MODELS WT1010/WT1030/WT1030M

DIGITAL POWER METERS

IWASE Hisashi *1 TSUJI Hirotaka *1 TACHIBANA Katsuya *1 HIRAI Kazuo *1

Using the latest digital sampling technology, we have developed the WT1000
series of broad-bandwidth digital power meters which can measure DC and AC
signals at frequencies ranging from 0.5 Hz to 300 kHz. These models especially
feature fast response, excellent accuracy and versatile functionality for motor
testing. The WT1010 is a single-phase model; both the WT1030 and WT1030M are
three-phase models, with the latter having a motor-characterizing capability. This
paper presents an overview of these digital power meters.

INTRODUCTION and current bandwidths being DC and an AC range from 0.5 Hz to

300 kHz (or 200 kHz for power measurement). As noted earlier,

W ith the increased capacity of power devices to handle

wattage and frequency, and with the advanced techniques
developed to control these devices, modern motor-controlling
advanced control techniques have made it possible to control
inverter-driven motors at lower frequencies. The WT1000 series,
therefore, is designed to be able to measure active power at
inverters have been designed to consume less energy, perform at frequencies as low as 0.5 Hz to keep pace with this trend. In this
higher levels and have enhanced functionality. Because of such application, the power meters update their displays at 5-second
reasons as the need to conserve energy, an increase in carrier intervals. In addition, these meters have a maximum voltage
frequency, and motor control at lower speeds by means of range of 1,000 V, wider than the conventional range of 600 V.
advanced control techniques, power meters must be capable of This improvement has made possible high-voltage measurement
measuring electrical energy with high accuracy, handling broader that is essential in the development of lighting equipment.
bandwidths, and measuring power at lower frequencies.
The recently developed WT1000 series of digital power 2. Fast Response
meters (models WT1010, WT1030 and WT1030M) has a The display update rate of as fast as 100 ms enables the
measuring accuracy and bandwidth high and wide enough to operator to go through the characterization of motors in a shorter
measure the power consumption of inverter-driven motors, as period. The output for communication has also been speeded up
well as a generous functionality that can be applied to a wide so that the meters can provide either 10 ASCII or 64 binary data
range of uses. Figure 1 is an external view of a model in the series items at each display update interval.
of WT1000 digital power meters.

FEATURES

WT1000 digital power meters have the following main

features:

1. Basic Performance
Fundamental accuracy is 0.2%, with the measurable voltage

*1 Measuring Instruments Business Division Figure 1 A model in the series of WT1000

Models WT1010/WT1030/WT1030M Digital Power Meters 9

 Input section-element 1
DSP section

V A/D Keys and LEDs

DSP
Line
filter

Isolator
± Frequency Zero-cross
filter detector
Peak Lead/lag circuit
detector GP-IB or RS-232C

