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KOTEBE UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
CHALLENGES OF ATHLETICS DEVELOPMENT IN CASE OF

KAFFA ZONE SOUTH WEST ETHIOPIA
BY
ABIYOT MULUGETA
ADVISOR
DR.WONDOWSEN TEFERA (PHD)
A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SPORT AND

PHYSICAL EDUCATION SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES, KOTEBE
UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN SPORT
MANAGEMENT
DECLARATION
I declare that this research entitled “The challenges of athletics development in case of kaffa
zone culture tourism and sport office.” is my own work. It will be submitted in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of Masters in sport management at Kotebe University
education, department of sport and physical education. It has not been submitted before for any
degree or examination in any other University. I further declare that I have obtained the
necessary authorization and consent to carry out this research.
Name ___________________________ Signature ____________, Date______________

ADVISORS’ THESIS APPROVAL SHEET
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “The challenges of athletics development in case of kaffa
zone culture tourism and sport office.” has been developed by ABIYOT MULUGETA ID. No
PGW/25800/14
Name of Principal Advisor___________________-

Signature: _______
Date: _________
APPROVAL PAGE

THE CHALLENGES OF ATHLETICS DEVELOPMENT IN CASE OF KAFFA ZONE

SOUTH WEST ETHIOPIA
BY
ABIYOT MULUGETA
Approved by: We the examiners’ board approve that this thesis has
passed through the defense and review process
Chairperson________________________ Signature____ Date____
External Examiner____________________ Signature____ Date___
Internal Examiner___________________ Signature____ Date____
Principal Advisor___________________ Signature_____ Date____
Signature and Stamp of the Department

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First and for most, I thank the almighty GOD for his willingness to reach at this stage; without
his assistance nothing would have happened. I would like to express my deepest and sincere
appreciation to my esteemed major advisor Wondessen Tefera (PhD), for his unreserved advice,
guidance and his excellent teaching and constructive criticism and comments from the initial
inception to the end of the thesis.
I am very grateful to Sport administrators and experts of Kaffa Zone selected sport offices for
cooperation they gave me in collecting necessary data in the zone. My special thanks go to my
family members for their unreserved moral, especially my elder brother Tarekegn for support of
data collecting and continuous prayer for my success and fruitfulness in my work. In addition,
my deepest appreciation goes to my staff members and friends who stood by my side for their
unconditional support, encouragement and love.
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
EAF - Ethiopian Athletics Federation
EOC - Ethiopian Olympic Committee
IAAF - International Association Athletics Federation
IOC- International Olympic Committee
IPC - International Paralympics Committee
MoYSC- Ministry of Youth, Sport and Culture
NOC - National Olympic Committee
NSCE - National Sports Confederation of Ethiopia
PO2 – Pressure of oxygen (density of the oxygen molecules)
Abstract
The present study attempted to assess the challenges for the development of athletics sport event
in case of Kaffa Zone Woredas culture, tourism and Sport Offices. The research was designed to
be conduct by cross sectional descriptive survey method. From 12 Woredas and 3 city
administration of Kaffa Zone culture, tourism and Sports Office which are 182 office workers
and 15 managers; only 7 Woredas and 1 city administration selected by using simple random
sampling technique, which contains 63 individuals was purposively selected as the subject of this
study. Questionnaire, interview, and document analysis were used to collect the data then,
analyzed by frequency counting and percentages with both qualitative and quantitative methods.
The results indicate that altitude and environmental weather condition are not the major factors.
However the researcher investigated that an interest and attitude of sport experts towards
athletics, lack of skilled man power, the absence of role model, and the absence of athletics club
and athletics project are the major challenges for athletics sport event development in Kaffa
Zone. Based on the findings the researcher recommended that sport experts and office managers
should know as Kaffa Zone altitude and weather condition are appropriate for athletics sport
events and it can be developed in Kaffa. The training area for athletics should be identified in all
Woredas. Office managers should search for and recruit skilled man in athletics and need to
design and develop mechanisms to support, supervise, and work with close relation to athletics
professionals. Athletics project should be established in each Woredas. The actions expected
from sport experts to overcome the challenges for athletics sport event development are having
positive attitude towards athletics, strong motivation and a willingness to work extremely hard.
Office managers need to design ways to facilitate, to present facilities and equipment’s, fund
raising, to create awareness among youth and to motivate all stake holders. Generally due
attention and serious consideration should be given to the challenges for the development of
athletics sport event of Kaffa Zone.
Key words: affair, athletics, challenges, development, effort, expert, event, sport, stake holder,
track event, youth
CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Athletics was especially popular, and soon become central to the exercise components of
national education systems. Athletics is an exclusive collection of sporting event that involve
competitive running, jumping throwing and walking. The most common type of athletics
computations are track and field, road running, cross country running and race walking. The
simplicity of the competitions and the lack of a need for expensive equipment, make athletics
one of the most commonly competed sports in the world. Organized athletics are traced back to
the ancient Olympic Games from776 BC. Most modern events are conducted by the member
clubs of the international association of athletics federation(Abera, 2013).Recently sport have
been recognized as a powerful means to promote education, health, culture sustainable
development and peace by many organizations including the International Olympic Committee
(IOC) and United Nations Office of sport for Development and peace.
Athletics can contribute to the development of personal and social values that very important in
the educational process of the child and youngster. Now a day’s sport has become a popular
activity among the youngsters and adults in Ethiopia (Tufa, 2015). Modern athletics has a history
of over half a century in this country. Even if, many types of games are introduced within this
period, the development of modern sport is still at the infancy level. The causes for these are
organizational, economical and that of outlook. As the leadership in sports lacked a popular base
in this country, it has been undergoing a series of continuous reorganization. Its focus has been
on organizing competitive sports for the very few elite athletes (MoYS, 2004). They have gained
recognition by themselves rather than nurturing sport as publics’ culture. Yet as this intent on
gaining victory lacks broad base that would replenish effective sport persons, the results
registered have been declining, as well.
In favor of Ethiopian National Sport Policy further asserted that the limited role of the
community in sports, the decline of sports in schools, the shortage of sports facilities, sportswear,
and equipment, as well as the lack of trained personnel in the field must have made the problem
more complex. As incorporated in the sport policy document 2004, the policy outlines clearly
selected goal, strategies, and means as to how the problems could be addressed. It further defines
to what point sport should be directed, what, how, why to train, who to be a trainer at different
levels, decisions as to organization, facilities and administrative arrangements as well as
coordination among its several elements. Apparently, sport in all countries is changing with time,
but not uniformly at all, as the gap in resource between wealthy and poor countries is growing.
As indicated also in this outset, the availability of quality sport facility is necessary for proper
training; where this does not exist; it is difficult to achieve the intended objectives set a head of
time (Judith, 1998).
In effect, one could safely agree that Ethiopia has some of the best middle and long distance
runners in the world. Long distance running has not only brought joy for Ethiopians, but also
inspiration and courage to overcome the challenges of poverty (Judah, 2008). From these
assertions without going in to details, it is possible to deduce that, Ethiopia’s Olympic
achievement has been limited with middle and long distances together with other African
countries. Because of this, too little attention was given for field event athletics, and considerable
achievements in international level have not been achieved so far (Abera, 2013).
Typically, the rationale behind their achievement lays on that, the practice of this event requires
remarkably little facilities, having a door-openers' “a role models’’, an engagement with manual
work at the early age, for instance, long distance round-trip to school, fetching water and
gathering fire wood…etc. could be mention as some of the main factors (Tsehaynew, 2010).
Likewise, when we talk about sport and Ethiopia, relatively few but world finest distance
runners’ just come to our mind. Hence, the New York Times called Ethiopia “running Mecca,”
due to its historical successes in the athletics program, in which it also took 5thplace in the world
ranking during the Olympic champion at Beijing International Olympic committee(IOC),2010.
The Ethiopian Athletics Federation along with Regional Federations are striving their best for the
development and expansion of athletics sport, In different parts of Ethiopian regions there are 35
athletics training center opened by EAF and 30 athletes and 3 functional persons which are
involving in the training centers. The major roles of EAF for regional athletics projects are as
follows; athletes and coaches need of equipment, coaches salary, sponsoring full costs of
national champion competitions and follow-up the project and training for coaches etc. Now a
day in Ethiopia, the public assumption is remarkably high in visualizing the future success in
more steps-up and various fields of athletics (Birhanu, 2012). It is not possible to dwell entirely
up on the past success, which has gone to the record books, instead on what is successfully being
done today. Hence, active engagements with the current practice provide us fresh looks-to see
the far prospect. On the top of that, the retrospect foot paths do play a significant role on the
overwhelming majority of youths in making them to be the part of the history. The focus area of
this research is located in south west Ethiopia people’s regional state. Here, the study will be
carried out in Kaffa Zone which is 466Km far from Addis Ababa.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Athletics is one of the natural physical activities of human being that contain natural actions like
walking, running, jumping and throwing. In one way or another, athletics events have been
performed by human beings since their existence in this world. Any athletic events require a
series of coordination of movements to obtain the maximum output of effort with the minimum
output of energy (Araya, 2005,). Athletics is an activity in which millions of people throughout
the world participate and in which many of its funs want to watch on television. Running,
jumping and throwing exercise in track and field can develop a sound healthy body as well
strong and coordinated muscle movements and build a positive attitude towards life (Mluneh,
2005).
In the fast change world, the increase in public expectation from sport sector creates changes in
the sport policy. Consequently, these change will have effect in the overall sport fields. So, in
order to keep with this fast changes, the organized training centers in many sport activities have
become the call of the day (Mluneh, 2005). In line with, Ethiopian National Sport policy has
been experiencing reforms in different depth, and bread the explicitly focusing in training
talented youth so neither boarding or non-boarding based training centers, to produce elite
athletes with various fields of athletics including specific events that the country is not yet well
known Ethiopian National Sport policy (MoYS, 2004). In conformity to this, Ethiopian National
Sport policy further disclose and puts,‘’…register great achievements of international standard
by tapping the overall sports activity within the community and in particular from among the
youth by creating awareness and participation amongst them’’.
To this effect, appropriate implementation of the program can favorably influences the overall
development of the country’s athletics in many aspects. To happen and see as expected talents
identification, proper recruitment procedures, research, specific knowledge based training,
setting within reachable goals, competent and effective organizational structure, proper
management, enough & accurate finance …etc. are preconditions, as (Mluneh, 2005) agreed.
Actually, for all expected outcomes there should be the development of once sport i.e. in case of
this study athletics development in the area. Kaffa Zone is one of the south west Ethiopia
people’s region zones, which is located at south western part of Ethiopia. Kaffa Zone weather
condition and altitude is appropriate for athletics sport events and other sport movements.
Even if our country Ethiopia, is known by producing more talented athletes of long distances for
the country, from Kaffa there is only few young athletes has seen on international athletics
competitions. Some of Ethiopian regions and zones are playing great role by providing talented
athletes for international and national competition. Kaffa zone is not that much effective by
providing talented and young athletes. Provided this, it is necessary to develop athletics in Kaffa
Zone in order to reach on others by various fields of athletics. To this end, the researcher were
found it timely and crucial to study what are some of the problems and challenges in athletics
development in Kaffa zone.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.3.1 General Objectives
The general objective of this study was to assess the challenges of athletics development in kaffa
Zone.
1.3.2 Specific Objectives
-To examine the role of sport experts to develop athletics in Kaffa Zone.
-To identify the challenges for the development of athletics in Kaffa Zone.
- To assess the current status of athletics in Kaffa Zone.

