JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA

GURUJANG,KHURDA
BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT ON AIDS
 SUBMITTED BY-A.P ALIVA AVINITA

GUIDED BY-MISS DEBASMITA BHOI [PGT

BIOLOGY]

CLASS-XII ‘B’ [SCIENCE]

YEAR-2021-22

ROLL NUMBER-1256
 CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE “BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT” ON THE TOPIC “AIDS’ HAS BEEN
SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED BY A.P ALIVA AVINITA
CLASS XII – B UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF DEBASMITA
BHOI MAM IN PARTICULAR FULFILMENT OF THE
CURRICULUM OF CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY
EDUCATION (CBSE) LEADING TO THE AWARD OF
ANNUAL EXAMINATION OF THE YEAR 2021-2022

Teacher in-charge Principal in-charge

Student’s Signature
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY SPECIAL THANKS OF GRATITUDE TO MY TEACHER

MISS DEBASMITA BHOI ,WHO GAVE ME THE GOLDEN OPPURTUNITY TO DO THIS
WONDERFUL PROJECT OF ‘AIDS’
WHO ALSO HELPED ME IN COMPLETING MY PROJECT. I CAME TO KNOW ABOUT SO
MANY NEW THINGS. I AM REALLY THANKFUL TO THEM.
SECONDLY I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO THANK MY PARENTS AND FRIENDS WHO HELPED
ME A LOT IN FINALIZING THIS PROJECT WITHIN THE LIMITED FRAME .
 CONTENTS
1. AIDS
2. CAUSES OF AIDS
3. SYMPTOMS OF HIV- AIDS
4. DIAGNOSE OF AIDS
5. TREATMENT OF HIV- AIDS
6. RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN AIDS TREATMENT
7. HIV PREVENTION
8. CONCLUSION
9. HYPOTHESIS
10.BIBLIOGRAPHY
 AIDS
[ACQUIRED IMMUNO DEFICIENCY
SYNDROME]
 AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome) is a syndrome caused by a virus
called HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). The illness alters the
immune system , making people much more vulnerable to
infections and diseases.
This susceptibility worsens as the syndrome progresses. HIV is found
in the body fluids of an infected person (semen and vaginal fluids,
blood and breast milk). The virus is passed from one person
to another through blood -to- blood and sexual contact. In
addition, infected pregnant women can pass HIV to their babies
during pregnancy, delivering the baby during childbirth, and through
breast feeding.HIV can be transmitted in many ways, such as vaginal,
oral sex, anal sex, blood transfusion, and contaminated hypodermic
needles.
 “THE RED RIBBON IS THE WORLDWIDE
SYMBOL OF SUPPORT AND
AWARENESS FOR PEOPLE LIVING WITH
• HIV.”
Both the virus and the syndrome are often referred to together as HIV/AIDS
People with HIV have what is called HIV infection. As a result, some will
then develop AIDS.
The development of numerous opportunistic infections in an AIDS patient can
ultimately lead to death.
According to research, the origins of HIV date back to the late nineteenth
or early twentieth century in west-central Africa. AIDS and its cause, HIV,
were first identified and recognized in the early 1980s.
There is currently no cure for HIV or AIDS. Treatments can slow the course
of the condition - some infected people can live a long and relatively healthy
life.
 HIV is the virus which attacks the T-cells in the immune system.
AIDS is the syndrome which appears in advanced stages of HIV infection.
HIV is a virus.
AIDS is a medical condition.

HIV infection causes AIDS to develop. However, it is possible to be infected with HIV
without developing AIDS. Without treatment, the HIV infection is allowed to progress and
eventually it will develop into AIDS in the vast majority of cases. HIV testing can identify
infection in the early stages. This allows the patient to use prophylactic (preventive) drugs
which will slow the rate at which the virus replicates, delaying the onset of AIDS. AIDS
patients still have the HIV virus and are still infectious. Someone with AIDS can pass HIV
to someone else.
 . CAUSES OF HIV/AIDS
HIV is a retrovirus that infects the vital organs of the human
immune system .The virus progresses in the absence of
antiretroviral therapy. The rate of virus progression varies
widely between individuals and depends on many factors (age of
the patient, body's ability to defend against HIV, access to health
care, existence of coexisting infections, the infected person's
genetic inheritance, resistance to certain strains of HIV).
 HIV CAN BE TRANSMITTED THROUGH:
Sexual transmission. It can happen when there is contact with
infected sexual secretions (rectal, genital or oral mucous
membranes). This can happen while having unprotected sex,
including vaginal, oral and anal sex or sharing sex toys with
someone infected with HIV.

