EARTH

SCIENC
E
 CORE SUBJECT DESCRIPTION

• EARTH SCIENCE
SHS – CORE

-provide a general background for the understanding of

Earth Science
-presents the history of the Earth through geologic time
-discusses the earth’s structure, composition, and
processes
-tackles issues, concerns, and problems pertaining to
natural hazards
 UNIVERSE
AND THE
SOLAR SYSTEM
 DO YOU KNOW…

How did the universe

come about?
 DO YOU KNOW…

When and where did it

originate?
 DO YOU KNOW…

What force or forces brought it

into being?
 What is
UNIVERSE?
 UNIVERSE
•The space that contains
everything that exists
 space

matter
UNIVERS time
E

energy
 UNIVERSE
comprises all space and time,
and all matter & energy in it.
 WHAT IS SPACE?
•Space refers to that which can contain
something, which matter can occupy and
where events can take place.
 WHAT IS TIME?
• Time is simple the “separation” between two
events, happenings or occurrences.
• It is what passes or elapses in between two
events.
 ??????
• When did time begin?
• When did time start to pass?
• How much time has passed from the
moment the universe began to exist and to
the present?
• How old then is the universe?
 WHAT IS SPACE- TIME
CONTINUUM?
A fundamental discovery of Albert Einstein is that we
can or should view space and time together as one
entity--- the SPACE- TIME CONITUUM!!!!!
This means that we have to think that we live or exist
in a four dimensional world or universe: the three
dimensions of space (x, y, z) and the one dimension of
time (t).
 Atoms Molecules
Quarks

WHAT IS MATTER?

Planets stars galaxies

WHAT IS ENERGY?
STRUCTURE,
COMPOSITION, AND AGE
 UNIVERSE IS MADE OF

•4.6% baryonic matter,

•24% cold dark matter and
•71.4% dark energy.
•a. Baryonic matter - "ordinary"
matter consisting of protons,
electrons, and neutrons that
comprises atoms, planets, stars,
galaxies, and other bodies
• b. Dark matter - matter
that has gravity but does not
emit light.
•c. Dark Energy - a source of
anti-gravity; a force that
counteracts gravity and causes
the universe to expand.
•Dark matter can explain what may
be holding galaxies together for the
reason that the low total mass is
insufficient for gravity alone to do
so while dark energy can explain the
observed accelerating expansion of
the universe.
 H, He, and Li
are the three most
abundant elements.
• Based on recent data, the universe is 13.8
billion years old. The diameter of the
universe is possibly infinite but should be
at least 91 billion light-years (1 light-year
= 9.4607 × 1012 km). Its density is 4.5 x
10-31 g/cm3.
 SELECTED DATA ON THE
UNIVERSE
Age of the Universe 13.799±109 years; 14 billion years
Approximate diameter of the visible universe 8.8 x 1026 m; 9.3 x 1010 ly

Estimated mass of the observable universe 3 x 1052 kg

(based on ordinary matter)
Estimated total mass- energy of the universe 4 x 1069 J

Estimated volume of the universe 4 x 1080 m3

Mean density 9.9 x 10-30 g/cc (~6 protons/cc space)

Average temperature 2.72548 K

Contents (from WMAP, as of January 2013, Ordinary matter – 4.6 %
Wilkinson Anisotropy Dark matter - 24.0 %
Dark energy - 71.4 %
 What is the significance of
understanding the nature of
the universe?
 HOMEWORK

Read about the Theories on the Origin

of the Universe.
• On your notebook
1. Paste an illustration or picture of the Chronology of the
Universe.
2. What is big bang theory?
3. List down the proponents of BBT and their scientific
evidences.
 THEORIES ON
THE ORIGIN OF
THE UNIVERSE
Let us address the question of the origin of the
universe…

HOW DID UNIVERSE COME ABOUT?

WHEN AND WHERE DID IT ORIGINATE?
 • MYTHS
CULTURES • LEGENDS

• God’s Revelation
RELIGIONS

• THEORIES
SCIENCE • PRINCIPLES
BBT VS. SST
Click on title for link
What is
?
 BIG BANG THEORY
A theory which
states that the
universe began to
expand with the
explosion of
concentrated matter
and energy.
 BBT
Holds that the universe had a beginning;

Implies that space, time, matter and

energy resulted from an explosion
 What are the
pieces of evidence
in support of BBT?
1610 1925 1929 1964

