INDEX

Topic Page

1 Rajasthan in the different periods of history 1

2 Rajasthan in the medieval period - Mewar 7
History of Rathore’s of Marwar 23
History of Chouhans 38
History of Kachhawas of Amer 48
History of Bhatis of Jaisalmer 57
History of Jat rulers of Bharatpur 60
3 Rajasthan in the revolt of 1857 62
4 Peasant movements in Rajasthan 67
5 Prajamandal movements 72
6 Unification of Rajasthan 78
7 Lok Devtas (Folk Deities) of Rajasthan 82
8 Prominent sects and saints of Rajasthan 95
9 Paintings of Rajasthan 104
10 Forts of Rajasthan 112
11 Major cenotaphs of Rajasthan 126
12 Tribes of Rajasthan 130
13 Handicrafts of Rajasthan 136
14 Festivals of Rajasthan 142
15 Folk dances of Rajasthan 154
16 Important literary works of Rajasthan 159
17 Folk dramas of Rajasthan 170
18 Major temples of Rajasthan 175
19 Fairs of Rajasthan 182
20 Feudal system in Rajasthan 185
21 Extra notes 191

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 RAJASTHAN IN THE DIFFERENT PERIODS OF HISTORY

- In Rajasthan the first Human activity was observed near River Banas and its
Tributaries.

I. STONE AGE:
1. Bagore:-
 It is located in Bhilwara District .
 It is situated on the banks of River Kothari.
 The oldest evidences of Domestication of Animals found here.
 Hoards of Stone Age tools are found.
 It as i itiall e a ated Vi e d a Nath Mish a

2.Tilwara:-
 It is located in Barmer district.
 It is situated on the banks of River Luni.
 As it was contemporary to the settlement of Bagore, evidence of animal
rearing are also found here.
 Also, evidences of fire pit are found.

Other sites:-
3. Jayal
Both located in Nagore District
4. Deedwana

5. Budha Pushkar – Ajmer district

II. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION:-

1.Kalibanga:-
- It is located in Hanumangarh District.
- It signifies black bangles.
- It was discovered by Amlanand Ghosh in 1952 AD.
- Excavation was done by B.K. Thapar & B.B. Lal (upto 5 levels) in 1961-1969
AD.
- Evidences of Pre-Harrappan and Post-Harappan civilization found.
- Early evidences of cultivated fields are found in which two crops namely
gram and mustard were produced.
- Evidences of fire Pits are found.
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 - Drains were paved with wooden floorings.
- Houses were built with unbaked bricks and decorated bricks.
- Paired Cemetries are found.
- Evidences of Earth-quake are found.
- Kalibanga was located on the banks of ancient Saraswati or Ghaggar River
and probably due to change of path by this River it was deserted.
- The Government of India established a Museum in 1985-86 AD.

2. Sothi:-
- It is located in Bikaner District
- Amlanand Ghosh described it as origination of Harappan Civilization. It is
also known as Kalibanga-I
- Two other centers – Sowaniya and Pugal.

3. Aahar:-
- It is located in Udaipur district.
- Since settlement of this civilization was found near River Banas, it is also
known as Banas Civilization.
- Most of the sites are excavated near Aayar/Berach a tributary of River
Banas.
- Also known as civilization of Mounds of Deads.
- Here, 6 to 8 fire places are found from a home which shows signs of joint
family and collective feast.
- A G eek seal is fou d ith a pi tu e of Apollo God of Su .
- Black and red pots are found which are called Gorey or Koth.
- A Terracota figu i e of a ull is fou d hi h is alled Ba sasia Bull .
- Water vessels without handle are found, such water vessels are found in
Iranian Civilization which correlate both.
- The ancient name of Aahar is Aghatpur and in local language it is known as
Dhoolkot .
- Its e a atio as sta ted Aksha Ki ti V as . Late o Rata Cha d
Aggarwal, Hansmukh Dheeraj Sankliya and Virendra Nath Mishra
continued its excavation.
- Other centers of Aahar civilization are
a) Gilund (Rajsamand)
b) Ojhiyana (Bhilwara)
c) Balathal (Udaipur)
- Coppe fu a es a e fou d he e, so it is also k o as Coppe it .

III. MAHAJANAPADA PERIOD:-

- It is also called second urban revolution of India.

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 - Janapadas in Rajasthan:-
1. Matsya
- Present Alwar & Jaipur
- Capital – Viratnagar
- Information is also available in Rigveda.

2. Shursen
- Capital – Mathura
- Spread over regions of Alwar, Bharatpur, Dholpur and Karoli.

3. Kuru
- Capital – Indraprasth
- Norther Alwar
Note- Alwar
North South East
West
Kuru Matsya Sursen

4. Rajanya Janapada
- Some parts of Bharatpur

5. Shivi Janapada
- Present Chittorgarh and Udaipur districts.
- Capital – Madhymika (Present name is Nagri).
- The first excavated site of Rajasthan is Nagri which was excavated in 1904
AD by D.R Bhandarkar.

6. Malav Janapada
- Present Jaipur and Tonk.
- Capital – Nagar (Tonk). Also known as Khera Civilization.
- Maximum coins found are of Malav Janapada.

