BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT

TOPIC:AIDS

NAME:
GRADE:XII
ROLL NO:
 CERTIFICATE

This Is To Certify That Ms.______________, Roll No.4 Of Class

XII Has Satisfactorily Completed The Investigatory Project On
‘Aids’ In Biology Laid Down In The Regulations Of Central
Board Of Secondary Education (CBSE) For The Purpose Of
AISSCE Practical Examination 2023-24

• Signature:

• School Stamp:

• Date:

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I Have Made Efforts In This Project. However, It Would Not

Have Been Possible Without The Kind Support And Help Of
Many Individuals.
I Would Like To Extend My Sincere Thanks To All Of Them.​I
Am Indebted To My Biology Teacher ____________For Her
Guidance And Supervision As Well As Providing Necessary
Information Regarding The Project And Also For Her Support
In Completing The Project. I Would Also Like To Thank
Respected Principle Mam ________________For Giving Me
This Opportunity
​I Would Like To Express My Gratitude Towards My Parents
For Their Kind Co-operation And Encouragement Which
Helped Me In The Completion Of This Project.

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 INDEX

 AIDS
 CAUSES OF AIDS
 SYMPTOMS OF HIV- AIDS
 DIAGNOSE OF AIDS
 TREATMENT OF HIV- AIDS
 HIV PREVENTION
 CONCLUSION
 HYPOTHESIS
 RECENT REPORTS
 BIBLIOGROPHY

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 AIDS:ACQUIRED IMMUNE
DEFICIENCY SYNDROME
THE RED RIBBON IS THE WORLD WIDE SYMBOL OF
SUPPORT AND AWARENESS FOR PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV

• AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Or Acquired

Immunodeficiency Syndrome) Is A Syndrome Caused By A Virus Called HIV
(Human Immunodeficiency Virus). The Illness Alters The Immune System,
Making People Much More Vulnerable To Infections And Diseases. This
Susceptibility Worsens As The Syndrome Progresses.
• HIV Is Found In The Body Fluids Of An Infected Person (Semen And Vaginal
Fluids, Blood And Breast Milk). The Virus Is Passed From One Person To
Another Through Blood To- Blood And Sexual Contact. In Addition,
Infected Pregnant Women Can Pass HIV To Their Babies During Pregnancy,
Delivering The Baby During Childbirth, And Through Breast Feeding.
• HIV Can Be Transmitted In Many Ways, Such As Vaginal, Oral Sex, Anal
Sex , Blood Transfusion, And Contaminated Hypodermic Needles
• Both the virus and the syndrome are often referred to together as
HIV/AIDS. People with HIV have what is called HIV infection. As a result,
some will then develop AIDS
• The development of numerous opportunistic Infections in an AIDS patient
can ultimately lead to death.
• According to research, the origins of HIV date back to the late nineteenth
or early twentieth century in west-central Africa. AIDS and its cause, HIV,
were Identified and recognized in the early 1980s
• There is currently no cure for HIV or AIDS. Treatments can slow the course
of the condition — some infected people can live a long and relatively
healthy life

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• HIV is the virus which attacks the T-cells In the immune system.
• AIDS is the syndrome which appears in advanced stages of HIV infection.
• HIV is a virus
• AIDS is a medical condition
• HIV infection causes AIDS to develop. However, it is possible to be infected
with HIV without developing AIDS. Without treatment, the HIV infection is
allowed to progress and eventually it will develop into AIDS in the vast
majority of cases.
• HIV testing can identify infection in the early stages. This allows the
patient to use prophylactic (preventive) drugs which will slow the rate at
which the virus replicates, delaying the onset of AIDS.
• AIDS patients still have the HIV virus and are still infectious. Someone with
AIDS can pass HIV to someone else.

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 CAUSES OF AIDS

• HIV is a retrovirus that infects the vital organs of the human immune
system. The virus progresses in the absence of antiretroviral therapy.
• The rate of virus progression varies widely between individuals and
depends on many factors (age of the patient, body's ability to defend
against HIV, access to health care, existence of coexisting infections, the
infected person's genetic inheritance, resistance to certain strains of HIV).
HIV CAN BE TRANSMITTED THROUGH:
• Sexual Transmission. It Can Happen When There Is Contact With Infected
Sexual Secretions (Rectal, Genital Or Oral Mucous Membranes). This Can
Happen While Having Unprotected Sex, Including Vaginal , Oral And Anal
Sex Or Sharing Sex Toys With Someone Infected With HIV.
• Prenatal Transmission. The Mother Can Pass The Infection On To Her Child
During Child birth, Pregnancy And Also Through Breastfeeding.

