Radhealth Handbook 1970

RADIOLOGICAL
EALT
IB
JANUARY 1970
KUTNEt_
REVISED EDITION
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF
HEALTH. EDUCATION. AND WELFARE

Public Heczlth Service
Trade names of commercially available products used in this
publication implies neither endorsement of the product by
the Public Health Service nor the unavailability of other
suitable products.
This publication contains copyrighted material. Further

reproduction of such parts without permission of the author
and publisher is prohibited.
RADIOLOGICAL HEALTH HANDBOOK
Compiled and edited

by the
Bureau of Radiological Health
Revised Edition
January 1970
{
U.S.DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Food Public
and Drug Administration
Health Service
i Bureau of Radiological Health
: Rockville,Maryland 20852
! For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Omce

/ Washington, D.C. 20402
t
• o,,_
FOREWORD
Twenty years ago the Public Health Service developed the first Radiological
Health Handbook as a training aid, and it has since become a basic reference
and a major resource for professional personnel and students in the field of
radiological health. Credit for the development of the Handbook goes to
members of the radiological health training staff, who through the years
compiled and revised the information and data included in the book.
New knowledge, new technological advancements, and the enactment of Public

Law 90-602, "Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968," made the
last edition outdated and inadequate. In 1968, Mr. James G. Terrill, Jr.,
then Director, National Center for Radiological Health, initiated revision
of the Handbook. Suggestions for additions, corrections, and deletions were
obtained from Handbook users across the United States and in a number of
foreign countries. An advisory committee, representative of major programs
in the Bureau of Radiological Health, helped select the content for the
revised edition, and a number of the Bureau's teChnical programs provided
new data which are reflected in some of the charts and tables. Mr. John E.
Munzer and Mr. Ralph E. Bunge of the training staff assumed major responsi-
bility for work on the revision. The present text includes information
unavailable ten years ago: a new chart of the nuclides, a universal decay
table in place of individual isotope listings, microwave and laser glossa-
ries, film-speed charts, depth-dose tables, and a "rules of thumb" section.
Although contributions from individuals and organizations are too numerous

to list in detail, appreciation is expressed to all who made suggestions,
provided material, and permitted the reprinting of data as acknowledged in
the Handbook.
Mr. John C. Villforth, Director Mr. George R. Shultz, Director

Bureau of Radiological Health Training Institute
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
FOREWORD ......................................................... iii
I. PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND MATHEMATICAL DATA ........................ 1
II. RADIOISOTOPE, DECAY, AND RADIOASSAY DATA ......................... 86
III. RADIATION PROTECTION DATA ......................................... 129
IV. TABLE OF ISOTOPES

Table I ...................................................... 219
Table II ..................................................... 381
V. GLO SSARY ......................................................... 413
VI. INDEX ............................................................ 449

SECTION I
PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND MATHEMATICAL DATA
Page
SIGNS AND SYMBOLS

Mathematics and Greek Alphabet ................... I
Alphabetically by Name ....................... 2
Alphabetically by Symbol ...................... 7
CONSTANTS ............................... Ii
CONVERSION FACTORS ........................... 15
EQUATIONS ............................... 26
MATHEMATICAL TABLES
Squares and Square Roots ...................... 36
Values and Logarithms of Exponential Functions .... - ....... 41
Trigonometric Functions ...................... 45
Logarithms, Natural ........................ 46
Logarithms, Common ......................... 48
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM ........................ 50
ATOMIC MASS TABLE (including binding energy) .............. 51
DENSITY OF ELEMENTS AND COMMON MATERIALS ................ 65
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS ..................... 67

List of Elements .......................... 68
CHART OF THE NUCLIDES ......................... 69

SIGNS AND SYMBOLS
Mathematics
+ -plus, addition, positive / square root

- minus, subtraction, _ nth root
negative an nth power of a

± plus or minus, -n
positive or negative a reciprocal of nth power
of a, = i/an
:F minus or plus, log,loglo common logarithm

negative or positive
-,/,__ division in,log e natural logarithm
× ' • '() multiplication e,E base2. of natural

71828183 logs,
. .
(),[] collection _ pi, 3. 14159265 . . .
= equal to _ angle
# not equal to __ perpendicular to

= identical to II
I I parallel to
equals approximately, n any number

congruent i i
> than Inl absolute value of n

greater
_>
i not greater than O n average value of n
n n degrees
_,>-- greater than or equal to
< less than n' n minutes, n feet
n" n seconds, n inches

not less than
f (x) function of x
-,-<-< less than or equal to
Ax increment of x
:: proportional to
dx differential of x
: ratio
7. summation of
similar to
sin sine
varies as, proportional to
-_ approaches cos cosine

tan tangent
infinity
.'. therefore
GREEK ALPHABET
A _ Alpha 1 _ lota P p Rho
B _ Beta K K Kappa Z _ Sigma
F _ Gamma A _ Lambda T T Tau

