CHAPTER X

PRECISION SHOOTING FROM AIR-NAVAL PLATFORMS

SECTION I

EMPLOYMENT OF AIRBORNE SNIPERS

1001. AIR-NAVAL PLATFORMS

Sniper teams in today's arena may occasionally find that remaining on the ground to carry out
their mission is neither feasible nor tactically sound. Mission analysis may determine that the
naval air platform is the most tactically advantageous method of employment. Snipers, in
conjunction with naval air elements , are called upon to conduct airborne and airmobile
sniping tasks in support of quick reaction force (QRF) operations conducting interdiction.
These elements provide ground commanders with precise and lethal airborne and airmobile
fire support. To accomplish their mission, snipers must be highly trained in the art of naval
air mission planning. Therefore this information will allow units to train and maintain
proficiency in airborne sniper duties. Training this capability will enable snipers to provide
immediate, safe, accurate and lethal fire in support of the ground commander during quick
reaction force contingency operations.

Safety considerations are paramount and apply to all friendly forces and aircraft (A/C).
Fundamental to this operational capability is the ability to minimize collateral damage to non-
combatant civilians and property. The primary effort is to maximize the sniper's ability to
selectively engage and neutralize high-value targets from various angles (elevations) at
ranges up to 250 meters, and to suppress area targets at ranges up to 400 meters. The end
state will be snipers and aviation elements trained and competent in planning, preparing and
conducting safe airborne sniper operations.

1002. AIRMOBILE OPERATIONS

a. Currently, the use of helicopters for the development of military operations involving
groups of snipers to support missions, mainly in urban or interdiction areas, has been
increasing given the tactical advantage obtained from this operational pairing, both in
mobility as well as in observation and shooting capabilities from an elevated shooting
platform.

b. For this reason, snipers must be trained in helicopter shooting techniques and in
different tactical situations, in order to take advantage of the advantages obtained by
using this means of transport, mainly in those areas that cannot be accessed or that it is
not convenient to use another means of approach or establishment of a firing position,
such as in cases of operating against ships, oil platforms, urban areas with a hostile
population or with a tactical advantage for the enemy, etc.

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 c. In parallel with sniper training, special attention must be given to the training of
helicopter pilots who will be used in sniper operations and this training, as with sniper
skills, must be constantly evaluated and practiced.

d. The purpose of this training is to give the pilot and his crew an understanding of the
use of their aircraft in support of snipers and the use of themselves and their aircraft in
support of ordered sniper missions. In this way, the pilot and his crew will be able to
identify each of the types of sniper missions and with continuous practice they will
gradually become involved with their functions within the operation and will be able to
conduct the necessary coordination. with snipers and Command Groups regarding:

(1) Identify the equipment to use.

(2) Prepare the aircraft to obtain the greatest support benefit from it.

(3) Review and rehearse support tasks in critical missions.

(4) Become familiar with the signals and commands.

(5) Recognize and execute the points of the checklists and coordination.

(6) Conduct operations in support of a unit using snipers.

e. The use of snipers in support of the combat operations of a unit is carried out in terms
of the application of the criterion of being the most effective resource available to a
commander in the use of lethal force in a surgical manner, directing their actions in key
personnel and material objectives and greatly reducing non-combatant casualties and
the consequent collateral damage that they could cause.

1003. NECESSARY EQUIPMENT

The equipment used by sniper groups in a conventional manner will be modified by the need
to adapt to the means of transport in which the helicopter is constituted, since this will be,
apart from the means of transport, the shooting platform from which they will make their
observations and shooting in support of a military operation. However, sniper groups should
always consider bringing on board the aircraft their backpack with all the equipment
necessary to operate without the helicopter. The equipment that should be considered for a
helicopter sniper operation is the following:

a. Hands-free communication system, maintaining communication at all times with the

supported unit and the command post from its position on board, being vitally
important to test the compatibility of the equipment before operation according to plan.

b. Vest and helmet with ballistic protection.

c. 1” or 1/2” elastic tape and tubular tape to be used to stabilize the weapon for aiming
and shooting.

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 d. HF OR VHF communication equipment in accordance with the provisions of the
planning.

e. Sniper weapon system, including the calibers to be used depending on the type of
target to be hit and the conditions: 5.56mm / 7.62 mm / .50 / .300.

f. Day and night sights, red dot, infrared, thermal, etc.

g. Sniper and special cartridges (tracers, frangibles, hollow point, incendiary, etc.).

h. Resistant lines to secure weapons and equipment (tubular, stretches of line,

coordination).

i. Chargers stocked.

j. New batteries in all special equipment and systems that require it, as well as extra
batteries.

k. Night vision equipment.

l. Case with first aid material.

m. Gnomex gloves and bait.

n. Safety carabiners.

o. Equipment transport cases.

p. Secondary weapon stocked and loaded.

q. Lamp.

r. Tactical vest and intervention equipment.

s. Buoyancy vest.

t. Inform at hand about quick rope insertion points, extraction points, obstacles, etc.