7. Shalvya (Shalva) Janapada

- Territory spread over modern Alwar district

8. Yodhera Janapada
- Present Ganganagar and Hanumangarh distict
- From Girnar/Junagadh inscription of Rudradaman ( a shaka ruler)
information is obtained that the power of Kushanas was checked by
Yodheyas.
-

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 9. Arjunayan Janapada
- It is located in present Alwar and Bharatpur districts.

*Note:- During Mahajanapada peiod the area around Bikaner and Jodhpur
was known as Jangal region. Later on the rulers of Bikaner acquired the
title of Ja galdha Badshah .

IV. MAURYAN PERIOD:-

 The most important center during Mauryan period was Bairath
(Viratnagar).
 I AD Captai Bu t fou d the Bha u o k edi t of Ashoka f o Bijak
hills in which Ashoka expressed his faith towards Buddhism. A Buddhist
Stupa and a spherical Buddhist temple excavated from here.
 Huen-tsang (a Chinese Traveler) also verified Buddhist monastaries here.
His autobiography is Si-Yu-ki-.
 Later on Huna ruler Mihirkul destroyed those Buddhist monastaries.
 Bhabru rock edict of Ashoka is now available at Museum of Kolkatta.
 Sawai Ram Singh who was ruler of Jaipur excavated here and found a
golden box in which probably there were remainings of Lord Buddha. At
that time the commandant of Bairath was Kitaji Khangarot.
 A o di g to a ook a ed Ku a pal P a a dh itte Jai Singh Suri
the founder of Chittor Fort was Chitrang Maurya who constructed a pond
at Chittor.
 According to Mansarovar inscription (Chittor) of 713 AD King Man Maurya
ruled here. In this inscription names of four rulers are found –
1. Maheswar
2. Bhim
3. Bhoj
4. Man
This inscription by mistake fell into sea when Col. James Todd was
carrying it to London.
 In 734 AD Bappa Rawal Captured Chittor From king Man Maurya.
 In 738 AD from the inscription of Kansava Shivalaya (Kota) we obtain
information about Maurya King Dhawal. After that we do not find any
evidences of Mauryans in Rajasthan.

*Note:- From Bairath maximum rock inscriptions are excavated. The script on
these inscriptions is known as (shell) script. In 1936 AD Dayaram Sahani
excavated here.
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 V. POST MAURYAN PERIOD:-
 G eek Rule Mi a de had o upied Madh a ika i AD. It is
e tio ed i Pata jali s Mahabhasya.
 A ete high Su ga pe iod idol of Yaksha is fou d f o Noh
(Bharatpur). It is called as idol of Jakh Baba.
 Seals of Kushan period are obtained from Rang Mahal (Hanumangarh) also
and idol of teacher-disciple is found from here. Rang Mahal was excavated
by Dr. Hannarid (Swedish).

VI. GUPTA PERIOD:-

 According to Prayag eulogy of Samudragupta his supremacy was
established over all republics of Rajasthan.
 Chandragupta II defeated Shaka Ruler Rudra Singh III and occupied other
remaining parts of Rajasthan.
 In Bayana (Bharatpur) maximum coins of Gupta period are found which are
of reign of Kumargupta.
 An inscription of Gupta rulers is found from Barwa (Baran) which mention
about Maukhari rulers.
 Hu a ule Mihi kul o st u ted a Shi a Te pe i Badoli Chitto .
 Shiva Temple of Charchauma (Kota) is also an example of Gupta period
architecture.

VII. POST GUPTA PERIOD:-

 Rajasthan during the Tripartite Struggle.
- Capital of Gurjar Prathihars was Bhinmal.
- Huen-tsang travelled to Bhinmal and he said it as Pi Lo Mo Lo.
- Brahmgupta (Newton of India) belonged to Bhinmal.
His books are Brahmsphut Siddhanth and Khand Khadhyak.
- The birthplace of poet Magh was Bhinmal. His book is Shishupal Vadh
which is written in Sanskrit.
- Gurjar Prathihars stopped the Arabs to move forward from Sindh.
- A branch of Rashtrakutas came to Rajasthan later on and known as
Rathores.
- Another contender of this conflict were Pals (from Bengal).

VIII. SOME OTHER CHALCOLITHIC PERIOD SITES OF RAJASTHAN:-

1. Ganeshwar
- It is located on the banks of River Kantli in Sikar district.
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 - It is known as mother of Chalcolithic civilizations.

2. Sunari
- It is located on the banks of River Kantli in Jhunjhunu.

3. Kurara
- It is located in Nagore district and known as tool city.

4. Ishwal
- It is located in Udaipur district and known as industrial city because in
ancient period iron was mined from here.

5. Raidh
- It is located in Tonk district and known as Tata city of ancient India
because coins in maximum quantity are found here.

6. Jodhpura
- It is located on the banks of River Sabi in Jaipur district.

7. Naliyasar
- It is located in Sambhar (Jaipur).

8. Gardara
- It is located in Bundi and known for rock paintings of ancient period.

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 RAJASTHAN IN THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD

A. MEWAR:-
 Suryavanshi (claim their origin from Sun) rulers ruled in Mewar.
 It is Wo ld s lo gest uli g d ast .
 These ule s a e alled Hi dua Su aj i.e Sun of Hinduism.
 The kuldevi (family goddess) of rulers of Mewar is Banmata.
 The rulers of Mewar consider themselves as Deewan (Secretary) of Eklinga
Nath Ji.

