Math 10 Module 2 Logic and Reasoning
Math 10 Module 2 Logic and Reasoning
Math 10 Module 2 Logic and Reasoning
Example:
p: 1+1=2
q: 2+3=6
r: All roses are red.
s: The Philippines has more than 7,100 islands
The following are NOT mathematical statements:
• Happy Birthday!
• Message me.
• Can we be friends?
• 5+1
• x+3=0
• Mathematics is interesting
• 7 is a lucky number
How do we know if it is a
Mathematical Statement?
• Is it a Declarative Statement?
• Is it defining something?
• Do they have meaning?
• In terms of mathematical symbols are all elements defined?
• Is it quantifiable as TRUE or FALSE?
Exercise
1. Math 10 is a GE course. 1. Mathematical Sentence
2. What is your name? 2. NOT Mathematical Sentence
3. I am a UP student. 3. Mathematical Sentence
4. x<y 4. NOT Mathematical Sentence
5. Please open the door. 5. NOT Mathematical Sentence
6. π is a special number. 6. Mathematical Sentence
7. The chairs are pink or the earth is round. 7. Mathematical Sentence
8. 3+4–5 8. NOT Mathematical Sentence
9. If cats are mammals, then mice are reptiles 9. Mathematical Sentence
10. Let us Dance 10. NOT Mathematical Sentence
Operations on Statements:
The Connectives
The statements and notations that we defined can be connected or operated upon
with the following operations.
Hint:
Remember
• Mathematical statements can be compound, when operations are
performed with said statements.
• We use delimiters to group them together:
( ), [ ], { }
Example:
( p ∧ q ) ∨ ( r → ~q )
This is a disjunction of the conjunction ( p ∧ q ) and conditional ( r → ~q )
Example
Let p, q, r be TRUE statements
Determine the truth value of the following:
• pV(q∧r)
TV(T∧T)
TVT
T
Therefore, p V ( q ∧ r ) is TRUE.
Example
• p → ~q
T → ~T
T→F
F
Therefore, p → ~q is FALSE.
Example
• ( ~p ∨ q ) → ~r
( ~T V T ) → ~T
(FVT)→F
T→F
F
Therefore, ( ~p ∨ q ) → ~r is FALSE.
Exercise: (Let p, q and r be TRUE)
1. pV(q∧r) 1. TRUE
2. p → ~q 2. FALSE
3. p ↔ ~q 3. FALSE
4. ( ~p ∨ q ) → ~r 4. FALSE
5. ( ~p ∧ q ) ∨ ~( r → ~q ) 5. TRUE
Truth Tables
• We use Truth Tables to represent the possible truth values of
compound statements like the examples earlier.
• We have 4 cases
when dealing with
2 statements
Truth Tables
• Conjunction p∧q • Disjunction pVq • Conditional p→q
Truth Tables
• Biconditional p↔q • Negation ~p • If there is 1 statement,
there are 2 cases/rows.
• If there are 2 statements,
there are 4 cases/rows.
• If there are 3 statements,
there are 8 cases/rows.
• For example,
If all roses are red, then all violets are blue. (F → F)
This statement is considered TRUE but is not MATERIALLY TRUE
• Consider the definition “A polygon is a triangle if and only if it has three sides”
p: A polygon is a triangle
q: A polygon has three sides
• These statements are equivalent and can be denoted by
p ⇔ q (read as p is equivalent to q)
Example:
• Using a truth table, show that ~ ( p ∧ q ) ⇔ ~p ∨ ~q
They have the
same truth
values,
therefore they
are equivalent
Exercise
• ~ ( p ∨ q ) ⇔ ~p ∧ ~q
They are
equivalent
Negation of Statements
Negation of Simple Statements
To negate simple statements, we add the word “not” appropriately,
Statement Negation
p: 1+1=2 ~p: 1+1≠2
r: All roses are red ~r: Not all roses are red.
s: The Philippines has more than 7,000 ~s: The Philippines has at most 7,000
Islands Islands
Exercise
1. 100 is a multiple of 10. 1. 100 is not a multiple of 10.
2. x+y≤z 2. x+y>z
1. ~( p ∧ q ) ⇔ ~p V ~q
2. ~( p V q ) ⇔ ~p ∧ ~q
Example:
1. The chairs are red and UP is at least 100 years old.
The chairs are NOT red or UP is less than 100 years old.
2. 1 + 1 < 5 or all roses are red.
1 + 1 ≥ 5 and NOT all roses are red.
3. Jose Rizal is both intelligent and nationalistic.
Jose Rizal is NOT intelligent or he is NOT nationalistic.
Exercise
1. The Philippines is an archipelago or cats are 1. The Philippines is NOT an archipelago
mammals. and cats are NOT mammals.
2. 1 + 1 = 3 and 5 > 1. 2. 1 + 1 ≠ 3 or 5 ≤ 1.
5. ( p ∨ q ) ∧ ( ~r ∨ ~s )
5. ( ~p ∧ ~q ) V ( r ∧ s )
Negation of Statements with
Quantifiers
• We can negate statements with all, some and none.
Example:
1. p: All roses are red.
2. q: Some roses are red.
3. r: No roses are red.
Negation:
1. ~p: Not all roses are red.
2. ~q: No reses are red.