1.4 Research question
1. What is the role of sport experts to develop athletics in Kaffa Zone?
2. What are the challenges for the development of athletics in Kaffa Zone?
3. What is the current status of athletics in Kaffa Zone?
1.5 Significance of the Study
The findings of this study will be significant in identifying the problems and challenges for
athletics development in Kaffa Zone and as a result it aimed to provide possible suggestions for
the stake holders to think of and try to develop track and field events in Kaffa which is cited in
south western Ethiopia. The research also helps other researchers as source of study.
1.6. Delimitation of the Study
The development of sport in once region and zone or city is very important for the development
of the country in all aspects. This research will be delimited to the challenges for the
development of athletics of Kaffa Zone, because of the researcher has lived in Kaffa Zone and
has deep information about athletics sport status and approach to conduct the research.
1.7 Limitation of the Study

The major limitation of this study is that the findings and drawn implications may be subjected to
some extent to the level of understanding, attitudes, beliefs, ideological and political orientation
of the respondents. Response rate was also a limitation due the fact that respondents were in a
hurry, very busy with their daily activities and others were not at their working place sometimes.
Some respondents are not ready to give information and someone is biased.
1.8 Operational Definition
Affair – a matter that is a particular person’s concern or responsibility (Random House, 2010)
Altitude – is the height of an object or point in relation to sea level or ground level (Gavin TP,
1998).
Altitude acclimatization is the term broadly describes adaptive responses in physiology and
metabolism that improve tolerance to altitude hypoxia (Maresch CM, 1983).
Athletics is a human natural skill and/or is one of the natural physical activities of human being
that contain natural actions like walking, running, jumping and throwing (Sahilemichael, 2005).
Challenges- stimulating test of abilities or a situation that tests some body’s abilities in a
stimulating way (Judah, 2008).
Development- make or become bigger or better (Kidd, 2010).
Field event is athletic sports other than races, such as throwing and jumping events (Mluneh,
2005)
Youth – the period between childhood and adult age (MoYSC, 2008).
CHAPTER TWO
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 The Concepts of Athletics
Athletics is called “Queen of sports”-it is an exclusive collection of sporting events that involve
competitive running, jumping, throwing, and walking. The most common types of athletics
competitions are track and field, road running, cross country running, and race walking. The
simplicity of the competitions, and the lack of a need for expensive equipment, makes athletics
one of the most commonly competed sports in the world. Athletics is mostly an individual sport,
with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes' performances for a
team score, such as cross country. Athletics is one of the natural physical activities of human
being that contain natural actions like walking, running, jumping and throwing. In one way or
another, athletics events have been performed by human beings since their existence in this
world. Any athletic events require a series of coordination of movements to obtain the maximum
output of effort with the minimum output of energy (Sahilemichael, 2005). Athletics is an
activity in which millions of people throughout the world participate and in which many of its
funs want to watch on television. Running, jumping and throwing exercise in track and field can
develop a sound healthy body as well strong and coordinated muscle movements and build a
positive attitude towards life (Teshome, 2005).
2.2 Athletics for Development
There is currently strong support for the use of athletics as a tool in development and peace
work, in the form of both social and personal development. However, this stance has not
developed in a vacuum. The connection between athletics and peace is dated by some scholars
back to the first Olympic Games in Athens in 776 BC, during which a sacred truce was instituted
between the constantly warring Greek city-states (Selliaas, 2012). The modern Olympic Games
are often tied to the international peace movement, which experienced a surge at the end of the
1800s, and the current Olympic Charter is based on the idea that sports and the international
sports movement shall serve to develop a peaceful society. (Kidd, 2010) claims that the
understanding of social and personal development through sport has roots that go as far back as
the various trends and movements, such as “Rational Recreation”, a trend among the middle and
working-classes of England at the end of the 1800s, the playground movement early in the1900s,
and the workers sports movement, which grew substantially in the interwar period (Houlihan,
1994).
International institutions such as the League of Nations (the predecessor to the United Nations)
and international sports organizations such as the International Olympic Committee (IOC)
exhibited an early interest in social development through sport. For instance, the League of
Nations’ International Labor Organization and the IOC entered into an agreement in 1922.
Following the Second World War, at the start of the period of decolonization and the beginning
of the Cold War, sport was systematically used by the great powers in both the East and the West
as a political and ideological propaganda tool in relation to the developing countries. As the
colonies were politically unstable and thus vulnerable to influence, both the United States and
the Soviet Union viewed sport as an important factor in establishing cross-border contact and
acquiring partners. The number of development projects using sport increased during the 1980s.
But even though the apparent apolitical role of sport was used as a pretext, the connection
between sport and politics was obvious, and the propaganda was still characterized by an attempt
to spread both politics and ideology. The political propaganda and power struggle between East
and West eventually also manifested in the International Olympic Committee’s (IOC)
development aid programme, Olympic Solidarity, which distributed financial and technical
assistance to national Olympic committees in developing countries. The early use of sport as
development aid must be characterized as elite-oriented, with the objective of developing elite
athletes in the developing countries, which were in turn to benefit these countries. The technical
instruments were coach and athlete exchanges, fellowships and material assistance, such as the
construction of sports facilities for elite athletes (Houlihan, 1994). Since the turn of the
millennium, there has been growing international interest in integrating sport as a method in
international development and peace work and policy. Sport can play a role in improving the
lives of individuals, not only individuals, I might add, but whole communities. I am convinced
that the time is right to build on that understanding, to encourage governments, development
agencies and communities to think how sport can be included more systematically in plans to
help children, particularly those living in the midst of poverty, disease and conflict (Hasselgård,
2015).
2.3 Athletics and Governance
Athletics governance is an act of orchestrating, maneuvering, facilitating, and mobilizing the

pool of talents, resources, approaches, and processes in a much broader, fuller, and wider
continuum of athletics actors, agents, and stakeholders across various sectors of society in
athletics base. It presupposes the interplay of policy-makers and policy-implementers, in the
realm of sports, in determining the achievement of excellence in sports not only in an individual
or local basis but more importantly on a collective and national level (Hoye & Cuskelly, 2007).
Clearly, the importance of sports organizations adopting good governance practices has become
increasingly recognized by governments which often provide significant amounts of funding to
these organizations. The guidelines and resources developed by the governments have tended to
draw on the expertise of corporate governance experts or consultants from the non-profit field
(Hoye & Cuskelly, 2007).
Given these premises and assumptions, the paper will analyze and reflect on three selected issues
and challenges which athletics governance faces such as the athletics and politics mix,
centralization, and decentralization of sport governance; and the world and national legacy of
sports, together with the various agents, actors, and stakeholders engage in the theory and
practice of athletics governance. Then, the paper will attempt to offer policy-opportunities and
directions on athletics governance as an implication and contribution to the field of athletics
studies literature.
Literature on sport governance was sought via electronic database EBSCO and Amazon.com
searches and journal hand searching in the identification of the papers to be utilized and
reviewed for the period of January 2000 to January 2015. The search was limited to articles and
books on sport published in English. Integrative review was utilized based on the methodology
of Whittenmore and Knafi (2005). An integrative literature review is sought to provide a
comprehensive understanding of a topic and produce new knowledge through the synthesis
of existing information.
2.4 Athletics and Infrastructure
Athletic infrastructure is one of the crucial areas in development of a nation. Athletics today, in
all of its sectors, represents a result of state's investment into sports infrastructure, above all into
facilities for training and competition (Sretenka & Ana, 2013). Globally the condition of athletics
infrastructure in most of the countries especially developing countries is poor and unsatisfactory
(Sretenka & Ana, 2013). This leads to depreciation of the income generated from the sector
(Andanje & Stephen, 2013) as it will render less attraction to investors in the sports facilities.
Also, literature emphasize that the poor condition of the sports facilities is prone to accidents that
may cause harm to the users of the sports infrastructure. ... Henceforth, management of the sports
infrastructure is in congruence with literature as to engage in: planning, drafting, and funding of
the construction and daily operations of sports facilities, drafting and organization of training and
business processes, leading those activities and controlling a wide range of participants,
processes and sub-elements of these systems (Tapper, 2016). Thus the aspect of principles of
management which includes planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling has to be
taken in consideration, together with the management structure and the management strategies
(outsourcing, in house or out tasked) should be selected carefully Literature then embraces the
fact that management of the sports infrastructure is not equivalent to other types of facilities or
properties but should be considered unique since it has unique features (Sretenka & Ana, 2013)
(Tapper, 2016)
2.5 Athletics and tallent identification
Talent identification and development have become increasingly relevant in athletics

performance (Sarmento, et.al, 2018), especially in the last 20 years. A significant body of
scientific research discusses longitudinal and nonlinear talent identification and development
processes, the qualities that underpin elite performance in sport, and how coaches could facilitate
talented athletes' development through the sports system. Yet it can be argued that the continued
interest in talent identification and development reflects the persistently low predictive value of
applied and theoretical talent identification models). Finding, recruiting and retaining talent is a
global challenge, and it is especially relevant for sports clubs and national federations that often
see potential assets escape due to selfsystem inefficiencies. In point of fact, original research
selected for this topic confirmed that talent development programs should make conscious
decisions about their selection strategies as it can affect their success (Sarmento, et al 2018).
2.6 Finance and Athletics
The development of the athletics industry is a realistic option for improving public health
problems and sustainable economic development. Using relevant data from some domestic
provinces in China from 2015–2019 as a sample, we explore the relationship between digital
inclusion finance and the sports industry and analyze whether the living standards of rural
residents play a mediating role. Specifically, the economic impacts of expenditure are composed
of direct, indirect, and induced effects. Direct effects are the purchases needed to meet the
increased demand of visitors for goods and services. Indirect effects are the ripple effect of
additional rounds of re-circulating the initial spectators’ dollars. Induced effects are the increase
in employment and household income that result from the economic activity fueled by the direct
and indirect effects (Dawson, Blahna, & Keith, 1993; Howard & Crompton, 1995). Economic
impact is an important topic of discussion and debate in sport marketing and/or management
fields because estimating the economic impact of a sporting events is very difficult and
frequently too subjective. Social objects are hidden behind a screen of pre-constructed discourses
which present the worst barrier to scientific investigation, and countless sociologists believe they
are talking about the object of study when they are merely relaying the discourse which, in sport
as elsewhere, the object produces about itself, whether through its officials, supporters or
journalists (Bourdieu, 1999).
2.7 Athletics access and inclusion
Currently, social exclusion is fully recognized at an international level as a social concern to be