1. GUHIL
- Guhil established Guhil dynasty in Mewar in 566 AD.
- His descendant came to be known as Guhil or Guhilot.

2.Bappal Rawal
- His original name was Kal Bhoj.
- He used to graze the cows of Harit Rishi.
- With the blessings of Harit Rishi he captured Chittor from King Man
Maurya in 734 AD and made Nagda as his capital and constructed temple
of Eklinga Ji at Nagda.
- He started currency system and popularized coins of his name.

3. Allat
- His original name was Aaloo Rawal.
- He made Ahar as his capital. He also constructed Varah temple in Ahar.
- He married a Huna princess Haryadevi.
- He laid foundation of bureaucracy in Mewar State.

*Note:-
- During the reign of Guhil ruler Shakti Kumar the ruler of Malwa named Munj
occupied Chittor Fort.
- King Bhoj who was descendant of Munj constructed Tribhuwan Narayan Shiva
temple at Chittor which was later known as Sammidheswar temple of king Mokal
of Chittor.

4. Ran Singh
His another name was Karan Singh-

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 Ran Singh

Shem Singh Rahap

(King – Rawal) (Sisoda – village)

Samant Singh Kumar Singh

*Note:-
- Samant Singh became the ruler of Mewar in 1172 AD, but king Kitu
(Kirtipal) who was ruler of Nadol captured Mewar from Samant Singh.
Therefore, Samant Singh shifted his capital to Vagar.
- Later on Kirtipal was defeated by Kumar Singh in 1179 AD (Kumar Singh
was younger son of Shem Singh). Therefore, Kumar Singh re-occupied
Mewar. His descendant was Jaitra Singh.

5. Jaitra Singh (1213-1250 AD)

- Battle of Bhutala (1234AD)
It was fought between Sultan Iltutmish and Jaitra Singh in which Jaitra
Singh was winner. But Iltutmish destroyed Nagda therefore Jaitra Singh
made Chittor his new capital.
- The reign of Jaitra Singh is known as golden period of medieval Mewar.
- The i fo atio a out the attle of Bhutata is o tai ed f o the ook
Ha i Mad a da itte Jai Si gh Su i.

6. Tej Singh (1250-1273 AD).

- During his reign Balban invaded Chittor.
- In 1260 AD in Ahar a Jain text named Sh a ak P atika a Sut a hu i
as pi tu ized hi h is Rajastha s fi st illustration of textbook.
- His ife Jaital De o st u ted Sh a pa s a ath te ple at Chitto .

7. Samar Singh (1273-1302 AD)

- During his reign Hammir of Ranthambore invaded Chittor and collected a
tax named Khairaj.
- He collected tax from the army of Allauddin which was going for Gujarat
invasion.

8. Ratan Singh (1302-1303 AD)

- Last ruler of Rawal branch.
- One of his brother named Kumbhkaran went to Nepal and he established
Ra ashahi d ast i Nepal.

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 - Padmini was queen of Ratan singh and was daughter of king Gandharv Sen
and Champawati of Sinhal country.
A Brahmin named Raghav Chetan told Allauddin about the beauty of
Padmini. Allauddin invaded Chittor. The reasons of his invasion were
following:-
i. Imperialist ambition of Allauddin.
ii. Questio s of Sulta s p estige.
iii. Strategic position of Chittor i.e strategic and trade importance of
fort.
After 8 months siege, Saka was done in the fort.

Saka = Kesariya + Johar

- Rani Padmini committed Johar alongwith 16000 queens on 25 August,

1303 AD.
- Ratan Singh committed Kesariya along with his chief warrior.
- Two commanders named Gora and Badal shown extreme bravery.
- Laxman Singh of Sisoda Village and his so s sa ifi ed thei life fo the
country.
- Allauddin occupied the Fort.
- It was the first Saka of Chittor Fort.
- Allauddin changed the name of fort to Khijrabad and handed over to his
son Khijr Khan.
- During this invasion Amir Khusro accompanied Allauddin and described it
i his ook Khazai -ul-Futuh .
- In 1540 AD. Malik Muhammad Jayasi described the beauty of Padmini in
his ook Pad a at hi h is itte i Oudhi la guage.
- After few days Chittor was handed over to Maldeo Songara. He was
brother of Kanhardeo Songara of Jalore. His nickname was Munchala
Maldeo.
- Note:- According to Rajasthani Literary sources and folk tales, Padmini was
daughter of Punyapal Bhati of Pugal.
- He at a Su i itte the ook a ed Go a Badal i Chopai .

9. Hammir (1326-1364)
- Note:- Rahap
Sisoda Village (Rana)
Laxman Singh
Ari Singh
Hammir (Rana Branch)
- Therefore, change in Mewar form Rawal to Rana dynasty.

