Y2S2 Mosquitoes - Rumala

Anopheles
Aedes
Mosquitoes of Medical Importance in Sri Lanka

Rumala Morel Dept. of Parasitology Peradeniya
Culex
Y2S2
MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY Study of insects and other arthropods of medical importance
Insects: Mosquitoes, Flies, Midges, Lice, Bugs, Fleas Other arthropods: Ticks and Mites
Objectives: List the major mosquito borne diseases that occur globally List the mosquitoes of medical importance in Sri Lanka indicating the diseases they transmit Outline the life cycle of a mosquito Describe the breeding & biting habits of the medically important mosquitoes in Sri Lanka Outline the strategies used for control of these mosquito species in Sri Lanka
Mosquitos found globally in all climates >3000 spp. only few of medical importance
Anophelines-Anopheles
Culicines
- Culex
- Aedes - Mansonia - Armigeres
Role of mosquitoes in disease transmission 2500 yrs ago Susruta suggested transmission of malaria by mosquitoes but no definite proof until end of 19th C
1859- James Emerson Tennent in Ceylon: An account of the island .retiring punctually at sunset and sleeping under mosquito curtain is a valuable prophylactic against fevers
Medical importance of Mosquitoes biting nuisance- pests/allergy vectors of disease

transmit disease causing organisms
Mosquitoes as biological vectors

Essential part of the life cycle takes place in the vector- multiplication or development or both
Specific time period necessary before vector can infect another host
Mosquitoes as vectors of disease: some important discoveries
1878 Patrick Manson- filarial parasites

1897 Ronald Ross- malaria
1900 Reed & team- yellow fever

1902 Graham- dengue
Mosquito borne diseases in Sri Lanka

MOSQUITO Anopheles culicifacies Culex quinquefasciatus C. gelidus C. Tritaeniorynchus C.pseudovishnui Aedes aegypti A.albopictus DISEASE Malaria INFECTIVE ORGANISM Plasmodium spp.
Bancroftian Wucheraria bancrofti filariasis Japanese Jap Encephalitis virus encephalitis Dengue Chikungunya Dirofilariasis Dengue viruses Chikungunya virus Dirofilaria repens
Yellow fever globally impt. mosq.borne disease

Not found in SL
Biological characteristics influencing disease transmission
only females suck blood (blood required for breeding habits: preferred water type
egg maturation)
host preference
anthropophilic - zoophilic blood sucking behavior- daytime/night indoor/outdoor survival- 3-4 weeks (to allow development of
flight range- 0.5 - 1.5 km
pathogen)
Morphology of adult mosquito
Classification of mosquitoes -1. SEX

SEX DETERMINATION - Antenna
"pilose" (not very hairy) female
"plumose" (hairy) - male
Classification of mosquitoes 2. GENERA

Palps (sensory organs just lateral to the proboscis)
A female with short palps = Culicine
A female mosquito with long palps = Anopheles
Anopheles mosquitoes rest and bite with their bottoms up @ 45 degree angle to the skin
Mosquito Life Cycle
Life span 1 month
150-300 laid every 48-72 h 2-3 days
Water is essential for breeding

2-3 days
4 stages 1-3 weeks
Eggs: laid singly with floats Larvae: parallel to surface no siphon tube
Eggs: in clusters
Larvae: siphon tube +
Adult: rests @ 45 angle to surface
Adult: rests parallel to surface
Aedes rests parallel to surface
Anopheles culicfacies also rests parallel to surface like culex
Anopheles species of importance in Sri Lanka
An. culicifacies- major vector of malaria

vectors of minor importance An. subpictus An. annularis An. vagus An. tesselatus Major vectors in other countries An. gambiae- vector of human malaria and Bancroftian filariasis in Africa
Characteristics of importance for a malarial vector
density longevity biting habits- anthropophilic (man biting)

- outdoor/indoor night biting mosquitoes
Rests on walls Indoor Residual Spraying Effective control method
Keys/charts used for species identification
Anopheles culicifacies
Distribution: Sri Lanka, India, Myanmar Pakistan, Middle East, Nepal, Thailand
Adult: small- medium wings & female palps - banding resting position culicine-like
Breeding: shallow, sunlit, clear fresh water Eg. Edges of slow flowing streams/rivers; rain water collections in ground pools and pits
Anopheles culicifacies Distribution in Sri Lanka Dry zone: endemic species

present throughout year but high densities with rains (NE monsoon Oct-Jan) Intermediate zone: seasonal breeding Wet zone: not normally found but breeding occur with failure of monsoons due to pooling in river beds Found up to 900 m height
Rain water collections in pits, construction sites, hoof prints in dry zone
Stream/river bed pools; seepage pools at margins of lakes, reservoirs; open irrigation canal margins
Malaria vector breeding in quarry pits Kurunegala (NWP) and Anuradhapura (NCP)
Malaria vector breeding in Agro wells Matale, Anuradhapura district
Wet zone-
rock/sand river bed pools during droughts
pooling below dams/barrages
Kotmal oya- below dam
malaria vector breeding downstream of dams -An. culicifacies
Below dam at Nilambe oya Ilagolla- malaria outbreak due to mosquito vector breeding in rock pools
Culicines- 20 genera In Sri Lanka > 115 species
Culex
Aedes Mansonia Armigeres
Culex quinquefasciatus
Very common urban domestic mosquito throughout South/SE Asia- vector of bancroftian filariasis
Small, brown, absence of markings

Breeding: eggs in rafts (75-100 eggs) highly polluted (organic matter) stagnant water eg. blocked drains, cess pits, waste water pits
Habits: night biter, outdoor/indoor bites man, cats/dogs Rests in shade eg. indoors in dark corners clothes, under furniture etc.
Culex quinquefasciatus Biological vector Lymphatic filariasis:

Microfilaria ingested with the blood meal develop into Infective larvae L3 in 10-12 days and emerge from proboscis during the bite
ONLY development NO multiplication
Breeding sites of Culex quinquefasciatus

Stagnant, polluted water (sewage)
Culex quinquefasciatus breeding sites

Dirty water in blocked drains, cess pits etc.
Vectors of Japanese encephalitis Culex tritaeniorhynchus Cx. gelidus Cx. pseudovishnui Breeding: paddy fields, marshes, husk-soakage pits Habits: night, outdoor/indoor bites animals; pigs/cattle (zoophilic)
Japanese encephalitis: Epidemiological cycle
Pigs important amplifier hosts Mosquito vectors: Cx. tritaeniorhyncus; Cx.pseudovishnui- paddy field breeders Cx. gelidus- muddy pools husk pits
Japanese Encephalitis
Culex gelidus
Vectors of Japanese encephalitis breed in paddy field
Aedes spp.
Ae. aegypti
Ae. albopictus
Small, delicate, black & white banding on legs. wings clear

Vectors ofDengue fever, Chikungunya, Dirofilaria repens Yellow fever (not in Sri Lanka)
Breeding: eggs laid singly (no floats) damp surfaces that get submerged rain water collections in containers
Vectors of Dengue & Chickungunya Aedes aegypti Ae albopictus Container breeders, clean water artificial- tyres, tin cans, plastic waste Indoors- flower vases etc. Natural- cut bamboo stumps, leaf axils
Aedes breeding sites
SL: dengue endemic since 1989

Transovarian transmission of arboviruses
Aedes breeding in households

indoors
outdoors
Aedes Breeding outdoors
Mansonia spp. Brown, speckled wings (light/dark scales) M uniformis Breeding: aquatic plants M annulifera eggs laid in clusters on undersurface
leaves of water plants Larvae/pupae attached to plant roots
Vector of Brugian filariasis

& Dirorfilariasis
Water plants: Pistia Eichornia Salvinia
Dirofilariasis Dirofilaria repens: common parasite of dogs transmitted by Aedes, Armigeres, Mansonia
Causes subcutaneous nodules in humans
Armigeres subalbatus
Very common dusk/night biter Pest & vector of Dirofilaria repens Breeding: polluted water
Control of mosquito borne diseases
Pathogen control in humans Prevent man-mosquito contact
Reduce mosquito density
Reduce vector density 1

Adult control Malaria control (1) Insecticide impregnated bed nets treat every 6/12 (2) Indoor Residual Spraying
Reduce vector density 2

Eliminate breeding sites Destroy larvae Aedes spp.
Properly dispose of old tires, cans, bottles, water-collecting rubbish, and other unused/unwanted containers. Eliminate breeding in standing pools of water Eg. air conditioners, refrigerators add surface oil layer Clean birdbaths, vases, plant pots, rain barrels, kiddie pools etc. ONCE A WEEK
Anopheles culicfacies
Aedes
Summary Mosquitoes of Medical Importance
Culex

Y2S2 Mosquitoes - Rumala

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Anopheles

Mosquitoes of Medical Importance in Sri Lanka

MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY Study of insects and other arthropods of medical importance

- Aedes - Mansonia - Armigeres

Medical importance of Mosquitoes biting nuisance- pests/allergy vectors of disease

Mosquitoes as biological vectors

Mosquitoes as vectors of disease: some important discoveries

1878 Patrick Manson- filarial parasites

1900 Reed & team- yellow fever

Mosquito borne diseases in Sri Lanka

Yellow fever globally impt. mosq.borne disease

Biological characteristics influencing disease transmission

flight range- 0.5 - 1.5 km

Morphology of adult mosquito

Classification of mosquitoes -1. SEX

"pilose" (not very hairy) female

"plumose" (hairy) - male

Classification of mosquitoes 2. GENERA

A female mosquito with long palps = Anopheles

Mosquito Life Cycle

Life span 1 month

150-300 laid every 48-72 h 2-3 days

Water is essential for breeding

4 stages 1-3 weeks

Larvae: siphon tube +

Adult: rests @ 45 angle to surface

Adult: rests parallel to surface

Aedes rests parallel to surface

Anopheles culicfacies also rests parallel to surface like culex

Anopheles species of importance in Sri Lanka

An. culicifacies- major vector of malaria

Characteristics of importance for a malarial vector

density longevity biting habits- anthropophilic (man biting)

Keys/charts used for species identification

Anopheles culicifacies Distribution in Sri Lanka Dry zone: endemic species

Malaria vector breeding in Agro wells Matale, Anuradhapura district

rock/sand river bed pools during droughts

pooling below dams/barrages

Kotmal oya- below dam

malaria vector breeding downstream of dams -An. culicifacies

Culicines- 20 genera In Sri Lanka > 115 species

Aedes Mansonia Armigeres

Small, brown, absence of markings

Culex quinquefasciatus Biological vector Lymphatic filariasis:

ONLY development NO multiplication

Breeding sites of Culex quinquefasciatus

Culex quinquefasciatus breeding sites

Japanese encephalitis: Epidemiological cycle

Vectors of Japanese encephalitis breed in paddy field

Small, delicate, black & white banding on legs. wings clear

Aedes breeding sites

SL: dengue endemic since 1989

Aedes breeding in households

Aedes Breeding outdoors

Vector of Brugian filariasis

Water plants: Pistia Eichornia Salvinia

Causes subcutaneous nodules in humans

Control of mosquito borne diseases