_ Delta M _ Mu T u Upsilon
E E Epsilon N _ Nu _ _ Phi
Z _ Zeta .E _ Xi X x Chi
H _ Eta O o Omicron _ _ Psi
O _ Theta 11 T Pi _ _ Omega
i
SIGNS AND SYMBOL S
ALPHABETICALLY BY NAME
about ca average av, avg.

absolute abs Avogadro cons tant N^
absolute temperature (Kelvin)" _. K barn b
absorption coefficient, barn (cross section) _

energy, for air = r + K + _a _ base of natural logarithm ...... e
absorption coefficient, linear, barometer bar.
effective or apparent
absorption cross section in beta ......... 8,8-,-_8
barns ....=i beta particle le°,,8_i_

acceleration, linear a B-
activation cross section billion electron volt BeV, GeV
in barns _ac biological decay constant ...... %b
activity, original Ao biot Bi

alkali alk boiling point b.p.
alpha _ British thermal unit Btu
alpha particle _ buildup factor b
al ternat ing current a.c. calorie cal
ampere A, amp. candela cd
angle between incident capacitance C

and scattered radiation ...... e
Cels ius ........................ C
angstrom
centi (prefix) c
anno (year) a centigrade C

aqua aq. cent ime ter cm
aqueous aq. cent ime ter- gram- second

approximately ca unit system CGS
area ' A, _ chemical chem.
as ymme tr ical asym. chemis try chem.
atmosphere (atmospheric) atm, circa ca

atmos.
circu lar c Jr.
atomic mass number A
circular mill c.m.
atomic mass unit --12C u coefficient coef.

atomic mass unit--iSO (old) .... ainu
cologarithm colog
atomic number Z,at. no.
Compton absorption
atomic weight at.wt, coefficient _a
atto (prefix) .................. a Compton collision coefficient__

Compton scatter coefficient .... _s distribution factor ............ DF
concentrated conc dose D
concentration C dose, absorbed D
concentration, air X dose equivalent DE
cosine cos _dyne dyn

constant const, effective cross section in
coulomb C barns _ eff
count rate R electric charge Q
counts per minute cpm electric field intensity

- O
cubic ........................... cu. electron e,e ,-ze
cubic centimeter ............... cc, electron capture e

c.cm.,
electron volt eV
cu. cm.,
3
cm energy E,Q
cubic foot cu. ft. exposure X

cubic foot per minute cfm Fahrenheit F
cubic inch cu. in. farad __ F
3
cubic meter cu.m.,m femto (prefix) f
cubic millimeter Fans film density D
cubic yard cu.yd., finite increment A

Yd3 force F
curie Ci
frankl in Fr
curie (old) c
frequency ............... f
cylinder cyl.
frequency (wave motion
day d quantum theory) v
decay cons tant _ gamma
deci (prefix) d gamma ray "
dec ibe i dB gas tro intes tinal G.I.
decontamination factor DF gauss _. G
deka (prefix) da giga (prefix) ........... G
density, general d gram g
density, general or vapor ...... p gram-molecule weight mole
deuterium D gravitational cons tant ......... G
deuteron d half-life, biological Tb
dielectric constant _ half-life, effective Telf
dilute dil half-life, physical T$

disintegrations per minute ..... dpm half-value layer ........ HVL
hecto (prefix) ........ h mass of the proton mp
height h mass unit mu
henry H max imum .... max
her tz Hz maxwe ii ................ Mx
hour h maximum permiss ib ie

concentrat ion MPC
hundredweight .................. cwt
maximum permissible dose MPD
initial intensity Io
insoluble insol. maximum permissible
radionuclide body burden ..... q
intensity of radiation I
mean free path i,_
joule .......................... j
median lethal dose LDso
kay ser K
reedium med.
Kelvin K
mega (prefix) M
kilo (prefix) k
megaelectron volts MeV
kilogram kg melting point m.p.

kilovolt constant potential .... kVcp meter m
kilovolt peak kVp meter-kilograms-second-

kilowatt kW ampere system MKSA
kilowatt-hour kWh micro (prefix)
kinetic energy K.E. microbar _bar
iength I micr ocur ie ........... _Ci
limit lim micromicro p

linear lin micromicro (use p) _
linear acceleration a micromicron (use p) ............ _
linear distance ........ d,s micron (old)
linear energy transfer ......... LET microseconds _s
liquid ......................... liq milli (prefix) m

iiter ....... i mil iibarns mb
logar ithm _ log mil Iigram ..... mg

logarithm, common ............... logzo milliliter ml
logarithm, natural (hyperbolic millimeter mm

or Napierian logarithm) in,log e
mil iimicro n
logarithm to the base e loge
mil iimicron n_
logar_thm to the base i0 loglo
minute m,min
mass m
mole mol
mass of the hydrogen atom ...... m M
molecular weight mol.wt.
mass of the neutron mn
molecule mol. proton p
momentum p quality factor QF
nano (prefix) n quantity Q