Prenatal transmission. The mother can pass the infection on

to her child during childbirth, pregnancy, and also through
breastfeeding.

Blood transmission. The risk of transmitting HIV through

blood transfusion is nowadays extremely low in developed
countries, thanks to meticulous screening and precautions.
Among drug users, sharing and reusing syringes contaminated
with HIV-infected blood is extremely hazardous.
 SYMPTOMS OF HIV AND AIDS
What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?
A sign is something other people, apart from the patient can
detect, such as a swelling, rash, or change in skin colour . A
symptom is something only the patient feels and describes, such
as a headache, fatigue, or dizziness.
For the most part, the
symptoms of HIV are the
result of infections caused by
bacteria, viruses, fungi and
parasites. These conditions
do not normally develop in
individuals with healthy
immune systems, which
protect the body against
infection.
 SYMPTOMS OF EARLY HIV INFECTION
Many people with HIV have no symptoms for several years. Others may develop
symptoms similar to flu, usually two to six weeks after catching the virus. The
symptoms can last up to four weeks.
Symptoms of early HIV infection may include

 Tiredness
 Fever
 Chills
 Joint pain
 Muscle ache
 Sore throat
 Sweats (particularly at night)
 Enlarged glands
 A red rash
 Weakness
 ASYMPTOMATIC HIV INFECTION
In many cases, after the initial symptoms disappear, there
will not be any further symptoms for many years. During
this time, the virus carries on developing and damages the
immune system. This process can take up to 10 years. The
infected person will experience no symptoms, feel
well and appear healthy.
LAST-STAGE HIV INFECTION
If left untreated, HIV weakens the ability to fight infection. The
person becomes vulnerable to serious illnesses. This stage of
infection is known as AIDS.
SYMPTOMS OF LATE-STAGE HIV INFECTION MAY
INCLUDE:
 Blurred vision
 Diarrhoea ,which is usually persistent or chronic.
 Dry cough
  Fever of above 37C (100F) lasting for Weeks.
 Night sweats
 Permanent tiredness shortness of breath
 Swollen glands lasting for weeks
 Weight loss
 White spots on the tongue or mouth
During late-stage HIV infection, the risk of developing a life-
threatening illness is much greater. Examples include:
 Esophagitis (an inflammation of the lining of the lower
end of the esophagus).
 Infections to the nervous system (acute aseptic
meningitis , subacute encephalitis, peripheral
neuropathy).
 Pneumonia, Some cancers, such as Kaposi's sarcoma,
invasive cervical cancer, lung cancer, rectal carcinomas,
hepatocellular carcinomas, head and neck cancers,
cancers of the immune system known as lymphomas.
 Toxoplasmosis (a disease caused by a parasite that infects
the brain. It can also cause disease in the eyes and lungs).
 Tuberculosis
 Life-threatening illnesses may be controlled and treated
with proper HIV treatment.
DIAGNOSIS OF HIV/AIDS
 A 2011 report issued by the CDC (Centres for Disease Control
and Prevention), USA, found that about 1 in every 5 HIV-
positive Americans is unaware of their HIV-status, and only
49% of those who are aware receive ongoing medical care and
treatment.
BLOOD TEST
Diagnosis is made through a blood test that screens
specifically for the virus .If the HIV virus has been found, the
test result is "positive". The blood is retested several times
before a positive result is given to the patient . For those
whose tests came back positive, they will be asked to undergo
some other tests to see how the infection has progressed, and
also to decide when to start treatment.
If a person has been exposed to the virus, it is crucial that
they get tested as soon as possible. The earlier HIV is
detected, the more likely the treatment will be successful.
Also, precautions can be taken to prevent the virus from
spreading to other people.
 ELISA TEST?
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, also called ELISA or EIA, is a
test that detects and measures antibodies in your blood. This test can be
used to determine if you have antibodies related to certain infectious
conditions. Antibodies are proteins that your body produces in response
to harmful substances called antigens. An ELISA test may be used to
diagnose:
•HIV, which causes AIDS
•Lyme disease
•Pernicious anaemia
•Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF)
• Rotavirus
• Squamous cell carcinoma
• Syphilis
• Toxoplasmosis
• Varicella -zoster virus, which causes chicken pox and
shingles ELISA is often used as a screening tool before more in-
depth tests are ordered. A doctor may suggest this test if you’re
having signs or symptoms of the conditions above or your
doctor wants to rule out any of these conditions.
 HOW THE TEST IS PERFORMED
The ELISA test is simple and straightforward. You’ll probably need to sign a
consent form, and your doctor should explain the reason for doing the test.
The ELISA test involves taking a sample of your blood. First, a healthcare
provider will cleanse your arm with an antiseptic. Then, a tourniquet, or
band, will be applied around your arm to create pressure and cause your