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 - Hammir was grandson of Laxman Singh of Sisoda Village who sacrificed his
life in the first Saka of Chittor.
- Ari Singh was father of Hammir.
- Hammir captured Chittor from Banveer Songara who was son of Maldeo
Songara.
- Since Hammir came from Sisoda village therefore his successors were
known as Sisodia and Rana branch was established in Mewar.
- The battle of Singoli was fought between Hammir and Muhammad Bin
Tuglak.
- In Kirti Stambh(pillar) eulogy Hammir is addressed as Visam Ghati
Panchanan which means a lion in fearsome wars.
- In the Rasik Priya (a commentary on Geet Govinda) Hammir is addressed as
a brave king.
- Ha i o st u ted A apu a te ple Ba a i Mata i the Chitto fo t.
- Hammir is known as reformer of Mewar because he re-conquered Mewar.

10.Rana Lakha (Lakshya Singh ) (1382-1421 AD)

- During his rule a silver mine came into existence at Zavar.
- Lake Pichola was built by a Banjara. (Natani ka Chabutra is near to Lake
Pichola)
- Kumbha Hada died while defending fake Bundi.

Mewar Marwar

Lakha Chunda
Son Son Daughter
Chunda Ranmal or Hansabai
Ridmal
- Rana Lakha married to Hansabai who was daughter of Rao Chunda of
Marwar. On this occasion Chunda who was son of Rana Lakha promised to
offer throne of Mewar to son of Hansabai in place of himself.
- Due to this oath Chu da is k o as Bhis a Pita ah g a dfathe of
Mewar. Also, on the account of this sacrifise descendants of Chunda were
given right to become part of Harawal.

*Harawal = Leading troops of army during war

- Chundawats were given 4 Thikanas (Feudal state) of first class (out of 16

Thikanas of first class). Salumbar which was the best first class Thikana was
bestowed to them.

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 - Chundawats were given right to manage the state affairs in the absence of
Rana from the capital. This right was given to the Rawals of Salumbar.
- The coronation ceremony of rulers of Mewar (Rana) was also done by
Rawal of Salumbar.

11.Mokal (1421-1433 AD)

- Son of Hansabai
- Due to lack of trust of Hansabai, Chunda left Mewar and settled in Malwa.
Now, Ranmal who was brother of Hansabai became Guardian of Mokal.
- Mokal e o st u ted Sa idhes a Te ple o igi all o st u ted
Parmar King Bhoj) in Chittor.
- He constructed security walls of Eklinga Ji Temple.
- In 1433 AD King Ahmed Shah of Gujarat invaded Chittor. When Mewar
army was in its camps at Jheelwara (Rajsamand) then Chacha, Mera and
Mehpa Panwar murde ed Mokal. At that ti e Mokal s son Kumbha was
also in the camp but other chieftains managed his escape to Chittor.
- Mokal s ife Ka la ati fought a el ith Ah ed Shah.

12.Rana Kumbha (1433-1468 AD)

- Ranmal was guardian of Rana Kumbha.
- Rathore influence was increased in Mewar court. They Killed Chu da s
brother Raghav Dev Sisodiya. Therefore to get rid of the Rathore
dominance Hansabai called Chunda from Malwa to Mewar.
- Ranmal was killed with the assistance of his concubine Bharmali.
- Ra al s so Jodha a a a f o Me a alo g ith his othe . He took
shelter in a village named Kahuni near Bikaner.
- Chunda attacked Mandore and occupied it.
- Hansabai played the role of mediator to realize treaty between Kumbha
and Jodha. This treaty is known as the treaty of Aanwal and Banwal.
- Jodha married his Daughter Shrinagar Kanwar to Raimal son of Kumbha.
- Soubhagyawati Parmar was mother of Kumbha.

1437 AD THE BATTLE OF SARANGPUR

KUMBHAV/S MEHMUD KHILJI (SULTAN OF MALWA)

- Kumbha won the battle, he built victory tower at Chittor to commemorate

the victory. The tower is also known as Vijay Stambh. It is also known as
Vish u Dh aj as Lo d Vish u s idol is the e i its iddle. It is also alled
Museum of idols or encyclopedia of Indian sculpture.
- It is nine storey building constructed in 1440-1448 AD. It is 120 feet high
and 30 feet width.

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 - O its thi d sto e i e ti es Allah is itte i A a i la guage.
- Its architects were Jaita and his son Napa and Punja.
- It consist of Kirti pillar eulogy which is written by Atri and his son Mahesh.
- It was renovated by Maharana Swaroop Singh when its upper part was
damaged.
- Col. Ja es Todd o pa ed it ith Qutu Mi a et .
- Fergusson considered it better than Tarjan of Rome.
- It is emblem of Rajasthan police.
- It is first building of Rajasthan on which postal stamp was issued. On 15
August, 1949 a 1 Rs postal stamp was issued.

 Jain Kirti Pillar-

- It as o st u ted a Jai t ade Jija Shah Baghe al in the 12th century
in Chittor Fort.
- It is devoted to first Jain Thirthankar Adinath so, it is also known as Adinath
monument.