addressed. The 16th sustainable development goal of United Nations quotes the promotion of
inclusive societies as a fundamental priority to accomplish within 2030. In recent years, the
contribution of athletics toward the achievement of this social goal has been largely argued, with
several academics underlining that’ athletics can be used as a vehicle to address certain aspects
of social inclusion. If, on the one hand, there is substantial agreement on the positive impact of
athletics at a societal level, academics argue that more research is needed in order to understand
the conditions in which sport may act on social inclusion (D’Angelo, et ai, 2021). The
investigation of such conditions is still in its infancy and wouldprovideastrategicandagency-
focusedapproachforfurtherplanningofsport-based interventions. When talking about socially
vulnerable youth, literature generally refers to individuals between the age of 11 and 24 years of
age who are subjected daily to multifaceted stressors (e.g., social, emotional, and economic) that
create conditions for social maladjustment. These conditions include: (i) living in areas of low
socio-economic status and poor housing quality; (ii) receiving residential care or nonresidential
counseling. (iii) Poor family management; and (IV) peers engaged in deviant behaviors. In line
with what has been previously exposed, literature on sport and socially vulnerable youth largely
conﬁrmed the fact that sport may develop positive social outcomes that can be associated with
social inclusion, such as life skills, positive psychological capital, active citizenship, pro-social
behaviors, and employment. Further more in line with the main indications provided by
international academics, the majority of studies have focused on understanding the conditions of
sport that promote the achievement of social inclusion outcomes (D’Angelo, et ai, 2021).
2.8 Altitude and Athletics
Altitude’s challenge comes directly from the decreased ambient PO2 (density of the oxygen
molecules) not from the reduced total barometric pressure per se or any change in the relative
concentrations (percentages) of gases in inspired. Air density decreases progressively as one
ascends above sea level. For example, the barometric pressure at sea level averages 760 mm Hg,
and at 3048 m the barometer reads 510 mm Hg; at an elevation of 5486 m, the pressure of a
column of air at the earth’s surface equals about one-half its pressure at sea level. The relatively
poor performances of men and women in middle-distance and distance running and swimming
during the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City (altitude 2300 m; 7546 ft) resulted from the small
reduction in oxygen transport at this altitude. No world records emerged in events lasting longer
than 2.5 minutes (Craig, 1968). Altitude does not impair the short-term anaerobic energy system
at moderate altitude (e.g., glycogen storage, pathways of glycol sis and corresponding phosphor
late and phosphor fructokinase enzyme activity, although maximal lactate accumulation becomes
depressed at extreme elevation or success in sprint-power activities such as sprint running, speed
skating, track cycling, jumping, and discus. The progressive reduction in ambient PO2 as one
ascends in altitude eventually causes inadequate hemoglobin oxygenation in arterial blood.
Arterial de-saturation produces noticeable performance decrements in aerobic physical activities
at altitudes of 2000 m and higher. Altitude does not adversely affect short-term (anaerobic) sprint
and power performances that depend on energy from intramuscular high-energy phosphates and
glycol tic reactions (Gavin TP, 1998).
2.8.1 Acclimatization
During the many years that mountaineers attempted to climb the world’s highest peaks, they
knew that it required weeks to adjust to successively higher elevations. The term altitude
acclimatization broadly describes adaptive responses in physiology and metabolism that improve
tolerance to altitude hypoxia. Each adjustment to a higher elevation proceeds progressively, and
full acclimatization requires time. Successful adjustment to medium altitude affords only partial
adjustment to a higher elevation. Residents of moderate altitudes, however, do show less
decrement in physiologic capacity and exercise performance than lowlanders when both groups
travel to a higher altitude (Maresch CM, 1983)
2.8.2 High Altitude Training Models
Scientific evidence supporting the use of high altitude training models tends to be controversial
and the subject of intense debate amongst researchers. This reflects the difficulties associated
with working in this field. Elite athletes may be required to improve performance by as little as
1% to succeed in competition, and the small sample sizes of athletes reported in these studies are
inadequate for the purpose of detecting these changes (Hopkins, 2001).
2.9 East African Athletics
The periodic domination of middle and long distance running by different regions of the world is
not a new phenomenon. Researchers are yet to confirm a genetic or physiological advantage in
being a middle or long distance runner of East African origin, and it is most likely that the
reasons for their success are many. The belief that East African success is due to uncontrollable
stable factors will perpetuate the current level of domination (Yannis, 2012). East African middle
and long distance runners are currently the dominant force in athletics. As well as dominating the
track events at the last several Olympic Games, they are also dominant on the American and
European road racing circuit and world cross country events. Although many physiological and
anatomical factors have been proposed to explain East African dominance, research into these
variables has not yet revealed any definitive advantage for the African. Traditional social and
cultural factors have often been described as “advantageous”, and, although these factors may be
to a greater or lesser extent involved in the East African dominance, it is probable that both the
African and Caucasian psychology or “mindset” are now additional important factors in
maintaining that dominance. Like Scandinavian distance runners in the early 20th century, who
won 28 of 36 possible Olympic medals over 5000 and 10000m, the East Africans have
developed an aura of invincibility, both in their own minds and the minds of their Caucasian
opponents. Caucasians worldwide are searching for proof of the physical advantage of the East
Africans while handing them on a platter a psychological advantage which, until removed, will
perpetuate the current state (Saltin B, 1995). Since the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, Kenyan and
Ethiopian runners have dominated the middle and long distance events in athletics and have
exhibited comparable dominance in international cross country and road-racing competition.
Several factors have been proposed to explain the extraordinary success of the Kenyan and
Ethiopian distance runners, including genetic predisposition, development of a high maximal
oxygen uptake as a result of extensive walking and running at an early age, relatively high
hemoglobin and hematocrit, development of good metabolic “economy/ efficiency ” based on
somato type and lower limb characteristics, favorable skeletal muscle-fiber composition and
oxidative enzyme profile, traditional Kenyan/Ethiopian diet, living and training at altitude, and
motivation to achieve economic success. Some of these factors have been examined objectively
in the laboratory and field, whereas others have been evaluated from an observational
perspective. The purpose of this article is to present the current data relative to factors that
potentially contribute to the unprecedented success of Kenyan and Ethiopian distance runners,
including recent studies that examined potential links between Kenyan and Ethiopian genotype
characteristics and elite running performance. In general, it appears that Kenyan and Ethiopian
distance-running success is not based on a unique genetic or physiological characteristic. Rather,
it appears to be the result of favorable somatotypical characteristics lending to exceptional
biomechanical and metabolic economy/efficiency; chronic exposure to altitude in combination
with moderate-volume, high-intensity training (live high + train high), and a strong
psychological motivation to succeed athletically for the purpose of economic and social
advancement (Yannis, 2012).The 1968 Mexico City Olympics was the first of several Olympic
Games in which the middle and long distance events in men’s athletics were dominated by
countries from East Africa, in particular Kenya and Ethiopia. Kenya and Ethiopia participated in
the Olympics for the first time in 1956, when they sent small groups of runners and boxers to the
Melbourne Olympic Games. Ethiopia won its first Olympic medal in athletics in 1960, when
Abebe Bikila won the marathon at the Rome Olympic Games, an accomplishment he duplicated
4 years later in the Tokyo Olympics. Kenya won its first Olympic medal in athletics in 1964,
when Wilson Kiprugut won a bronze medal in the 800mevent at the Tokyo Olympic Games.
Ethiopia’s MamoWolde won the marathon in the Mexico City Olympics and also earned a silver
medal in the 10,000m run. Despite the fact that Kenya and Ethiopia did not participate in the
1976 Olympic Games for political reasons, no other nation has attained their level of success in
Olympic middle and long distance running over the past 40 years. Over the past decade, Kenyan
and Ethiopian women have followed a similar path to success in athletics. In addition, the
Kenyans and Ethiopians have dominated the International Association of Athletics Federations
(IAAF) World Cross-Country Championships, as well as major international road races and
marathons, since the 1990s (Randall, 2012). Middle and long distance runners from Ethiopia and
Kenya hold over 90% of all-time world records and current top 10 positions in world event
rankings. Moreover, these successful athletes come from localized ethnic subgroups within their
respective countries. The Arsi region of Ethiopia contains roughly 5% of the Ethiopian
population but accounted for 14 of the 23 distance runners selected for the country’s 2008
Olympic team. Similarly, the Kalenjin tribe of Kenya has less than 0.1% of the world’s
population, yet members of this tribe have together won nearly 50 Olympic medals in middle and
long-distance events. It is not surprising, therefore, that this remarkable geographical clustering
has provoked assertions in the literature that Kenyans and Ethiopians have the “proper genes” for
distance running. Despite such assertions’ having arguable theoretical underpinnings, one must
identify the genes that are responsible for the phenomenal success of the East Africans in
distance running to justify regarding this phenomenon as genetically mediated. In order to
investigate the East African running phenomenon, a first study involved 114 endurance runners
from the Ethiopian junior- and senior level national athletics teams (32 women, 82 men), 315
controls from the general Ethiopian population (34 women, 281 men), 93 controls from the Arsi
region of Ethiopia (13 women, 80 men), and 38 sprint- and power-event athletes from the
Ethiopian national athletics team (20 women, 18 men). A similar approach was taken in a
subsequent study that involved recruiting 291 elite Kenyan endurance athletes (232 men, 59
women) and 85 control subjects (40 men, 45 women). Seventy of the athletes (59 men, 11
women) had competed internationally representing Kenya. Of the 70, 42 had won Olympic
(Randall, 2012)
2.9.1 Possible Reasons for East African Dominance
Many factors have been described to explain both the dominance of East African middle and
long distance runners and West African sprinters. Despite being shown to be unsubstantiated in
the 1930s,1 Sir Roger Bannister, in a speech delivered to the British Association for the
Advancement of Science in 1995, suggested that factors such as heel bone length, subcutaneous
fat, and differences in Achilles tendon length may explain the advantages that West African
athletes appear to have. Proposed factors involved in the success of East African athletes include
environmental, genetic endowment, and social development, while the psychological makeup of
the East African is rarely considered (Yannis, 2012).
2.10 History of Ethiopian Athletics
Although the exact roots of Ethiopian Athletics cannot be retraced accurately, it is widely
believed that the sport was widely practiced in schools and military before 1897. The sport was
limited to these parts of society only because others did not have access to equipment used for
competition or was not organized in a manner that motivated progress. But after signs that the
sport was increasing in popularity in many parts of society, a need to assemble these activities
under one organizing umbrella quickly arose. It was in 1949 that the Ethiopian Athletics
Federation (EAF) was formed and soon became a member of the International Amateur Athletics
Federation (IAAF).Since its inception, much of the federation’s activities was carried with the
help of amateurs. The first executive committee was headed by Colonel Getahun Teklemariam,
the man official recognized as the first president of the EAF (Mulugeta, 2011). This committee
started a formalized program where athletes competed domestically and internationally. One of
the first major competitions in the Federation’s, the Shewa championships, was organized in
1966 and was a competition among various divisions of the military, schools, and clubs. The first
ever edition of Ethiopian championships were held in 1971(Mulugeta, 2011). In the late 70’s, a
new committee, headed by chairman Tesfaye Sheferaw was formed to administer the federation.
The major achievements of this era were the staging of the first Abebe Bikila Marathon and the
national cross country championships. Ethiopia also participated in the world cross country
championships for the first time in 1984.This executive committee was also responsible for
