ELEMENTA

RY LOGIC
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
WHAT IS
LOGIC?
It allows us to determine the validity of
arguments in and out of Mathematics.
It is a science or discipline that deals with the
correct way of reasoning.
ARISTOTLE – the father of Logic, the first
person who organized the study of logic.
Logic comes from the Greek word “logos”
which means speech and reasoning.
 PROPOSITION

01 02 03
A proposition is a TYPES OF PROPOSITION
Example:
• Simple – means single idea
declarative statement
that is, by itself, either The sun rise in the statement.
• Compound – conveys two
true or false “but not east every night. or more ideas can be
both”. created using logical
connectives.
 To every proposition is assigned a truth value.

Proposition has a truth value “true,” and a False proposition has

a truth value “false.” sometimes, the symbols T or 1 are used for
true propositions and F or 0 are assigned to false propositions.

PROPOSITION
Typically, to denote a proposition, we shall use lower case letters
such as p, q, or r. these are called propositional variables or
sentential variables.

When a sequence of letter and/or logical connectives are given

such that when the variables are replaced by specific sentences, a
proposition is formed, then we call these sequence of symbols as
sentential form of the proposition.
To define a proposition, say p, we usually write:
p: <given statement>

For instance,
p: the earth has two moons.
q: seven divides 21.
t: Samantha drives a pink Nmax.
LOGICAL OPERATORS / CONNECTIVES

SYMBOLIC TYPE OF
STATEMENTS OPERATORS
FORM STATEMENTS

not p not ~p (or p) Negation

p and q and p^q Conjunction
p or q or pvq Disjunction
if p, then q if, then p q Conditional
p iff q if and only if p q Biconditional
LET’S TRY!
Consider the following sentences. Determine if the given sentences are declarative or not and identify the truth value.
__________ 1. 2 is the only even prime number.
__________ 2. 8 is a multiple of 10.
__________ 3. Mothers are proud of their children.
__________ 4. Are you happy?
__________ 5. x + 3 = 0
__________ 6. Clean the room before you go.
__________ 7. It will rain today.
__________ 8. Happy birthday!
LET’S TRY!
Consider the following sentences. Determine if the given sentences are declarative or not and identify the truth value.
__________ 1. 2 is the only even prime number. Declarative – True
__________ 2. 8 is a multiple of 10. Declarative – False
__________ 3. Mothers are proud of their children. Not a proposition – Declarative
__________ 4. Are you happy? Not Declarative – Interrogative
__________ 5. x + 3 = 0 Not a proposition – Declarative
__________ 6. Clean the room before you go. Not Declarative – Imperative
__________ 7. It will rain today. Not a proposition – Declarative
__________ 8. Happy birthday! Not Declarative – Exclamatory
Let’s try!
Identify whether the following statements are propositions. If it is a
proposition, determine its truth value.
1. p: 3 + 9 = 12
2. q: 3x – 2 = 13 when x is 5.
3. r: Dogs fly.
4. s: There are 31 days in the month of September.
Let’s try!
Identify whether the following statements are propositions. If it is a
proposition, determine its truth value.
1. p: 3 + 9 = 12 Proposition (True)
2. q: 3x – 2 = 13 when x is 5. Proposition (True)
3. r: Dogs fly. Proposition (False)
4. s: There are 31 days in the month of September. Proposition (False)
Let’s try!
Identify whether the following statements are propositions. If it is a
proposition, determine its truth value.
5. t: is a rational number.
6. a: x + 9 = 11
7. b: y is less than 5
8. c: Please open the door.
 Let’s try!
Identify whether the following statements are propositions. If it is a proposition,
determine its truth value.
5. t: is a rational number. Proposition (False)
6. a: x + 9 = 11 Not a Proposition (Depends on the value of x)
7. b: y is less than 5 Not a Proposition
8. c: Please open the door. Not a Proposition
TYPES OF PROPOSITION
SIMPLE
PROPOSITIO • NEGATION
N
COMPOUND • CONJUCTION
•
PROPOSITIO •
DISJUNCTION
CONDITIONAL
N • BICONDITIONAL
 NEGATION
“not” [ ~ or ]
SIMPLE DEFINITION
PROPOS Given a proposition p, the
statement that says “not p”, is a

ITION proposition known as the

negation of p. This proposition is
true if and only if p is false and is
denoted by ~p.
example
What is the negation of the
following statements?
1. p: √2 is a rational number.
2. q: 7 is an even number.
3. r: 3 – 9 = 6
 What is the negation of the following statements?

exampl 1. p: √2 is a rational number.