veins to swell with blood. Next, a needle will be placed in one of your veins to
draw a small sample of blood. When enough blood has been collected, the
needle will be removed and a small bandage will be placed on your arm where
the needle was. You'll be asked to elevate your arm and place pressure on it
with gauze to reduce blood flow.
This procedure should be relatively painless, but your arm may throb a little
after the procedure.
The blood sample will be sent to a laboratory for analysis. In the lab, a
technician adds the sample to a Petri dish containing the specific antigen
related to the condition for which you are being tested. If your blood contains
antibodies to the antigen, the two will bind together. The technician will
check this by adding an enzyme to the Petri dish and observing how your
blood and the antigen react.
 You may have the condition if the contents of the dish change colour.
How much change the enzyme causes allows the technician to.
Determine the presence and amount of antibody.
Ultra-sensitive HIV sensor
Scientists from Imperial College London reported in Nature
Nanotechnology (October 2012 issue) that they have developed an
extremely sensitive sensor that detects viral infections, including HIV.
They say the sensor is ten times more sensitive at detecting an HIV
biomarker that anything else on the market today; it is also extremely
cheap. The doctor can see the results by looking at the colour change in a
liquid solution.
Recent developments on HIV
Genetic changes identified that make HIV elusive to drugs.
Scientists have identified two locations where slight differences in genetic
code can change the way human immunodeficiency virus infects cells - a
change associated with worsening symptoms and resistance to
antiretroviral drugs.
Scripps team lays 'spectacular' foundations for HIV vaccine
"A leap forward" has been made to develop a vaccine against HIV, claim the
authors of two new studies that are published concurrently in the journals
Cell and Science.
Latent HIV cells only 'wake up' once a week after antiretroviral therapy,
study finds a new study published in PLOS Pathogens provides new insight
into how often HIV cells "wake up" among individuals undergoing
antiretroviral therapy for the virus, bringing researchers one step closer to
getting patients off the treatment for good and into remission.
Vaginal ring reduces risk of HIV by up to 61%.
A vaginal ring can safely provide some protection against HIV infection by
continuously releasing an experimental antiretroviral drug, say findings
published in the New England Journal of Medicine .
Treatments for HIV/AIDS
Earlier HIV antiretroviral treatment is crucial - it improves quality of life,
extends life expectancy and reduces the risk of transmission, according to
the World Health Organization's guidelines issued in June 2013 .When an
HIV-positive adult's CD4 cell count is 500 cells/mm3 or lower they should
start treatment immediately.
According to Margaret Chan, WHO Director-General "These guidelines
represent another leap ahead in a trend of ever-higher goals and
evergreater achievements. With nearly 10 million people now on
antiretroviral therapy, we see that such prospects - unthinkable just a
few years ago – can now fuel the momentum needed to push the HIV
epidemic into irreversible decline."
Currently, there is no vaccine or cure for HIV/AIDS. But treatments have
evolved which are much more efficacious - they can improve patients'
general health and quality of life considerably.
Emergency HIV pills
If an individual believes they have been exposed to the virus within the last 72
hours (three days), anti-HIV medication, called PEP (post-exposure
prophylaxis) may stop infection. The treatment should be taken as soon as
possible after contact with the virus.
PEP is a very demanding treatment lasting four weeks. It is also associated
with unpleasant side effects (diarrhea, malaise, nausea, weakness and
fatigue).
After a positive HIV diagnosis, regular blood tests are necessary to monitor
the progress of the virus before starting treatment. The therapy is designed
to reduce the level of HIV in the blood.
Antiretroviral drugs
HIV is treated with antiretroviral (ARVs). The treatment fights the HIV
infection and slows down the spread of the virus in the body. Generally,
patients take a combination of medications called HAART (highly active
antiretroviral therapy).
The combination of drugs is adapted to each individual. HIV treatment is
usually permanent and lifelong. HIV treatment is based on routine
dosage. Pills must be taken on a regular schedule, every time. Common
side effects include nausea, fatigue, diarrhea, skin rashes, moodiness,
alterations to the adipose (fat) tissue, birth defects.
Antifungal cream Ciclopirox may help eradicate HIV - researchers at the
Rutgers New Jersey Medical School reported in the journal PLoS ONE
that Ciclopirox, a widely used antifungal cream, as well as Deferiprone, a
medication used to remove excess iron from the body, eradicate HIV in
cultured cells. They added that when treatment stops, the virus does not
return.

