CERTIFICATE

This is certify that ROHIT of class

Xll Roll no. 216131.. has
satisfactorily completed her
Biology Investigatory project
as prescribed by the CBSE during
the academic year 2022-2023

Internal examiner Teacher incharge

External examiner
I would like to sincerely and profusely
thanks to my Biology teacher
M. WARIS , PGT (Biology) and our
lab attend for their guidance and
support in completing my project.
I would also like to extend my
gratitude to the Principal M. ASIM
MANSOOR for providing me with
all the facility that was required.

SIGNATURE OF STUDENT
 CONTENTS

6. Recent development in AIDS

Treatment
7. HIV Prevention

9. Hypothesis

10. Bibliography
 AIDS:
Acquired Immuno
Deficiency
Syndrome
AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome) is a syndrome caused by a virus called HIV (Human
Immunodeficiency Virus). The illness alters the immune system, making
people much more vulnerable to infections and diseases. This susceptibility
worsens as the syndrome progresses.

HIV is found in the body

fluids of an infected
person (semen and vaginal
fluids, blood and breast
HIVAIDS
milk). The virus is passed
from one person to another
through blood to-blood
and sexual contact. In
addition, infected pregnant
women can pass HIV to
their babies during
pregnancy, delivering the baby during childbirth, and through breast
feeding.

HIV can be transmitted in many ways, such as vaginal, oral sex, anal
sex, blood transfusion, and contaminated hypodermic needles.
"The red ribbon is the worldwide symbol of support and awareness
for people living with HIV."

Both the virus and the syndrome are often referred to together as
HIV/AIDS. People with HIV have what is called HIV infection. As a
result, some will then develop AIDS.

The development of numerous opportunistic infections in an AIDS patient

can ultimately lead to death.

According to research, the origins of HIV date back to the late

nineteenth or early twentieth century in west-central Africa. AIDS and
its cause, HIV, were first identified and recognized in the early 1980s.

There is currently no cure for HIV or

AIDS. Treatments can slow the
course of the condition - some
infected people can live a long and
relatively healthy life.

HIV is the virus which attacks the

T-cells in the immune system.
AIDS is the syndrome which appears
in advanced stages of HIV infection.
HIV is a virus.
AIDS is a medical condition
 HIV infection causes AIDS to
develop. However, it is possible to
be infected with HIV without
developing AIDS. Without
treatment, the HIV infec tion is
allowed to progress and eventually it
will develop into AIDS in the vast
majority of cases.
HIV testingcan identify infection
in the early stages. This allows the patient to use prophylactic
(preventive) drugs whic h will slow the rate at whic h the virus
replicates, delayingthe onset of AIDS.
AIDS patientsstill have the HIV virus and are still infectious. Someone
with AIDS can pass HIV to someone else.

Causes of HIV/AIDS
HIV is a retrovirus that infects the vital organs of the human immune
system. The virus progresses in the absenc e of antiretroviral therapy.
The rate of virus progression varies widely between individuals and
depends on many factors(age of the patient, body'sabilityto defend
against HIV, access to health care, existence of coexisting infections,
the infected person's genetic inheritance, re sistance to certain strains of
HIV).

HIV infection
HIV CAN BE TRANSMITTED THROUGH

Sexual transmission. It can happen when there is contact with

infected sexual secretions (rectal, genital or oral mucous mem
branes). This can happen while having unprotected sex, including
vaginal, oral and anal sex or sharing sex toys with someone infected
with HIV.
Prenatal transmission. The mother can pass the infection on to her
child during childbirth, pregnancy, and also through breastfeeding.
The risk of transmitting HIV through blood
transfusion is nowadays extremely low in developed countries,
thanks to meticulous screening and precautions. Among drug
users, sharing and reusing syringes contaminated with HIV-
infected blood is extremely hazardous.

Symptoms of HIV and AIDS

What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?
A sign is something other people, apart from the patient can detect,
such as a swelling, rash, or change in skin colour. A symptom is
something only' the patient feels and describes, such as a headache,
fatigue, or dizziness.
For the most part, the symptoms of HIV are the result of infections
caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. These conditions do
not normally develop in individuals with healthy immune systems,
which protect the body against infection.

