija i Geofizika 6, 3–10. Kurušin N.I. 1991. Otkrytie zony Zittelihalobia zitteli
Klaus W. 1964. Zur sporenstratigraphischen Einstufung (Bivalvia) v osnovanii verhnego triasa na Vostočnom
von gipsführenden Schichten in Bohrungen. Taimyre. (Recognition of the Zittelihalobia zitteli Zone
(Playnostratigraphical correlation of gypsum-bearing [Bivalvia] in the lowest Upper Triassic base in eastern
layers in boreholes.) Erdoel Zeitschrift 4, 119–132. Taimyr.) Geologija i Geofizika 10, 54–57.
Kopytova E.A. 1963. Novye vidy spor i pyl’cy is triasovyh Lund J.J. 1977. Rhæt-nedre lias palynologi i det sydøstlige Nordsø
otloženij Zapadnogo Kazahstana. (New species of spores Bassins landområder. (Rhaetic to Lower Liassic palynology of the
and pollen from the Triassic deposits of west Kazakhstan.) onshore south-eastern North Sea Basin.) Danmarks Geologiske
In S.V. Semihatova & E.A. Kopytova (eds.): Undersøgelse, Series 2, 109. Copenhagen: Geological Survey
Sporovo-pyl’cevye kompleksy i stratigrafija proterozoja, paleozoja i of Denmark.
mezozoja Volgo–Ural’skoij oblasti i Sredneij Azii. (Spore-pollen Mangerud G. 1994. Palynostratigraphy of the Permian and
assemblages and stratigraphy of the Upper Proterozoic, Paleozoic lowermost Triassic succession, Finnmark Platform, Barents
and Mesozoic of Volga–Uralian province and Central Asia.) Sea. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 82, 317–349.
Pp. 65–69. Moscow: State Scientific–Technical Publishing Mangerud G. & Rømuld A. 1991. Spathian–Anisian (Triassic)
House of Literature on Geology, Geodesy and palynology at the Svalis Dome, southwestern Barents Sea.
Conservation of Resources. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 70, 199–216.
Korotkevič V.D. 1966. Sopostavlenie verhnetriasovyh Mogučeva [Mogucheva] N.K. 1991. Ètapy razvitija triasovoj
sporovo-pyl’cevyh kompleksov Leno-Olenekskogo flory Srednej Sibiri. (Stages of development of Triassic
meždureč’ja i ostrova Zapadnyj Špicbergen. (Correlation flora in East Siberia.) In V.I. Krasnov & A.G. Jadrenkina
of the Late Triassic spore-pollen assemblages of the (eds.): Stratigrafija i glavnejšie sobytija v geologičeskoj istorii
Lena-Olenek area and western Spitsbergen.) Učenye zapiski Sibiri. (Stratigraphy and most important events in geological
Naučno-issledovatel’ski Institut Geologii Arktiki. Paleontologija i history of Siberia.) Pp. 132–140. Novosibirsk: Siberian
Biostratigrafija 12, 81–85. Institute of Geology, Geophysics and Mineral Resources
Korotkevič V.D. 1968. Palinologičeskaja harakteristika Press.
morskih mezozojskih otloženij severnoij časti Mogucheva N.K. 1996. Evolutionary stages of Triassic flora
Leno–Olenekskogo meždureč’ja. (Palynological in Siberia (Angarida). Palaeobotanist 45, 329–333.
characteristics of the Mesozoic marine deposits of the Morbey S.J. 1975. The palynostratigraphy of the Rhaetian