• Blood Transmission. The Risk Of Transmitting HIV Through Blood

Transfusion Is Nowadays Extremely Low In Developed Countries, Thanks
To Meticulous Screening And Precautions. Among Drug Users, Sharing And
Reusing Syringes Contaminated With HIV-infected Blood Is Extremely
Hazardous
• Sex Without Using Condoms Or Other Barriers, Such As Dental Dams
• Sex When An HIV-negative Partner Is Not Taking Pre-exposure Prophylaxis
(Prep) As Prevention
• Sex When A Partner Living With HIV Is Not Taking HIV Drugs And / Or Has
A Detectable Viral Load, And No Prevention Tools (Prep, Condoms) Are
Used

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 SYMPTOMS OF AIDS/HIV
 What Is The Difference Between A Sign And A Symptom?
• A Sign Is Something Other People, Apart From The Patient Can Detect, Such As A
Swelling, Rash, Or Change In Skin Colour . A Symptom Is Something Only The
Patient Feels And Describes, Such As A Headache, Fatigue, Or Dizziness. For The
Most Part, The Symptoms Of HIV Are The Result Of Infections Caused By
Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi And Parasites. These Conditions Do Not Normally
Develop In Individuals With Healthy Immune Systems, Which Protect The Body
Against Infection.
• Many People With HIV Have No Symptoms For Several Years. Others May
Develop Symptoms Similar To Flu, Usually Two To Six Weeks After Catching The
Virus. The Symptoms Can Last Up To Four Weeks.
 SYMPTOMS OF EARLY HIV/AIDS MAY INCLUDE:
• Fever
• Chills
• Joint Pain
• Muscle Ache
• Sore Throat
• Sweats(particularly At Night)
• Enlarged Glands
• A Red Rash
• Tiredness
• Weakness
• Weight loss

 ASYMPTOMATIC HIV INFECTION:

• In Many Cases, After The Initial Symptoms Disappear, There Will Not Be Any
Further Symptoms For Many Years. During This Time, The Virus Carries On
Developing And Damages The Immune System. This Process Can Take Up To 10
Years. The Infected Person Will Experience No Symptoms, Feel Well And Appear
Healthy.

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• LATE-STAGE HIV INFECTION:
• If Left Untreated, HIV Weakens The Ability To Fight Infection. The Person
Becomes Vulnerable To Serious Illnesses. This Stage Of Infection Is Known As
AIDS.
• Symptoms Of Late-stage HIV Infection May Include:
• Blurred Vision
• Diarrhoea, Which Is Usually Persistent Or Chronic
• Dry Cough
• Fever Of Above 37C(100F) Lasting For Weeks
• Night Sweats
• Permanent Tiredness
• Shortness Of Breath
• Swollen Glands Casting For Weeks
• Weight Loss
• White Spots On The Tongue Or Mouth

• During Late-stage HIV Infection, The Risk Of Developing A Life-threatening

• Illness Is Much Greater. Example Include:
 Esophagitis (An Inflammation On The Lining Of The Lower End Of The
Oesophagus)
 Infections To The Nervous System (Acute Aseptic Meningitis, Sub Acute
Encephalitis, Peripheral Neuropathy)
 Pneumonia

• Some Cancers, Such As Kaposi’s Sarcoma, Invasive Cervical Cancer, Lung

Cancer, Rectal Carcinomas, Hepatocellular Carcinomas, Head And Neck
Cancers, Cancers Of The Immune System Known As Lymphomas)
• Toxoplasmosis (A Disease Caused By A Parasite That Infects The Brain. It Can
Also Cause Disease In The Eyes And Lungs)
• Tuberculosis
• Life-threatening Illnesses May be controlled and treated with proper HIV
treatment

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EFFECT ON IMMUNE SYSTEM

• HIV targets the types of cells that would normally fight off an invader such
as HIV. As the virus replicates, it damages or destroys the infected CD4 cell
and produces more virus to infect more CD4 cells. CD4 cells are also called
T cells or helper cells.
• HIV kills immune system cells that help the body fight infections and
diseases.
• The genetic makeup of an HIV viral cell has genetic material called RNA
which helps it to reproduce more cells. For HIV cells to replicate, they need
to latch onto healthy white blood cells called T cells. These cells contain
certain proteins which HIV needs to duplicate itself and grow. our body’s
immune system produces T cells to fight off infections – but when an HIV
cell takes hold, it will destroy the T cell to reproduce.
• So, when a person is exposed to HIV, these cells will start to slowly
reproduce in the body. The immune system will naturally pump out more
T cells to try and fight off the virus – but these cells will be destroyed by
the HIV cells.

• Eventually, this will leave the body’s immune system overwhelmed and
totally defenseless to any disease. Once the body’s immune system is
significantly weakened, then they may be diagnosed with AIDS, which
stands for Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome. This progression of HIV
to AIDS occurs over 5 to 10 years if the person does not receive any
treatment.