Symptoms of early HIV infection

Many people with HIV have no symptoms for several years. Others
may develop symptoms similar to flu, usually two to six weeks after
catching the virus. The symptoms can last up to four weeks.
Symptoms of early HIV infection may include:
• fever
 Symptoms of HIV infection
• chills
• joint pain
• muscle ache
• sore throat
• sweats (particularly at night)
• enlarged glands
• a red rash
• tiredness
• weakness
• weight loss

Asymptomatic HIV infection

In many cases, after the initial symptoms disappear, there will not be any
further symptoms for many years. During this time, the virus carries on
developing and damages the immune system. This process can take up to
10 years. The infected person will experience no symptoms, feel well and
appear healthy.

Late-stage HIV infection

If left untreated, HIV weakens the ability to fight infection. The person
becomes vulnerable to serious illnesses. This stage of infection is known
as AIDS.
Symptoms of late-stage HIV infection may include:

•blurred vision
•diarrhoea, which is usually persistent or chronic dry cough fever of
above 37C (IOOF) lasting for weeks
•night sweats permanent tiredness
•shortness of breath
•swollen glands lasting for weeks
•weight loss white spots on the tongue or mouth
During late-stage HIV infection, the risk of developing a life-
threatening illness is much greater. Examples include:

•esophagitis (an inflammation of the lining of the lower end Of the

esophagus)
•infections to the nervous system (acute aseptic meningitis, subacute
encephalitis, peripheral neuropathy) pneumonia
Some cancers, such as Kaposi's sarcoma, invasive cervical cancer,
lung cancer, rectal carcinomas, hepatocellular carcinomas, head
and neck cancers, cancers of the immune system known as
lymphomas
•Toxoplasmosis (a disease caused by a parasite that infects the brain. It
can also cause disease in the eyes and lungs)
•tuberculosis
Life-threatening illnesses
•

A 2011 report issued by the CDC

(Centres for Disease Control
and Prevention), USA ,found that about 1 in every 5 HIV-positive
Americans is unaware of their HIV-status, and only of those who are
aware receive ongoing medical care and treatment.
 Blood test
Diagnosis is made through a blood test that screens specifically for the virus.
If the HIV virus has been found, the test result is "positive". The blood
is retested several times before a positive result is given to the patient.
For those whose tests came back positive, they will be asked to undergo
some other tests to see how the infection has progressed, and also to
decide when to start treatment.
If a person has been exposed to the virus, it is crucial that they get tested
as soon as possible. The earlier HIV is detected, the more likely the
treatment will be successful. Also,

An enzyme-linked
Immune sorbent assay , also called ELISA or EIA, is a test that detects
and measures antibodies in your blood. This test can be used to
determine if you have antibodies related to certai n infectious
conditions. Antibodies are proteins that your body produces in response
to harmful substances ca Iled antigens. An ELISA test may be used to
diagnose:
• HIV, which causes AIDS
• Lyme disease pernicious anaemia
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF)
• rotavirus squamous cell carcinoma syphilis toxoplasmosis varicella-
zoster virus, which causes chic ken pox and shingles
ELISA is often used as a screening tool
 before more in-depth tests are
ordered. A doctor may suggest this
test if you're having signs or
symptoms of the conditions above or
your doctor wants to rule out any of
these conditions.

How the Test Is

Performed

The ELISA test is simple and straightforward. You'll probably need to

sign a consent form, and your doctor should explain the reason for doing
the test.

The ELISA test involves taking a sample of your blood. First, a

healthcare provider will cleanse your arm with an antiseptic. Then, a
tourniquet, or band, will be applied around your arm to create pressure
and cause your veins to swell with blood. Next, a needle will be placed
in one of your veins to draw a small sample of blood. When enough
blood has been collected, the needle will be removed and a small
bandage will be placed on your arm where the needle was. You'll be
asked to elevate your arm and place pressure on it with gauze to reduce
blood flow.
This procedure should be relatively painless,
but your arm may throb a little after the
procedure.

The blood sample will be sent to a laboratory

for analysis. In the lab, a technician adds the
sample to a Petri dish containing the specific
antigen related to the condition for which you
are being tested. If your blood contains
antibodies to the antigen, the two will bind
together. The technician will check this by
adding an enzyme to the Petri dish and
observing how your blood and the antigen
react. You may have the condition if the
contents of the dish change colour. How much
change the enzyme causes allows the technic
ian to. Determine the presence and amount of
antibody.

