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    1.lec Universe PDF

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    Lea Ioa
    The document provides an overview of theories about the origin and evolution of the universe. It discusses both the Biblical creation story and the scientific Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began in a massive expansion from a singularity around 13.7 billion years ago. The document outlines the timeline of the Big Bang, from the initial singularity to the formation of stars and galaxies. It also discusses evidence that supports the Big Bang theory, such as Hubble's law, the cosmic microwave background radiation, and the abundance of light elements. The fate of the expanding universe and alternative theories such as the steady state theory and inflation theory are also summarized.

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    1.lec Universe PDF

    Uploaded by

    Lea Ioa
    64 views38 pages
    The document provides an overview of theories about the origin and evolution of the universe. It discusses both the Biblical creation story and the scientific Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began in a massive expansion from a singularity around 13.7 billion years ago. The document outlines the timeline of the Big Bang, from the initial singularity to the formation of stars and galaxies. It also discusses evidence that supports the Big Bang theory, such as Hubble's law, the cosmic microwave background radiation, and the abundance of light elements. The fate of the expanding universe and alternative theories such as the steady state theory and inflation theory are also summarized.

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    1.LEC UNIVERSE.pdf

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    The document provides an overview of theories about the origin and evolution of the universe. It discusses both the Biblical creation story and the scientific Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began in a massive expansion from a singularity around 13.7 billion years ago. The document outlines the timeline of the Big Bang, from the initial singularity to the formation of stars and galaxies. It also discusses evidence that supports the Big Bang theory, such as Hubble's law, the cosmic microwave background radiation, and the abundance of light elements. The fate of the expanding universe and alternative theories such as the steady state theory and inflation theory are also summarized.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    64 views38 pages

    1.lec Universe PDF

    Uploaded by

    Lea Ioa
    The document provides an overview of theories about the origin and evolution of the universe. It discusses both the Biblical creation story and the scientific Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began in a massive expansion from a singularity around 13.7 billion years ago. The document outlines the timeline of the Big Bang, from the initial singularity to the formation of stars and galaxies. It also discusses evidence that supports the Big Bang theory, such as Hubble's law, the cosmic microwave background radiation, and the abundance of light elements. The fate of the expanding universe and alternative theories such as the steady state theory and inflation theory are also summarized.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 38

    THE UNIVERSE

    To Infinity and Beyond….


    Jamaika Espinosa
    UST- SHS
    Earth and Life Science
    TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:
    SCIENCE or FAITH?
    (Hindi magagalit si GOD sa sagot mo, promise!)
    THEORY OF CREATION

    BIBLICAL CREATION
    THEORY OF CREATION
    “Then God
    looked over
    all he had
    made, and
    he saw that
    it was very
    good!”
    Genesis
    WELCOME TO OUR UNIVERSE
    “Science and religion are not at odds.
    Science is simply too young to
    understand.”
    ― Dan Brown, Angels & Demons
    THEORY OF CREATION

    SCIENCE
    THE BIG BANG THEORY (1920)
    Alexander Friedman and George Lamaitre
    • Universe started with a huge expansion 13.7
    Billion years ago.
    • All the matter and energy in the universe are
    crammed into a tiny compact called SINGULARITY.
    Then suddenly, from this singularity, expansion
    took place sending space, time, matter, and energy
    in all directions.
    THE BIG BANG THEORY (1920)
    “The Universe started with a cataclysm that created space and
    time and all the matter and energy that has ever existed in the
    universe”
    THE BIG BANG THEORY (1920)
    Timeline of Big Bang Theory

    Singularity Epoch (0 to approximately 10-32)


    • Also known as the Planck Epoch
    • Earliest known period of the Universe
    • All matter was condensed on a single point of
    infinite density and extreme heat
    Timeline of Big Bang Theory
    Inflationary Epoch (10-35 to 10-33 s)
    • The universe expanded from the size of an atomic
    nucleus to 1035 meters in width.
    Formation of the Universe (10-6 s)
    • The universe was made up of fundamental particles
    and energy: quarks, electrons, protons, and
    neutrons.
    Timeline of Big Bang Theory
    Formation of the basic elements (3 s)
    • Protons and neutrons combined to form hydrogen nuclei.
    • Pairs of hydrogen nuclei form hydrogen nucleic, the process
    is called nucleosynthesis
    Radiation Era ( 10 000 years)
    • Energy was in the form of radiation (wavelengths)
    • Cosmic microwave background radiation
    Timeline of Big Bang Theory
    Matter domination (300 000 years)
    • Matter began to dominate
    • Electrons joined with hydrogen and helium nuclei to make
    small neutral atoms
    Birth of Stars and Galaxies (300 million years)
    • Slightly irregular areas of gas cloud gravitationally
    attracted nearby matter and became denser
    • Gained enough mass to ignite and produce light
    Elementary Particles
    Elementary Particles