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 DIAGNOSIS OF HIV/AIDS

 BLOOD TEST
• Diagnosis Is Made Through A Blood Test That Screens Specifically For
The Virus.
• If The HIV Virus Has Been Found, The Test Result Is “Positive“. The
Blood Is Retested Several Times Before A Positive Result Is Given To
The Patient.
• For Those Whose Tests Came Back Positive, They Will Be Asked To
Undergo Some Other Tests To See How The Infection Has Progressed,
And Also To Decide When To Start Treatment.
• If A Person Has Been Exposed To The Virus, It Is Crucial That They Get
Tested As Soon As Possible. The Earlier HIV Is Detected, The More
Likely The Treatment Will Be Successful. Also, Precautions Can Be
Taken To Prevent The Virus From Spreading To Other People.
 ELISA TEST?
• An Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Also Called ELISA Or EIA, Is
A Test That Detects And Measures Antibodies In Your Blood. This Test
Can Be Used To Determine If You Have Antibodies Related To Certain
Infectious Conditions. Antibodies Are Proteins That Your Body
Produces In Response To
• Harmful Substances Called Antigens. An ELISA Test May Be Used To
Diagnose:

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Harmful Substances Called Antigens. An ELISA Test May Be Used To
Diagnose:
• HIV, Which Causes AIDS
• Lyme Disease Pernicious Anaemia
• Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)
• Rotavirus
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma
• Syphilis
• Toxoplasmosis

• Elisa Is Often Used As A Screening Tool Before More In-depth Tests Are
Ordered. A Doctor May Suggest This Test If You’re Having Signs Or
Symptoms Of The Conditions Above Or Your Doctor Wants To Rule Out Any
Of These Conditions.

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RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ON HIV!

 Genetic Changes Identified That Make HIV Elusive To Drugs

• Scientists Have Identified Two Locations Where Slight Differences In
Genetic Code Can Change The Way Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infects
Cells - A Change Associated With Worsening Symptoms And Resistance To
Antiretroviral Drugs.
 Scripps Team Lays 'Spectacular' Foundations For HIV Vaccine
• "A Leap Forward" Has Been Made To Develop A Vaccine Against HIV, Claim
The Authors Of Two New Studies That Are Published Concurrently In The
Journals Cell And Science”
 Latent HIV Cells Only ’Wake Up' Once A Week After Antiretroviral
Therapy, Study Finds
• A New Study Published In PLOS Pathogens Provides New Insight Into How
Often HIV Cells "Wake Up" Among Individuals Undergoing Antiretroviral
Therapy For The Virus, Bringing Researchers One Step Closer To Getting
Patients Off The Treatment For Good And Into Remission.
 Vaginal Ring Reduces Risk Of HIV By Up To 61%
• A Vaginal Ring Can Safely Provide Some Protection Against HIV Infection By
Continuously Releasing An Experimental Antiretroviral Drug, Say Findings
Published In The New England Journal Of Medicine

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 TREATEMENTS FOR HIV

• Health Care Workers Who Are At Risk For HIV Because Of An Accidental
Stick With A Needle Or Other Exposure To Body Fluids Should Get
Medicine To Prevent Infection.
• Also, Medicine May Prevent HIV Infection In A Person Who Has Been
Raped Or Was Accidentally Exposed To The Body Fluids Of A Person Who
May Have HIV. This Type Of Treatment Is Usually Started Within 72 Hours
Of The Exposure.
• And Studies Have Shown That If You Are Not Infected With HIV, Taking
Antiretroviral Medicines Can Protect You Against HIV ,But To Keep Your
Risk Low, You Still Need To Use Safer Sex Practices.
o Other Treatments For HIV
• Some People With HIV May Use Complementary Medicine To Help With
Fatigue And Weight Loss Caused By HIV Infection And To Reduce The Side
Effects Caused By Antiretroviral Therapy (ART). Talk To Your Doctor Before
Using Them.
• Some Complementary Therapies For Other Problems May Actually Be
Harmful. For Example, St. John's Wort Decreases The Effectiveness Of
Certain Prescription Medicines For HIV. But Medical Marijuana Has Been
Shown To Stimulate The Appetite And Relieve Nausea. Talk To Your Doctor
If You Are Interested In Trying It, Or Any Complementary Medicine.