PLL circuit

V A/D
Line
± filter CPU section

Isolator
Frequency Zero-cross
filter detector
EXT CPU D/A output
Peak
detector

Frequency-measuring circuit

Input section-element 2 Waveform output

MOTOR

Analog/pulse input circuit

Input section-element 3 Printer Printer

controller

Figure 2 Block Diagram of WT1000 Series of Digital Power Meters

3. Motor-characterizing Capability (Model WT1030M) 6. Harmonics Analysis (Optional)

In the characterization testing of motors, the WT1030M These power meters can analyze harmonics at fundamental
digital power meter measures torque and rotational speed, in frequencies from 10 to 440 Hz. This feature makes it possible to
addition to power consumption. This model has a motor- measure each harmonics component and the distortion factor,
characterizing capability with which it can calculate such harmonics content, phase angle, and difference between the
parameters as the output of motors or the efficiency between the respective phases of a fundamental wave, and the active, reactive
input and output of motors. This is done by measuring analog and apparent powers and power factor.
signals proportional to the torque and rotational speed provided
by a torquemeter. 7. Integration (Optional)
The continuous integration of momentary power with this
4. Filtering feature permits highly accurate measurement against energy
A cutoff frequency of 0.5, 1, 2 or 6.5 kHz can be chosen to variations. Since integration is simultaneous with voltage,
measure the rms value of the fundamental wave of the output current and power measurements, this feature is as effective as the
voltage which affects the characterization of inverter-driven D/A output feature for the characterization of such equipment as
motors. The filter for this purpose is a fifth-order Butterworth refrigerators. This feature also allows polarity-specific
filter, consisting of switched-capacitor component filters. It is integration in which the powers of positive- and negative-going
also possible to configure a filter only for the frequency- waveforms are integrated separately.
measuring circuit which is essential in harmonics analysis.
8. External Input for Current Sensors (Optional)
5. Waveform Outputting (Optional) The maximum range of current for WT1000 digital power
The input voltage or a current’s waveform can be isolated meters is 20 A. In order for the power meters to be able to
from the input signal to observe the waveform on an oscilloscope. measure currents exceeding 20 A, they are equipped with an
This waveform is output by turning the input signal into digital external input for current sensors. The input accepts voltages
values with the A/D converter in the input section and then, after ranging from 250 mV to 10 V, making the meters compatible
having isolated the digital signal with the photo-isolator, with a wide variety of current sensors. These meters can also be
converting the signal back to an analog signal with the D/A operated in an auto-ranging mode.
converter. The conversion speed is approximately 60 kHz, which
is fast enough to observe the fundamental period of PWM
waveforms provided by inverter-driven motors.

10 Yokogawa Technical Report English Edition, No. 23 (1997)

 10.00
Input signal
Error (% of Range)

5.00
100-W (100 V/1 A) range
0.00 Zero-cross signal

-5.00

Sampling clock
-10.00

-15.00
1 10 100 1000 10000 10000 1000000
Zero-cross signal
Frequency (Hz) after sampling

Figure 3 Power vs. Frequency Characteristics (Power Factor = 1)

Basic gate signal
5

3
Error (% of Range)

Sampling period
2
100 V/5 A range Measurement period
1

0 100 V/10 A range

-1

-2 100 V/20 A range Figure 5 Measuring Principle

-3
1 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Frequency (Hz)

Figure 4 Power vs. Frequency Characteristics (Power Factor = 0) resistors low so that less expensive resistors can be used with this
circuit. The shunt of the current-input circuit has a resistance of
5-mΩ, where two 10-mΩ resistors are connected in parallel so
BASIC CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION that currents with polarities opposite each other flow through
these resistors. This configuration is employed in order to reduce
Figure 2 is a basic block diagram of the WT1000 series of the effects of a magnetic field formed by a large, high-frequency
digital power meters. The entire circuitry consists of such current, thus providing excellent frequency and phase
building blocks as the input, DSP, CPU, display and power characteristics. Figures 3 and 4 show the power vs. frequency
supply sections. In the input section, an input signal is converted characteristics.
to a digital value. Then, at the DSP, corrective calculation,
square-law calculation, multiplication and addition are performed 2. DSP Section
for each sampling interval to determine the rms values of voltage Data converted to digital values at the input section undergo a
and current and the active power. When the power meter enters a corrective calculation against input-circuit errors, and the
display update interval, it calculates such parameters as voltage, calculations of active power and the rms values of voltage and
current, and active, apparent and reactive powers, from the data current, and then the calculations of apparent and reactive
resulting from the calculations noted earlier. Thus, the CPU powers, power factor, and so on, at the DSP section. The
processes these data to send to the display, communication line, following are the formulas for these calculations:
printer and D/A output. N
1
Act iv e powe r＝ v (k) ･ i ( k) ------------------------- (1)
N
1. Input Sections K =1

An input section consists of voltage- and current-input N

1 2
circuits, each isolated from each other. The voltage-input circuit R ms va lu e of vol ta ge ＝ v (k)  
-------------------- (2)
N K =1
employs a scheme of resistance-based potential division, while
the current-input circuit uses a shunt-based scheme. Input to each N
1 2
circuit is normalized by an operational amplifier to turn it into R ms va lu e of cur re nt ＝ i (k)  -------------------- (3)
N K =1
digital values through a 16-bit A/D converter. The signals of
these digital values are then isolated by the photo-isolator to be where
supplied to the DSP section. The A/D converter converts the v (k) = instantaneous value of voltage in k th sampling
input at a rate of approximately 60 kHz. interval
The input resistance of the voltage-input circuit is 2.4 MΩ, i (k) = instantaneous value of current in k th sampling interval
which comprises 24 units of 100-kΩ resistors. This configuration N = number of sampling cycles over an integral multiple of
is employed in order to keep the voltage applied to each of these the period of the input signal

