This question is about ammonia, NH3

1.
(a) Complete the dot and cross diagram for the ammonia molecule shown in Figure 1.

Show only the electrons in the outer shell of each atom.

Figure 1

(2)

(b) Give one limitation of using a dot and cross diagram to represent an ammonia molecule.

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(1)

(c) Explain why ammonia has a low boiling point.

You should refer to structure and bonding in your answer.

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(3)

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Ammonia reacts with oxygen in the presence of a metal oxide catalyst to produce nitrogen and
water.

(d) Which metal oxide is most likely to be a catalyst for this reaction?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

CaO

Cr2O3

MgO

Na2O

(1)

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Figure 2 shows the displayed formula equation for the reaction.

Figure 2

The table shows some bond energies.

Bond

Bond energy in
391 498 945 464
kJ/mol

(e) Calculate the overall energy change for the reaction.

Use Figure 2 and the table.

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Overall energy change = ________________________ kJ/mol

(3)

(f) Explain why the reaction between ammonia and oxygen is exothermic.

Use values from your calculation in part (e).

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(2)

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 (g) Figure 3 shows the reaction profile for the reaction between ammonia and oxygen.

Complete Figure 3 by labelling the:

• activation energy
• overall energy change.

Figure 3

(2)
(Total 14 marks)

This question is about chemical cells.

2.
A student investigated the voltage produced by different chemical cells.

Figure 1 shows the apparatus.

Figure 1

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This is the method used.

1. Use cobalt as electrode X.

2. Record the cell voltage.

3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 using different metals as electrode X.

(a) Suggest two control variables used in this investigation.

1 _________________________________________________________________

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2 _________________________________________________________________

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(2)

The following table shows the student’s results.

Electrode X Voltage of cell in volts

cobalt +0.62

copper 0.00

magnesium +2.71

nickel +0.59

silver −0.46

tin +0.48

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(b) Write the six metals used for electrode X in order of reactivity.

Use the table above.

Justify your order of reactivity.

Most reactive ____________________________________

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Least reactive ____________________________________

Justification _________________________________________________________

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(4)

(c) Which of the following pairs of metals would produce the greatest voltage when used as the
electrodes in the cell?

Use the table above.

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

Magnesium and cobalt

Magnesium and tin

Nickel and cobalt

Nickel and tin

(1)

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 (d) Hydrogen fuel cells can be used to power different forms of transport.

Some diesel trains are being converted to run on hydrogen fuel cells.

A newspaper article referred to the converted trains as the new ‘steam trains’.

Suggest why.

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(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Some cars are powered by hydrogen fuel cells.

3.
Figure 1

© Robert Couse-Baker (CC BY-SA 2.0) via Flickr

(a) What type of energy is released by hydrogen fuel cells?

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(1)

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(b) Owners of cars powered by fuel cells buy hydrogen from hydrogen filling stations.

Figure 2 shows how the number of hydrogen filling stations in the UK is expected to
increase up to the year 2030.

Figure 2

Year

Use the information in Figure 2 and your own knowledge to answer this question.

Suggest two reasons why the UK government might encourage the building of more
hydrogen filling stations.

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(2)

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(c) The equation for the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen is:

2 H2 + O2 2 H 2O

During the reaction, energy is used to break the bonds of the reactants.

Energy is released when new bonds are made to form the product.

Bond energies for the reaction are given in the table below.

Bond Bond energy in kJ

436

498

464

The structures of the reactants and product are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3

hydrogen oxygen water

(i) Calculate the energy change for the reaction:

2 H2 + O2 2 H 2O

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Energy change = _______________ kJ

(3)

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 (ii) The reaction of hydrogen with oxygen is exothermic.

Complete the energy level diagram for this reaction on Figure 4.

Clearly label the activation energy.

Figure 4

(3)
(Total 9 marks)

A student investigated the temperature change in the reaction between dilute sulfuric acid and
4. potassium hydroxide solution.