2. q: 7 is an even number.

e
3. r: 3 – 9 = 6

ANSWER:
1.
~p: √2 is not a rational number.
~p: √2 is an irrational number.
~p: It is not true that √2 is a
rational number.
 What is the negation of the following statements?

exampl 1. p: √2 is a rational number.

2. q: 7 is an even number.

e
3. r: 3 – 9 = 6

ANSWER:
2.
~q: 7 is not an even number.
~q: 7 is an odd number.
~q: It is not true that 7 is an even
number.
 What is the negation of the following statements?

exampl 1. p: √2 is a rational number.

2. q: 7 is an even number.
3. r: 3 – 9 = 6
e
ANSWER:
3.
~r: 3 – 9 6
~r: It is not true that 3 – 9
=6
COMPOUND
PROPOSITIONS
CONJUNCTION
“and” [ ^ ]

DEFINITION
Given propositions p and q, the statement “p and q”, is a
proposition known as the conjunction of p and 1. This
proposition is true if and only if p and q are both true. It
is denoted by p ^ q.
 CONJUNCTION
“and” [ ^ ]
COMPO
UND EXAMPLE
Find the conjunction of the propositions p

PROPOS and q where p is the proposition “today is

Friday” and q is the proposition “It is
raining today.”
ITIONS
Today is Friday and it is raining today.
Today is Friday but it is raining today.
 DISJUNCTION
COMP “or” [ v ]

OUND DEFINITION
PROPO Given propositions p and q, the
statement “p or q”, is a proposition
SITION known as the disjunction of p and q.
This proposition is true if and only if at
S least one of the p and q is true. It is
denoted by p v q.
Let’s try!
Given the following simple propositions, make a compound statement as being asked.
p: Rhea is counting her calories.
q: JD wants to eat dessert.
r: Suzzane needs to go to work.
s: Danielle is sick.
t: Shalom is getting married.
u: Ralph is excited.
v: Trishia wants to go to Paris
w: Trishia wants to go to London.
x: The dog is adorable.
y: The dog is playful.
p: Rhea is counting her calories. Given the following simple
q: JD wants to eat dessert. propositions, make a compound
statement as being asked.
r: Suzzane needs to go to work.
1. r ^ s
s: Danielle is sick.
2. t ^ u
t: Shalom is getting married.
3. x v y
u: Ralph is excited. 4. v v w
v: Trishia wants to go to Paris 5. p ^ ~q
w: Trishia wants to go to London. 6. ~(r v s)
x: The dog is adorable. 7. ~(x ^ ~y)
y: The dog is playful.
8. ~v ^ w
COMPOUND CONDITIONAL
PROPOSITIO “if-then” []
NS
DEFINITION
Given propositions p and q, the
statement “if p, then q”, is a
proposition known as the
conditional statement. This
statement is false only when the p is
true and q is false. It is denoted by p
q.
 CONDITIONAL
COMP “if-then” []

OUND p is the premise hypothesis or antecedent

q is the consequent or conclusion

PROPO EXAMPLE

SITION
Let p be the statement “Cyrus learns mathematics”
and q the statement “Cyrus will have a good job.”
express the statement p q as a statement in English.

S If Cyrus learns mathematics, then he will have a good job.

Cyrus will have a good job when he learns mathematics.
 BICONDITIONAL
Compo “if and only if” [

und DEFINITON
Given propositions p and q, the
propos statement “p if and only if q”, is a
proposition known as the biconditional
itions statement. It is true whenever its
component p and q have the same truth
values. It is denoted by p q.
Compound BICONDITIONAL
propositio “if and only if” [

ns EXAMPLE
Let p be the statement “You can take
the flight” and let q be the statement
“You buy a ticket.” express the
statement p q as a statement in
English.

You can take the flight if and only if you

buy a ticket.
 Express the following
sentential forms into
Let’s compound proposition.

try! p: The sun is shining.

q: It is raining.
r: The ground is wet.
 Express the following sentential
forms into compound proposition.
p: The sun is shining.

Let’s q: It is raining.
r: The ground is wet.
try!
1. q ~p
2. q r
3. r (q ^ ~p)
 Let’s try!
Express the following sentential forms into compound proposition.
p: the sun is shining.
q: it is raining.
r: the ground is wet.

1. q ~p If it is raining, then the sun is not shining.

