Atomic Structure - Fundamentals Particles – Questions

Q1.
In one model of atomic structure, the atom has a nucleus surrounded by electrons in
levels and sub-levels.

(a)     Define the term atomic number.

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(1)

(b)     Explain why atoms of an element may have different mass numbers.

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(1)

(c)     The table below refers to a sample of krypton.

 
Relative m/z 82 83 84 86

Relative abundance / % 12 12 50 26

(i)      Name an instrument which is used to measure the relative abundance of

isotopes.

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(ii)     Define the term relative atomic mass.

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(iii)     Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of krypton.

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(5)

(d)     Give the complete electronic configuration of krypton in terms of s, p and d sub-
levels.

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(1)

(e)     In 1963, krypton was found to react with fluorine. State why this discovery was
unexpected.

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(1)

(f)      Use a suitable model of atomic structure to explain the following experimental
observations.
 (i)      The first ionisation energy of krypton is greater than that of bromine.

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(ii)     The first ionisation energy of aluminium is less than the first ionisation energy
of magnesium.

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(4)
(Total 13 marks)

Q2.
(a)    Table 1 shows some data about fundamental particles in an atom.
Table 1

Particle proton neutron electron

Mass / g 1.6725 × 10–24 1.6748 × 10–24 0.0009 × 10–24

(i)      An atom of hydrogen can be represented as 1H

Use data from Table 1 to calculate the mass of this hydrogen atom.

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(1)

(ii)     Which one of the following is a fundamental particle that would not be

deflected by an electric field?

A     electron

B     neutron

C     proton

Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in the box.

 
(1)

(b)     A naturally occurring sample of the element boron has a relative atomic mass of
10.8.
In this sample, boron exists as two isotopes, 10B and 11B

(i)      Calculate the percentage abundance of 10B in this naturally occurring sample

of boron.

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(2)

(ii)     State, in terms of fundamental particles, why the isotopes 10B and 11B have
similar chemical reactions.

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(1)

(c)    Complete Table 2 by suggesting a value for the third ionisation energy of boron.
Table 2

  First Second Third Fourth Fifth

Ionisation energy / kJ mol–

1 799 2420   25 000 32 800

(1)

(d)     Write an equation to show the process that occurs when the second ionisation
energy of boron is measured. Include state symbols in your equation.

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(1)

(e)     Explain why the second ionisation energy of boron is higher than the first ionisation
energy of boron.

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(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Q3.
(a)     Complete the following table.
 
  Relative mass Relative charge

Proton    

Electron    
(2)

(b)     An atom of element Q contains the same number of neutrons as are found in an
atom of 27A1. An atom of Q also contains 14 protons.

(i)      Give the number of protons in an atom of 27A1.

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(ii)     Deduce the symbol, including mass number and atomic number, for this atom
of element Q.

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(3)

(c)     Define the term relative atomic mass of an element.

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(2)

(d)     The table below gives the relative abundance of each isotope in a mass spectrum of
a sample of magnesium.
 
m/z 24 25 26

Relative abundance (%) 73.5 10.1 16.4

Use the data above to calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of
magnesium.
Give your answer to one decimal place.

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(2)

(e)     State how the relative molecular mass of a covalent compound is obtained from its
mass spectrum.

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(1)
(Total 10 marks)

Q4.
(a)     State the relative charge and relative mass of a proton, of a neutron and of an
electron.
In terms of particles, explain the relationship between two isotopes of the same
element.
Explain why these isotopes have identical chemical properties.
(7)

(b)     Define the term relative atomic mass. An element exists as a mixture of three
isotopes.
Explain, in detail, how the relative atomic mass of this element can be calculated
from data obtained from the mass spectrum of the element.
(7)
 (Total 14 marks)

Q5.
(a)     Complete the following table.
 
Particle Relative charge Relative mass

Proton    

Neutron    

Electron    
(3)

(b)     An atom of element Z has two more protons and two more neutrons than an atom of
. Give the symbol, including mass number and atomic number, for this atom of
Z.

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(2)

(c)     Complete the electronic configurations for the sulphur atom, S, and the sulphide ion,
S2–.

S       1s2 ___________________________________________________________

S2–     1s2 ___________________________________________________________

(2)

(d)     State the block in the Periodic Table in which sulphur is placed and explain your
answer.

Block ______________________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________
(2)

(e)     Sodium sulphide, Na2S, is a high melting point solid which conducts electricity when
molten. Carbon disulphide, CS2, is a liquid which does not conduct electricity.