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 PREVENTION OF HIV

 PROTECTED SEX
• Having Sex Without A Condom Can Put A Person At Risk Of Being Infected
With HIV And Other Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs). HIV Can Be
Spread By Having Unprotected Sex (Vaginal, Oral And Anal Sex). It Can Also
Be Caught From Sharing Sex Toys With Someone Infected With HIV.
 DRUG ABUSE AND NEEDLE SHARING
• Intravenous Drug Use Is An Important Factor In HIV Transmission In
Developed Countries. Sharing Needles Can Expose Users To HIV And Other
Viruses, Such As Hepatitis C. Strategies Such As Needle-exchange Program
Are Used To Reduce The Infections Caused By Drug Abuse
 BODY FLUID EXPOSURE
• Exposure To HIV Can Be Controlled By Employing Precautions To Reduce
The Risk Of Exposure To Contaminated Blood .At All Times, Health Care
Workers Should Use Barriers (Gloves, Masks, Protective Eyewear , Shields,
And Gowns).Frequent And Thorough Washing Of The Skin Immediately
After Being Contaminated With Blood Or Other Bodily Fluids Can Reduce
The Chance Of Infection.
 PREGNANCY
• Anti HIV Medicines Can Harm The Unborn Child. But An Effective
Treatment Plan Can Prevent HIV Transmission From Mother To Baby.
Precautions Have To Be Taken To Protect The Baby's Health. Delivery
Through Caesarean Section May Be Necessary. Breastfeeding May Have To
Give Way To Bottle· Feeding If The Mother Is Infected.

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RECENT REPORTS

 Which Is The State Having Highest Rate Of HIV?

• The North- East Region States Have The Highest Adult HIV
Prevalence (2.70% In Mizoram, 1.36% In Nagaland And 1.05% In
Manipur)
 Why Does Mizoram Rank The Highest In HIV?
• The Reasons Behind The Current Situation Of HIV In Mizoram Are
Multiple, The Commonly Cited One Being Sharing Of Needles And
Syringes Leading To Nearly 39 Per Cent Of The New HIV Infections
In Mizoram443 people died of AIDS in Mizoram in a year:
Government

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 Which Is The State Having Lowest Rate Of HIV?
• Assam Is Categorized As A Low HIV Prevalence State With An
Estimated Adult HIV Prevalence Of 0.08% [0.07–0.10] Which Is
Lower Than The National Prevalence Of 0.22%.
 Why Does Assam Rank The Lowest?
• Proper Awareness Program Have Been Started. To Reduce New
HIV Infection Among The Youth By Raising Their Risk Perception
Through Proper Education On Sex And Sexuality And HIV/AIDS By
Imparting New Skills On Communication, Self-protection,
Negotiation, Care And Support And Effective Group Interaction;
And
• To Prepare The Youth As Peer Educators And Agents Of Change By
Developing Their Skills On Leadership And Team Building.

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Effect of HIV in India
• Despite Being Home To The World's Third-largest
Population Of Persons With HIV/AIDS (As Of 2018, With
South Africa And Nigeria Having More), The AIDS
Prevalence Rate In India Is Lower Than That Of Many
Other Countries. In 2016, India's AIDS Prevalence Rate
Stood At Approximately 0.30%—the 80th Highest In The
World.
• Aids Related Deaths (ARD) Are Estimated At 41.97
Thousand In 2021 In India. A Decline Of 76.5% In ARD Has
Been Estimated At National Level From 2010-21. The
Declining Trend Is Noted In All States/UTS Excluding
Puducherry, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, And Tripura.

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 CONCLUSION

• After Studying The Cause And Effects Of ’AIDS’ From Different Views, We
Conclude That It Is A Pandemic Disease. It Is Mainly Spreading Sexually
And Person Of The Age Group Of 25-45 Years Are The Most Affected
Group. There Are Some Methods Like ’Antiviral Therapy’ And
ImmunoSimulative Therapy Which Bring Some Hope That Even Then No
Specific Treatment Has Been Found So For And Morality Form Is Virtually
10096. So Only Prevention In The Test Medicine Care.

HYPOTHESIS
• AIDS Is Non Curable Due To Its Nature Of Pathogen. It Also Damage
Immune System Of The Body. Therefore Any Medicine (Antiviral) Drugs Are
Not Effective Against HIV Virus. Ignorance And Lack Of Knowledge About
This Disease Is The Root Cause Of Wide Spread Of This Diseases One Of
The Major Diseases Which Is Caused By Protozoan. Protozoan Causes
Many Diseases In Human Beings. Malaria Has Been For Thousands Of
Years A Very Serious Disease Of The Tropical And Temperate Regions.
Prevalence Of Malaria Continues To Be One Of The Major Health Problems
Of Developing Countries. It Was Almost Eliminated A Few Years Back With
The Efforts Of WHO And Our National Malaria Eradication Programme
{NMEP), But Unfortunately It Has Appeared Again. Plasmodium Is A Genus
Of Protozoa Belonging To Subphylum Sporozoa, Class Telosporidea .

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books:
• Ncert Biology Class 12th
• National Geographic Magazine
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/
https://www.who.int/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV
www.google.com
https://www.hindustantimes.com/

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