SECTION II

HELICOPTER-SNIPER BINOMIO

1004. PLANNING AND COORDINATION BETWEEN PILOT AND SNIPER.

The joint work carried out by snipers with helicopter pilots must maintain such coordination
of actions that at all times as many pilots, crew or sniper know what action they must
perform. A successful operation responds mainly to the fact of following up and applying
what was learned in the previous training of the work pairing and mainly to detailed planning
and execution together. The pilots of the helicopter or helicopters that are used in conjunction

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with snipers must be directly involved in the mission planning process, so that they are aware
of all the details of the operation, leaving only the sniper to carry out the operation
individually. the preparation of your individual team and the communication coordination
with the supported unit.

a. binomial missions

The missions that will be assigned to snipers used from helicopters vary from
conventional ones mainly due to their operation time, coordination, stability of their
position, shooting distance, etc. However, its use is basically the same: carrying out
precision fire on key targets or providing information to the commander of a unit
carrying out an operation. The main missions are:

(1) Maritime Interdiction Operations.

(2) Support to a unit operating on the ground.

(3) Eliminate key objectives and targets of opportunity.

(4) Eliminate threats that arise in the area of operations.

(5) Provide information to the commander regarding critical areas in the area of
operations.

(6) Update last minute information to the intervention team.

(7) Detection and monitoring of enemy patrols or subversive groups.

b. Previous actions of the snipers

The sniper must always be familiar with the procedures for using it from a helicopter,
procedures that range from taking practice shots from different angles and elevations,
to placing and securing his weapon in the helicopter fuselage. Some actions you should
always consider are:

(1) Visually recognize the helicopter to determine the best points from which to fire
and the fixed points on the helicopter fuselage to establish support for the
weapon and its securing.

(2) Reset the sniper's weapons systems to zero, making constant shots from the
helicopter in flight and with the different calibers that must be used in an
operation. You should consider zeroing your weapons' mechanical sights, day
sights, and night sights.

(3) Coordinate with the helicopter crew so that one of them is present when the
sniper is going to place the suspension harness for his weapon, so that they are
able to advise and warn him regarding the anchor points he is going to use. use
in accordance with safety procedure.

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(4) Coordinate with the pilots of the helicopter that will participate in the operation,
in order to carry out the necessary test shots and actions to be carried out in the
operation, in accordance with what is established in the rehearsals within the
mission planning.

(5) Determine whether the shots will be fired from the window, door or ramp of the
helicopter, in coordination with the helicopter crew.

(6) Prior coordination with the pilot (hand signals, radio equipment, etc.)

(7) Communication tests before takeoff, with all participants in the operation.

(8) Constantly request information about enemy movements during the journey,
since the pilots have better vision from the cockpit, consider that in this
situation, the pilots are the eyes of the snipers.

(9) Training alongside helicopters ensures that the sniper is trained to take control of
the helicopter and put it where he needs it to provide the necessary fire support
to the attacking force on the target.

(10) Coordinate emergency or alternative actions with communications in case of

what-if scenarios.

(11) Good coordination will be evident when training is scheduled with the noise
environment of the helicopter and the situation is developed in a realistic
environment and low stress levels.

(12) Inform the pilot that you must always be linked by radio with the intervention
team and that support actions must be carried out in coordination with them.

(13) The sniper must have the ability and the means to provide the best connection
between the aircraft and what is happening on the ground.

(14) Recommend extraction points and danger areas during planning.

(15) Have the crew support the sniper by warning of movements on the ground, both
of the enemy and friendly units (You cannot see everything).

(16) The helicopter/sniper pairing must be perfectly coordinated and aware of

requesting or responding to a change in direction, movement or speed of the
aircraft, understanding that these adjustments must be given or received and
applied in the units that have been coordinated. in meters or feet, depending on
whether they are vertical, horizontal, diagonal movements or changes in the
speed of the helicopter.

(17) Know the ship from which you are going to work supporting the assault unit,
have your firing positions on the aircraft ready, do not wait until the last moment
to prepare them, check with the crew the adjustments that are required (seat
configuration, equipment that needs to be removed, etc.) practice the different
types of shooter positions (sitting, kneeling, modified sitting, lying down)
because if day/night is an important factor, have alternative positions within the

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 aircraft.

c. Verbal coordinations

It is very important that both snipers and pilots know and understand the verbal
commands that must be transmitted on board the aircraft. These must be constantly
practiced until they are executed without error. The sniper is of no use if he cannot
communicate effectively with the pilots and he will never be able to take control of the
helicopter to use it in support of an assault unit.

All verbal commands given on board helicopters must be given through the aircraft's
communication systems.

You must always remember that the helicopter crew is there to support you and the
assault unit that is executing a land or maritime operation. The orders to be transmitted
are conventional and are used by most of the armed forces in aircraft crews, this helps
fluidity between crew members and members of other branches. Some of these
examples are:

(1) Sniper

Pilot, this is the sniper, movement right, left, forward, backward, high, low...
stable. You must make sure to give a distance in feet or meters, which can be a
combination of them: in front and right 10 meters. A countdown must be
established, so that the pilot moves towards the indicated direction and that the
sniper indicates in advance that he is about to ask him to stop: 15, 14...5, 4, 3, 2,
1, high/stable…

(2) Pilot/sniper:

The sniper must at all times keep the pilots informed about the status of his
weapons, so he warns them before loading and putting the safety on his weapon,
warns before removing the safety of his weapon (putting the weapon on hot), the
Pilots must keep the sniper informed about the distance and time remaining to
reach the target area, pilots must inform the sniper when they are going to carry
out the approach pattern 4 minutes before starting it. Both of them can
coordinate their own orders to execute an action such as: Repositioning
indicating that they return to the original position; Take position 1, 2, 3, or A, B,
C, etc., predetermined between pilots and snipers during the planning process or
as a constant exercise between the pilots of an aircraft and the snipers who
constantly work together on operations.

d. hand signals

Regardless of the communication systems on board helicopters, snipers, in

coordination with aircraft crews, must know a minimum number of hand signals that
allow them to coordinate an effort in support of a unit developing an operation,
because Electronic means could fail and must be able to maintain the minimum

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communication and coordination required in this type of operations. These signals
should be simple and somewhat common to those used by most armed forces, and
should always be practiced and ensured that everyone involved is aware of them; they
should be designated in advance during planning and rehearsals.

Between the pilots and the snipers, it must be coordinated how far the helicopter will
move at each signal from the sniper. The helicopter crew can also assist in the work of
transmitting signals and orders when they are placed near the doors of the helicopter,
maintaining communication with the observer.

Among these signs the following can be recommended:

(1) thumbs up

Indicates to the pilot that he must gain altitude. The height to be raised at each
signal given by the sniper must be coordinated with the pilot. (Fig. 10-1)
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(2) Thumb down

Indicates to the pilot that he must lose altitude. The height that must be lost must
be coordinated with the pilot at each signal given by the sniper. (Fig. 10-2)
.

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(3) horizontal index finger

It tells the pilot that he must make a lateral movement without gaining or losing

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 altitude. The distance that must be moved in each signal and direction indicated
by the sniper must be coordinated with the pilot. (Fig. 10-3, 10-4)

10-3 10-4

(4) Extended and horizontal palm

It tells the pilot that he must change the front of the helicopter, turning without
losing altitude. Your hand should rotate in a horizontal circle, in the direction
you want the helicopter to rotate. The angle that must be turned at each signal
and direction indicated by the sniper must be coordinated with the pilot. (Fig.
10-5)

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(5) Closed hand

It tells the pilot that he must maintain his fixed position or stop his movement.
The signal or preparatory order that the sniper must give is with the palm of his
hand open and as the helicopter approaches the desired position he will close it
until his fist is completely closed, which will be the signal to remain fixed in

order to aim and shoot. (Fig. 10-6)

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(6) Turn index finger

Instructs the pilot to exit the current position to allow any of the following
actions:
(Fig. 10-7)

(a) Track or locate targets within the target area and vicinity.
(b) Leaving the target area to approach again from another direction.
(c) Exit the target area to allow other air units to approach the target area.

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(7) Extended palm turning

Instructs the pilot to carry out a regular flight pattern on the target, in the
direction indicated by the hand turn. (Fig. 10-8)

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(8) Palm extended and down

Instructs the pilot to soften or maintain smooth actions with the helicopter.
Gentle upward and downward movements are made. (Fig. 10-9)

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 10-9

(9) Gather closed fists and break

Indicates to the pilot that he must suspend the action he is carrying out, to give
himself a break in its execution or to prepare a new one, it can also be
coordinated with the pilot to indicate that he must move on to another phase of
the operation or abort the mission by complete, having to return to the base of
operations. (Fig. 10-10, 10-11)

10-10 10-11

(10) Knife hand crossing throat

Indicates to the pilot that the action being carried out must be canceled, whether
the mission or the helicopter and its crew are being compromised for different
reasons such as: receiving fire from enemy units, enemy snipers in the area or
any other action that put the operation in danger. (Fig. 10-12)
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e. Considerations for use from helicopters

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As already mentioned, one of the main missions that can be given to the Sniper Group
is to support Maritime Interdiction actions, however, snipers can be used in a variety of
missions taking advantage of their observation capabilities and shooting capabilities
with the adequate coordination and training. If required, the benefits provided by the
helicopter will always be an advantage in an operation using snipers, but in any case
the following considerations must be taken into account:

(1) The coordination that must be carried out with the helicopter crew, with the unit
that will be supported or with the commander responsible for assigning the
mission to the snipers, will depend on whether the operation will be one of those
considered in any of the following options:

(a) Support from the air to a ground operation, whether the assault force
approaches the objective via land or air using the quick rope or touch rope
insertion method.

(b) Support for a maritime interdiction operation when the assault on the
objective is carried out by means of smaller vessels. In the best of cases, it
is necessary to have two helicopters, the first that provides cover by fire or
observation to the assault force, from the moment they place the
maneuver to board with a ladder on the side of the objective; and the
second must cover and eliminate threats that arise in areas that cannot be
covered by the sniper from the first helicopter.

(c) Support for a maritime interdiction operation when the assault of the
target is carried out by means of fast rope from a transport helicopter. In
this case, in the same way one of the helicopters covers and provides
security to the force that executes the insertion by fast rope, while in the
transport helicopter the snipers on board provide cover by fire towards the
areas that may offer a threat at the points that they cannot be observed by
the helicopter that provides security for the rope landing.