3. ~r: Not all roses are red.
Exercise
1. All cats are mammals 1. Not all cats are mammals.
2. Some of the islands are not inhabited. 2. None of the islands are not inhabited.
4. All UP students are honest or no politician is 4. Not all UP students are honest and not
corrupt. all politician is corrupt.
5. Some violets are blue and no roses are violets. 5. No violets are blue or not all roses are
violets.
The Conditional
Equivalent forms of the
Conditional
• The conditional p → q or "If p then q" is equivalent to the following statements:
q if p q is necessary for p
p only if q All p are q (Universal Statement)
p is sufficient for q Either not p or q
• No insect is useless.
Converse, Inverse and
Contrapositive
A common mistake made in restating conditionals is interchanging the
premise and the conclusion (which is not necessarily the same statement)
For example:
p: Jose is a UP student
Let Cotton be x
Since x is inside the set dogs and set hairy things, therefore the argument:
Cotton is hairy is VALID.
All dogs are hairy. My pet Cotton is hairy. Therefore, Cotton is a dog.
INVALID
Even though it is a sound argument, the initial premises does not help
in proving its validity
All booms (B) are zooms (Z). All feeps (F) are meeps (M). No zoom is a meep.
Therefore, no boom is a feep.
• Some agents that can use smoke are Controllers. Some Duelist can use smoke.
No Controller is a Duelist.
Therefore, if Jett can use smoke then she is a Controller.
Valid Arguments Forms
• There are 3 general forms of valid arguments.
1. Modus Ponens
3. If you love cats, then you love animals. If you love animals, then
you should be kind to animals. Therefore, if you love cats, you
should be kind to animals.
(VALID – use Syllogism)
Exercise
1. If it rains, I will sleep. I did not sleep. Therefore, it did not rain. 1. VALID (MT)
2. If it’s a reptile, then it’s cold-blooded. Barney is not cold- 2. VALID (MT)
blooded. Therefore, Barney is not a reptile.
For example:
1. All dogs are hairy. My pet Cotton is hairy. Therefore, Cotton is a dog
2. All cats are mammals. My pet Donut is not a cat. Therefore, Donut is not a mammal
Both these statements are fallacies since they are invalid argument forms, and they are namely
the fallacy of the converse and fallacy of the inverse.
Fallacy of the Converse
All dogs are hairy p→q
Cotton is hairy q
Cotton is a dog Therefore p
3. If I sing, then it rains. If it does not rain, then birds sing. Birds are
not singing. Therefore, I am singing.
Fallacy of the CONVERSE
Other Fallacies
1. Ad Hominem – basing arguments to the character of the
opponent and not the argument itself. (Involves insults and
unrelated points to make the argument seem false)
2. Ad Populum – basing the validity of arguments to the number of
people that believe on it. (Band wagon Fallacy)
3. Appeal to Authority – basing the validity of arguments on how
famous the person who claimed it to be (most of the time, the
person claiming it is not an expert of the related field)
4. False Cause – this fallacious argument correlates two events that
are not necessarily related to cause one another.
5. Hasty Generalization – a generalization is made based on few
examples
Individual Activity
• A Discussion Thread will be created in Canvas and you are tasked to
provide a Mathematical Statement that follows any of the following
forms:
q if p q is necessary for p
p only if q All p are q (Universal Statement)
p is sufficient for q Either not p or q
• Theme:
“ We are transported to a Fantasy World full of mysteries and
adventure! ”
Group Activity
A. Give five (5) examples of conditional statements coming from
advertisements (TV, radio, magazines, newspaper or internet).
Example:
All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal
Example:
2 is an even number. 12 is an even number. 22 is an even number.
Therefore, all numbers ending in 2 are even.
• This conclusion drawn in the example is true, BUT it is not ALWAYS the
case with inductive reasoning.
• Look at these numbers of the form 2p – 1, where p is a prime
number (p = 2, 3, 5, 7, …) We have:
22 – 1 = 4 – 1 = 3
23 – 1 = 8 – 1 = 7
25 – 1 = 32 – 1 = 31 • Hence, When a general
• We see that 3, 7 and 31 are prime numbers also. By inductive statement is concluded
reasoning, we can conclude that 2p – 1 is a prime number. from specific examples
using inductive reasoning,
• However, this is FALSE. Because when p = 11 this still needs to be
211 – 1 = 2048 – 1 = 2047 (23 x 89) formally established or
proved using known
which disproves the conclusion from inductive reasoning. facts, in which case,
deductive reasoning is
necessary.
Exercise
Find the next two (2) numbers, x and y, in the given sequences:
a. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, x, y a. x = 36, y = 49
b. 3, 9, 15, 21, 27, x, y b. x = 33, y = 39
c. 3, 15, 75, x, y c. x = 375, y = 1875
d. 1, 6, 15, 28, 45, x, y d. x = 66, y = 91
e. 2, 6, 22, 56, 114, x, y e. x = 202, y = 326
There are 3 Chibi Genshin Characters sitting on a bench: Klee, Qiqi and Diona.
You do not play Genshin Impact (Lucky for you) but you need to take a picture
of them. Klee always tells the truth, Qiqi sometimes tells the truth and Diona
never tells the truth.
• Answer: Seven