Final Module 5 Elementary Logic
Final Module 5 Elementary Logic
Final Module 5 Elementary Logic
COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
MMW 101
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
Module 5
Elementary Logic
“Achieving Universal Understanding and
Peace Through the Language of
Mathematics”
48
Elementary Logic
Logic is the discipline that deals with the methods of reasoning. It is regarded
as one of the oldest intellectual disciplines in the history of humanity. It was the Greek
philosopher Aristotle who pioneered logical reasoning. Throughout centuries, logic has
immensely influenced other fields such as philosophy, mathematics, science,
engineering, business, and law, to name a few.
Logic is essential in our daily lives. It helps steer us in the direction of the truth
and away from falsehood. Thus, it helps us in expressing our ideas and opinions and
in making decisions.
Propositions, Simple and Compound Statements
The first step to learning logic is to identify propositions. A proposition,
sometimes called a statement, is a declarative sentence that is either true or false, but
not both. To represent propositions, the lower case letters like p,q,r,s,… are used.
These are called propositional variables.
The table shows examples of propositions and sentences that are not
propositions.
Examples:
Two is a rational number. (simple statement)
Two is a rational number and four is an even number. (compound statement)
Try this!
Which of the following are propositions?
a. I am a freshman student.
b. Answer the exercises.
c. −9 + 15 = −6
The following examples show how these logical connectives are used to form
compound statements.
Note: The negation does not form a compound statement when used but it is
considered a connective since it alters the original statement.
A. Negation:
Proposition Negation
p: The traffic in EDSA is heavy. ~p: The traffic in EDSA is not heavy.
q: Today is Friday ~q: Today is not Friday.
r: I do not like milk tea. ~r: I like milk tea.
s: The students did not attend the ~s: The students attended the
webinar webinar.
t: 23 + 34 57 ~t: 23 + 34 = 57
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B. Conjunction:
C. Disjunction:
D. Conditional:
E. Biconditional:
Let p, q, and r be the following propositions:
p: Lewis is a singer.
q: Lewis is a vocalist.
r: Lewis is a recording artist.
s: Seven is a whole number.
t: 9 + 13=25
Examples:
p: Cathy is good in Chemistry.
q: Cathy is good in Statistics.
r: Cathy is a scholar.
s: Cathy is an athlete.
References
Aufmann, R.N., et. Al. (2018). Mathematics in the Modern World (14th ed.). Sampaloc,
Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.
Baltazar, E., Ragasa, C., & Evangelista, J. (2018). Mathematics in the Modern World.
Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc.
Earnheart, R. and Adina, E. (2018). Math in the Modern World. Quezon City : C &E
Publishing, Inc.
Malang, P., Malang, B., & Tiongson, I. (2011). Discrete Structure. San Rafael, Bulacan
: HFM Publishing.
Rosen, K.H. (1988). Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications. New York : The
Random House.
Online References
Introduction to Propositional Logic. Geeks for Geeks. Retrieved last July 9, 2022 from:
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/proposition-logic/.
Uma, A.V. (2022) Logical Connectives and Quantifiers: Definition, Symbols, Usage,
Examples. Embibe. Retrieved last July 9, 2022 from
https://www.embibe.com/exams/logical-connectives-and-quantifiers/.