overseeing many developmental activities of the Federation. Construction of the first athletics
track, education and hiring of coaches, and major improvement in working procedures were all
hallmarks of the early 80’s. Many years later, the EAF now has semi-professional organizational
Structure (Mulugeta, 2011).
2.11 History of Youth sport projects in Ethiopia
Since 1990 E.C the Ministry of Youth and Sport has been running nation-wide youth sports
projects in 8 types of sports, i.e., football, athletics, volleyball, basketball, handball, tennis, table
tennis and boxing in which so far about 14000 youngsters have attended the training
programmers. The projects have shown promising results to improving the standards of each
sport type as they managed to produce many elite young athletes who stepped up to ultimately
play for various higher level clubs and even for the national teams of Ethiopia (MoYSC, 2008).
Nonetheless, in order to take full advantage of their potentials and maximize their outputs, the
projects should further get adequate capacity building supports particularly in the areas of
training grounds, sportswear, and gear as well as in the coaching system. More importantly
overall activities of the projects need to be coherently integrated with a modern system of school
(center) of excellence, which solely provides scientific sports education and training programs on
talent scouting and development (MoYSC, 2008). In 1996 E.C. the Ministry of Youth and Sport
carried out extensive participatory assessment across all regions to identify possible causes
which account for the poor performance of Ethiopian sports and thereafter so as to design
strategic courses of action aimed at tackling those prevailing challenges which persistently
dwarfed the development of the sports system of Ethiopia (MoYSC, 2008). Empirical
international evidences further confirm that youth sports academies play a paramount role to
uplifting the standard of sports in any country. Youth sports academies which eventually
flourished in many cities of France hugely contributed for France’s successive victories at the
1998 world cup and 2000 Euro Cup as most players of the winning teams, since their early ages,
passé through the system of youth sports academies including Clairefontaine which was
established in1988 and still the leading famous youth academy in Europe (MoYSC, 2008).
.Nowadays the importance of youth sports as a fast track strategy for success has been utterly
recognized and hence made operational virtually across as parts of the world irrespective of the
development level of a country. Many African countries recently embarked on developing a
system of youth sports and their efforts are being rewarded with promising results as in the cases
of Senegal, South Africa, Tunisia, Ghana, Morocco, Nigeria, Egypt, etc which managed to
produce plenty of world class footballers who are now decorating the major leagues of Europe,
America and Asia (MoYSC, 2008). In our case the necessity of establishing youth sport
academies in Ethiopia has ready been given prior importance in Proclamation Number 256/2002
and the Sports Policy of Ethiopia where it is clearly stipulated the “the Ministry of Youth and
Sport will accomplish integrated actions with regional and national sports federations in order to
establish national and regional sports training academies with a view to producing best young
athletes who will be capable of overtaking the places of present time national team
athletes”(MoYSC, 2008).In the long run the combined effects of this proposed project together
with other ongoing sector investments, which are being accomplished in the specific areas of
building sports facilities and upgrading the skills of sports professionals, ensure that fundamental
strategic actions are executed in the sports sector that ultimately result in the rapid progress of
the Ethiopian sports sector. Power of sport as a cost-effective tool for development, social equity
and peace can be realized (MoYSC, 2008). The Ethiopian Sports Policy Issued on 24 April 1998
is aware of the many benefits and growing role of sport and calls for concerted action to be
forged by relevant governmental and nongovernmental bodies aimed at realizing the
participation of people, particularly of young people, in various sports of their choices through
establishing necessary structures in areas of residences, schools and work places (MoYSC,
2008). The community-based and elite-centered sports development approaches, which are the
two main pillars of the Ethiopian Sports Policy, are practically complementary to each other as
elites are drawn from grassroots participation of people through sport for all and traditional
sports. The spectacular performances of elite athletes, in turn, will encourage and motivate
people to practice sports and physical activities. This correlation between the two approaches
reveals a fact that national sports programs and projects, which are designed to implement the
policy need to encompass initiatives which have purposes of promoting elite sports system that
will subsequently result in the development of community-based sports (MoYSC, 2008).
Thus in pursuit of the national strategic directions set in the national sports and youth polices of
Ethiopia, the Ministry of Youth, Sports and Culture has been undertaking various fundamental
measures and projects across all regions of Ethiopia with a view to enabling young people enjoy
the many benefits of sport through directly engaging in sports activities. In the regard, it is worth
noting to mention here that since 1998 the Ministry has been running sports talent development
projects is 8 sport types (Football, Athletics, Volleyball, Handball, Basketball, Tennis, Table
Tennis and Boxing), in which so far more than 14,000 youths have been attending the trainings
in all regions of the country (MoYSC, 2008). The projects have been launched with a core
objective of producing talented young players who will be capable of overtaking the places of
present time athletes by demonstrating best skills in domestic and international sports arena.
When we measure the hitherto outcomes of the projects in terms of meeting their objectives, we
could say that the projects have shown a glimmer of hope to raising the standard of Ethiopian
sports system. However a lot remains to be done to enhance the performances of the projects by
providing them with the necessary inputs to tackle their existing problems, which are mainly in
the areas of upgrading the skills of trainers, supplying modern training facilities and allocating
adequate finance to the project (MoYSC, 2008).
2.12 The Projects
There are several differences between what are referred to in Ethiopia as 'Clubs’ and ‘Projects’.
First, an age difference: clubs are for senior athletes, whereas Projects are usually for under
seventeen (17). Second, administrative difference: Clubs are nongovernmental, whereas Projects
are governmental or run by the ministry in charge of Sport or by one of the athletics federations,
be they regional or national. Thirdly, there is a legal difference between clubs and projects: the
former are granted autonomy and are ruled by status, whereas the later are run as part of their
administration of origin. Finally, the selection of athletes by regional federations for domestic
competitions can only be made from projects, and not from clubs, otherwise the regional Addis
Ababa Athletics Federation would be too advantaged. For all these reasons, ‘projects’ can be
seen as the obvious level for the organization of grass root training. Yet it is not the case, mainly
because of the cruel lack of funding which makes any attempt of organize something impossible.
The interview with two senior national coaches revealed that they witnessed the appearance and
the disappearance of many projects without achieving their objectives. In a rule of thumb,
projects are deprived of any coaching staff, transportation vehicles, sport facilities and even
support for athletes (food, accommodation, shoes, clothes, etc.). And from the personal
observation of the first researcher of this paper on some project sites, the role of the local
community in supporting these ‘projects’ seems close to none (Bezabeh W & Gaudin B, 2008).
As the core issue of grass-roots training regards its funding, possible solutions include either a
change of policy from the public sector towards its involvement and support in federations, clubs
and ‘projects’ or the diversification of the sources of funding, ranging from local, community
based level private companies to international sport institutions or enterprises. Other
recommendations include:
1. The local community should be involved in the development process, directly or indirectly,
starting from the Woreda level (the lowest administrative level in Ethiopia).
2.from the experiences of other countries, where ‘projects’ usually belong to higher clubs, e.g.
football, we recommend that athletics ‘projects’ belong to clubs at the national or federal or city
Administrations levels.
3. Project sites should be equipped at least with indoor activities to help the recovery process.
4. The rights and responsibilities of athletes, clubs and agents need to have a legal basis.
5. The government should request that federations invest in other disciplines, bringing coaches
from outside the country and giving scholarships for local coaches to go and study abroad.
6. Athletes should be given a basic education, for instance in family-life, health, the international
commercial circuit and career management.
7. Positive entrepreneurs supporting their own clubs should receive better official recognition
and be allowed higher participation in the sector (Bezabeh W. & Gaudin B., 2008).
2.13 Challenges for Ethiopian Athletics
In the global division of athletic labor, long distance races are currently monopolized by East
African runners, mainly Kenyan and Ethiopian. Regional pioneers since the 1960 Olympic
Games when Abebe Bikila won the first gold medal for Ethiopia and sub Saharan African,
Ethiopian athletics gained momentum in the 1990s with the arrival of its first female athletes of
international level and, since the 2000s, with a succession of world records carried by a
generation of outstanding runners. Nowadays, sport and more specifically athletics are directly or
indirectly interwoven with the life of most Ethiopians and athletics has become part of their
identity and pride (Bezabeh W. & Gaudin B, 2008). Yet it now appears that Ethiopian athletics
has reached its limits and that it would be difficult for it to progress or grow without undertaking
major structural reforms. Its areas of expertise are indeed confined to long- and middle-distance
and training structures are relatively limited when compared to those of its direct competitor,
Kenya, whose runners are much more numerous today on the international market and present in
a much broader range of disciplines, for instance steeple chase and throwing events (Hylton,
2008). In Ethiopia, the focus placed - by all involved institutions - on the top level is now been
disputed. Grass roots athletics has not yet received the due attention from officials, despite years
and decades of international sporting success. It can be argued that Ethiopian athletics does not
really need grass-root training structures in order to win medals in international competitions and
to challenge neighboring Kenya in the road-race circuit, but the lack of any formally structured
grass-root training is a serious handicap for the local sports authorities in their ambition to
diversify the areas of sports excellence beyond solely distance running disciplines. The issue of
providing training for beginner and intermediate athletes is particularly relevant for federations at
the national and regional level, and more specifically for the most important of these regional
federations, the Addis Ababa Athletics Federation, which concentrates within its constituency
the highest number of the country's clubs: forty-two. The national and regional federations have
long neglected the work of training, solely focusing on selecting the best athletes during the few
annual competitions they organize for this purpose. This ‘predatory’ system neither fits their
official duties (the promotion of sport), nor serves their ambitions to increase the potential
number of international medals. As long as nobody takes the time to properly train throwers,
jumpers and sprinters, the number of Olympic medals likely to be won by any Ethiopian
delegation may never exceed the record of eight, all won in long distance, at the Sydney
Olympics. The political authorities in charge of sport have recently affirmed their will to change
this situation and to move from a predator management mode (the so called ‘Flag pole system’)
to a pyramidal training system, attending to all levels of athletic training from grass-root to elite.
The idea that the grass-root level is the key for development and diversification of the Ethiopian
athletics seems to make its way, but it is still struggling to impose itself among all stakeholders
of the athletic world, for a series of reasons that we are exposing here (Bezabeh W & Gaudin B.,
2008).
2.14 South west peoples Region and athletics
South west peoples Region is one of the new formed regional states in Ethiopia among 12
regional and two city administrations. As Ethiopia is the source of many long distance runners
from these runners very few are from South west. The region is not that much known by
contributing athletes while compared with other regions of the country. So, to maintain the
fruitful results of the athletes, it needs the region to plan and apply different mechanisms. These
are building stadiums, establishing clubs and different projects. Now day in the region, there are
few athletics clubs, which are administrated by the city administration sport bureau. Due to
Geographical location, altitudes and temperature the region have the access for development of
athletes.
2.15 Conceptual frame work