O
negatron e, e- ,-ie quantum h_
neutrino _ _ radian, measure of angle;
i radioactivity A
neutron o n ,N
Radiation Protection Guide ..... RPG
neutron number N
Radioactivity Concentration
newton N Guide ........... RCG
number N,N A ,no. radio frequency rf
number of radioactive atoms radius r
at zero time NO
radius, nuclear R
number, original NO
numeric N range (radiation) R
reaction energy in MeV Q
observed standard deviation .... S
relative biological
oer sted Oe effect ivenes s RBE
ohm - res istance R
original activity Ao resolving time r

ou nc e oz
rest mass of electron me
pair production coefficient .... K revolutions per minute rpm
pico (prefix) P roentgen R

pint pt. roentgen (old) ................. r
photoelectric coefficient ...... • rutherford (obsolete)_ Rd

photon energy h_ scattering cross section in
Plank cons tant h barns _s
poise _p second s
positron e+
+
,+ie,
o soluble .............. s ,sol
_o" source to film distance SFD
+i
source to skin distance SSD
potential V square centimeter cm _
potential drop V square meter me
potential energy __. P.E. square millimeter mm 2
pound lb. standard temperature and

power factor o p.f. pressure s.t.p.
precipitated precip., Stefan-Boltzman constant k

pptd
temperature, absolute_o T
pressure P temperature, general t

Protective Action Guide PAG
tera (prefix) T
tesla T velocity, linear or particle___ v
theoretical standard watt W
deviation
wavelength
time t
weber Wb
time increment
weight wt.
total cross section in barns
--- _t work ............ W
universal gas constant R
work function
velocity of light in vacuum .... c
year (anno, annum) a,yr
Prefixes
deci (= !0-I) i d deka (= i0) I aa

centi (= 10-2 ) c hecto (= i0s) ! h
milli (= i0-s) m kilo (= lOs ) k
micro (= 10-6 ) _ mega (= lOs ) M
nano (= I0-s) n giga (= i09) G
femto
pico (= i0-zs
i0-1_ I pf tera (= I0z_) T
atto (= I0-zs) a
SIGNS AND SYMBOLS
ALPHABETICALLY BY SYMBOL
a acceleration, linear; anno CGS centimeter-gram-second

(year); atto (prefix) system
A ampere; area; atomic mass chem. chemical; chemistry

number; radioactivity cir. circular
angstrom c.m. circular mill

abs absolute cm centimeter
a.c. alternating current
cm square centimeter
alk alkali cm 8 cubic centimeter
amp. ampere (use A) coef. coefficient

amu atomic mass unit--160
(old) [use u) colog cologarithm
conc concentrated
Ao activity, original
const, constant
aq. aqua; aqueous, water
asym. asymmetrical cos cosine
at.no._ ..... atomic number cpm counts per minute

at.wt._ ..... atomic weight cu. cubic
cu.cm._ ..... cubic centimeter
at,
atmos atmosphere (atmospheric) cu.ft._ ..... cubic foot
av, avg.____ average cu.in, cubic inch
b barn; buildup factor cu.m. cubic meter

bar. barometer cu.yd, cubic yard
BeV billion electron volt cwt hundredweight
Bi biot cyl. cylinder
b.p. boiling point d day; deci (prefix); density,

general; deuteron; dis-
Btu British thermal unit tance, linear
c velocity of light in
D density, film; deuterium;
vacuum; centi (prefix); dose; absorbed dose
curie (old) [use Ci)
da deka (prefix)
C capacitance; Celsius;
centigrade; concentra- dB decibel
tion; coulomb DE dose equivalent
ca about; approximately; DF decontamination factor;

circa distribution factor
- cal calorie dil dilute
cc cubic centimeter dpm disintegration per minute
cd candela dyn dyne

cfm. cubic foot per minute e base of natural logarithm
E energy lin linear
electric field intensity liq liquid
e,e- electron; negatron In natural logarithm

O
_le ......... electron; beta particle; log logarithm
+ O
e ,+le ...... positron log e logarithm to the base e;
natural, hyperbolic or
f femto (prefix); frequency Napierian logarithm
F farad; fahrenheit; force
loglo common logarithm; logarithm
Fr franklin to the base i0
G gravitational constant; m ........... mass; meter; milli (prefix);

gauss; giga (prefix) minute
GeV- giga electron volts me rest mass of electron
G.I. gastrointestinal mH mass of the hydrogen atom

h Plank constant; hecto (pre- mn mass of the neutron
fix); height; hour
mp_ mass of the proton
H henry
m square meter
h_ photon energy; quantum m cubic meter
HVL half value layer M mega (prefix)

Hz hertz
max ......... maximum
I intensity of radiation
mb millibarns
Io initial intensity med. medium
insol ....... insoluble MeV megaelectron volts
J joule mg_ milligram

k Stefan-Boltzman constant; min minute
kilo (prefix)
MKSA meter-kilogram-second-
K kayser; Kelvin; absolute
temperature ampere system
ml milliliter
K.E. kinetic energy
kg kilogram mm millimeter
kVp kilovolt peak mm 2 square millimeter