This is the method used.

1. Measure 25.0 cm3 potassium hydroxide solution into a polystyrene cup.

2. Record the temperature of the solution.

3. Add 2.0 cm3 dilute sulfuric acid.

4. Stir the solution.

5. Record the temperature of the solution.

6. Repeat steps 3 to 5 until a total of 20.0 cm3 dilute sulfuric acid has been added.

(a) Suggest why the student used a polystyrene cup rather than a glass beaker for the
reaction.

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(2)

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The following table shows some of the student’s results.

Volume of dilute sulfuric acid added Temperature in

in cm3 °C

0.0 18.9

2.0 21.7

4.0 23.6

6.0 25.0

8.0 26.1

10.0 27.1

The figure below shows some of the data from the investigation.

(b) Complete the figure:

• plot the data from the table

• draw a line of best fit through these points
• extend the lines of best fit until they cross.
(4)

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(c) Determine the volume of dilute sulfuric acid needed to react completely with 25.0 cm3 of the
potassium hydroxide solution.

Use the figure above.

Volume of dilute sulfuric acid to react completely = _____________________ cm3

(1)

(d) Determine the overall temperature change when the reaction is complete.

Use the figure above.

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Overall temperature change = _________________________ °C

(1)

(e) The student repeated the investigation.

The student used solutions that had different concentrations from the first investigation.

The student found that 15.5 cm3 of 0.500 mol/dm3 dilute sulfuric acid completely reacted
with 25.0 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution.

The equation for the reaction is:

2 KOH + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2 H2O

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 Calculate the concentration of the potassium hydroxide solution in mol/dm3 and in g/dm3

Relative atomic masses (Ar): H = 1 O = 16 K = 39

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Concentration in mol/dm3 = _____________________ mol/dm3

Concentration in g/dm3 = ______________________ g/dm3

(6)
(Total 14 marks)

This question is about Group 7 elements.

5.
Chlorine is more reactive than iodine.

(a) Name the products formed when chlorine solution reacts with potassium iodide solution.

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(1)

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(b) Explain why chlorine is more reactive than iodine.

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(3)

(c) Chlorine reacts with hydrogen to form hydrogen chloride.

Explain why hydrogen chloride is a gas at room temperature.

Answer in terms of structure and bonding.

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(3)

(d) Bromine reacts with methane in sunlight.

The diagram below shows the displayed formulae for the reaction of bromine with methane.

The table below shows the bond energies and the overall energy change in the reaction.

Overall energy
C—H Br—Br C—Br H—Br
change

Energy in
412 193 X 366 −51
kJ/mol

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Calculate the bond energy X for the C—Br bond.

Use the diagram and the table above.

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Bond energy X = _______________ kJ/mol

(4)
(Total 11 marks)

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 A student investigated simple cells using the apparatus shown in the figure below.
6.

• If metal 2 is more reactive than metal 1 then the voltage measured is positive.

• If metal 1 is more reactive than metal 2 then the voltage measured is negative.

• The bigger the difference in reactivity of the two metals, the larger the voltage produced.

The student’s results are shown in the table below.

(a) The ionic equation for the reaction occuring at the zinc electrode in the simple cell made
using copper and zinc electrodes is:

Zn → Zn2+ + 2e−

Zinc is oxidised in this reaction.

Give a reason why this is oxidation.

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 (1)

(b) Look at the table above.

Which one of the metals used was the least reactive?

Give a reason for your answer.

Metal ______________________________________________________________

Reason ____________________________________________________________

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(2)

(c) Predict the voltage that would be obtained for a simple cell that has iron as metal 1 and
copper as metal 2.

Explain your answer.

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(3)

(d) Hydrogen fuel cells have been developed for cars.

Write a word equation for the overall reaction that takes place in a hydrogen fuel cell.

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(1)

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 (e) Write the two half equations for the reactions that occur at the electrodes in a hydrogen
fuel cell.