 1456 AD – The treaty of Champaner

- According to this treaty Mehmud Khilji of Malwa and Qutubuddin of
Gujarat planned a joint attack on Kumbha.
- Kumbha defeated the combined army of both in the Badnaur battle.
- Kumbha defeated Sahasmal Deora of Sirohi in 1457 AD.
- Kumbha helped Shams Khan of Nagore against Mujahid Khan. (both were
of Nagore and fighting for the throne of Nagore)
- Titles of Kumbha:-
1. Hindu Surtan
2. Abhinav Bharatcharya (Due to his knowledge of Music)
3. Rano-Raso (Patron of writers)
4. Halguru (Winner of hilly forts)
5. Danguru
6. Chaphguru (Due to his mastery in Guerrilla warfare)
- Contribution of Kumbha in architecture:-
A o di g to Vee Vi od itte Sh a aldas ji out of fo ts of Me a
32 forts were constructed by Rana Kumbha.
1. Kumbhalgarh Fort (Rajasamand)
- Architect was Mandan
- The upper part of Kumbhalgarh is called Katargarh which was personal
residence of Kumbha. It is known as eye of Mewar.
2. He reconstructed Achalgarh Fort of Sirohi.
3. Basanti and Machan both forts were constructed in Sirohi.

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 4. Bhomath fort – it is situated on Bhomath plateau (Dungarpur –
Banswara).
- He reconstructed Eklinga ji temple.
- He constructed Kumbha Swami temple in three forts namely Chittor,
Kumbhalgarh and Achalgarh.
- He constructed Shrinagar Chanvari temple in Chittor fort.
- In the reign of Kumbha in 1439 AD Dharankshah constructed Ranakpur Jain
temples. It has 1444 pillars, so also known as museum of pillars.
Choumukha temple (one of Jain temples of Ranakpur). Its architect was
Depak.
- Kumbha was an excellent musician. His music teacher was Sarang Vyas.
Some of his textbooks on music are
1. Surha Prabandh
2. Kamraj Ratisar
3. Rasik Priya (It is a commentary written on Geet Govinda of Jaidev)
4. A commentary work on Chandi Satak
5. Sangeet Raj = His largest textbook
6. Sangeet Sudha
7. Sangeet Mimansa
8. Sangeet Ratnakar.
- There was an intellect in his court named Ka ha V as autho of Ekli ga
Mahat a . The first part of Eklinga Mahatmya is called Raj varnan and
written by Kumbha.
- Books written by Mandan-
1. Vastusar
2. Devmurti Prakaran
3. Raj Vallabh
4. Roop Mandan
5. Vastu Mandan
6. Prasad Mandan
7. Shagun Mandan
8. Kodand Mandan
- Ma da s othe as Natha ho ote a ook a ed Vastu Ma ja i.
- Ma da s so as Go i d ho ote follo i g ooks- Kala Nidhi and
Dwar Deepika.
- Ku ha s daughte Ra a ai as also a good usi ia , she as gi e
Javar Pargana.
- Kumbha s siste Lala Me a i as a ied to A hal Das Khi hi ho as
ruler of Gagron. (Khichi is a sub branch of Chouhans)
- Ku ha as killed his o so Uda i Kata ga h, that s h Uda is
known as Parricide ruler.

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 13.Raimal (1473-1509 AD)
- His queen Shrinagar Devi (Daughter of Jodha) constructed Ghosundi
stepwell near Chittor.
*In Ghosundi a 2nd century BC inscription is found which is the first written
evidence of Vaishnav sect in Rajasthan.
- Rai al o st u ted Adh hut Shi a Te ple i the Chitto Fort.
- Prithviraj – He was elder son of Raimal and popularly known as flying
prince. He reconstructed the Ajmer fort and renamed it as Taragarh on
ehalf of his ife s a e Ta a. His t el e pilla ed Chatt i Ce otaph is
situated in Kumbhalgarh Fort.
- His siste s hus a d a ed Jag al Deo a Si ohi poiso ed hi to death.
- Jaimal – he fought with Solankis and was killed by them.
*Surtan Solanki was father of Tara.

14.Maharana Sangram Singh (1509-1527 AD) – Rana Sanga

- (Grandson of Kumbha, Son of Raimal)
- Prithviraj and Jaimal tried to kill Sanga when they heard the prophecy of a
Charan woman. Sanga lost his one hand. Sanga escaped from there and
came to Roopnarayan temple of Sevantri village. Here, Bida Jaitmalot
defended him and Sacrificed his own life. After that, Sanga took Shelter at
Ka a ha d pa a s house i S i aga Aj e .

Battle of Khanwa (on 17th March,1527) – Rana Sanga v/s Babur

1517 AD – Battle of Khatoli
Rana Sanga defeated Ibrahim lodi
1519 AD – Battle of Bari in both the battles

1519 AD – Battle of Gagron = Rana Sanga defeated Mehmud Khilji II of

Malwa.
At that time the Gagron fort was under the control of Medini Rai, Rana
Sa ga s F ie d. Medi i Rai as ule of Cha deri (MP).
On the question of succession of Idar (a princely state of Gujarat) Rana Sanga
defeated Mujffar Shah II of Gujarat.
- Sanga defeated Babur in the Battle of Bayana.

 The Battle of Khanwa (1527 AD)

- Babur declared Jehad prior to the battle.
- He waived off Tamga tax from Muslims.
- He Prohibited alcohol.