1915 1927 1948 2011

JOHANNES
KEPLER
argued that the universe be
finitely based on the night
sky. This means that the
universe had a beginning.
ALBERT EINSTEIN
General Relativity
He proposed that gravity is a
geometric property of spacetime
This means, that matter can cause
spacetime around it to curve or that the
curvature of spacetime is related to the
presence of matter and energy.
EDWIN HUBBLE
He showed that some “nebulae”
were very distant galaxies
beyond Milky Way.
He discovered that the universe
was bigger than earlier thought.
 FR. GEORGE LEMAÎTRE
• His idea of a big bang origin was a
logical consequence of an expanding
universe.
• He proposed that the universe start from
the explosion of a single particle, a
“primeval atom”, some time in the
distant past.
• He is considered the Father of BBT
 MILTON HUMASON
& EDWIN HUBBLE What is
RED
Published their report SHIFT?
about the red- shift of
lights coming from distant
galaxies.
They discovered that there
was a linear relationship
between the red- shift of
the galaxies’ light and their
distance from earth
 WHAT IS THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RED-
SHIFT OF THE LIGHT FROM
A PARTICULAR OBJECT VIS-
À-VIS THE OBSERVER?
GEORGE GAMOW
He supported Lemaitre’s BBT but added his
modification by arguing hot Big Bang in
which he proposed that the universe was very
hot at the beginning and gradually cooled
down as it expanded.
Ralph Alpher and Hans Bethe- proposed a
thermonuclear explosion as the big bang event
and the formation of atomic nuclei by the
capture of neutrons.
ARNO PENZIAS &
ROBERT WILSON

Discovered the COSMIC

MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND, which
provides a confirmation for
the Big Bang.
 WHAT IS CMB?
• So- called afterglow of the
universe or a relic radiation
from the time when the
universe was filled with
extremely hot gas that emitted
photons of light.
 SAUL PERLMUTTER, ADAM
REISS, & BRIAN SCHMIDT
•2011- were awarded the Nobel
Physics Prize for their discovery that
the universe is not only expanding
but the expansion is speeding up or
accelerating.
 How does the BBT
explain the formation of
space, time, matter, and
energy?
Big-Bang Theory - "Origin of Universe"
 ACCORDING TO STEPHEN HAWKING

• The success of the Hot Big Bang is due to its

observational support:
• The expansion of the universe
• Origin of the CMB
• Nucleosynthesis of the light elements
• Formations of stars and galaxies
CHRONOLOGY OF
UNIVERSE
 WHAT IS STEADY STATE THEORY?

• This theory claims that THE UNIVERSE

HAS NO BEGINNING AT ALL, and
consequently IT WILL HAVE NO END; it is
eternal
• The universe is infinite, constant,
homogenous and isotropic
 PROPONENTS OF SST

• Sir Isaac Newton- described a “static, steady and infinite”

universe in his book Principia. This theory is also known as
a Newtonian Universe
• Thomas Hoyle- accepted the expansion of the universe but
insisted that new matter be formed between galaxies thus
maintaining the overall density of the universe in a large
scale.
• Thomas Gold and Hermann Bondi
 QSSC
• QUASI- STEADY STATE COSMOS MODEL
• HOYLE, GEOFFREY BURBIDGE & JAYANT
NARLIKAR
• - they proposed a modification of SST
• the existence if pockets of creation known as
“minibars”
 CYCLIC UNIVERSE THEORY
• STEINDHARDT AND TUROK
• This theory holds that the universe goes through “repeating
cycles of evolution”.
• Every cycle begins with a bang. Thus, a bang is not the beginning
of the universe but “an event with a ‘before’ and ‘after’. A bang
happens when two “branes” collide resulting in a cataclysmic
explosive event resulting in the re-birth of all things in the
universe.
What are the limitations or
unresolved questions of the
different theories?
• What other difficulties can you think of for
each of the three theories?
• Which one do you think you can likely
accept? Which one will you reject
immediately? Explain why.
 TASK (INDIVIDUAL)

• Submit a brief report on the following questions:

What is the fate of the universe?
Will the universe continue to expand
or will it eventually contract because
of gravity?
(long bond paper)
 GROUP ACTIVITY:
THINK & SHARE: PLANETARY DATA
 
• 1. Make a table and complete the ff. info. of the planets
• Origin of the name
• Diameter
• Size
• Revolution
• Rotation
• Moons (number)
• Discovery (year)
• Discoverer/s
• Atmosphere content
• 2. Research on the Origin of the Solar System Theories:
• Encounter Hypothesis
• Nebular Hypothesis
• Protoplanetary Hypothesis