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(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Dilute nitric acid reacts with potassium hydroxide solution.

7.
The equation for the reaction is:

HNO3 + KOH KNO3 + H2O

A student investigated the temperature change in this reaction.

This is the method the student used.

Step 1 Put 25 cm3 of dilute nitric acid in a polystyrene cup.

Step 2 Use a thermometer to measure the temperature of the dilute nitric acid.
Step 3 Use a burette to add 4 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution to the dilute nitric
acid and stir the mixture.
Step 4 Use a thermometer to measure the highest temperature of the mixture.
Step 5 Repeat steps 3 and 4 until 40 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution have been added.

The dilute nitric acid and the potassium hydroxide solution were both at room temperature.

(a) Figure 1 shows part of the thermometer after some potassium hydroxide solution had been
added to the dilute nitric acid.

What is the temperature shown on the thermometer?

The temperature shown is __________ °C

(1)

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(b) Errors are possible in this experiment.

(i) Suggest two causes of random error in the experiment.

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(2)

(ii) Another student used a glass beaker instead of a polystyrene cup.

This caused a systematic error.

Why does using a glass beaker instead of a polystyrene cup cause a systematic
error?

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(1)

(c) The results of the student using the polystyrene cup are shown in Figure 2.

(i) How do the results in Figure 2 show that the reaction between dilute nitric acid and
potassium hydroxide solution is exothermic?

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(1)

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 (ii) Explain why the temperature readings decrease between 28 cm3 and 40 cm3 of
potassium hydroxide solution added.

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(2)

(iii) It is difficult to use the data in Figure 2 to find the exact volume of potassium
hydroxide solution that would give the maximum temperature.

Suggest further experimental work that the student should do to make it easier to find
the exact volume of potassium hydroxide solution that would give the maximum
temperature.

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(2)

(d) The student did further experimental work and found that 31.0 cm3 of potassium hydroxide
solution neutralised 25.0 cm3 of dilute nitric acid.

The concentration of the dilute nitric acid was 2.0 moles per dm3.

HNO3 + KOH KNO3 + H2O

Calculate the concentration of the potassium hydroxide solution in moles per dm3.

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Concentration = ______________ moles per dm3

(3)

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 (e) The student repeated the original experiment using 25 cm3 of dilute nitric acid in a
polystyrene cup and potassium hydroxide solution that was twice the original concentration.

She found that:

• a smaller volume of potassium hydroxide solution was required to reach the

maximum temperature

• the maximum temperature recorded was higher.

Explain why the maximum temperature recorded was higher.

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(2)
(Total 14 marks)

This question is about energy changes in chemical reactions.

8.
(a) Balance the chemical equation for the combustion of methane.

CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H 2O
(1)

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(b) Alcohols are used as fuels.

A group of students investigated the amount of energy released when an alcohol was
burned. The students used the apparatus shown in the diagram below.

In one experiment the temperature of 50 g of water increased from 22.0 °C to 38.4 °C.
The mass of alcohol burned was 0.8 g.

Calculate the heat energy (Q) in joules, released by burning 0.8 g of the alcohol.
Use the equation:

Q = m × c × ΔT

Specific heat capacity (c) = 4.2 J / g / °C

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Heat energy (Q) = ____________________ J

(3)

(c) The chemical equation for the combustion of ethanol is:

C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O

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(i) The equation for the reaction can be shown as:

Bond energy in kJ
Bond
per mole

C –– H 413

C –– C 347

C –– O 358

C O 799

O –– H 467

O O 495

Use the bond energies to calculate the overall energy change for this reaction.

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Overall energy change = ___________ kJ per mole

(3)

(ii) The reaction is exothermic.

Explain why, in terms of bonds broken and bonds formed.

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(2)

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(iii) Complete the energy level diagram for the combustion of ethanol.

On the completed diagram, label:

• activation energy
• overall energy change.

(3)
(Total 12 marks)

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