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 - Rana Sanga wrote letter to almost all princely states of Rajasthan to help
him in the battle. It is called Pati-Parwa.
Amber – Prithviraj Kachhawaha
Chanderi – Medini Rai
Bikaner – Kalyan mal (son of Jaitri)
Jodhpur (Marwar) – Maldeo
Merta – Viramdeo
Sirohi – Akheraj Deora
Bangar (Dungarpur –Banswara) – Udai Singh
Kathiyawar – Jhala Ajja
Gogunda – Jhala Sajja
Bijoliya – Ashok Parmar
Mewat – Hasan Khan Mewati
Mehmud Lodi (younger son of Ibrahim Lodi)
- During the Battle an arrow hit the eye of Sanga. Therefore, Maldeo took
him away from battle field.
- Then Jhala Ajja took the command.
- Finally, Babur won the battle.
- Injured Sanga was brought to Baswa (Dausa). Later he wished to continue
the war, therefore his commandant poisoned him because they realized
the fact that it was not possible to defeat Babur. Sanga died at kalpi (MP).
His place of cremation is at Mandalgarh.
Note:- In this battle Mi a ai s hus a d Bhoj aj eldest so of Sa ga died.
Ratan Singh Rathore was father of Mira.
- Sa ga is k o as ui s of soldie s
- Sanga is memorized as the last Hindu Ruler.

15.Rana Ratan Singh (1528-1531 AD)

- He died in a war against Surajmal Hada of Bundi.

16.Rana Vikramaditya (1531-1536 AD)

- His mother Karnwati was his guardian.
- During his time king Bahadurshah of Gujarat invaded Chittor in 1533 AD.
Thereby in a treaty the Ranthambore fort was given to Bahadurshah.
- In 1534 AD Bahadur Shah again invaded Chittor. Thereafter Queen
Karanawati sent Rakhi to Humanyun seeking his help.
- At that ti e Me a s se o d Saka as pe fo ed. I the leade ship of
Bagh Singh of Dewaliya the Keshariya was done. Queen Karnawati did
Johar along with other Rajput women.
- The cenotaph (chhatri) of Bagh Singh is near Rampole. He was known as
Dewaliya Deewan.

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 - The command of Mewar was given to Banveer who was a son of female
slave of flying prince Prithviraj as Vikramaditya was minor at that time.
- Banveer tried to kill Udai Singh but Panna Dhai sacrificed her son Chandan
to save Udai Singh.

17.Maharana Udai Singh (1537-1572 AD)

- Panna Dhai took Udai Singh to Kumbhalgarh where Asha Devpura who was
fortsman of Kumbhalgarh gave shelter to them.
- Akheraj Songara married his Daughter Jayanta Bai to Udai Singh.
- In 1540 AD with the support of king Maldeo of Jodhpur, Udai Singh
replaced Banveer and became Maharana.

1557 AD the battle of Harmada:

:Udai Singh v/s Hazi Khan Pathan (Governor of Ajmer).
- In that battle, Maldeo supported Hazi Khan and therefore Udai Singh lost
it.
- In 1559 AD Udai Singh founded Udaipur and constructed Udai Sagar Lake.
In 1567-68 AD Akbar invaded Chittor.
- Udai Singh handed over the keys of Chittor fort to Jaimal (ruler of merta)
a d hi self o ed to Gi a Hill .
- Jaimal was injured by a bullet of a rifle named Sangram which was shot by
Akbar when he was over-looking the repairing work of damaged parts of
the fort.
- Finally it was decided to do Saka when there came shortage of water and
food in the fort.
- Under the leadership of Phool Kanwar who was wife of Fateh Singh
Chundawat, Johar was organized.
- Fateh Singh and Jaimal leaded the Kesariya.
- Injured Jaimal fought the battle by sitting on shoulder of Kalla Rathore.
Therefore, kalla Rathore is worshipped as a folk deity (Lok Devta) of four
hands.
- The place of cremation (Chhatri) of Fatta is near Ram Pol whereas that of
Jaimal and Kalla are between Hanuman Pol and Bhairav Pol.
- Akbar was highly influenced by their bravery and kept their statues sitting
on elephant at the entrance of Agra fort.
- Similar Statues are also there at outer premises of Junagarh Fort at
Bikaner.
After that war Udai Singh made Gogunda his capital. The place of cremation
(Chhatri) of Udai Singh is at Gogunda.

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 18.Maharana Pratap (1572-1597 AD)
- The coronation of Maharana Pratap was done at Gogunda. Krishnadas
Chundawat (Rawat of Salumabar) displaced Jagmal to coronate Maharana
Pratap.
- Birth : 09 May, 1540
- Mother – Jaywanta Rai
- Wife – Ajmade Kanwar
- Childhood name – Kika
- Recoronation place – Kumbhalgarh Fort
- Capital – Gogunda