northern part of Lena–Olenek area.) In S.R. Samojlovič Stage, Upper Triassic in the Kendelbachgraben, Austria.
(ed.): Paleopalinologičeskij metod v stratigrafii. Materialy II Palaeontographica, Abteilung B, 152, 1–75.
Meždunarodnoj palinologičeskoj konferencii, Gollandija, 1966. Odincova M.M. 1977. Palinologija rannego mezozoja Sibirskoj
(Palaeopalynological method in stratigraphy. Proceedings of the platformy. (Early Mesozoic palynology of the Siberian Platform.)
2nd International Palynological Conference, Utrecht, Netherlands, Novosibirsk: Nauka.
1966.) Pp. 63–70. Leningrad: All-Union Geological Institute Roghi G. 2004. Palynological investigations in the Carnian of
Press. the Cave del Predil area (Julian Alps, NE Italy). Review of
Korotkevič V.D. 1973. Palinologičeskaja harakteristika Palaeobotany and Palynology 132, 1–35.
triasovyh otloženij central’nogo sektora Sovetskoij Arktiki. Romanovskaja G.M. 1989. Palinokompleksy triasa mysa
(Palynological characteristics of the Triassic deposits of Cvetkova. (Triassic palynological assemblages from Cape
Soviet Arctic area.) In A.F. Hlonova (ed.): Palinologija Tsvetkov.) Palinologičeskie taksony v biostratigrafii. Čast’ II.
Mesofita. Trudy III Meždunarodnoij Palinologičeskoj Konferencii, (Palynological taxa in biostratigraphy. Part II.) Pp. 6–9.
Novosibirsk, 1971. (Palynology of mesophyte. Proceedings of the Saratov: Saratov State University Press.
3rd International Palynological Conference, Novosibirsk, 1971.) Schulz E. 1967. Sporenpaläontologische Untersuchungen
Pp. 16–19. Moscow: Nauka. rätoliassischer Schichten im Zentralteil des Germanischen
Kručinina N.V. & Romanovskaja G.M. 1980. Morfologija Beckens. (Palynological investigations of the Rhaetian–
spor nekotoryh predstavitelej infraturmy Laevigati. Liassic Layers in the central part of the Germanic Basin.)
(Morphology of spores of some representatives of Paläontologische Abhandlungen, Abteilung B, 2, 427–633.
the infraturma Laevigati.) In L.A. Panova (ed.): Schuurman W.M.L. 1977. Aspects of Late Triassic palynology.
Paleomikrofitologičeskie issledovanija dlja celej stratigrafii. 2. Palynology of the “Grès et Schiste á Avicula contorta”
(Palaomicrophitological studies for stratigraphy aims.) Trudy and “Argiles de Levallois” (Rhaetian) of northeastern
Vsesojuznogo Naučno-issledovatel’skogo Geologičeskogo Instituta, France and southern Luxembourg. Review of Palaeobotany
New Series 305, 6–27. Leningrad: All-Union Geological and Palynology 23, 159–253.
Institute Press. Schuurman W.M.L. 1979. Aspects of Late Triassic palynology.
Krugovyh V.V. & Mogučeva [Mogucheva] N.K. 2000. Palino- 3. Palynology of latest Triassic and earliest Jurassic deposits
i fitostratigrafija opornogo razreza mysa Cvetkova na of the northern Limestone Alps in Austria and southern
Vostočnom Taimyre (Sibir’). (Palyno- and Germany, with special reference to a palynological