Complementary or alternative medicine

Although widely used, alternative/complementary medications, such has

herbal ones, have not been proven to be effective or ineffective. According
to some limited studies, mineral or vitamin supplements may provide some
benefits. Patients are urged to discuss these options with their doctors.
 New clue towards an AIDS vaccine
The outer shell of HIV has a vulnerable spot, which enabled two HIV-
positive people to make antibodies powerful enough to kill off the
majority of HIV types known globally.
A glycan , a form of sugar ,in a specific part on the protein coat that
covers HIV (location known as“ position 332") is a vulnerable spot that
allows the body to mount an effective attack using broadly neutralizing
antibodies.
The scientists, from the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,
South Africa, said their discovery offers new clues about stimulating the
body to produce "broadly neutralizing antibodies". They believe these
antibodies are key for making an AIDS vaccine, because they destroy
most of the HIV types around the world. They published their findings in
Nature Medicine (21 October, 2012 issue).
April 2013 - A step closer to an HIV vaccine
A team led by scientists from the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, and the
NIH Vaccine Research Center say they have charted a new route that may
help develop a vaccine which boosts an individual's ability to destroy HIV.
They
published their findings in the journal Nature (April 2013 issue).
Barton F. Haynes, M.D., John Mascola , M.D. and team studied an HIV
infected patient whose immune system attacked the virus, allowing them to
describe the co-evolution of the antibodies.
HIV has proven especially difficult in inducing an antibody response, making
it very hard to develop a vaccine. As soon as HIV antibodies are produced, the
virus changes rapidly to avoid them.
The team used a new form of technology that can detect infection early on and
track the body's immune system .
Recent developments in HIV treatment
New drugs reawaken latent HIV to eradicate virus
A new study suggests a class of drugs already being tested in clinical trials
for the treatment of cancer may also hold the key to complete eradication
of HIV.
Alcoholism drug could help cure HIV, study finds
A drug used to treat alcoholism - called disulfiram - could bring us closer
to a cure for HIV, according to the results of a new study led by
researchers from the University of Melbourne in Australia.
HIV vaccine possibility following study of 'antibodies with loops'
A new study suggests it may be possible to induce a rapid anti-HIV
immune response in unexposed people by developing a vaccine that
triggers antibodies containing loop-like structures.