Models WT1010/WT1030/WT1030M Digital Power Meters 11

 ◆ Data items shown on the display
Torque, rotational speed, mechanical power, synchronous speed,
slippage, motor efficiency and overall efficiency

Personal computer Inverter Motor Load

Torque sensor

WT1030M Revolution sensor

Torquemeter

◆ Torque, rotational speed

Torque input: analog input on 10-V full scale
Rotational speed: analog or pulse input on 10-V full scale

Figure 6 Example of WT1030M Digital Power Meter Wired for Motor-characterizing Capability

The active power and rms values are calculated using data 2. Harmonics Analysis
sampled over an integral multiple of the period of the input signal. Along with an increasing concern over harmonic current
This interval is determined by the zero-cross signal derived from measurements, the latest sampling power meters have been
the input signal. If the input signal frequency becomes more than provided with a harmonics-analyzing capability. The WT1000
half as high as the sampling frequency, the period of the input series discussed in this paper also has this capability. The
signal fails to match that of the waveform reproduced after harmonics-analyzing capability of these power meters can
sampling, resulting in an error in the measured value. To solve measure not only the conventional harmonics components,
this problem, the zero-cross signal of the input signal is harmonics content and distortion factor but also phase angles
synchronized with the sampling clock of the A/D converter to formed between elements, as well as the apparent and reactive
produce another zero-cross signal for the waveform being powers and the power factor of a fundamental wave which are
reproduced. The interval over which calculations are performed difficult to measure in normal measurement. The measurable
is thus determined from the period of this zero-cross signal. range of fundamental frequencies has been extended to a low of
Figure 5 shows the measuring principle represented by the time 10 Hz, compared with the conventional limit of 40 Hz. This
relationships. improvement has made it possible to use these power meters not
only in harmonics current measurements of commercial power
sources but also in other areas of application. In addition, the D/A
FUNCTIONALITY output can provide signals of harmonic components, distortion
factors and harmonics content, permitting logging of variations
1. Motor-characterizing Capability over a prolonged period of time using a recorder.
Traditionally, power consumption, torque and rotational
speed have been measured separately in the characterization
testing of motors. In this method, the time at which torque and CONCLUDING REMARKS
rotational speed were measured was not consistent with that at
which power was measured, requiring adjustments between these In this paper, we have described the measuring principle,
times. functionality and features of the WT1000 series of digital power
The motor-characterizing capability of the new WT1030M meters. With a higher basic performance and generous
digital power meter measures both power and torque almost functionality, these power meters are expected to find application
simultaneously if the torquemeter’s response is fast enough, in a wide range of fields, from the measurement of power
compared with 100 ms, eliminating the need for such consumption at commercial sources to the measurement of output
adjustments. The power meter can calculate the output of motors of inverter-driven equipment. Especially in the characterization
from the torque and rotational speed to figure out the efficiency testing of inverter-driven motors, we are confident the motor-
between the input and output of a motor, or the efficiency characterizing capability (of Model WT1030M) will help
between the inputs and outputs of an inverter and its inverter- increase users’ work efficiency in characterization.
driven motor system in the case of a single-phase input inverter.
The meter can also calculate synchronous speed and slippage,
enabling users to obtain all required data only from their power REFERENCES
meter. Using the motor-characterizing capability, users can test
motors with ease to characterize them. Figure 6 is an example of (1) Kawabe, K., et al. Model 2531 Digital Power Meter with
the WT1030M digital power meter wired for its motor- High Accuracy and a Wide Frequency Range. Yokogawa
characterizing capability. Technical Report, No. 19, pp. 31 to 35 (1994).
(2) Kazumi, M., et al. WT110/WT130 Digital Power Meters.
Yokogawa Technical Report, No. 22, pp. 19 to 22 (1996).

12 Yokogawa Technical Report English Edition, No. 23 (1997)