8
mm cubic millimeter
kVcp kilovolt constant potential
kW kilowatt mol mole; molecule
kWh kilowatt-hour mol.wt._ .... molecular weight
I length; liter mole ........ gram-molecule weight
mean free path m.p. melting point

e
lb. pound MPC maximum

trationpermissible concen-
LDso median lethal dose

MPD maximum permissible dose
LET__ linear energy transfer
mu mass unit
lim limit
8
Mx maxwell RPG_ Radiation Protection Guide
m__. millimicron (use nano) rpm__, revolutions per minute
n nano (prefix) s distance, linear; second;

soluble
O
in. neutron
S observed standard deviation
N. neutron; neutron number;
newton; number; numeric SFD source-to-film distance
N^ Avogadro constant; number sol. soluble

no.-- number SSD source-to-skin distance
No number of radioactive atoms s.t.p ....... standard temperature and

at zero time; number, pressure
original t_ temperature, general; time;

Oe oersted ton
oz- ounce T temperature, absolute; tera

(prefix); tesla
p_. momentum; pico (prefix);
pressure Tb half-life, biological
p poise Telf half-life, effective
PAG- Protective Action Guide T½ half-life, physical
P.E. potential energy u__ atomic mass unit--12C
p.f. power factor V_ potential; potential drop;

volt; volume
precip.,
pptd precipitated v velocity, linear or
particle
pt. point; pint
W_ watt; work
q maximum permissible radio-
nuclide body burden _Ci Wb_. weber
Q_. electric charge; energy; wt ........... weight

quantity; reaction energy x ............ absorber thickness
in MeV
Z ............ atomic number
QF quality factor
__ alpha; alpha particle
r radius; radial distance;
roentgen (old) _,_-,__ .... beta; beta particle
_+ ,+_ positron
R range (radiation); rate, ......
count; resistance; _ gamma; gamma ray
roentgen; universal gas
constant; radius, nuclear _-- finite increment
rad radian, measure of angle e. electron capture; di-

electric constant
RBE relative biological effec-
tiveness #_ angle between incident and
scattered radiation
RCG ......... Radioactivity Concentration
Guide K pair production coefficient
Rd rutherford (obsolete) _ decay constant; wave length
rf .... radio frequency _ mean free path

_b biological decay constant _a absorption cross section in
........... absorption coefficient, barns; Compton absorption
coefficient
effective or apparent,
linear; micro; micron _ activation cross section in
(prefix) ac barns
_a T + K + _a = energy absorp- _eff effective cross section in

tion coefficient for air barns
_bar microbar _s Compton scatter coefficient;

_Ci__ microcurie scattering cross section
in barns
___ micromicro; micromicron
(use pico) _t total cross section in
barns
_s microseconds
resolving time; photo-
__ frequency (wave motion electric coefficient
quantum theory); neutrino
@__ work function; time incre- •
p density, general or vapor ment
area; barn (cross section) _ ........... ohm

theoretical standard
deviation; Compton col- .X.__ concentration, air
lision coefficient
Prefixes
d deci (= i0-I) da deka (= I0)

c centi (= 10 -2 ) h hecto (= 102 )
m milli (= i0 -a) k kilo (= 10 3 )
micro (= i0 -s) M mega (= lO s )
n nano (= I0-9_ G giga (= lOS_

p pico (= 10-I° ) T tera (= 101 )
f femto (= i0-Is)
a atto (= 10-18 )
i0
CONSTANTS
Quantity Value (±) MKSA CGS
speed of light c = 2.997 925 10Sm s-I 101°cm s-I

3
Boltzmann constant k = 1.380 54 10-23J°K -I 10-16er_K -I

18
mass hydrogen atom m H = 1.673 43 10-2Vkg 10-2_g

8
proton mass mp = 1.672 52 10-2Vkg I0-24g

8
1.007 276 62 u u
8
neutron m n = 1.674 82 lO-2Vkg 10-24g

8
1.008 665 20 u u
10
electron mass m e = 9.109 1 10-alkg i0-28g

4
5.485 97 10-4u 10-4u

3
mp/m e = 1.836 i0 I0a 103

3
charge of positron e = 1.602 I0 10-1SC

7
e = 4.802 98 10-1°esu
20
e/c = 1.602 I0 10-2°emu

7
charge to mass ratio e/m = 1.758 796 I011C kg-I

19
e/m = 5.272 74 101Vesu g-1

6
e/mc = 1.758 796 10Vemu g-l

19
electron radius r e = 2.817 77 10-1Sm 10-1acm

ii
Thomson cross section

(8_/3) re2 = 6 .651 6 10-29m 2 10-2s cm2
5
Zeeman splitting constant

e74_mc = 4.668 58 101m-iT -I
4
e/4_mc 2 = 4. 668 58 i0-s cm -I G-I

4
II
CONSTANTS--Continued
Planck constant h =I 6.625 6 10-a_J s 10-2Verg s

5
h/2_ = _ = 1.054 50 lO-3_J s lO-2Verg s

7
h/e = 4.135 56 10-1sJ s C-I

12
h/e = 1.397 47 10-1Verg s esu-I

4
hc/e = 4.135 56 10-Verg s emu-I

12
h/k = 4.799 3 i0-11s oK i0-ii s oK

6
ist radiation constant

cI = 2_hc 8 = 3.741 5 10-16Wm _ 10-Serg cm_s _I
3
2nd radiation constant

ce = hc/k = 1.438 79 10-Sm OK cm OK
19
Wien's radiation law

%max T = c8/4.965 114 23 = 2.897 8 10-am OK 10-1cm OK
4
Stefan-Boltzmann constant
= 5.669 7 10-Sw m-8 °K-_ 10-Serg cm-Ss -I
2 9 °K-4
fine structure constant _ = 7.297 20 10-3 10-3