HIV antibody therapy looks promising

A new study of the effects of a new antibody treatment suggests it may
offer a long-term solution for the control of HIV.
HIV Prevention
To prevent being infected with HIV, healthcare professionals advice
precautions related to:
Unprotected sex
Having sex without a condom can put a person at risk of being infected
with HIV and other sexually transmitted
infections (STIs). HIV can be spread by having unprotected sex (vaginal,
oral and anal sex). It can also be caught from sharing sex toys with
someone infected with HIV.
 Drug abuse and needle sharing
Intravenous drug use is an important factor in HIV transmission in
developed countries. Sharing needles can expose users to HIV and other
viruses, such as hepatitis C.
Strategies such as needle-exchange programs are used to reduce the
infections caused by drug abuse.
Body fluid exposure
Exposure to HIV can be controlled by employing precautions to reduce
the risk of exposure to contaminated blood. At all times, health care
workers should use barriers (gloves, masks, protective eye wear, shields,
and gowns).
Frequent and thorough washing of the skin immediately after being
contaminated with blood or other bodily fluids can reduce the chance of
infection.
Education

Health education is an important factor in reducing risky behavior

 Pregnancy
Anti-HIV medicines can harm the unborn child. But an effective
treatment plan can prevent HIV transmission from mother to baby.
Precautions have to be taken to protect the baby´s health. Delivery
through caesarean section may be
necessary. Breastfeeding may have to give way to bottle-feeding if the
mother is infected.
A study by scientists from Columbia University, New York, found that
breastfeeding for 6+ months with antiretroviral therapy could help
reduce mother-to-child HIV transmission as well as improve chances of
infant's survival.
Managing HIV
Adherence. HIV treatment is effective if the patient is committed and
constant in taking the medication on time. Missing even a few doses will
jeopardize the treatment. A daily methodical routine has to be
programmed to fit the treatment plan around the patient's lifestyle and
schedule.
"Adherence" is sometimes known as "compliance".
General Health. It is crucial for patients to take medication correctly
and take steps to avoid illness. Patients should seek to improve their
general health and reduce the risk of falling ill by practicing regular
exercise, healthy eating, and not smoking.
Additional precautions. HIV-infected people should be extra
cautious to prevent exposure to infection. They should be careful around
animals, avoid coming into contact with cat litter, animal feces. Meticulous
and regular washing of hands is recommended.

Long-term condition. HIV is a lasting condition, and therefore

patients have to be in regular contact with their healthcare team.
Treatment plan is reviewed regularly.

Psychological. Common misconceptions about AIDS/ HIV are

diminishing. However, the stigma of the condition persists in many parts
of the world. People infected with the virus may feel excluded, rejected,
discriminated and isolated.
Being diagnosed with HIV can be very distressing, and feelings of anxiety
or depression are common. If you feel anxious or have symptoms of
depression, seek medical help immediately.
 CONCLUSION
After studying the cause and effects of ‘AIDS’ from different
views, we conclude that it is a pandemic disease. It is
mainly spreading sexually and person of the age group of
25-45 years are the most affected group. There are some
methods like ‘Antiviral Therapy’ and Immuno Simulative
therapy which bring some hope that even then no specific
treatment has been found so for and morality form is
virtually 100%. So only prevention in the test medicine
care.
 HYPOTHESIS
AIDS is non curable due to its nature of pathogen. It also damage
immune system of the body. Therefore any medicine (Antiviral) drugs
are not effective against HIV virus. Ignorance and lack of knowledge
about this
disease is the root cause of wide spread of this disease Malaria is one
of the major diseases which is caused by Protozoan. Protozoan causes
many diseases in human beings. Malaria has been for thousands of
years a very
serious disease of the tropical and temperate regions. Prevalence of
malaria continues to be one of the major health problems of
developing countries. It was almost eliminated a few years back with
the efforts of WHO and our National Malaria Eradication
Programme (NMEP), but unfortunately it has appeared again.
Plasmodium is a genus of Protozoa belonging to subphylum Sporozoa,
class Telosporidea, includes causative agent of malaria in man
and lower animals. Members of the genus plasmodium are collectively
known as Malaria parasite, because they cause a horrible disease
called malaria.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Parts of this project have been referred from foreign sources and have
been included in this project after editing.
The reference of sources is as follows:-
Books:-
a) Biology NCERT Book class 12th
b) National Geographic Magazine
Internet Sources:-
a) www.google.com
b) www.icbse.com
c) Bioflora.com
d) Nationalgeographic.com

Journal
a. Biology Today
b. Science Reporter