(2) In any of the above situations, it will only be necessary for one sniper to be on
board each helicopter, however, depending on the availability of snipers, two
snipers may be used on board each helicopter; one to remain in position and take
the necessary shots and the other with observer functions and transmitting voices
or signals to the pilots. In the event that only one sniper is on board,
arrangements can be made for the helicopter crew to be directly engaged,
providing additional observation of the target area. As the assault unfolds,
snipers aboard the helicopters overlap their cover and will be in a position to
provide up-to-the-minute information to the assault force and the operation
commander.

(3) You must consider the times in which the helicopter or boat from which the
assault force will approach the objective, in order not to miss the surprise in the
execution of the operation. The helicopters transporting the snipers must be in
position at the same time as the transport helicopter from which the assault force
will descend by fast rope. In the event that the assault is from the surface, the

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 helicopters with snipers will remain on standby at a distance that will not be
detected before the assault force places the boarding maneuver, at this time, they
will receive the coordinated signal and will approach their assigned positions to
support the operation.
(4) When it is a ground operation, the sniper helicopters remain in a waiting station,
but when the assault force executes its approach to the objective, the helicopters
wait in the air for a time that may vary depending on the situation, and later they
advance with them to provide cover during their movement, allowing to the
extent possible that the surprise is not lost. If possible, helicopters can be used as
a diversionary maneuver, deceiving the enemy as to the assault force's approach
route to the objective. Once the assault of the objective is underway, the snipers
on board the helicopters support the assault force by eliminating targets of
opportunity, providing last-minute information or shooting at targets requested
by the assault force. (Fig. 10-13)

WAITING STATION FOR EXECUTION OF THE

OPERATION

ON THE ROUTE TO THE GOAL:

- 1-5 min outside.

- Covers the movement of the
intervention team.
- Vary routes to objectives.

ACTIONS ON THE GOAL

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(5) When the cover helicopter is over the target, it must remain at a horizontal
distance of between 100 and 200 meters from the target and at a height of no less
than 100 meters from the ground, so as not to cause a cloud of dust. (Fig. 10-14)
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100-200 METERS

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 (6) In order to provide complete coverage of the target area in a ground operation,
each sniper helicopter must be positioned in such a way that it can maintain two-
sided observation of the target area, being able in either case to move at the
request of the sniper and in accordance with the coordinated communication in
planning, whether electronic or by hand. (Fig. 10-15)
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(7) When it comes to a Maritime Interdiction Operation, whether by fast rope or
boarding from a smaller vessel, the helicopters must be placed on the side and

division of the ship that is directly opposite to each helicopter. In any case, the
selection of the first site will be carried out by the helicopter that provides cover
directly to the assault team, the other helicopter will be positioned on the
opposite side as already indicated. (Fig. 10-16)
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SECTION III

PLANNING AND EMPLOYMENT

1005. MISSION PLANNING REQUIREMENTS

a. During mission analysis, snipers must determine if conditions require the use of an air-
naval platform. Situations requiring aerial sniper support typically arise during urban
or maritime operations (e.g. search, board, search and seizure [VBSS]). Those who

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carry out the planning must carry out an exhaustive analysis of the mission in order not
to rule out the possibility of using helicopters as a firing platform during training and
routine Sniper operations. Snipers must also be able to articulate the additional
requirements for shooting from various rotary-wing aircraft, communication (COMM)
with the pilot, communication with other team members, and communication with
ground forces.

The first planning requirement for the use of naval air platforms is to determine the
commander's intent and whether helicopters will be available for use by snipers. If the
commander's intention is to conduct a deliberate assault, then helicopters may not be
the platform of choice due to the possibility of loss of surprise, which is paramount
during a deliberate assault option. The next step is to look at the capabilities of the
assigned aircraft and what will need to be accomplished during the mission.

Each mission objective has specific requirements that must be met to be successful.
Therefore, planners must analyze the unit's capabilities and determine what course of
action will meet these requirements. Factors to consider include:

(1) Distance from the forward operating base (FOB) to the crisis area.

(2) Time at station (fuel requirements).

(3) Number of aircraft needed to support snipers and assault teams (Are the aircraft
capable of performing a dual role?).

(4) Can the assault force endure lapses in cover, or do they require continuous
cover?

(5) Climate.

(6) Night flight capability of the supporting aircraft.

(7) Familiarization of the aircraft crew in support of special forces type missions.

(8) Familiarization of the aircraft crew with the support of high-precision shooting
missions from naval air platforms.

(9) Composition of the enemy forces expected in the crisis area.

(10) Probable weapons capabilities of enemy forces.

(11) Search and rescue capabilities in the event of an aircraft downing in the crisis
area.

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 (12) Type of aircraft (will it accept the weapons and their support to be used?).

b. If a mission requires that a naval air platform with the capability to deliver precision
fires be present during all phases of the operation, then the number of aircraft versus
the number of available snipers must be taken into consideration. The waiting time for
the delivery of any aircraft will have a great influence on this aspect. Ultimately,
aircraft constraints will dictate how a mission is performed.

The planning requirements of an air-naval mission can be easily defined using the
following checklist:

(1) Who is flying the mission and who is the sniper team?
(2) What type of mission will be executed (assault, SFAUC) and what type of
aircraft will be used?

(3) When will the mission flight take place and when will the rehearsals take place?

(4) Where will you be flying over according to the mission (urban or rural)?

(5) Why is the unit conducting the mission and what are the desired outcomes?