i0
_-i = 1.370 388 108 i08

19
_8 = 5.324 92 i0-s i0-s

14
Bohr radius ao = 5.291 67 i0-11m 10-Scm

7
Rydberg constant R = 1.097 373 1 10Vm -I 10Scm -I

3
R H = 1.096 775 8 10Vm -I lOScm -I

3
R c = 3.289 842 101Ss -I 101Ss -I
4
R hc = 2.179 72 10-1sJ 10-11erg

17
12
Bohr magneton _S = 9.273 2 10-_J T-I 10-21erg G-I

6
magnetic moment of electron

_e = 9.284 0 10-m4J T-l 10-21erg G-l
6
_e/_S = 1.001 159 615

15
nuclear magneton _N = 5.050 5 10-2vJ T-l 10-_erg G-I

4
magnetic moment of proton

_p = 1.410 49 10-_6J T-I 10-23erg G-l
13
_p/_N = 2.792 76
7
gyromagnetic ratio of proton

yp = 2.675 19 10Ss-iT -I 10_s-iG -I
2
Compton wave lengths:

of electron _¢e = h/me = 2.426 21 10-1mm 10-1°cm
6
_C/2_ = 3.861 44 10-1am 10-11ca

9
of proton lop = h/apt = 1.321 40 10-1Sm 10-13ca

4
_cp/2_ = 2.103 07 10-1am 10-14cm

6
of neutron %on = h/ant = 1.319 58 10-1Sm 10-1Scm

4
_Cn/2_ = 2.100 18 !10-16m 10-1_cm
Avogadro constant NA = 6.022 52 10m3mol -I 10_Smol -I

28
molar volume of ideal gas
at s.t.p. Vm = 2. 241 36 10-mmSmol -l 104c msmol-1
30
molar gas constant R = 8.314 3 J mol-I °K-I 10Verg mol-l°°K-1

1 2
Faraday constant
F = NAe = 9.648 70 I04C mol-l
16
F = NAe = 2.892 61 1014esu tool-I

5
F/c = NAe/c = 9.648 70 103emu tool-I

16
13
curie Ci = 3.7Xl01°dps
base of natural logarithm

e = 2.718 281 828 4
gravitational acceleration
g = 9.806 65 m s-_ 10_cm s-2
pi _ = 3.141 592 653 59
roentgen R = 2.58XI0-4C kg -I
energy equivalent of
electron mass mc 2 = 0.51MeV
wave-length associated
with I eV _o = 1.239 81 10-6m 10-4cm
ratio of chemical to
unified mass scales
r = M(O = 16)/M(12C =12) = 1.000 043
5
r = M(IsO = 16)/M(IsC = 12) = io000 317 92

2
mass unit, unified mass

scale u = I/N A = 1.660 43 10-_7kg 10-_4g
14
CONVERSION FACTORS
AREA
Multiply # of _ by _ to obtain # of
to obtain # of • by _ Divide # of
barns 10-24 cm_
circular mils 7.854Xi0 -v in._

cm 1024 barns
cm 0. 1550 in.2
2
cm 1.076XI0 -3 ft2
2
cm 10-4 ma
fta 929.0 cm_
ft2 144 in2

fta 9.290×10 -2 m2
in a 6 452 cm2
in._ 6. 944×10 -_ ft_
in _ 6 452×10 -4 ma
2
m 1550 in.a
ma i0.76 ft2
m2 i. 19 6 yd2
2
m 3.861Xi0 -v sq mi
DENS ITY
cm3 1.602×10 -_ ft3/ib
fta/Ib 62.43 cm 3/g
g/cm a 62.43 Ib/ft 3

Ib/ft 3 i. 602XI0 -2 g/cm a
Ib/in.3 27.68 g/cm 3
Ib/gal 0.1198 g/cma
15
ELECTRICAL*
Multiply # of - by b to obtain # of
to obtain # of , by _ Divide # of
amperes i coulombs
amperes 2.998XI09 esu/sec
amperes 6.2418XI0 Is electrons/sec
ampere-hours 3600.0 coulombs
ampere-hours 0.03731 faradays

coulombs 2.998XI09 statcoulombs
coulombs 6.2418XI0 Is electronic charges
coulombs 1.036Ei0 -s faradays
faradays/sec 9.650×10 _ amperes
faradays 26.80 ampere-hours
faradays 9.650EI0 _ coulombs

farads 106 microfarads
international
amperes 0.999835 amperes (absolute)
international
volts 1,00033 _olts (absolute)
international
ohms 1.000495 ohms (absolute)
international
volt farady 9.654Xi04 joules
microfarads I0-s farads
microhms i0-I_ megohms
microhms 10-6 ohms
• watts i joules/sec
ENERGY
Btu 1.0548Ei03 joules (absolute)
Btu 0.25198 kg-cal