Ultra-sensitive HIV
sensor
Scientists from Imperial College London
reported in Nature Nanotechnology (October
2012 issue) that they have developed an extremely sensitive sensor that
detects viral infections, including HIV. They say the sensor is ten times
more sensitive at detecting an HIV bio marker that anything else on the
market today, it is also extremely cheap. The doctor can see the results
by looking at the colour change in a liquid solution.

Recent developments on HIV

The team used a new form of technology that can detect infection e arty
on and track the body's immune system.
Recent developments in HIV treatment
New drugs reawaken latent HIV to eradicate virus
A new study suggests a class of drugs already being tested in clinical
trials for the treatment of cancer may also hold the key to complete
eradication of HIV.
Envelope protein

Envelope

Viral genome

Nucleocapsid

viral tegument

A drug used to treat alcoholism called disulfiram could bring us closer

to a cure for HIV, according to the results of a new study led by
researchers from the University of Melbourne in Australia.

HIV vaccine possibility following study of 'antibodies with loops'

A new study suggests it may be possible to induce a rapid anti-HIV
immune response in unexposed people by developing a vaccine that
triggers antibodies containing loop-like structures.

HIV antibody therapy looks

A new study of the effects of a new antibody treatment suggests it may

offer a long-term solution for the control of HIV.
HIVPrevention

infections (STIs). HIV can be

spread by having unprotected sex (vaginal, oral and anal sex). It can
also be caught from sharing sex toys with someone infected with HIV.

Drug abuse and needle sharing

Intravenous drug use is an important factor in HIV transmission in
developed countries. Sharing needles can expose users to HIV and other
viruses, such as hepatitis C.
Strategies such as needle-exchange programs are used to reduce the
infections caused by drug abuse.
Managing HIV
HIV treatment is effective if the patient is committed and
constant in taking the medication on time. Missing even a few doses will
jeopardize the treatment.A daily methodical routine has to be
programmed to fit the treatment plan around the patient's lifestyle and
schedule. "Adherence" is sometimes known as "compliance".
 It is crucial for patients to take medication correctly and
take steps to avoid illness. Patients should seek to improve their
general health and reduce the risk of falling ill by practicing regular
exercise, healthy eating, and not smoking.
HIV-infected people should be extra cautious to
prevent exposure to infection. They should be careful around anima Is,
avoid coming into contact with cat litter, animal feces. Metic ulous and
regular washing of hands is recommended.
HIV is a lasting condition, and therefore patients
have to be in regular contact with their healthcare team. Treatment plan
is reviewed regularly.
Common misconceptions about AIDS/ HIV are
diminishing. However, the stigma ofthe condition persists in many
parts of the world. People infected with the virus may feel excluded,
rejected, disc riminated and isolated.
Being diagnosed with HIV can be very distressing, and feelings of
anxiety or depression are common. If you feel anxious or have
symptoms of depression, seek medical help immediately.

CONCLUSION
After studying the cause and effects of 'AIDS 'from different views, we
conclude that it is a pandemic disease. It is mainly spreading sexually
and person of the age group of 25-45 years are the most affected group.
There are some methods like 'Antiviral Therapy' and Immuno
Simulative therapy which bringsome hope that even then no specific
treatment has been fourxi so for and morality form is virtually 100%.
So only prevention in the test medicine care.
HYPOTHESIS
AIDS is non curable due to its nature of pathogen. It also damage immune
system of the body. Therefore any medicine (Antiviral) drugs are not
effective against HIV virus. Ignorance and lack of knowledge about this
disease is the root cause of wide spread of this disease Malaria is one of
the major diseases which is caused by Protozoan. Protozoan causes many
diseases in human beings. Malaria has been for thousands of years a very
serious disease of the tropical and temperate regions. Prevalence of
malaria continues to be one of the major health problems of developing
countries. It was almost eliminated a few years back with the efforts of
WHO and our National Malaria Eradication Programme(NMEP), but
unfortunately it has appeared again. Plasmodium is a genus of Protozoa
belonging to subphylum Sporozoa , class Telosporidea, includes
causative agent of malaria in man and lower animals. Member-of the
genus plasmodium are collectively known as Malaria parasite, because
they cause a horrible disease called malaria.
 Bibliography
Parts of this project have been referred from foreign sources and
have been included in this project after editing.
The reference of sources is as follows:-
Books:-
a) Biology NCERT Book class 12th
b) National Geographic Magazine Internet
Sources:-
a) www.google.com

c) Bioflora.com
d) Nationalgeographic.com

Journal
a. Biology Today
b. Science Reporter