Polar Research 27 2008 372–392 © 2008 The Authors 389

The Upper Triassic of northern Middle Siberia N.V. Ilyina & A.Y. Egorov

characterization of the Rhaetian Stage in Europe. Review of Aratrisporites paenulatus Playford & Dettmann, 1965
Palaeobotany and Palynology 27, 53–76. Aratrisporites palettae Klaus, 1960
Van der Eem J.G.L.A. 1983. Aspects of Middle and Late Aratrisporites paraspinosus Klaus, 1960
Triassic palynology. 6. Palynological investigations in the Aratrisporites parvispinosus (Leschik, 1955) Playford &
Ladinian and Lower Karnian of the western Dolomites,
Dettmann, 1965
Italy. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 39, 189–300.
Aratrisporites scabratus Klaus, 1960
Vigran J.O., Mangerud G., Mørk A., Bugge T. & Weitschat W.
Aratrisporites virgatus (Leschik, 1955) Pautsch, 1971
1998. Biostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy of the
Lower and Middle Triassic deposits from the Svalis Dome, Asterisporites slewecensis Mädler, 1964
central Barents Sea, Norway. Palynology 22, 89–141. Auritulinasporites scanicus Nilsson, 1958 (Fig. 9.13)
Visscher H. & Brugman W.A. 1981. Ranges of selected Baculatisporites baculatus Orłowska-Zwolińska, 1988
palynomorphs in the Alpine Triassic of Europe. Review of Baculatisporites comaumensis (Cookson, 1953) Potonié,
Palaeobotany and Palynology 34, 115–128. 1956 (Fig. 11.15)
Warrington G. 1996. Chapter 20A. Triassic spores and pollen. Baculatisporites verus Orłowska-Zwolińska, 1984
In J. Jansonius & D.C. McGregor (eds.): Palynology: Camarozonosporites cf. golzowensis Schulz, 1967 (Fig. 9.3)
principles and applications. Vol. 2. Pp. 755–766. College Camarozonosporites laevigatus Schulz, 1967 (Fig. 9.2)
Station, TX: American Association of Stratigraphic
Camarozonosporites rudis (Leschik, 1955) Klaus, 1960
Palynologists Foundation.
(Fig. 9.1)
Warrington G. 1997. The Lyme Regis Borehole, Dorset
Camptotriletes cerebriformis Naumova, 1958 (Fig. 11.16)
palynology of the Mercia Mudstone, Penarth and Lias
groups (Upper Triassic–Lower Jurassic). Proceedings of the Carnisporites mesozoicus (Klaus, 1960) Mädler, 1964
Ussher Society 9, 153–157. (Fig. 11.17)
Warrington G., Ivimey-Cook H.C., Edwards R.A. & Cingulizonates bulbifera Odintsova, 1977
Whittaker A. 1995. The Late Triassic–Early Jurassic Cingulizonates rhaeticus (Reinhardt, 1962) Schulz, 1967