- The battle of Haldighati: 18 June, 1576

Maharana Pratap v/s Akbar
- In this battle the commander in chief of Royal army was Man Singh which
was his first independent war- campaign.
- Following delegation were sent to convince Rana Pratap for a treaty prior
to the Haldighati Battle-
o Jalal Khan Korchi
o Man Singh
o Bhagwant Das
o Todarmal
- Whe Ra a P atap s ho se, Chetak as i ju ed i the attle, Ra a P atap
left the Battle field. Therefore Jhala Man took the command.
- Chetak s cremation place is in Balicha Village.
- Bada u i alled this attle as Battle of Gogu da .
- A ul Fazal alled it Battle of Kha au .
- Col. Ja es Todd alled it The opalli of Rajastha .
- Ada shi Lal S i asta alled it Battle of E pe o –Tige
- Hakim-khan Sur and Punja Bhil also fought the battle on the side of
Maharana Pratap.
- After the Haldighati battle when financial conditions of Maharana Pratap
worsened then Bhamashah and his brother Tarachand donated their entire
wealth to Maharana Pratap.
- A soldier named Mihatar Khan re-encouraged the uprooted Mughal army.
- Shakti Singh Initially was with Akbar but later on came-to P atap s a p o
emotional account.
- Ka h aia Lal Sethia itte Pathal P atap & Pithal P ith i aj Ratho e
- Prithiviraj Rathore was married to Kiran Kanwar who was daughter of
Shakti Singh (younger brother of Pratap).
- After the Haldighati battle the Mughal commander in chief Shahbaj Khan
made four insuccessfull attempts to win the Kumbhalgarh fort.

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 - In 1580 AD Amar Singh arrested women of Mughal Haram at a place
named Sherpur.

 1582 AD The Battle of Diver

- Col. James Todd called it Marathon of Mewar.
- I this attle Mughal o a de i hief Su ta Kha as killed
Jagannath Kachhawaha led the last Mughal Campaign against Maharana
Pratap i AD. Jag ath Ka hha aha s pilla ed e otaph is lo ated
at Mandalgarh.

- Maharana Pratap reconquered entire Mewar excluding Chittor and

Mandalgarh.
- In his last times Pratap made Chawand (Dungarpur) his capital from here
Mewar School of painting was started. Pratap also constructed Chamunda
Mata Temple.
- On 19 January, 1597 Pratap died in Chawand when he was pulling a bow
string.
- Rana Pratap cenotaph is at Baroli.
*Note :- After the Haldighati Battle Akbar himself invaded Udaipur and named it
Mohammadabad.
-The Battle of Utala was fought between Jaitra Singh Chundawat and Ballu
Shaktawat to gain participation in Harawal (leading part of army).

19.Amar Singh (1597-1620 AD)

- 5 February, 1615 Mughal-Mewar treaty (in the reign of Jehangir)
- From the side of Mewar the proposal of treaty was presented by Haridas
Jhala and Shubhkaran.
- Conditions of treaty:-
1. Prince Karan Singh would attend the Mughal Court.
2. Karan Singh would be made Mansabdar of five thousand.
- Maharana Amar Singh was disheartened with the treaty and handed over
the throne to Karan Singh. Thereafter he spent rest of his life at a place
a ed Nou-Cho k Rajsa a d .

- During the reign of Amar Singh the Mewar School of Paintings was
flourished.
- The cenotaph (Chhatri) of Amar Singh is at Aahar.
- After Amar Singh the Cenotaphs of all the Maharans of Mewar are situated
at Aahar (Udaipur)
-

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 20.Karan Singh (1620-1628 AD)
- He started construction of Jagmandir Palace in Pichola Lake at Udaipur.
- Shahjahan took shelter at Jagmandir during his rebellion period.
- He constructed palaces in Udaipur – Dilkhush palace and karan Vilas
Palace.

21.Jagat Singh I (1628-1652 AD)

- He completed the construction of Jagmandir palace.
- He constructed Jagdish (Jagannath) Temple in Udaipur.
- At this temple Jagannath Rai eulogy is written by Krishna Bhatt.
- Dhai Temple near Jagdish temple was constructed by Nouju Bai who was
Maha a a s othe .
- He constructed Mohan Temple in the Lake Pichola and also Roopsagar
Pond.
*Note:- In 1631 AD Shahjahan provided Shahpura Princely state (Bhilwara)
to Sujan Singh by separating it from Mewar.

22.Raj Singh (1652-1680 AD)

- He supported Aurangzeb during the war of succession.
- He opposed Aurangzed on imposition of Zazia in 1679 AD.
- He offered support to Maharaja Ajit Singh of Jodhpur against Aurangzab. It
is known as Rathore –sisodiya coalition.
- He got married with princess Charumati of Rupangarh (Kishangarh) against
the wish of Aurangzeb. Prior to the marriage, there was a war between
Mewar and Mughals in which Ratan Singh Chundawat, Rawat of Salumbar
refused to participate. His Hadi queen Sahal Kanwar sacrificed herself to
prove him that the glory of motherland is superior to all other pleasures.
- He also married Roopmati (Chanchal Kumari) who was princess of
Roopnagar against the wish of Aurangzeb.
- He established idol of Srinathji at Sihar (Nathdwara).
- Also installed idol of Dwarkadhisa at Kankroli (Rajsamand).
- Co st u ted te ple of A a Mata at Udaipu .
- Constructed Rajasamand Lake where Amar Singh spent his last time at
Nou-Chowki. The lake was constructed as a famine relief work. On the
banks of this lake Raj eulogy (Raj Prashasti) is inscribed on 25 big rockedicts
hi h a e I dia s iggest o k edicts in Sanskrit language.
- His uee Ra as De o st u ted T i ukhi step ell.
- His mother Jana De Constructed Ja asaga po d at Udaipu .
- His titles e e Vija kat Katu o ue o of e e ies a d H d auli uler.
- After Maharan Kumbha, he was the one who highly Patronize cultural
activities in Mewar.