(i)      Deduce the type of bonding present in Na2S and that present in CS2

Bonding in Na2S ________________________________________________

Bonding in CS2 _________________________________________________

(ii)     By reference to all the atoms involved explain, in terms of electrons, how Na2S
is formed from its atoms.

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(iii)     Draw a diagram, including all the outer electrons, to represent the bonding
present in CS2

 
  

(iv)    When heated with steam, CS2 reacts to form hydrogen sulphide, H2S, and
carbon dioxide.
Write an equation for this reaction.

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(7)
(Total 16 narks)

Q6.
Magnesium exists as three isotopes: 24Mg, 25Mg and 26Mg

(a)    In terms of sub-atomic particles, state the difference between the three isotopes of
magnesium.

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(1)

(b)    State how, if at all, the chemical properties of these isotopes differ.

Give a reason for your answer.

Chemical properties __________________________________________________

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Reason ____________________________________________________________

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(2)

(c)    25Mg atoms make up 10.0% by mass in a sample of magnesium.

Magnesium has Ar = 24.3

Use this information to deduce the percentages of the other two magnesium
isotopes present in the sample.

Mg percentage = ________ %          26Mg percentage = ________ %

24

(4)

(d)    In a TOF mass spectrometer, ions are accelerated to the same kinetic energy (KE).
     where m = mass (kg) and v = velocity (m s-1)

             where d = distance (m) and t = time (s)

In a TOF mass spectrometer, each 25Mg+ ion is accelerated to a kinetic energy of

4.52 × 10-16 J and the time of flight is 1.44 × 10-5 s.
Calculate the distance travelled, in metres, in the TOF drift region.
(The Avogadro constant L = 6.022 + 1023 mol-1)

Distance = __________________ m
(4)
(Total 11 marks)

Q7.
(a)     Complete the following table.
 
  Relative mass Relative charge

Neutron    

Electron    
(2)

(b)     An atom has twice as many protons as, and four more neutrons than, an atom of
9
Be. Deduce the symbol, including the mass number, of this atom.

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(2)

(c)     Draw the shape of a molecule of BeCl2 and the shape of a molecule of Cl2O. Show
any lone pairs of electrons on the central atom. Name the shape of each molecule.

                     BeCl2                                                                                                                              Cl2O

Name of shape ____________________ Name of shape ____________________

(4)

(d)     The equation for the reaction between magnesium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid
is shown below.

Mg(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

Calculate the volume, in cm3, of 1.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid required to react
completely with 1.00 g of magnesium hydroxide.

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(4)
(Total 12 marks)

Q8.
In 1913 Niels Bohr proposed a model of the atom with a central nucleus, made up of
protons and neutrons, around which electrons moved in orbits. After further research, the
model was refined when the existence of energy levels and sub-levels was recognised.

(a)     Complete the following table for the particles in the nucleus.
 
Particle Relative charge Relative mass

proton    

neutron    
(2)

(b)     State the block in the Periodic Table to which the element tungsten, W, belongs.

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(1)

(c)     Isotopes of tungsten include 182W and 186W

(i)      Deduce the number of protons in 182W

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(1)

(ii)     Deduce the number of neutrons in 186W

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(1)

(d)     In order to detect the isotopes of tungsten using a mass spectrometer, a sample
containing the isotopes must be vaporised and then ionised.

(i)      Give two reasons why the sample must be ionised.

1. ____________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii)     State what can be adjusted in the mass spectrometer to enable ions formed by
the different isotopes to be directed onto the detector.

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(1)

(e)     State and explain the difference, if any, between the chemical properties of the
isotopes 182W and 186W
 Difference __________________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

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(2)

(f)      The table below gives the relative abundance of each isotope in the mass spectrum
of a sample of tungsten.
 
m/z 182 183 184 186

Relative abundance /% 26.4 14.3 30.7 28.6

Use the data above to calculate a value for the relative atomic mass of this sample
of tungsten. Give your answer to 2 decimal places.

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(2)
(Total 12 marks)

Q9.
Which of these correctly shows the numbers of sub-atomic particles in a 41K+ ion?
 
Number of Number of Number of
   
electrons protons neutrons

A 19 19 20

B 18 20 21

C 18 19 22

D 19 18 23

(Total 1 mark)

Q10.
Which species has the same number of electrons as the radical •CH3?
 
A CH2

B CH3+

C CH3−

D CH4+

(Total 1 mark)
 Q11.
An atom in which the number of protons is greater than the number of neutrons is

A       234U

B       6Li

C       3He

D       2H
(Total 1 mark)

Q12.
Which of these atoms has the largest atomic radius?
 
A Ar

B Cl

C Mg

D Na

(Total 1 mark)