Btu 1.0548×10 I° ergs
Btu 2.930XI0 -_ kW-hr
Btu 0.556 g-cal/g
* Units are absolute unless noted otherwise.
16
.... _ T-- r_--- --

_--Continued
Multiply # of
"-------'--- by --
to obtain # of .-_ -- by .-- -_- to obtain # of
eV -- Divide # of
i. 6021Xi0-i 2
eV ergs
i. 6021X10-1s
eV 10-3 joules (abs)
ev key
I0-6
ergs MeV
I0-_
ergs joules (abs)
ergs 6.2418Xi0 s MeV
6.2418 XlO11 eV
ergs
1.0
ergs dyne-cm
ergs 9"480×i0-11 Btu

7 3 75X10-s
ergs " ft-lb
2.390X10-8
ergs g-cal
1.020XlO-S
gm-calories g-cm
3. 968×10-3
gm-calories Btu
4. 186X10 v
ergs
joules (abs) i0v
joules (abs) 0.7376 ergs
joules (abs) 9.480XI0-4 ft-lb

g-cal/g Btu
i.8 Btu/Ib
kg-cal 3. 968
kg-cal Btu
3.08 7XlO s
ft-lb ft-lb
1.356
- joules (abs)
ft lb 3.239XI0-_
kw-hr kg-cal
2.247XlO1S
kW-hr MeV
3.60xlO I
MeV ergs
i. 6021XlO-e
ergs
Energy to mass conversions under miscellaneous
17
FISSION
Multiply # of , by _ to obtain # of
to obtain # of 4 by • Divide # of
Btu 1.28XI0 -s grams S8SU fissioned*
Btu 1.53XI0 -s grams _3Su destroyed*_

Btu 3.29Xi018 fissions
fission of i g
28s U i megawa tt-days
f is sions 8. 9058Xi0 -I s kilowatt -hours
fissions* 3.204XI0 -4 ergs

kilowatt-hours 2.7865XI0 Iv _3Su fission neutrons*
kilowatts per average thermal neu-

kilogram _8SU 2.43×i0 l° tron flux in fuel*_
megawat t-days per

ton U 1.174XI0 -4 % U atoms fissioned§
megawatts per ton average thermal neu-
U 2.68X101°/E _ tron flux in fuel*#
neutrons per kilo-

barn iHI0_I neutrons/cm 2
watts 3.121Xi0 l° fissions/sec
FLUID FLOW RATES
8
cm /min 2.19Xi0 -3 ft3/min
8 8
cm /sec 8.64XI0 -s m /day
cm s/ sec i. 585XI0 -s gal/min

cm3 / sec 3.60 iiters/hr
ft8/rain 4.72Xi0 _ cms /sec
ft s/sec 4.488XI02 gal/min

gal/min 2. 228Xi0 -s fts/sec
liters/hr 0. 278 cms/see
liters/min 15.851 gal/hr
* At 200 MeV/fission.
t Thermal neutron spectrum (_ = 0.193).
_ (fission = 500 barns).
§ At 200 MeV/fission, in 28Su-2SSu mixture of low sss content.
E = enrichment in grams 2SSU/gram total. No other fission-
able isotope present.
Source: Nucleonics, Vol. 18, No. ii (Nov. 1960), p. 209.
18
FLUID FLOW RATES--Continued
Multiply # of , by -_ to obtain # of
to obtain # of , by , Divide # of
liters/min 15.851 gal/hr

3 3
m /day 11.57 cm /sec
yd 3/min 0. 450 ft3 /sec
yd3/min 3.367 gal /sec
yd3/min 12.74 Iiters /sec
LENGTH
angstroms (A) i0-s cm

i0-i° m
microns (_) 10.3 mm
10-4 cm
10-6 m
3.937XI0 -s in.
mm 10-I cm
cm 0. 3937 in.
cm 3. 2808XI0 -e ft
cm 10-2 m
m 39.370 in.
m 3.2808 ft
m 1.0936 yd
m 10-3 km
m 6.2137×10 -4 miles
km 0. 62137 miles
mils 10-3 in.
mils 2.540xI0 -3 cm
in. 103 mils
in. 2.5400 cm
ft 30.480 cm
rods 5.500 yd
miles 5280 ft
miles 1760 yd
miles I. 6094 km
19
MASS
Multiply # of • by _ to obtain # of
to obtain # of _ by . Divide # of
mg 10-3 g
mg 3.527Xi0 -s oz avdp
mg i. 543Xi0 -_ grains
g 3.527Xi0 -_ oz avdp
g 10-3 kg
g 980.7 dynes
g 2.205XI0 -_ Ib
kg 2.205 ib
kg 0.0685 slugs
kg 9.807Xi0 s dynes
ib 4.448XI0 s dynes
Ib 453.592 g
ib 0.4536 kg
Ib 16 oz avdp
ib 0.0311 slugs
dyne s I. 020 xl0-3 g
dynes 2. 248Xi0 -s ib
u (unified--
I_C scale) 1.66043XI0 -2v kg
amu (physical--
iSO scale) 1.65980xi0 -_v kg
oz 28.35 g
oz 6.25Xi0 -_ ib
Mass to energy conversions under miscellaneous.
MISCELLANEOUS
temperature °C = (°F-32)/1.8 = (°F-32) 5/9
°F = 1.8°C + 32 = (9/5) °C + 32
°K = °C + 273.16
wavelength to energy conversion