The unit leader then places this information into a five-paragraph operations order
format and summarizes it as an annex during the detail instructions to the sniper.

c. Ground Sniper Support and Ground Elements

By supporting ground-based snipers, the naval air platform can act as an observation
post linking the positions of friendly and enemy forces, a blocking position to slow the
advance or retreat of enemy personnel, a precision shooting platform to reduce
supporting gun positions located by the assault force, and finally as an evacuation
vehicle for assault force members injured during the operation and recovered items. In
an urban environment, the naval air platform can act as a crowd deterrent against non-
combatants who may be gathered to conduct demonstrations against tributary or
ongoing operations, such as rotor deflection from a low-flying aircraft. If prolonged
operations are a possibility or heavy fighting occurs, the naval air platform can act as
an on-demand resupply resource if supplies are pre-positioned within prior to takeoff.

During a search, board, search and seizure (VBSS), the naval air platform becomes the
primary firing platform and evacuation vehicle for the assault force due to the distance
from land where the operation may be taking place. Snipers can orbit the vessel being
boarded and provide fire cover for the assault force while on the main deck and engage
targets of opportunity that may arise from inside the vessel while the assault force is
clearing the interior. Of the same. The naval air platform can also act as a

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 communications link to the forward operating base (FOB) during operation due to
reduced communications capacity caused by the ship's metal hull.

It is important to remember that helicopters have their own weapons systems, which
are mostly machine guns. Although they are typically used within a defensive role,
they are equally effective when used offensively. Snipers and Air Safety Officers
(ASO) or Accident Prevention Officers (OPREVAC) must be prepared to designate
targets for the crew. This method allows the sniper team to use an area combat weapon
with a large volume of fire to suppress targets beyond the capabilities of the sniper's
precision weapons fire. Snipers must also become familiar with the operation of the
aircraft's weapons systems and be prepared to take over their operation if necessary.
Variations in weapon configuration when modified for use on aircraft mean that
special training is required on the part of the operator.

d. Urban Operations

A deliberate urban assault or missions requiring the use of Special Forces Advanced
Urban Combat (SFAUC) techniques are two situations that may require the use of
heliborne snipers. In any of the following scenarios, naval air platforms are a very
effective way to provide snipers and their supported assault force with an advantage.

(1) Urban Assault

The conditions surrounding the use of naval air platforms in urban operations
must be carefully examined. Although helicopters are common in many cities,
flight paths to the target area may not match normal air traffic patterns. This
action can alert the opponent of an impending assault. Establishing flight
corridors and conducting overflights with non-threatening civilian helicopters
during the pre-assault phase can get the enemy used to the idea of helicopters in
the area. However, unusual air traffic patterns can also raise suspicion and may
lead to premature commitment of the operation. Using helicopters as a
distraction during the assault may also be a possibility.

Whenever a helicopter is considered for use as a firing platform, special

attention must be paid to the type of fire that will be requested of it. Whenever
possible, the mission of providing precision fires should not be relegated solely
to a naval air platform. The less stable position provided by a naval air platform
compared to a ground position makes it more difficult to accomplish the sniper
mission. Close attention must also be paid to enemy engagement (e.g. RPGs)
and air defense artillery (ADA) capabilities.

(2) Special Forces Advanced Urban Combat (SFAUC)

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 In this scenario, the naval air platform will likely be used to support the special
forces mission. Unlike deliberate urban assault, where the location of the crisis
site and possibly even the crisis point is known, this operation finds the assault
force moving through an urban environment either searching for the items they
must recover or, after having recovered them, encounter an enemy force that is
hindering their evacuation from the crisis area.

e. Communications

Communications will be one of the most complex aspects of an air-naval mission.

Communications networks during standard special forces missions can become
extremely crowded. Adding one or more aircraft to the equation must be carefully
premeditated. Communications requirements must be met by the sniper tactical
operations center in coordination with the company or unit communications section.
Equipment compatibility and communications security details (COMSEC) should be
considered, then communications networks and usage priorities should be coordinated.
Either the communications team or the battalion communications section will provide
any additional radios that may be necessary. The company communications section
will ensure that the crew is fully informed about the needs of the sniper team. The
Sniper Platoon Leader will receive the communications plan during the sniper briefing
so that any conflicts can be corrected before the briefing to the ground force
commander and at the beginning of rehearsals. The vital responsibility of providing
cryptographic needs by the aircraft will fall upon the sniper tactical operations center
(TOC) along with the battalion communications section. The aerial sniper team
observer (before the first rehearsal) will verify the communications plan through a full
communications check.

(1) Special communications requirements

Any communications plan should include specific provisions for primary,

alternate, contingency, and emergency communications procedures. You must
provide communication systems for the following requirements:

(a) Ground to air and air to ground.

(b) Ground to ground.

(c) Requesting an Aero Medical Evacuation (MEDEVAC).

(d) Sniper to the commander on the ground and the commander on the ground
to the sniper.

(2) The following communications networks, whether for exclusive or shared use,
must be provided to:

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 (a) Aircraft to aircraft (if multiple aircraft are used).

(b) Aircraft to command and control the ground force.

(c) Sniper equipment on the aircraft to the pilot (can be achieved through an
intercom system (ICS).