Infrastructure
Altitude Finance
Athletics
development
Competition
Access
Source (researcher)
Good governance
CHAPTER THREE
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Study Area

This study was conducted in Kaffa zone Youth and Sport Offices. Bonga lies on 466 km from
Addis Ababa which is the capital of Kaffa zone. Kaffa Zone is located in the South Western part
of Ethiopia in between 6 0 24' to 7 06° 24' to 7° 70' North and 35° 69' to 36° 78' East, some 460
km South West of Addis Ababa. Kaffa zone is found in Southern Nation Nationality and peoples
Government and lies between 6° 24' - 8° 13' North latitude and 35° 30' - 36° 46‟ East longitude.
The total area of the zone is 10.636 Skm2. It shares boundary with Oromia region in the North,
North East and North West direction, in the East and South East with Konta special district. In
the South it shares boundary with South Omo Zone .In South West part boarded by Bench Maji
zone. Administratively Kaffa zone is divided into 12 districts and 3 city administrations, namely
Sayilem, Gesha, Gewata, Gimbo, Addiyo, Tello, Chena, Decha, Goba, Cheta, ShishoInde, Bita,
Bonga, awurada and Wacha city administration.
3.2 Research Design
Cross sectional study design were employed to assess the challenges for the development of
athletics in case of some selected Woredas of Kaffa zone culture, tourism and Sport Offices.
3.3 Study Population
The population of this study were include all 12 Woredas and 3 city administrations of Kaffa
Zone Youth and Sports Office workers which are 110 male, 72 female and the total of 182 office
workers and their respective managers which are 11 male and 4 females and the total of 15. The
total number of population is 197.
3.4 Sample Size and Sampling Technique
From 12 Woredas and 3 city administrations only 7Woredas and 1 city administrations will be
selected by using simple random sampling technique (lottery method). From these selected
Woredas population only forty six (46) male and seventeen (17) female totally sixty three (63)
individuals were selected purposively.
Table 1 sample selected
No Name of offices Sample Selected (N)
Sport experts Leaders
M F T M F T
1 Decha woreda culture, tourism and sport office 5 3 7 - 1 1
2 Goba woreda culture, tourism and sport office 5 2 6 1 - 1
3 Adiyo woreda culture, tourism and sport office 6 1 7 1 - 1
4 Gawata woreda culture, tourism and sport office 5 - 5 1 - 1
5 Tello woreda culture, tourism and sport office 5 2 7 1 - 1
6 Cena woreda culture, tourism and sport office 5 2 7 - 1 1
7 Shisho inde woreda culture, tourism and sport office 5 2 7 1 - 1
8 Bonga city administration culture, tourism and sport 4 3 7 1 - 1

office
Total 40 15 55 6 2 8
3.5 Source of Data
Primary data were the source of data for this study. The primary data was collected from selected
Woredas of Kaffa Zone culture, tourism and sport office workers, managers and sport experts.
3.6 Data gathering instrument
The data gathering instruments were structured questionnaire and interview (Jihad Kelil., 2018).
The structured questionnaire was prepared for sport experts and office workers and interview
were prepared for respected managers and officers.
3.7 Procedures of data collection
First of all the researcher introduced the objectives of the study to the respondents. Then the
questionnaires were distributed to the respondents. After completing the questionnaires the
researcher collected from the respondents. The interview also presented in a patient manner and
in the same time.
3.8 Method of data analysis
Firstly data was collected through structured questionnaire and interview. The percentages and
frequency was used to analyze the quantitative data and text explanations were used to analyze
the qualitative data. Hence descriptive statements were used to analysis the items of open ended
questioner from sport experts and other office workers and interview from managers and
officers.
3.9 Data entry and analysis
Data from the 8 subjects were entered directly into the Statistical Package for Social Sciences
(SPSS) program, with specific codes used for each questionnaire item. Data were then analyzed
using SPSS version 27.
Table 2 Reliability Statistics
Cronbach’s Alpha
No of items Cronbach’s Alpha No of items
1 Challenges for the development of athletics .947 10
2 Efforts made by sport experts .896 11
3 Current status of athletics .958 10

3.10. Ethical Issues
Before data collection consent was asked a formal letter from Kotebe University of Education,
particularly from department of physical education and sport science was given to the researcher
and the researcher was showed the letter to responsible body. Most respondents were not
volunteer for photo and audio record, because of that the researcher become forced to record the
interview by writing their response.
CHAPTER FOUR
4. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
In the section the results obtained from the questionnaire and interview, were analyzed; by
frequency counts and percentage were statistical methods employed to present and analyze the
structured items of the questionnaire quantitatively.
To supplement and enrich the information that were drown using questionnaire, the data from
open- end-questions and interview were analyzed and described qualitatively.
4.1 Background Characteristics of the Study Group
Based on the response obtained from kaffa zone of selected Woredas culture, tourism and sport
office sport experts and their respective managers, characteristics of the study groups were
examined in terms of their sex, age, education background, area of study and work experience in
the sector.
Table 3 Sex of respondents
Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Valid Male 39 67.2 70.9 70.9
Female 16 27.6 29.1 29.1
Total 55 94.8 100.0 100.0
A breakdown of the study population in terms of gender as indicated in table 2, males constitute
an over whelming majority 39 (67.2%) and 16 (27.6%) female respondents are participated.
Figure 1 age of respondents
Regarding the age groups of respondents in the bar chart 1; 28(51.9%) were between the age
category of 16-29 years, 27(49.1%) fall in the age groups of 30-45 years. From this fact one can
easily deduce that the largest portion of the employees in the sample population belongs to the
adult age groups.
Figure 2 Service in year in this sector
Apparently, in the years spend in the sector as employee category as indicated on bar-chart most
of the workers 24(43.6%) have been in the sector for 1-5 years; 18(32.7%) are 6-10 years;
11(20%) are 11-15 years and only 2(3.6%) are above 15 years. From this notion one can easily
understand that most of the employees have 1-10 years of service but very few employees have
above 15 years’ service.
Table 4 Field of study
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid sport sector 39 67.2 70.9 70.9
other profession 16 27.6 29.1 100.0
Total 55 94.8 100.0
From the respondents as shown in table: assigned as sport expert 39(70.9%) of them are studied
sport field. Others are management, EDPM, governance, HRM and other teaching fields of
studies. This indicates that some respondents/sport experts are not on the right position.
Table 5 marital status
Valid Cumulative
Valid Married 34 58.6 61.8 61.8
Single 21 36.2 38.2 100.0
Total 55 94.8 100.0
As shown in the table 5; most respondents 34(61.8%) are married and 21(38.2%) respondents are
single.
Table 6 Education level
Valid Cumulative
Valid Diploma 10 17.2 18.2 18.2
First Degree 41 70.7 74.5 92.7
Post Graduate 4 6.9 7.3 100.0
Total 55 94.8 100.0
In addition, with regard to educational background in table 6: from the total number of
respondents 41(74.5%) of employees are first degree holders, 10 (18.2%) employees have
diploma, 4(7.3%) employees are second degree holder. These analysis indicates there were
educated man power in the sector because 45(81.8%) of respondents were first degree and above
holder.
4.2 Analysis of structured questioner
Variable 1 Altitude and athletics
Figure 3 the air condition of this woreda is appropriate for athletics
As shown in the above bar chart 19(34.5%) of respondents strongly agreed, 26(47.3%) are
agreed, 8(14.5%) disagreed, 2(3.6%) strongly disagreed the air condition of their Woreda is
comfortable for athletics activity. This shows clearly that most of selected woredas are
comfortable for athletics.
Table 7 The altitude of your Woreda is relatively comfortable for running &
throwing
Valid Cumulative
Valid strongly 1 1.7 1.8 1.8
disagree
Disagree 5 8.6 9.1 10.9
Neutral 2 3.4 3.6 14.5
Agree 30 51.7 54.5 69.1
strongly 17 29.3 30.9 100.0
agree
Total 55 94.8 100.0
As shown in the above table 7, 17(30.9%) of respondents strongly agreed, 30(51.7%) are agreed,
2(3.6%) neutral 5(9.1%) disagreed, 1(1.8%) strongly disagreed the altitude of their Woreda is
comfortable for athletics activity. This shows clearly that most of selected kaffa zone woredas
altitude is relatively comfortable for jumping and throwing events.
Table 8 your woreda is above 1000m above sea level
Frequen Valid Cumulative

cy Percent Percent Percent
Valid strongly 2 3.4 3.6 3.6
disagree
Disagree 2 3.4 3.6 7.3
Neutral 9 15.5 16.4 23.6
Agree 27 46.6 49.1 72.7
strongly agree 15 25.9 27.3 100.0
Total 55 94.8 100.0
As indicated in the table 8, 15(27.3%) of respondents strongly agreed, 27(49.9%) were agreed,
9(16.4%) neutral 2(3.6%) disagreed, 2(3.6%) strongly disagreed that their Woreda is above 1000
m. This shows clearly that the altitude of selected woredas is relatively above 1000m.
Figure 4 Your Woreda, is relatively comfortable for long distance
As indicated in the pie-chart above, 30(54.5%) of respondents strongly agreed, 15(27.3%) were
agreed, (12.7%) neutral 2(3.6%) disagreed, 1(1.8%) strongly disagreed that their Woreda is
relatively comfortable for long distance. This indicated clearly that more than 75% of selected
kaffa zone woredas altitude is relatively comfortable for long distance running.
Variable 2 infrastructures
Table 9 the track and field of your woreda is well managed
Cumulative
Valid Strongly Disagree 8 13.8 14.5 14.5
Disagree 16 27.6 29.1 43.6
Neutral 10 17.2 18.2 61.8
Agree 20 34.5 36.4 98.2
Strongly Agree 1 1.7 1.8 100.0
Total 55 94.8 100.0
Missing System 3 5.2
As
Total 58 100.0
indicated
on table 9 1(1.8%) strongly agreed, 20(36.4) agreed, 10(18.2%) neutral, 16(29.1%) disagreed,
and 8(14.5%) strongly disagreed. This shows that there is weak sport facility management
practice in selected woreda of kaffa zone.
Table 10 There is new constructed field for jumping and throwing event
Cumulative
Disagree 24 41.4 43.6 90.9
Neutral 2 3.4 3.6 94.5
Agree 3 5.2 5.5 100.0
Total 55 94.8 100.0
As indicated on table 10, 26(44.8%) strongly disagreed, 24(41.4) disagreed, 2(3.4%) neutral,
only 3(5.2%) agreed. This shows that there is no new field construction movement in selected
woredas. Because 94% of respondents disagree that the new constructed field of throwing and
jumping event.
Figure 5
As indicated on bar-chart above 9(16.4) disagreed, 17(30.9%) neutral, only 25(45.5%) agreed
and 4(7.3%) that the presence of locally available field in selected area. As data shows that there
is locally available field in selected woredas.
Figure 6
As indicated on bar-chart 6 more than 90% respondents agreed that there is no standard track in
kaffa zone.
Variable 3; finance
Figure 7 the source of budget is only government
As indicated on figure 7, 1(1.8%) strongly disagreed, 14(25.5) disagreed, 5(9.1%) neutral,