succession at Selworthy, west Somerset, England. Cingulizonates tuberosus Dybová & Jachowicz, 1957
Proceedings of the Ussher Society 8, 426–432. Concavisporites crassexinius Nilsson, 1958 (Fig. 9.18)
Concavisporites juriensis Balme, 1957 (Fig. 9.23)
Concavisporites cf. kaiseri Arjang, 1975 (Fig. 9.12)
Appendix Concavisporites toralis Nilsson, 1958
Concavisporites sp. 2 Schuurman, 1977
A list of the taxa referred to in this paper, with
Concentricisporites nevesi Antonescu, 1970 (Fig. 11.10)
references to illustrations in this contribution follows.
Converrucosisporites cameroni (de Jersey, 1962) Playford &
Spores Dettmann, 1965 (Fig. 11.7)
Acanthotriletes ilekensis Kopytova, 1963 (Fig. 11.9) Converrucosisporites conferteornatus Pautsch, 1971
Anapiculatisporites spiniger (Leschik, 1955) Reinhardt, (Fig. 11.25)
1962 (Fig. 11.27) Converrucosisporites sp. 3 “chagrenate” (Fig. 11.6)
Anapiculatisporites telephorus (Pautsch, 1958) Klaus, 1960 Converrucosisporites sp. 5 “granulatus” (Fig. 11.12)
(Fig. 11.19) Converrucosisporites luebbenensis Schulz, 1967 (Fig. 11.13)
Anaplanisporites echinatus Schulz, 1967 Converrucosisporites sp. 2 “smooth” (Fig. 11.24)
Annulispora cicatricosa (Rogalska, 1954) Morbey, 1975 Convolutispora sp. A Van der Eem, 1983
(Fig. 9.20, 9.21) Convolutispora cf. microfoveolata Schulz, 1967 (Fig. 11.2)
Annulispora folliculosa (Rogalska, 1954) de Jersey, 1964 Convolutispora cf. microrugulata Schulz, 1967
Annulispora microannulata (de Jersey, 1962) de Jersey, Cyathidites coniopteroides Romanovskaja, 1980 (Fig. 9.17)
1964 Cyathidites nigrans (Bolchovitina, 1953) Romanovskaja,
Apiculatisporis globosus (Leschik, 1955) Playford & 1980
Dettmann, 1965 Cyathidites triangularis Romanovskaja, 1980
Apiculatisporis lentus Playford, 1982 Cyclotriletes oligogranifer Mädler, 1964
Apiculatisporis parvispinosus (Leschik, 1955) Schulz, 1962 Cyclotriletes triassicus Mädler, 1964
(Fig. 11.26) Deltoidospora sp. (Fig. 9.7)
Aratrisporites coryliseminis Klaus, 1960 Dictyophyllidites mortoni (de Jersey, 1959) Playford &
Aratrisporites fischeri (Klaus, 1960) Playford & Dettmann, Dettmann, 1965 (Fig. 9.19)
1965 (Fig. 11.5) Dictyophyllum nilssoni Brongniart, 1828 (Kruchinina,
Aratrisporites flexibilis Playford & Dettmann, 1965 1980)
Aratrisporites granulatus (Klaus, 1960) Playford & Dictyophyllum rugosum Lindley & Hutton, 1831
Dettmann, 1965 (Kruchinina, 1980) (Fig. 9.22)