(d) Sniper team in the aircraft to command and control the ground force.

(e) Sniper team on the aircraft to sniper teams on the ground.

(f) Aircraft to forward operating base (FOB).

(g) Sniper team on aircraft to a forward operating base (can be achieved from
an aircraft to a forward operating base (FOB) via an intercom system
(ICS) relay.

The Air Safety Officer (ASO) for the pilot can originate depending on communication
capabilities; for example, communication helmets. The primary means of
communication between the sniper team and the crew should be direct
communications. The naval aircrew communications helmet with two communications
feeds will normally satisfy this requirement. The push-to-talk (PTT) button is
ergonomically located using a hook-and-loop closure to allow the sniper to
communicate directly with the pilot or commander on the ground. The basis for this
manufacture can be a FAST model Tactical combat helmet. This model of helmet is
recommended because its shape does not interfere with the adaptation of
communications equipment or the stock where the sniper will face.

The alternative communications plan is more indirect and, unfortunately, less

responsive. The Air Safety Officer receives guidance information from the ground
commander via headsets and organic aircraft radios. The Air Safety Officer then
designates targets for the sniper directly using a target designator (e.g. laser
illuminator) or indirectly using landmarks or the clock beam method. The sniper gives
the Air Safety Officer arm and hand signals to adjust the aircraft's attitude so it can
engage the target. The Air Safety Officer transmits these commands to the pilot.

1006. EMPLOYMENT ON ROTARY WING PLATFORMS

Inherent in effective sniper marksmanship from naval air platforms is precisely neutralizing
targets at rapidly changing ranges and angles, while moving, while still maintaining control
of muzzle direction and situational awareness. However, numerous methods can be used
since ranges and angles change so quickly and normal sniping procedures are ineffective.
When shooting at an angle, the shot will impact higher than normal; The greater the angle,

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the higher it will impact. An effective technique at 200 meters (m) or less (not the only
technique) is to cerear the rifle or set proposals at 175 m or 200 m and aim (or hold) for the
actual range to the target. At ranges greater than 200m, the sniper's experience comes into
play and stops become critical. There is no exact way to do this, and because ranges and
angles change rapidly, it is not recommended to change the scope settings during shooting.
Executing Angle Shots at unknown distances (for example, in mountainous terrain) using
distance estimation or combat shooting techniques is good training to compensate for these
factors. Additionally, knowing the different endurances for set precision ceres (e.g. 300, 400,
and 500) will allow for a unique elevation change to accommodate more ranges. As an
example, a change to the 400 meter setting may allow 500 meter coupling using the media set
for that zero.

Target identification or selection can be done in two basic ways, depending on the type of
communications available to the sniper. If the sniper is equipped with a helmet that has built-
in communication links, the commander on the ground can speak directly to the sniper and
identify targets. If helmet communications are not an option, then the Aviation Safety Officer
may act as an observer. If the Aviation Safety Officer is acting as an observer, it is
recommended that he or she use low-magnification wide-angle binoculars during the day to
obtain the largest possible field of view. At night, the choice of optics is according to
personal preference and availability. The Air Safety Officer will receive a target ID and
inform the sniper, essentially pinpointing the target. This method requires practice between
the sniper and the Air Safety Officer to establish the "non-verbal sniper dialogue" necessary
due to the high background noise present when conducting airborne operations. It can be
practiced on the ground to maximize the training done in the air.

Airborne snipers essentially have three different shooting positions, regardless of weapon or
aircraft type. The prone position can be used, but helicopter vibrations are transmitted
directly to the weapon through the bipod or elbow and arm if a rope or strap supported
position is used. The sitting position on the floor, along with the support of ropes or slings for
the rifle, is probably the best position. It allows both elbows to rest on the inside of the knees,
which helps the legs act as shock absorbers eliminating most of the vibration. This position
also provides very good fields of fire without putting the sniper in an awkward position that
would sacrifice accuracy. A variation of the sitting position that works well for taller snipers
aboard a helicopter is to remain in one of the forward-facing rear seats adjacent to the door
and use the sitting position supported by the rifle harness.

Variations to the sitting position include using throw blankets folded and taped into position
on the helicopter seat. The use of the cargo door on helicopters greatly aids target acquisition
and sniper accuracy. Other position aid accessories are backpacks, with a partially filled air
mattress inside and covered with throw blankets or mats, used as support for the sitting
position when a sniper is sitting on the floor or ramp of the aircraft. . This configuration must
be secured to the floor to prevent shifting. Snipers can also use a ratchet strap for loading
through the door or ramp for support or place padding on the ground to help eliminate
vibrations. Ratchet straps are frequently used by snipers as they are also useful for heavy

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sniper weapons systems. However, unless using a heavy sniper weapons system such as
the .50 caliber Barret or the .50 caliber M500, using straps through the gate is
counterproductive to accuracy. Attempts in the past to use equipment tie down ropes or other
ropes with elastic characteristics have been only partially successful and generally
compromise accuracy for weapon support. Floor-mounted ballistic blankets used for sniper
protection provide some vibration damping characteristics in the floor-sitting position, but the
use of additional padding is recommended if possible. Snipers should ensure that ballistic
blankets and any additional padding are securely fastened to the aircraft to prevent dangerous
shifting or sliding.

a. Coordination Instructions

A critical component of using airborne sniper platforms is the proper and appropriate
development of rules of engagement (ROE). Rules of engagement are typically derived
from guidance and promulgated through the operations order and the ground
commander's order. The following are rules of engagement considerations or reaction
methods that should be reviewed by any unit tasked with performing the precision
sniping mission from a naval air platform:

(1) If the aircraft comes under fire at any instant, snipers will return fire in
accordance with the rules of engagement in a manner designed to immediately
eliminate or neutralize enemy personnel.