28(50.9%) agreed and 7(12.7) strongly disagreed that the source of budget is government capital.
According to this data more than 63% respondents agree that the source of budget is only
government.
Figure 8 Annual budgets in your woreda for athletics is enough
According to figure 8 more than 70.9% respondents agreed that the annual budget allocated for
athletics is not enough to run athletics.
Figure 9 the source of budget is community
As indicated on figure 9 4(7.3%) strongly disagreed, 39(70.9) disagreed, 4(7.3%) neutral, only
6(10.9%) agreed and 2(3.6) strongly agreed. According to this data the community involvement
in budget support is too low.
Table 11 Allocated budget is reaching accurately
Cumulative
Disagree 40 72.7 72.7 74.5
Neutral 7 12.7 12.7 87.3
Agree 6 10.9 10.9 98.2
Total 55 100.0 100.0
As it can be seen in table 11 above 40(72.7 %) of experts replied that, they disagreed the
reaching of allocated budget accurately and relatively the some respondents i.e. 7(12.7%) are
neutral. On the other hand very few individuals which are 6(10.9%) of them agreed and 1(1.8%)
of respondents strongly agreed.
Table 12 the allocated budget is working on target
Cumulative
Disagree 35 63.6 63.6 65.5
Neutral 8 14.5 14.5 80.0
Agree 9 16.4 16.4 96.4
Total 55 100.0 100.0
As shown on table 12 1(1.8%) of respondents are strongly disagreed, that the allocated budget is
working on target and 35(63.6) are disagreed, 8(14.5%) are neutral, 9(16.4%) are agreed and
2(3.6%) are strongly agreed. This shows that the management system of budget is poor.
Variable 4; good governance
Table 13 Managers & officers are facilitating for the development of athletics
Cumulative
Valid Disagree 36 65.5 65.5 65.5
Neutral 10 18.2 18.2 83.6
Agree 8 14.5 14.5 98.2
Strongly 1 1.8 1.8 100.0
Agree
Total 55 100.0 100.0
As it can be seen in table 13 above 36(65.5 %) of experts replied that, they disagreed that the
managers and officers are facilitating for the development of athletics and 10(18.2%) are neutral.
On the other hand very few individuals which are 8(14.5%) of them agreed and 1(1.8%) of
respondents strongly agreed.
Figure 10 There is skilled man power in your office
As shown in the bar-chart 10; due to the biased answers of some respondents some of them
which are 5(9.1%) strongly disagreed as the presence of skilled man power and 12(21.8%)
disagreed, 8(14.5%) are neutral and 28(50.9%) agreed 2(3.6%) are strongly agreed. According to
above answer more than 54% respondent agree that there is skilled man power in selected
woredas.
Table 14 Sport experts are playing great role for athletics development
Cumulative
Neutral 4 7.3 7.3 25.5
Agree 36 65.5 65.5 90.9
Strongly 5 9.1 9.1 100.0
Agree
Total 55 100.0 100.0
As indicated on table 14, 10(18.2) disagreed, 4(7.3%) neutral, and 36(65.5%) agreed, 5(9.1%)
strongly agreed that Sport experts are playing great role for athletics development in selected
area. This shows that sport experts are playing great role for athletics development.
Figure 11 Managers and officers facilitate community for athletics activity
As shown on bar-chart 13 11(20%) strongly disagreed, 33(60%) disagreed, 7(12.7%) are neutral
and only 4(7.3%) agreed that the Managers and officers facilitate community for athletics
activity. Due to this data managers and officers are not facilitating community for athletics
activity.
Table 15 Athletes are selecting without discrimination
Cumulative
Disagree 15 27.3 27.3 29.1
Neutral 3 5.5 5.5 34.5
Agree 34 61.8 61.8 96.4
Total 55 100.0 100.0
As it is depicted in table 15, 36(65.4%) of the office workers agreed that athletes are selecting
without discrimination.
Variable 5; athletics access and competition
Figure 12 There is annual athletics competition in your woreda
According to pie-chart 12 above; 47(85.5%) of respondents agreed that there is no annual