    • Quarks are the basic building


    blocks for protons and neutrons.
    • 6 types of quarks: up, down,
    charm, strange, top, and bottom.
    • Leptons - One type of lepton is
    Fermions are the matter the electron. Electrons are
    particles. Fermions are
    important building blocks for
    divided into two types of
    particles: quarks and leptons
    atoms. Other types of leptons
    Bosons are force-carrying include the muon and the tau.
    particles.
    Fundamental Forces
    Fundamental Interactions
    • Strong nuclear force- force that binds
    nucleus
    • Electromagnetic force- can be attractive or
    repulsive
    • Weak nuclear force- short ranged forced
    present in radioactive decay
    • Gravitational force- attractive force that
    binds the solar system
    THE EXPANDING UNIVERSE

    ➢Galaxies moving away (Edwin Hubble, 1924):


    The distance between galaxies is increasing with time. (Red
    Shift)
    ➢ Presence of cosmic microwave background CMB
    (Arno Penzias & Robert Wilson, 1960):
    CMB is speculated to be the remnant energy left over from the
    formation of the universe.
    ➢ Abundance of light elements:
    Massive amounts of He and H, with trace amounts of Li and Be.
    COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND
    RADIATION (CMB)
    HUBBLE’S LAW (Edwin Hubble)

    The universe
    is expanding.

    Hubble’s law is a law


    that states that the
    galaxies are retreating
    from the Milky Way at a
    speed that is
    proportional to their
    distance.
    Edwin Hubble at Mt. Wilson
    Hubble’s observations at the 100 inch during the
    1920’s led him to the conclusion that the universe
    is expanding, and that an object’s recession velocity
    is proportional to its distance from the observer.

    Hubble guiding the Hooker


    100 inch telescope in 1923. The Hooker 100 inch telescope atop Mt. Wilson
    near Pasadena, CA. It was the largest telescope in
    the world from 1917-1947.
    Deep Hubble Space Telescope Image

    A deep image of an “empty”


    portion of the sky with the
    Hubble Space Telescope
    reveals that the universe is
    filled with galaxies- many just
    like our own. The light
    we see from the most distant
    galaxies has traveled
    approximately 10 billion years to
    reach us.
    HUBBLE’S LAW (Edwin Hubble)

    Analogy for an expanding universe: as the dough rises, raisins


    (galaxies) originally farthest apart travel greater distances than those
    located closer together. Thus, in an expanding universe (as with the
    raisins) more space is created between two objects that are farther
    apart than between two objects that are closer together.
    HUBBLE’S LAW (Edwin Hubble)
    RED SHIFT a.k.a DOPPLER SHIFT
    • Red shift, or a Doppler shift toward the red end of the
    spectrum, occurs because the light waves are “stretched,”
    which shows that Earth and the source are moving away
    from each other.
    RED SHIFT a.k.a DOPPLER SHIFT
    The Fate of the Universe: Which One?

    • Scenario 1:
    – the outward flight of the galaxies will slow
    and eventually stop

    • Scenario 2:
    – the universe will continue to expand
    The Fate of the Universe: Which One?
    STEADY STATE THEORY
    “The universe has no beginning and no end.”
    STEADY STATE THEORY
    Bondi, Gold & Hoyle (1948)
    Steady state theory
    believes that the universe doesn’t
    change in its appearance and is
    homogeneous. When an old star
    dies, new star replaces it. So
    everything remains the same.
    The universe has neither any
    beginning nor any end. Universe
    was and will always the same
    through the whole time.
    INFLATION THEORY (Extension of the big bang theory)

    ➢Inflation Theory (Guth, Linde, Steinhart & Albrecht ):


    Theory regarded as an extension of Big Bang that
    proposes a period of exponential expansion of the
    universe prior to the more gradual big bang expansion.

    Evidence: existence of gravitational waves


    Parallel Universe or Multiverse?
    WELCOME TO OUR UNIVERSE
    WELCOME TO OUR UNIVERSE
    THE END
    May the force be with you.

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