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 Intellects in his court:-
1. Ranchhod Bhatt Tailang, he wrote – Raj Prashasti and Amar Kavya
Vanshavali.
2. Kishore Das – Raj Prakash
3. Sadashiv Bhatt – Raj Ratnakar

23.Jai Singh (1680-1698 AD)

- He built Jaisamand Lake which is also known as Debhar Lake. There are two
islands in the lake namely Baba ka Magra and Payari.

24. Amar Singh II (1698-1710 AD)

- Debari Agreement in 1710 AD.
Between Mewar Rana Amar Singh II
Ruler of Amber Swai Jai Singh
Ruler of Marwar Ajit Singh
According to the agreement it was agreed to-
i. Assist Ajit Singh in occupying throne of Jodhpur (Marwar).
ii. Amar Singh II married his daughter Chandra Kunwar to Swai Jai Singh
on a condition that son from Chandra Kunwar would be the next
ruler of Amber.

25.Sangram Singh II (1710-1734 AD)

- During his rule Marathas interfered in the state for the first time.
- He o st u ted Saheli o ki Ba i a fou tai ga de fo the o al aids at
Udaipur.
- He prepared the outline of Hurda conference.
- He constructed the great temple of Vaidhyanath in Sisarama village where
Roop Bhatt wrote the eulogy of Vaidhyanath temple.

26.Jagat Singh II (1734-1751 AD)

- On 17 July, 1734 AD the Hurda conference was organized. Its objective was
to unite all Rajput princely states against the Marathas.
- It was decided that after the end of rainy season a war would be declared
against Marathas in Rampura.
- It was headed by Jagat Singh II and other participating members were
Jaipur – Swai Jai Singh
Jodhpur – Abhay Singh
Kota – Durjansal
Bikaner – Jorawar Singh
Karoli – Gopal Singh
Kishangarh – Raj Singh

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 Bundi – Dalel Singh
Nagore – Bakht Singh
The Hu da o fe e e ould ot su eed as S ai Jai Si gh did t took
much interest in it because he was not given its leadership.
- Jagat Singh II constructed Jagat Vilas Palace in Udaipur.
- His courtperson Nek a ote a ook a ed Jagat Vilas .
- Marathas intruded for the first time in Mewar during his reign and
olle ted ta f o hi .

27.Bhim Singh (1778-1828 AD)

- Krishna Kumari Dispute :
Krishna Kumari who was daughter of Mewar Maharana Bhim Singh was
engaged with Bhim Singh the ruler of Marwar. Unfortunately Bhim Singh
(ruler of Marwar) died before marriage. Therefore, her engagement was
again done with Jagat Singh who was ruler of Jaipur. But it was objected by
Marwar ruler Man Singh.
- 1807 AD, the Battle of Gingoli (In Nagore near parbatsar) was fought
between Jaipur and Jodhpur. In this battle Bikaner ruler Surat Singh and
Tonk Nawab Amir Khan Pindari cooperated Jaipur.
- Finally to end the dispute Krishna Kumari was poisoned to death on the
advise of Asind Thakur Ajit Singh Chundawat and Amir Khan Pindari.
- In 1818 AD Bhim Singh did the subsidiary alliance with the Britishers.
During alliance Mewar was represented by Ajit Singh Chundawat and
British representative was Mattcalf.
*Col. James Todd was the political agent of Mewar.

28.Maharana Swarop Singh (1842-1861 AD)

- He started Swaroopshahi coins in Mewar.
*I Me a Cha do i oi s e e gi e i the fo of P ize.
- He was the ruler during the revolt of 1857 AD.
- He constructed the upper part of kirti Stambh.

29.Sajjan Singh (1874-84 AD)

- He constructed Sajjangarh Fort. It is called crown jewel of Mewar.
- He g a ted the title of Ka i aj to Sh a aldas ho as ite of Vee
Vi od .
- He esta lished Deshhitesha i Asse l o nd July, 1870 AD.
- It was the institute of social reformation. Its objective was to minimize
marriage expenditure among Rajputs. And also to ban polygamy. Kaviraj
Shyamaldas was also its member.

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 - He esta lished Mahai d asa asse l i AD, hi h as a judi ial
institution.

30.Fateh Singh (1884-1921 AD)

- The fa ous Bijolia o e e t sta ted du i g his eig .
- When he was going to attend the Delhi court of Lord Curzon in 1903 AD
then Kesari Singh Barahth wrote 13 Sorathas (a form of poetry) to him
hi h a e alled Cheta a j a Chu gati a i.e a ing messages.

31.During Independence of India the ruler of Mewar was Maharana Bhupal

Si gh Who also e a e fi st Maha aj-P a ukh of Rajastha .

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