athletics competition in their woreda. In other hand 1(1.8%) are neutral, 6(10.9%) are agreed and
1(1.8%) are strongly agreed. Due to this data there is no annual completion in selected woreda of
kaffa zone.
Table 16 both male and females have equal chance to participate in competition
Cumulative
Disagree 42 76.4 76.4 80.0
Neutral 4 7.3 7.3 87.3
Agree 7 12.7 12.7 100.0
Total 55 100.0 100.0
From the informants table 16, 44(80%) of them said there is no equal chance for male and female
to participate in competition.
Table 17 There is competition for disabled individuals
Cumulative
Disagree 31 56.4 56.4 100.0
Total 55 100.0 100.0
As indicated on table 17, 55(100%) respondents agreed that there is no competition for disabled
individuals.
Figure 13 There is athletics project in your woreda
As indicated on pie-chart 13, 41(74.6%) respondent strongly disagreed that the presence of
project in their woreda, 3(5.5%) are neutral and 14(25.5%) were agreed. According to this data
there is lack of athletics development project in selected woreda.
Table 18 the project is inclusive for peoples from different background
Cumulative
Neutral 34 61.8 61.8 76.4
Agree 13 23.6 23.6 100.0
Total 55 100.0 100.0
As shown in table 18 that; 8(14.5%) respond that they disagreed on inclusiveness of project for
peoples from different background and the highest number that of 34(61.8%) of them are neutral
and only 13(23.6%) are agreed. This indicates that most respondents believe that, projects are not
inclusive for people from different background.
Table 19 There is Number of athletes who represent Kaffa in Regional Athletics
Competitions from your Woreda
Cumulative
Neutral 7 12.7 12.7 83.6
Agree 8 14.5 14.5 98.2
Strongly 1 1.8 1.8 100.0
Agree
Total 55 100.0 100.0
As observed from bar table 19; selected Woredas sport experts asked as the existence of Number
of athletes who represent Kaffa in Regional Athletics Competitions from their Woreda, then they
replied that 39(70.9%), said disagree, 7(12.7%) said neutral, 8(14.5%) said agree and 1(1.8%)
said strongly agree. According to more 70% respondents there are no athletes who represent their
woreda in regional athletics competition.
4.3 Analysis of Interview of Selected Office Managers
The student researcher conducted structured interview in face to face manner with selected
Woredas managers in order to get additional information about the challenges for athletics
development in case of some selected Woredas of kaffa Zone culture, tourism and sports offices.
Thus, the responses from the subjects summarized and presented in the following way.
A. Concerning the major factors that affecting athletics development in their Woreda they
respond as follows.
 Low trained of facilitating communities
 Low attention is given by government
 Absence of athletics project athletics club
 Lack of financial resource
 Lack of sufficient facility and equipment and
 Lack of training area
B. The respondent also asked is some one ever proposed in need for the establishment of
athletics project in this Woreda. All of them responded that: there is no proposal presented in
need of athletics project establishment.
C. When asked their future plan related to athletics they gave the following
 Establishing athletics club in their Woreda
 Recruiting skilled man in athletics and
 Working effectively for athletics development
D. When asked their role in establishing sport projects; all of them reported that their major roles
are proposing, community mobilizing, directing, facilitating and attending.
E. When asked about who is more responsible for sport project foundation, no one answer one
body, but they said their office, city administration, government, nongovernment organization,
community and sport federation.
F. They also asked the stake holder in establishing sport project, and their answers are
government, city administration, youth and sports office, sport federation and community.
G. For question is there any one communicated you about development of athletics, all are
answered no.
H. A question was raised to the respondents ‘What should be done to develop athletics in this
Woreda, the respondents replayed that all problems raised under item one should fulfilled.
 “How can you overcome the challenges to athletics development?” They respond as
follows. –By creating awareness among stake holder
 By changing community attitude
 Communicating with sport professionals
 Fund raising from different sources and
 Giving more attention towards athletics
J. Finally the managers of offices asked “How should be the stake holders motivated to athletics
development?” Generally the interviewers conclude their ideas by suggesting that they can be
motivated by fulfilling all needed facilities and equipment’s, giving award for good performer,
giving continuous professional development training and giving assistance for stake holders
where needed.
4.4 Discussions
The characteristics of the study groups were examined in terms of their sex, age, education
background, area of study and work experience in the sector. Males constitute an over whelming
majority 46 (73.1%) and 17 (26.9%) female respondents are participated. The largest portion of
the employees in the sample population belongs to the adult age groups. Even though relatively
half 41(74.5%) of the study group are first degree holders and others are diploma, certificate and
ten complete, 39(70.9%) of them are studied sport science which indicate most sport experts are
on the right position. Most of the sport experts have 1-10 years of service while very few
employees have 16-20 years’ service in the sector.
Track and field events originated almost along with the first human kind on earth (Ritzdorf,
1996). According to the annual report of the Environment, Forest and Climate Change Authority
of each selected Woredas their Woredas altitude ranges from 900m – 3200m above sea level and
the whole kaffa Zone altitude ranges from 500m – 3700m above sea level (kaffa,
biosphere,2010a).
The relatively poor performances of men and women in middle-distance and distance running
and swimming during the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City (altitude 2300 m; 7546 ft) resulted
from the small reduction in oxygen transport at this altitude. No world records emerged in events
lasting longer than 2.5 minutes (Craig, 1968).
Altitude does not adversely affect short-term (anaerobic) activities such as sprint running, speed
skating, track cycling, jumping, and discus that depend on energy from intramuscular high-
energy phosphates and glycolytic reactions (Gavin TP, 1998).
Elite athletes may be required to improve performance by as little as 1% to succeed in
competition, and the small sample sizes of athletes reported in these studies are inadequate for
the purpose of detecting these changes (Hopkins, 2001).
The elected sport experts asked their interest to facilitate for the development of athletics and
also to attend Ethiopian athlete’s achievements through mass Medias. For both questions most of
them respond as high and always alternatively but, the concrete effort didn’t show that.
The availability and quality sport facility is necessary for proper training; where this does not
exist; it is difficult to achieve the intended objectives set a head of time (Judith, 1998).
The availability of equipment’s during competition is satisfactory while there no skilled man
power in all selected Woredas culture, tourism and sport offices.
On the regard of participation on zonal, regional, national and international athletics
competitions and as a result gaining role model in athletics from selected Woredas of kaffa Zone
is very weak. Especially very few young athletes were participated on international athletics
competitions from kaffa still this research is conducted. On regional athletics competitions the
participation and the result gained by athletics participants is said to be good. For example All
kaffa zone Athletics Championship held in Bonga (April 13– 21/2016 E.C) and money young
athletes involve in competition and scored good result (kaffa zone gov.comun.)
The rationale behind Ethiopian athletes’ achievement lays on that, the practice of this event
requires remarkably little facilities, having a door-openers' “a role models’’, an engagement with
manual work at the early age, for instance, long distance round-trip to school, fetching water and
gathering fire wood…etc. could be mention as some of the main factors (Tsehaynew, 2010).
The absence of athletics club, lack attention among governmental bodies, lack attention among
stake holders, the absence of training center in the area, the absence of the efforts made for
athletics development, unfair selection of athlete during competition/partiality on athletes and the
addiction of youth by chewing ‘chat’ are other challenges for the development of athletics in
kaffa.
Ethiopian National Sport Policy further asserted that the limited role of the community in sports,
the decline of sports in schools, the shortage of sports facilities, sportswear, and equipment, as
well as the lack of trained personnel in the field must have made the problem more
complex(MoYS,2004).
The effort of sport experts to facilitate for the developments of athletics including proposing in
need for athletics project establishment of selected Woreda is said to be very weak. The training
given per year was also not enough. (Bezabeh W. & Gaudin B., 2008) recommended that the
local community should be involved in the development process, directly or indirectly, starting
from the Woreda level (the lowest administrative level in Ethiopia).
The National Youth sport Policy of Ethiopia adopted several Objectives and Goals in relation to
creating talented children and youth in Athletics activities. Among its objectives; create
favorable conditions to increase the participation of youth, enable youth to be actively involved
in and benefit from activities which are directed for expanding and constructing youth-focused
recreational, cultural and sports institutions and centers, enable in-school and out-of-school
youth to widely participate in physical education, physical fitness exercises, cultural sports
trainings and competitions and benefit there from, encourage the participation of children and
youth in sport activities according to their inclinational by forming sport clubs in educational
institutions and organizing special training and competitions are some of them(MoYSC, 2008).
The absence of independent budget for athletics training and competition, financial resource for
athletics training and competition and the absence of inviting athletics professionals to train
athletics events are the other challenges for the development athletics in kaffa Zone.
(Bezabeh W. & Gaudin B., 2008) claims that one of the challenges for Ethiopian athletics
development is as Ethiopia is a poor country; sport is not really a priority in the budget of the
federal government. Thus, even if athletics is the only medal providing sport, the Ethiopian
Athletics Federation is hardly funded by the public sector and depends heavily on private
sponsors.
On the other hand the role of the local community in supporting the ‘projects’ seems close to
none. Middle and long distance runners from Ethiopia and Kenya hold over 90% of all-time
world records and current top 10 positions in world event rankings. This remarkable
geographical clustering has provoked assertions in the literature that Kenyans and Ethiopians
have the “proper genes” for distance running (Randall, 2012).
Ethiopian athletics has reached its limits and that it would be difficult for it to progress or grow
without undertaking major structural reforms when compared to those of its direct competitor,
Kenya in a much broader range of disciplines (Hylton, 2008).
The existing problems, which are mainly in the areas of upgrading the skills of trainers,
supplying modern training facilities and allocating adequate finance to the project(MoYSC,
2008) (Kidd, 2010) claims that the understanding of social and personal development through
sport has roots that go as far back as the end of the 1800s. Sport can play a role in improving the
lives of not only individuals, but whole communities (Hasselgård, 2015).
There is currently strong support for the use of sport as a tool in development and peace work, in
the form of both social and personal development (Selliaas, 2012).
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter summarizes the major findings of the study and then concludes on the base of these
findings. Finally, feasible recommendations are suggested.
5.1. Summary
The focus of this study was to assess the challenges for athletics development in case of some
selected Woredas of kaffa Zone youth and sports affair offices.
The study was designed to answer the following research questions.
1-What are the challenges for the development of athletics in kaffa zone?
2-What are the efforts made by sport experts to develop athletics?
3-How can be developed athletics in kaffa zone?
In order to carry out the study, qualitative and quantitative approaches were adopted. The data
relevant to the study were gathered through sets of questionnaires and interview from 55 office
workers and 8 office managers selected from Woredas of kaffa Zone culture tourism and sports
offices. The data obtained were analyzed using statistical method such as frequency and
percentage where as that of open-ended questioners and interview was described by using
descriptive statements. Finally, based on the analyzed data, the following major findings were
obtained from the study.
The study disclosed that more than half of selected Woredas altitude is medium so that it doesn’t
have more effect on athletics events especially for short and middle distance running and both
field events (jumping and throwing). It was found out that environmental weather condition for
athletics participants is also very appropriate.
The result of the study reveals, there was no appropriate athletics training area in selected
Woredas of kaffa Zone. It was found out that the availability of facilities and equipment’s for
athletics during competition is said to be satisfactory.
Of selected Woredas of culture tourism and sports offices almost more than half of them have
skilled manpower in athletics event. Regarding participation athletics competition; even if the
participation of kaffa on regional athletics competition is said to be good, the participation of
kaffa Zone athletes on national athletics competition is not satisfactory. Additionally, there are
only few athletes who participated on international athletics competition from kaffa Zone.
The other challenges for the athletics development are; the absence of athletics club in kaffa
Zone, lack attention among governmental bodies, lack of community participation, lack attention
among stake holders on Zonal level even during competition, the absence of training center in
the area, the absence of the efforts made for athletics development, was raised.
The effort of youth and sports affair office workers to facilitate for the developments of athletics
is low.
Concerning the training of athletics there is no regular program in all selected Woredas and in
relatively half Woredas athletics training is never given. The finance that budgeted for athletics
training and competition per year is not enough and also no independent budget for athletics.
The financial resource for all sports including athletics is only community.
Athletics professionals are didn’t invited to train athletics and athletics competition held only
once per year in every Woredas. All sport experts believe that the development of athletics is
important for the benefit of the youth.
The altitudes of selected Woredas are relatively comfortable for short and middle distances of
running and both jumping and throwing events.
All sport experts believe that facilitating for the development of athletics movement,
establishment of athletics project in this Woreda, working for the development of athletics event
which is our country Ethiopia is known in the world, giving attention and working for sport
events which needs less amount of facility and equipment, knowing the relationship between the
type of activities and air condition of once environment are very important. Generally when
compared to other zones of SWPRS, in kaffa Zone it is said to be no athletics movement at all.
5.2 Conclusion
 Based on the major finding of the study, the following general conclusions were drawn.
 Altitude and environmental weather condition are not the major factors that affect the
development of athletics in kaffa Zone.
 The researcher investigated that an interest and attitude of sport experts towards athletics
is said to be not satisfactory which resulted as one of the major challenges for athletics
development in kaffa Zone.
 Even if the availability of equipment is said to be satisfactory, there is no training area for
all types of athletics in all selected Woredas.
 The other major challenges of the development of athletics in kaffa Zone is the absence
of skilled man power relatively in all of youth and sports affair offices and the absence of
role model in a zone.
 There was lack attention among governmental bodies and among stakeholders, the
absence of athletics club and athletics training center, unfair selection/partiality on
athletes and addiction for bad habits are some other challenges for athletics development
in the area.
 There was no effort made by stake holders for the development of athletics as needed,
therefore no one proposed in need for athletics project establishment and no athletics
training given in most Woredas.
 Lack of finance, the absence of inviting athletics professionals to train athletics and the
absence independent budget for athletics movement are also the challenges for athletics
development in kaffa Zone.
 All stakeholders believe that the development of sport in once area is beneficial for the
youth of that area so that working and facilitating for the development of athletics is very
important.
 Giving attention and working for the development of athletics which needs less facility
and equipment is valuable in such poor countries.
 Identifying the relationship between the type of activities and air condition of once
environment should be the first step of sport experts.
 Compared to other zones of SWRS region kaffa Zone athletics movement is very weak.
5.3 Recommendations
In view of the findings of the study and conclusions drawn, the researcher forwards the following
recommendations.
 Altitude and environmental weather condition of kaffa Zone is appropriate for athletics
events so that sport experts and office managers should know as it can be developed in
kaffa without so much effort and finance and also the training area for athletics should be
identified in all Woredas and at least one standardized track should be built in kaffa Zone.
 Office managers should search for and recruit skilled man in athletics and they need to
design and develop mechanisms to support, supervise, and work with close relation to
athletics professionals. They also need to design ways to facilitate, to present facilities
and equipment’s, fund raising, and athletics project in each Woredas and at least one
athletics club in kaffa Zone should be established.
 The actions expected from sport exports to overcome the challenges for athletics
development are having positive attitude towards athletics, strong motivation and a
willingness to work extremely hard.
 Finally, the problem is not as such an easy one to be adequately studied and investigated
at once. Thus, the researcher would like to recommend other concerned and interested
individuals or groups to carry out deeper and wider research work on this issue, the
challenges for the development of athletics of kaffa Zone.
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APPENDIX A
DEPARTMENT OF SPORT AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Questionnaire Prepared For Office workers

The aim of this questionnaire is to collect information about the challenges for the development
of athletics in case of Kaffa zone. Your cooperative and positive response for each question has a
great value for the success of this study .So you are kindly requested to fill the following
question according to the objective of the study .Great thanks for your contribution kind respect
of your answer for the requested question listed below. Don’t write your name.
Please indicate your position in the offices
1. Officers 
2. Manager 
3. Director
4. Leaders 
Section-1: Respondents Profile
First, I would like to ask some questions about you. If you do not wish to answer a
Particular question, please feel free to say
No Items Coding Column

1 Gender 1 Male
2 Female
2 Age 16-29 years
30-45 years
46-65 years
3 level of education 1 Basic Education
2 Elementary (1-6)
3 Junior (7-8)
4 High School (9-12)
5 TVET
6 Diploma
7 First Degree
8 Post Graduate
9 Phd
4 marital status 1) Married
2) Single
3) Widowed
4) Divorced
5 Experience in year in this sector 1-5 year
6-10 year
11-15 year
Above 15 year
6 Field of study
Section-2: altitude and athletics
Please rate the level of your agreement in a 5-point scale 1 (Strongly Disagree),
2(Disagree), 3 (Neutral) 4 (Agree) and 5 (Strongly Agree).
Use check mark
Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Disagree Agree
1 2 3 4 5
1 The air conditions of this Woreda is appropriate for     
athletics activity
2 The altitude of your Woreda is relatively comfortable for     
running & throwing
3 Your woreda is above 1000m above sea level     
4 Your woreda is below 1000m above sea level     
5 Your Woreda, is relatively comfortable for long distance     
Section-3: Infrastructure

Disagree Agree
1 2 3 4 5
1 There is standard track in your zone     
2 There is new constructed field for jumping and     
throwing event
3 There is locally available field for youth     
4 The track and field of your well managed     
5 The track and field is comfortable     
Section-4: Athletics Access and competition