(2) If ground elements of friendly forces are attacked at any time, snipers will fire
accurately at hostile forces in accordance with the rules of engagement.

(3) Snipers will selectively attack targets designated by the ground commander in
accordance with the rules of engagement.

(4) If hostile elements must run and are identified with weapons, snipers will use as
much effective fire as necessary to deter or suppress the hostiles in accordance
with the rules of engagement to avoid casualties by friendly forces.

(5) If hostile elements run but do not identify themselves with weapons, warning
shots will be fired according to the rules of engagement and aircraft snipers will
continue to provide cover for the quick reaction force (QRF).

b. Air Sniper Weapon System Selection Considerations

The airborne sniper element is expected to provide organic direct fire in support of the
ground commander using designated sniper systems. Due to muzzle slipstream, it is
recommended that 7.62mm sniper systems. and lower are used on smaller, lighter
helicopters configured with side doors such as the UH-1N, UH-1Y, H-3 and SH-2G.
The explosion of .50 caliber sniper weapons can cause pilot distraction. Sniper systems

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up to .50 caliber can be used from aircraft equipped with a tail ramp, such as the MI-
8T or MI-17 series of helicopters, or sideways on an AB-412 SP.

In addition. An organic assault rifle of a Marine Corps rifleman performs well when
used during the role of an airborne sniper, due to its light weight, high rate of fire and a
wide adaptability of low-magnification optical equipment. At night, a wide variety of
night vision accessories and non-visible or Infrared (IR) lasers can be added. The main
drawback in some cases is its caliber, 5.56 mm, which has poor stopping power and
terminal ballistics compared to the 7.62 mm. And older. It is highly recommended to
use a 5.56mm cartridge. of 77 grains, instead of an ordinary or Ball cartridge, due to its
ballistic superiority. Its effective range is not considered a compromise due to the short
distances inherent in airborne sniper shooting. However, to stabilize the weapon, the
rifle carriers must be modified similarly to the leather rifle carriers supplied for long-
barreled sniper weapon systems. When using the rifle carrier as a mount for an assault
rifle, the Rail Interface System (RIS) or Picatinny Rail must be used to minimize barrel
deformation, which changes the Point of Impact (POI) considerably. If using
aftermarket parts is an option, the sniper can use an inexpensive one-piece tubular
handguard that floats freely on the barrel and allows the rifle carrier to be solidly
mounted to the handguard instead of the barrel. As this is a semi-permanent adaptation
that prevents the use of interface system (RIS) accessories (lights, laser sight), it has
limited applications.

7.62 mm caliber sniper rifles. Gas intake operated sights equipped with reduced or
variable magnification or red dot sights are excellent options for shooting from the air.
They provide a high rate of fire, good external and terminal ballistics, precision,
medium weight, ability to be supported with rifle carriers and optics optimized for
specific tasks. High magnification (10x and higher) can be used, similar to some 10x
equipped sniper weapon systems, but drawbacks will be encountered. Snipers will
need to perform extensive dry fire and range drills to achieve accurate results.

Although the typical sniper weapon system (or any manually operated bolt-action
weapon with high-magnification optics) works in fulfilling the airborne sniper role, it
has several drawbacks. The system is relatively heavy, which can cause sniper fatigue
and difficulty in rapid target acquisition. It has a slow rate of fire which negatively
affects engagement capabilities during multi-target scenarios. It is difficult to keep a
scope with 10x magnification (or higher) stable on the target due to aircraft vibrations
and wind gusts. However, bolt-on precision rifles and others equipped with high-
magnification optics can still work very well with highly trained snipers or good
instinctive marksmen. Using a rifle carrier and conducting extensive dry fire and range
drills during normal ground range shooting can optimize the use of high magnification
optics. One of the keys is that the sniper must be able to shoot with both eyes open to
superimpose the reticle on the target, as seen in the left eye.

Effective optics include sights with Aiming Points, Aimpoint sights with 2x
magnification, and Advanced Combat Optic Sights (ACOG) or 4x Daytime Optic

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 Sights. If available, durable variable power tactical scopes such as the Leupold 3.5-10x
or 4.5-14x series are very viable when used at low magnification. With a variable
power scope, the sights on Leupold 1-inch and 30mm scopes. in diameter (and most
other sights made in the USA). USA) are located in the second focal plane, as opposed
to the first focal plane. For practical purposes, this means that the reticles remain the
same size, regardless of magnification. Therefore, mils dots are typically calibrated to
be accurate at only one magnification, typically the highest power range. Many
European scopes such as Kahles, Schmidt and Bender, Swarovski and Zeiss are first
focal plane scopes, so if a European, variable power tactical scope is used, the reticle
and mil dots can change power with magnification. In the case of Leupold sights, they
are positioned in the first focal plane, and the mils dots remain in real mils throughout
the power range.

c. Mission Configuration and Equipment Requirements

Using a naval air platform as a firing position places even more demands on the sniper
team due to the time and equipment required to establish and carry out such a mission.
The basic equipment will be according to the current operational procedures of the
special forces operational detachment (SFOD). Each individual sniper team will
determine its special equipment requirements. Any additional equipment required to
configure the platform is determined by the type of aircraft.