keV = 12.40/A
eV = 1.240Xi0 -s/m
20
MISCELLANEOUS--Continued
Multiply # of • by _ to obtain # of
to obtain # of _ by • Divide # of
radians 57.296 degrees

eV 1.78258×10 -_ grams
eV 1 • 07356XI0 -s U
erg 1.11265×10 -_I grams

proton masses 938.256 MeV
neutron masses 939.550 MeV
electron masses 511.006 keV
u (amu on l_c
scale) 931.478 MeV
POWER
Btu/hr 0.2162 ft-lb/sec
Btu/hr 0.0700 gm-cal/sec
Btu/hr 3.929×10 -4 horsepower

Btu/hr 0.2930 watts
Btu/min 12.97 ft-lb/sec
Btu/min 0.02357 horsepower

Btu/min 0.01758 kilowatts
Btu/min 17.58 watts
horsepower 42.42 Btu/min
horsepower 33,000 ft-lb/min
horsepower 550 ft-lb/sec
horsepower 10.69 kg-cal/min
horsepower 0.7457 kilowatts

horsepower 4.655xi0 Is MeV/sec
kg-cal/min 9.356×i0 -2 horsepower
kilowatts 14.33 kg-cal/min
kilowatts 1.341 horsepower

kilowatts 6.243×i0 Is MeV/sec
watts I_ ergs/sec
watts 0.7376 ft-lb/sec
watts 3.414 Btu/hr
21
POWER--Continued
Multiply # of , by • to obtain # of
to obtain # of • by 4 Divide # of
watts 0.05690 Btu/min
watts 0.01433 kg-cal/min
ergs/sec 5.688XI0 -9 Btu/min
ergs/sec 4.425Xi0 -6 ft-lb/min
ergs/sec 1.433XI0 -s kg-cal/min
PRESSURE
atm 14.696 Ib/in. 2
atm 760 mm Hg (0°C)
atm 76.0 cm Hg (0°C)

atm 1.0133 bars
atm 1.0332×103 g/cm2
atm 29.921 in. Hg (0°C)
cm Hg 0.1934 Ib/in. 2
cm Hg 1.316Xi0 -e atm
cm Hg 0.4465 ft of HeO
in. Hg 0.4912 ib/in, e
g/cm e 1.4223Xi0 -e ib/in, e

bars 106 dynes/cm _
bars 14.504 ib/in, e
dynes/cm e 1.4504XI0 -s ib/in. 2
dynes/cm 2 1.0197XI0 -3 g/cm e

Ib/in. e 27.673 in. of HeO (4°C)
ib/in. 2 2.3066 ft of HeO (4°C)

Ib/in. e 6.805Xi0 -2 atm
ib/in, e 2.036 in. Hg (0°C)
ib/in. 2 5.1715 cm Hg
ib/in. 2 51.715 mm Hg
ft of HeO 2.230 cm Hg
22
RADIOLOGICAL UNITS
Multiply # of , by , to obtain # of
to obtain # of -- by • Divide # of
curies 3. 700X10 I° dis/sec
curies 2. 220Xi0 I_ dis/min

curies 103 mil I icurie s
curie s 106 microcurie s
curie s 1012 p icocuries

curies 10-3 kilocuries
dis/min 4. 505xi0 -l° millicuries
dis/min 4. 505XI0 -v microcuries
dis/sec 2. 703Xi0 -s millicuries
dis/sec 2. 703Xi0 -s microcuries

kilocuries 103 curies
microcuries 3. 700X104 dis/sec
microcuries 2. 220XI06 dis/min
millicuries 3.700XI0 v dis/sec

millicuries 2.220XI0 s dis/rain
R 2.58Xi0 -4 C/kg of air

R I esu/cm a of air
(s.t.p.)
R 2.082XI0 s ion prs/cm a of

air (s.t.p.)
R 1.610X1012 ion prs/g of air

R (33.7 eV/ion 7.02XI04 MeV/cm a of air
pr.) 7.02×104 (s.t.p.)
R (33.7 eV/ion
pr.) 5.43Xi0 v MeV/g of air
R (33.7 eV/ion
pr.) 86.9 ergs/g of air
R (33.7 eV/ion
pr.) 2.08XI0 -6 g-cal/g of air
R (33.7 eV/ion ergs/g of soft
pr.) _98 tissue
rads 0.01 J/kg
rads i00 ergs/g

rads 8.071×104 MeV/cm a of air
(s.t.p.)
rads 6. 242XI0 v MeV/g
rads I0-s watt-sec/g