2. q r If it is raining, then the ground is wet.
3. r (q ^ ~p) The ground is wet if and only if it is raining
and the sun is not shining.
Truth value
TYPES OF SYMBOLIC
TRUTH VALUE
STATEMENTS FORM
Negation ~p (or p) is TRUE If p is FALSE
Conjunction p ^ q is TRUE If both p and q are TRUE

Disjunction p v q is TRUE If at least one of them is TRUE

Conditional p q is TRUE If q is TRUE or both are FALSE

If both are TRUE or both are

Biconditional p q is TRUE
FALSE
FORMS OF
CONDITIONAL
STATEMENTS
FORMS Of conditional statements
p q “If p, then q”

q p “If q, then p” CONVERSE

~p ~q “If not p, then not q” INVERSE

~q ~p “If not q, then not p” CONTRAPOSITIVE

 FORMS Of conditional statements

p q “If p, then q”
q p “If q, then p” CONVERSE
~p ~q “If not p, then not q” INVERSE
~q ~p “If not q, then not p” CONTRAPOSITIVE

EXAMPLE
p: Nicole is intelligent.
q: Nicole will study Mathematics.
FORMS Of conditional statements
EXAMPLE
p: Nicole is intelligent.
q: Nicole will study Mathematics.

If Nicole is intelligent, then she will study Mathematics.

a. Converse is q p:
If Nicole will study Mathematics, then she is intelligent.
b. Inverse is ~p ~q:
If Nicole is not intelligent, then she will not study Mathematics.
c. Contrapositive is ~q ~p:
If Nicole will not study Mathematics, then she is not intelligent.
FORMS Of conditional statements
p q “If p, then q”
q p “If q, then p” CONVERSE
~p ~q “If not p, then not q” INVERSE
~q ~p “If not q, then not p” CONTRAPOSITIVE

EXAMPLE
p: x is greater than 0.
q: x is positive.
FORMS Of conditional statements
EXAMPLE
p: x is greater than 0.
q: x is positive.

If x is greater than 0, then it is positive.

a. Converse is q p:
If x is positive, then it is greater than 0.
b. Inverse is ~p ~q:
If x is not greater than 0, then it is not positive.
c. Contrapositive is ~q ~p:
If x is not positive, then it is not greater than 0.
Translate English
sentence into
logical
expression
 Express the following compound propositions
into sentential forms.

p: 10 is an even integer.
q: 11 is a prime number.

Let’s 1. 10 is not an even integer if and only if 11 is

try! not a prime number.

2. If 11 is prime number, then 10 is not an even
integer.
3. It is not true that 11 is prime number while 10
is not an even integer.
4. 10 is an even integer if and only if 11 is not a
prime number.
 Let’s try!
Express the following compound propositions into sentential forms.

p: 10 is an even integer.
q: 11 is a prime number.

1. 10 is not an even integer if and only if 11 is not a prime number. ~p ~q

2. If 11 is prime number, then 10 is not an even integer. q ~p
3. It is not true that 11 is prime number while 10 is not an even integer. ~q ~p
4. 10 is an even integer if and only if 11 is not a prime number. p ~q
 Express the following compound
propositions into sentential forms.

p: Yro is sleeping.

Let’s q: Yro is playing badminton.

r: Renz is studying.

try! t: Renz is taking a bath.

1. Either Yro is sleeping or Yro is playing

badminton, while Renz is taking a bath.
2. Either Yro is sleeping, or Yro is playing
badminton, while Renz is taking a bath.
Let’s try!
Express the following compound propositions into sentential forms.

p: Yro is sleeping.
q: Yro is playing badminton.
r: Renz is studying.
t: Renz is taking a bath.

1. Either Yro is sleeping or Yro is playing badminton, while Renz is

taking a bath. (p v q) ^ t
2. Either Yro is sleeping, or Yro is playing badminton, while Renz is
taking a bath. p v (q ^ t)
Translate English sentence into logical expression
Translate English sentence into logical expression
Translate English sentence
into logical expression
 Translate the following English sentences

Let’s into logical expression.

try! “The system is in multiuser state if and

only if it is operating normally.”
“If the system is operating normally, then
the kernel is functioning.”
“The kernel is not functioning or the
system is in interrupt mode.”
“If the system is not in multiuser state,
then it is in interrupt mode.”
“The system is not in interrupt mode.”
 Let’s try!
Translate the following English sentences into logical expression.

“The system is in multiuser state if and only if it is operating normally.” p q

“If the system is operating normally, then the kernel is functioning.” q r
“The kernel is not functioning or the system is in interrupt mode.” rvs
“If the system is not in multiuser state, then it is in interrupt mode.” p s
“The system is not in interrupt mode.” s

Let p = “The system is in multiuser state.”

q = “The system is operating normally.”
r = “The kernel is functioning.”
s = “The system is in interrupt mode.”
QUIZ