Disagree Agree
1 2 3 4 5
1 The source of budget is only government     

2 Annual budget in your woreda for    
athletics is enough 
3 The source of budget is community     
4 Allocated budget is reaching accurately     

5 The allocated budget is working on target     
Section-5: Finance

Disagree Agree
1 2 3 4 5
1 Managers & officers are facilitating for     
the development of athletics
2 There is skilled man power of in your     
office
3 Sport experts are playing great role for     
athletics development
4 Managers and officers facilitate     
community for athletics activity
5 Athletes are selecting without     
discrimination
Section-6: Good Governance

Disagree Agree
1 2 3 4 5
1 Managers & officers are facilitating for the     
development of athletics
2 There is skilled man power of in your office     
3 Sport experts are playing great role for     
athletics development
4 Managers and officers facilitate community     
for athletics activity
5 Athletes are selecting without discrimination     
1. What can you say about Kaffa zone athletics movement compared to other zones of SWPRS
region?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. Write what your future plan would be on athletics movement in your Woreda on the space
provided bellow.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX B
DEPARTMENT OF SPORT AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION SCIENCE

Interview Guide for Head Offices
1. What are the major factors that affecting athletics development in your Woreda?
2. Is some one ever proposed in need for the establishment of athletics project in this Woreda?
3. What is your plan related to athletics?
4. What is your role in establishing sport projects?
5. Who is more responsible for sport project foundation?
6. Who are stake holders in establishing sport projects?
7. Is there any one communicated you about development of athletics?
8. What should be done to develop athletics in this Woreda?
9. How can you overcome the challenges to athletics development?
10. How should be the stake holders motivated to athletics development?
Thank you!!
DAAKEE BIRIYEE ECHO A
KOTEBEE DOYEE UNIVERSIT

SPOORTOONA ACHEE KUPHIYEE DOYEE KUXO
Beeree shuunechina’och qaniti echo
Hini echeechi inde gaboo kaffi guudooch athleetiksee spoorto dicaachemoch tollotuneti
mooyina’on bariyooch gaacemi ceeni qihee maccoona ciinimi kuxoch kaameboochee bekiyoone.
Hini echeena’och itto immimi kaame wochoo ebi phiree toocoyichi ooge daachecho bi tunetoch
kaame wochoo imoch ittoqanitoch oogichagalleto. Ebi echeena’och wochoo itto immemo phiree
indegaboochee timonatunoon biriyaabe ,wochoo imochi itto qanooch oogichaa galletehon.
Shigee kooroo qaawiyaache.
Itto wochoon icheti saanduuqooch (X) kooroona wochibot.
Itti shuunee qoodoon ebbi sanduuqooch malletebot

1. inde qeejecho 
2. shuunee shaadiyecho 
3. wulloo 
4. yaabecho 
Kuxo-1: Wochechina’och Qiho
Y.H Qiheena’o Sheqee malleteena’o

1 Aniimoo 1 Anaamo
2 Maachee
2 Eeno 16-29 nato
30-45 nato
46-65 nato
3 Doyee daqo 1 xephe doyoo
2 ikkinee daqo (1-6)
3 2nee guudo (7-8)
4 2nee daqo (9-12)
5 Tekiniiko
6 Diplomoo
7 1nee digiri
8 maasterso
9 doctero
4 Shaagee hiinoo 1) shaagito
2) shaagaano
3) K(M) qitito
4) biichito
5 Shuunee yagoo 1-5 nato
6-10 nato
11-15 nato
15 natoyee damba
6 Bo doyiti doyee shaahoo
Kuxo-2: Showee tookitino

Itto mashaamee daqoon 5 tepee mashaamee hiinoona bekiibot 1 (Kuphiya mashamaach),
2(Mashamaach), 3 (Shalligoo imaach) 4 (mashaamiyo) naa 5 (kuphiyaa mashaamiyo).
Kuphiya Mashamaach Shalligoo Mashaamiyo kuphiyaa
mashamaach imaach mashaamiyo
1 2 3 4 5
1 Itto dubiyee ayeree hiinoo     
atileetiksoyichi mashaamiye
2 Hini dubiyeeti showee tookitino     
awuroona caphonoch mashaamiye
3 Itto dubiyoo baharoyee damba     
1000m damba tookehe
4 Itto dubiyoo baharoyee damba     
1000m dechi tookehe
5 Itto dubbiyoo genje wohi wococh     
mashaamiye
Kuxo-3: Inde Uumiyee shuunoona yesheti qiho

Kuphiya Mashamaa Shalligoo Mashaam Kuphiyaa
Mashaamiyo
mashamaach ch imaach iyo
1 2 3 4 5
1 Daqqoo quyeti wocci traako itto     
guudooch beete
2 Andire caphichonaa awureespoortee     
gadoo itto dubiyooch beete
3 Itto dubbiyooch gurimaasheena’och     
atileetikisoyich tunemi gadoo beete
4 Itto dubiyooch beeti ache kuphiyee     
gadoo tatoona yaabeebeete
5 Gadoo ooge gaawetone     
Kuxo -4: Atiletiksee Sportee Tophiyee Beemo
Kuphiya Mashamaach Shalligoo Mashaamiyo Kuphiyaa

mashamaach imaach Mashaamiyo
1 2 3 4 5
1 Natona gibeeti tophiyoo itto     

dubiyooch beete
2 Tophiyooch ubbiyona tatoona    
qoodiyoo hakiye 
3 Iiwee shapechina’on ikkochimi     
tophiyoo beete
4 Athleetiksee projekito itto     

dubiyooch beete
5 Ebbi proojekito ubbin tatoona     
kicitone
6 Itto dubiyooche guudee daqoona     
topheeti atileetoo beete
Section-5: Gijoo(woxoo) yesheti qiho
Kuphiya Mashamaach Shalligoo Mashaamiyo Kuphiyaa

mashamaach imaach
mashaamiyo
1 2 3 4 5
1 Gijjee inde aagoo taatee     

yaaphoone
2 Nattona itti dubiyooch icheebeeti    
yaphoo bedoone 
3 Atileetiksee diciyooch macoo     
waanee kechiibeeti yaapho beete
4 Maacheti gijoo gooroona     

shagiibeete
5 Maacheti gijoo bi yameeti     
gaboon toociibeete
Kuxo -6: Gallaame Qeejoo

Y.H Qiheena’o Kuphiya masham Shalligoo mashaamiyo Kuphiyaa
mashamaach aach imaach mashaamiyo
1 2 3 4 5
1 Qeejechina’o macoon atileetiksee     
dicoch shuuraarikiibeeteete
2 Doyiti ashi iqoo itto beeroch beete     
3 Acheekuphiyee ariyechina’o boono     
qoodoon kuphii kechiibeeteete
4 Qeejechina’o macoon     
shuuraarikiibeeteete
5 Atileeteena’o megaloo     
kaacheebeeteete
1. Kaffi guudee atileetiksee shuuraaroo bare DAGTM woraafee guudeena’ona topheemona

itto gaboo amooo shaahiye?
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2. Itto dubiyeech atileetiksee shuuraaree dicoch itoch beeti yamoon dabbii icheti hoyooch
birriibot.
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GALLETEHON!!
DAAKEE BIRIYEE ECHO A
KOTEBEE DOYEE UNIVERSIT
SPOORTOONA ACHEE KUPHIYEE DOYEE KUXO

Yaabechina’och qanit qaaree echo
1. Itto dubiyooch atileetiksee dicoch inde tolloo tuneti mooyina’o ameena’one?
2. Atileetiksee projekitoon itto dubiyooch waanjiyooch echo gidiiti asho beete?
3. Atileetiksee dicona yeshe’i ittoch beeti yamoo amo shaahiye?
4. Atileetiksee projekitoon itto dubiyooch waanjiyooch itto qoodoo amoone?
5. Inditinoona atileetiksee projekitee waanjiyooch inde qoodecho kone?
6. Inditinoona atileetiksee projekitee waanjiyoo ciinimi kuxina’o konoshine?
7. Atileetiksee dicon ciinimona ittona booyeeti kuxo woyee asho beetee?
8. hini dubiyooch atileetiksoon dichooch amee halloo qaawiihe?
9. Atileetiksee dici tolleena’on aabichi ketiyoo hakiyote?
10. Amee hiinoona qoodechi kuxina’o atileetiksee dicoch shuuraarikiyeheete.

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KOTEBE UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

CHALLENGES OF ATHLETICS DEVELOPMENT IN CASE OF

DR.WONDOWSEN TEFERA (PHD)

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SPORT AND

Name ___________________________ Signature ____________, Date______________

Name of Principal Advisor___________________-

KOTEBE UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

THE CHALLENGES OF ATHLETICS DEVELOPMENT IN CASE OF KAFFA ZONE

Chairperson________________________ Signature____ Date____

External Examiner____________________ Signature____ Date___

Internal Examiner___________________ Signature____ Date____

Principal Advisor___________________ Signature_____ Date____

Signature and Stamp of the Department

1.1 Background of the Study

1.2 Statement of the Problem

1.3 Objectives of the Study

1.3.1 General Objectives

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

- To assess the current status of athletics in Kaffa Zone.

1. What is the role of sport experts to develop athletics in Kaffa Zone?

3. What is the current status of athletics in Kaffa Zone?

1.5 Significance of the Study

1.6. Delimitation of the Study

1.7 Limitation of the Study

1.8 Operational Definition

Development- make or become bigger or better (Kidd, 2010).

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 The Concepts of Athletics

2.2 Athletics for Development

2.3 Athletics and Governance

Athletics governance is an act of orchestrating, maneuvering, facilitating, and mobilizing the

2.5 Athletics and tallent identification

Talent identification and development have become increasingly relevant in athletics

2.6 Finance and Athletics

2.7 Athletics access and inclusion

Currently, social exclusion is fully recognized at an international level as a social concern to be

2.8 Altitude and Athletics

2.8.2 High Altitude Training Models

2.9 East African Athletics

2.9.1 Possible Reasons for East African Dominance

2.10 History of Ethiopian Athletics

2.11 History of Youth sport projects in Ethiopia

2.12 The Projects

2.13 Challenges for Ethiopian Athletics

2.14 South west peoples Region and athletics

2.15 Conceptual frame work

3.1 Study Area

3.3 Study Population

3.4 Sample Size and Sampling Technique

No Name of offices Sample Selected (N)

Sport experts Leaders

1 Decha woreda culture, tourism and sport office 5 3 7 - 1 1

2 Goba woreda culture, tourism and sport office 5 2 6 1 - 1

3 Adiyo woreda culture, tourism and sport office 6 1 7 1 - 1

4 Gawata woreda culture, tourism and sport office 5 - 5 1 - 1

5 Tello woreda culture, tourism and sport office 5 2 7 1 - 1

6 Cena woreda culture, tourism and sport office 5 2 7 - 1 1

Name _____________ Signature , Date

Chairperson____________________ Signature Date

External Examiner__________________ Signature Date_

Internal Examiner_______________ Signature Date

Principal Advisor_________________ Signature_ Date__