All sniper personnel will wear a bulletproof vest and a protective helmet. The Day
Pack, which contains ammunition, stores and signaling devices, must be secured to the
aircraft with a snap or fastex buckle and be located so that it is available for rapid
reloads of the weapon. The single day pack or any additional backpack should also
contain the following additional items:

(1) Night vision optics.

(2) Cards.

(3) Emergency communications equipment.

(4) Emergency medical kit.

(5) Food and water.

1007. NAVAL AVIATION

For training purposes over a small ground range, an aircraft should be used to minimize
distractions and maximize safety. The UH-1, AB-412 SP, MI-8T, SH-3D, and SH-2G type
aircraft are all viable sniper platforms; Training depends on the mission and the elements
available. The use of more than one aircraft on a small ground-based firing platform is
feasible, but the involvement of a person experienced in controlling the aircraft is critical to
the safe operation of a firing platform.

For training purposes on a larger land or water firing platform, firing from more than one
aircraft can be safely performed. If possible, a Tactical Air Control Team-Forward Air
Controller (TACP-FAC), a combat control team, or a Joint Terminal Attack Controller

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(JTAC) should be used to control multi-air training missions. If Naval Aviation Force or Air
Force control personnel are not available to assist, a graduate of the sniper complementary
technical professional specialization program familiar with close air support (CAS) may
serve as the aircraft controller in accordance with risk assessment, officer in charge (OIC) in
the field and applicable local policies and regulations.

The sniper planning cell will need to provide a solid timeline for the sniper command element
so that they can coordinate to make aircraft available for rigging and rehearsals without
interfering with ongoing ground force rehearsals. . It is crucial for snipers to rehearse with the
aircraft crew to develop the coordination necessary to function as a team.

a. Aircraft Emergency Procedures

All snipers must receive a detailed briefing and driving practice on emergency
shutdown procedures for the aircraft (to include fuel supply) and any aircraft gun
systems. Snipers must know and rehearse the location of all exits, medical equipment,
fire extinguishers, aircraft communications systems, ammunition, and survival items.
They must also receive instructions on the destruction of aircraft, with priority and
means of destruction designated for all systems. Special emphasis should be placed on
cryptographic elements.

b. Configuration of an aircraft (Modify as appropriate for other types of aircraft).

(1) Seating

If possible, remove all seats to allow more space for both snipers and evacuated
personnel. International airline regulations demand that there be a seat for each
person on the aircraft, and that personnel be seated and secured during takeoff
and landing. If seat removal is non-waivable, then remove the center (forward)
section of the seats, leaving a seat in the center between or behind the forward-
facing pilot's seat, and leave all four seats inside. This allows the aircraft to
accommodate four snipers in the rear seats and one Air Safety Officer in the
forward-facing seat (navigator).
(2) Ballistic Blankets

The number of ballistic blankets that can be secured to the floor anchor points is
determined by the size of the blankets and the location of the adjustment straps.
Ideally, the entire floor of the aircraft will be covered by a minimum of one
thickness of ballistic blanket, with overlaps in adjoining blankets. If available,
two thicknesses are preferred. Staff should ensure that the blankets are pressed
tightly to the floor and use 100 mph tape liberally on the doors to prevent gusts
of wind from lifting the blankets during flight.

(3) Additional Filling

Ballistic blankets provide some vibration dampening capabilities for snipers

sitting on the floor or standing. This ability can be improved by using additional
padding, such as rubber, foam, or padding. Depending on the material used, the
padding can be placed on top or under the ballistic blankets. Staff must ensure
that fill is reinforced regardless of type or location; fill displacements during
operations may be unsafe.

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(4) Safety Coupling

A safety ring constructed of climbing rope or 1-inch tubular nylon connected to

no less than four anchor points is recommended. The safety ring must consist of
two separate ropes or a rope with a rope forming two separate ropes. This
provides redundancy in case of failure. At four locations on the double-loop
rope, which corresponds to the location of the floor anchor points, personnel
must further isolate the rope by constructing four insulated rope loops with
knots. Staff can use locking carabiners to attach each loop to a firm point on the
ground. They must modify the ballistic blanket that covers the center of the floor
between the doors to allow access to the floor anchor points.

There are several sniper and Air Safety Officer safety harnesses that are verified
and approved by the safety officer at the range. The Aviation Safety Officer
certifies a safe connection within the aircraft before takeoff. The safety harness
variations are as follows:

(a) Crew safety harness (integral harness).

(b) Commercial climbing harness.

(c) Seat, hip rappel with safety line (pelvic harness).

(d) Security line.

The safety line connecting the sniper harness to the safety ring should be
constructed of 1-inch climbing rope or tubular nylon, and connected with a snap.
It should be long enough to allow freedom of movement within the aircraft, but
short enough to prevent personnel from exiting the aircraft.

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