390 Polar Research 27 2008 372–392 © 2008 The Authors

N.V. Ilyina & A.Y. Egorov The Upper Triassic of northern Middle Siberia

Dictyophyllum vulgaris Maljavkina, 1949 (Kruchinina, Polypodiisporites polymicroforatus (Orłowska-Zwolińska,

1980) (Fig. 9.24) 1966) Lund, 1977
Discisporites psilatus de Jersey, 1964 Polypodiisporites sp. (Fig. 11.4)
Duplexisporites gyratus Playford & Dettmann, 1965 Polypodites cladophleboides Brick, 1958
(Fig. 11.1) Porcellispora longdonensis (Clarke, 1965) Morbey, 1975
Duplexisporites problematicus (Couper, 1958) Playford & Punctatisporites fungosus Balme, 1963
Dettmann, 1965 Punctatisporites leighensis Playford & Dettmann, 1965
Duplexisporites scanicus (Nilsson, 1958) Playford & Punctatosporites walkomi de Jersey, 1962
Dettmann, 1965 Retitriletes semimuris (Danzé-Corsin & Laveine, 1963)
Duplexisporites toratus (Weyland & Greifeld, 1953) McKellar, 1974 (Fig. 9.4)
Playford & Dettmann, 1965 Semiretisporis gothae Reinhardt, 1962 (Fig. 9.28, 9.29)
Globulisporites primus Mädler, 1964 Semiretisporis maljawkinae Schulz, 1967
Granulatisporites asper (Nilsson, 1958) Playford & Spinotriletes echinoides Mädler, 1964
Dettmann, 1965 (Fig. 11.8) Stereisporites perforatus Leschik, 1955 (Fig. 11.18)
Ischyosporites cf. marburgensis de Jersey, 1963 Styxisporites cooksonae Klaus, 1960 (Fig. 9.14)
Klukisporites cf. granosifenestellatus Fisher & Dunay, 1984 Taurocusporites sp. A Morbey, 1975
Kraeuselisporites apiculatus Jansonius, 1962 Tigrisporites halleinis Klaus, 1960 (Fig. 9.10)
Kraeuselisporites cuspidus Balme, 1963 Todisporites major Couper, 1958
Kraeuselisporites reissinger (Harris, 1957) Morbey, 1975 Todisporites minor Couper, 1958 (Fig. 11.11)
Kyrtomisporis gracilis Bjaerke & Manum, 1977 Triancoraesporites ancorae (Reinhardt, 1961) Schulz, 1967
Kyrtomisporis laevigatus Mädler, 1964 (Fig. 9.6) Triancoraesporites reticulatus Schulz, 1962
Kyrtomisporis speciosus Mädler, 1964 (Fig. 9.5) Uvaesporites cf. argenteaeformis (Bolchovitina, 1953)
Kyrtomisporis sp. (Fig. 9.11) Schulz, 1967 (Fig. 11.3)
Leschikisporites aduncus (Leschik, 1955) Potonié, 1958 Verrucosisporites applanatus Mädler, 1964
(Fig. 11.20) Verrucosisporites narmianus Balme, 1970
Lophotriletes bauchiniae de Jersey & Hamilton, 1967 Zebrasporites corneolus (Leschik, 1955) Klaus, 1960
Limbosporites lundbladii Nilsson, 1958 (Fig. 9.27) Zebrasporites interscriptus (Thiergart, 1949) Klaus, 1960
Lundbladispora denmeadi (de Jersey, 1962) Playford & (Fig. 9.8)
Dettmann, 1965 (Fig. 9.30) Zebrasporites kahleri Klaus, 1960
Lundbladispora willmottii Balme, 1963 Zebrasporites laevigatus (Schulz, 1962) Schulz, 1967
Lycopodiacidites kuepperi Klaus, 1960 (Fig. 9.15) (Fig. 9.9)
Lycopodiacidites rugulatus (Couper, 1955) Schulz, 1967 Zebrasporites sp. (Fig. 9.8)
Lycopodiumsporites sp. (Fig. 9.16)
Neoraistrickia taylori Playford & Dettmann, 1965 Pollen
(Fig. 11.14) Accinctisporites cf. ligatus (Leschik, 1955) Clarke, 1965
Nevesisporites fossulatus Balme, 1970 (Fig. 8.18)
Nevesisporites limatulus Playford, 1965 (Fig. 11.29) Alisporites australis de Jersey, 1962
Nevesisporites macrogranulatus Romanovskaja, 1979 Alisporites cf. aequalis Mädler, 1964
(Fig. 11.28) Alisporites cf. cymbatus Venkatachala, Beju & Kar,
Nevesisporites pokrovskajae Romanovskaja, 1979 1967–1968
(Fig. 11.21) Alisporites grauvogeli Klaus, 1964
Osmundacidites senectus Balme, 1963 Alisporites landianus Balme, 1970
Osmundacidites wellmani Couper, 1953 Alisporites magnus Jain, 1968
Pechorosporites coronatus Yaroshenko & Golubeva, 1984 Alisporites parvus de Jersey, 1962
Polycingulatisporites cf. circulus Simoncsics & Kedves, Alisporites perlucidus (Pautsch, 1971) Pautsch, 1973
1963 Brachysaccus neomundanus (Leschik, 1955) Mädler, 1964
Polycingulatisporites crenulatus Playford & Dettmann, 1965 Callialasporites dampieri (Balme, 1957) Dev, 1961
Polycingulatisporites dejerseyi Helby ex. de Jersey, 1979 Camerosporites secatus Leschik, 1955 (Fig. 8.16)
(Fig. 11.22) Chasmatosporites apertus (Rogalska, 1954) Schulz, 1967
Polycingulatisporites densatus (de Jersey, 1959) Playford & (Fig. 8.12)
Dettmann, 1965 (Fig. 11.23) Chasmatosporites elegans Nilsson, 1958
Polypodiisporites ipsviciensis (de Jersey, 1962) Playford & Chasmatosporites hians Nilsson, 1958 (Fig. 8.7)
Dettmann, 1965 Chasmatosporites major (Nilsson, 1958) Schulz, 1967

Polar Research 27 2008 372–392 © 2008 The Authors 391

The Upper Triassic of northern Middle Siberia N.V. Ilyina & A.Y. Egorov

Chasmatosporites minor Nilsson, 1958 Podocarpidites keuperianus (Mädler, 1964) Schuurman,

Chordasporites australiensis de Jersey, 1962 1977
Chordasporites singulichorda Klaus, 1960 Praecirculina granifer (Leschik, 1955) Scheuring, 1970
Chordasporites cf. voltziaformis Visscher, 1966 Praecirculina sp. (Fig. 8.9)
Cordaitina gunyalensis (Pant & Srivastava, 1964) Balme, Protodiploxypinus gracilis Scheuring, 1970 (Fig. 8.22)
1970 (Fig. 8.5) Protodiploxypinus lacertosus Fisher & Dunay, 1984
Corollina meyeriana (Klaus, 1960) Venkatachala & Pseudenzonalasporites summus Scheuring, 1970
Góczán, 1964 Quadraeculina anellaeformis (Maljavkina, 1949) Iljina,
Corollina torosus (Reissinger, 1958) Klaus, 1960 1985
Crustaesporites globosus Leschik, 1956 Rhaetipollis germanicus Schulz, 1967
Duplicisporites dispertitus (Leschik, 1955) Klaus, 1960 Ricciisporites tuberculatus Lundblad, 1954
Duplicisporites granulatus (Leschik, 1955) Scheuring, 1970 Samaropollenites speciosus (Goubin, 1965) Dolby & Balme,
Enzonalasporites sp. A Van der Eem, 1983 1976 (Fig. 8.3)
Enzonalasporites vigens (Leschik, 1955) Scheuring, 1970 Schizosaccus keuperi Mädler, 1964
Eucommiidites sp. (Fig. 8.17) Stellapollenites thiergartii (Mädler, 1964) Clement-
Falcisporites snopkovae Visscher, 1966 Westerhof et al., 1974
Falcisporites stabilis Balme, 1970 Striatoabieites aytugii Visscher, 1966
Florinites pseudostriatus Kopytova, 1963 (Fig. 8.4) Striatoabieites balmei Klaus, 1964
Florinites walchius Kopytova, 1963 (Fig. 9.26) Striatoabieites multistriatus (Balme & Hennelly, 1955)
Gnetaceaepollentes steevesi Jansonius, 1962 Hart, 1964
Granuloperculatipollis rudis Venkatachala & Góczán, 1964 Sulcatisporites institatus Balme, 1970
Heliosaccus dimorphus Mädler, 1964 Sulcatisporites kraeuseli Mädler, 1964
Lagenella martinii (Leschik, 1955) Klaus, 1960 Taeniaesporites noviaulensis Leschik, 1956
Latosaccus latus Mädler, 1964 Taeniaesporites novimundi Jansonius, 1962
Lueckisporites triassicus Clarke, 1965 Taeniaesporites pellucidus (Goubin, 1965) Balme, 1970
Lunatisporites rhaeticus (Schulz, 1967) Warrington, 1974 Triadispora aurea Scheuring, 1970
(Fig. 8.1) Triadispora crassa Klaus, 1964
Mesostriatites hercynicus Mädler, 1964 Triadispora falcata Klaus, 1964
Microcachryidites doubingeri Klaus, 1964 (Fig. 8.19) Triadispora obscura Scheuring, 1970
Microcachryidites fastidiosus (Jansonius, 1962) Klaus, 1964 Triadispora staplini (Jansonius, 1962) Klaus, 1964
Microcachryidites sittleri Klaus, 1964 (Fig. 8.13) Vallasporites ignacii (Leschik, 1955) Scheuring, 1970
Microcachryidites sp. with four sacci (Fig. 8.21) (Fig. 8.14)
Minutosaccus potoniei Mädler, 1964 (Fig. 8.15) Vitreisporites pallidus (Reissinger, 1950) Nilsson, 1958
Minutosaccus schizeatus Mädler, 1964 Vitreisporites reductus (Mädler, 1964) Yaroshenko, 1978
Minutosaccus sp. (Fig. 8.20) Voltziaceaesporites cf. globosus Fisher & Dunay, 1984
Ovalipollis cultus Scheuring, 1970 Voltziaceaesporites heteromorpha Klaus, 1964
Ovalipollis lunzensis Klaus, 1960 (Fig. 8.2)
Ovalipollis pseudoalatus (Thiergart, 1949) Schuurman, Algae/Acritarchs
1976 Micrhystridium breve Jansonius, 1962 (Fig. 8.23)
Paracirculina maljawkinae Klaus, 1960 Micrhystridium triassicum Jansonius, 1962
Paracirculina cf. quadruplicis Scheuring, 1970 (Fig. 8.10) Micrhystridium cf. setasessitante Jansonius, 1962
Patinasporites densus (Leschik, 1955) Scheuring, 1970 (Fig. 8.24)
(Fig. 8.8) Micrhystridium cf. inconspicuum Deflandre, 1935
Patinasporites funiculus Leschik, 1955 Wilsonastrum colonicum Jansonius, 1962 (Fig. 8.25)
Platysaccus leschiki Hart, 1960 Baltisphaeridium sp.
Platysaccus niger Mädler, 1964 Cymatiosphaera sp.
Platysaccus queenslandi de Jersey, 1962 Pterospermopsimorpha sp.
Plicatisaccus badius Pautsch, 1971 (Fig. 8.6) Tympanicysta stoschiana Balme, 1980

392 Polar Research 27 2008 372–392 © 2008 The Authors