23
RADIOLOGICAL UNITS--Cont inued
to obtain # of _ by , Divide # of
rads (33.7 ev/ion ion prs/cm s of air

pr.) 2.39×109 (s.t.p,)
_Ci/cm s (_Ci/ml) 2.22Xi012 dpm/m s
_Ci/cm s 2.22×i0 s dpm/liter
dpm/m _ 0.4505 pC i/m3
TIME
days 86,400 sec
days 1440 min
years (365 days) 3.1536×I0 v sec
years 5. 256Xi0 s min
years 8. 760XI0 s hr
work weeks I.44×10 _ sec
work weeks 40 hr
work months 4.2 work weeks
work months 168 hr
VELOCITY
cm/sec 0. 6000 m/min
cm/sec 0.0360 km/hr
cm/sec 0.032808 ft/sec
cm/sec 1.9685 ft/min
cm/sec 3. 728Xi0 -4 mi/min
cm/sec 0.02237 mph
m/min I .667 cm/sec
m/min 5.468XI0 -_ ft/sec
m/min 3. 728Xi0 -_ mph

ft/sec 18.29 m/min
ft/sec 0. 6818 mph

ft/min 0. 5080 cm/sec
ft/min 1.667×10 -2 ft/sec
ft/min 1.136XI0 -2 mph
mph 44.70 cm/sec
24
........ ........---7- - "

VELOCITY--Continued
to obtain # of , by 4 Divide # of
mph 88 ft/min
mph 1.467 ft/sec
mph 26.82 m/min
VOLUME
8
cm (cc) 0.99997 ml
8
cm 6.1023XI0 -s in. 3
3 3
cm 10 -6 m
3
cm 9.9997×10 -4 liters
3
cm 3.5314XI0 -5 ft 3
8
m 35.314 ft 3
3
m 2.642×10 _ gal
m3 9 .9997×102 liters
3
in 3 16 387 cm
in .3 5. 787×10 -4 ft3
in .3 i. 639XI0 -2 liters
in. 3 4.329XI0 -3 gal
ft 3 2.832×10 -2 ms
ft 3 7.481 gal
ft 3 28.32 liters
ft 3 1728 in. 3
gal (U.S.) 231.0 in. 3
gal 0.13368 ft 3
liters 33.8147 fluid oz
liters 1.05671 quarts
liters 0.26418 gal
gm moles (gas) 22.4 liters (s.t.p.)
25
EQUATIONS
A. LOGARITHMIC RELATIONS
log N = the exponent or power to which the base i0 must be raised

to obtain a value N (the common logarithm of N)
in N = the power to which the base 2.718...(e) must be raised to

obtain a value N (the natural logarithm of N)
(I) log N = 0.4343 in N
(2) in N = 2.3026 log N
(3) log MN = log M + log N
(4) log M/N = log M - log N

(5) log N a = a log N
(6) log _-= (log N)/a
B. CLASS ICAL PHYS ICS
Unless otherwise noted, the symbols and dimensions in this section

are used consistently as follows:
m = mass (gm) F = force (gm-cm/sec e, dynes)
v = velocity (cm/sec) r = radius of action (cm)
a = acceleration (cm/sec 2) s = distance (cm)

(i) Linear Force
F = m a = (gm)(cm/sec e) = gm-cm/sec e = dynes

(2) Momentum
p = mv = (gm)(cm/sec)
(3) Conservation of Momentum (any impact between Body A and Body B)
mAv A i + mBv B i = mAV A f + mSvBf fi = initial

= final
(4) Work
W = F s = m a s = (gm)(cm/sece)(cm) = gm-cme/sec e = dyne-cm = erg

(5) Energy
E = (work) = F s = (gm-cm/sece)(cm) = gm-cme/sec e = erg

(6) Kinetic Energy
K.E. = _ m ve = (gm)(cm/sec) e = gm-cm2/sec _ = erg
(7) Conservation of Kinetic Energy (elastic impact: Body A and Body B)
_mAVAi 2 + _mBvBi e = ½mAVAf e + _mBvBf

(8) Power
P = (work/time) = F s/t = (gm-cm/sec2)(cm)/sec = erg/sec
26
C. WAVE AND QUANTUM RELATIONS
Unless otherwise noted, symbols and dimensions in this section are
used consistently as follows:
v = velocity of wave or particle (cm/sec)
h = Planck constant (6.6 × I0-e7 erg sec)

= frequency of wave or quanta (hertz)
= wavelength (cm)
_o = wavelength of incident radiation (angstroms)
_0 = wavelength of scattered radiation at angle 0 (angstroms)

E = energy (ergs)
0 = angle between incident and scattered radiation
c = velocity of light (3 × 10I° cm/sec)
m = mass of particle (gm)

= work function (ergs)
(I) Wave Equation

Wave velocity (v or c) = hv
(2) Associated Wavelength of a Particle

h
Wavelength = _ - mv
(3) Photoelectric Equation
E =_ +_mv 2
(4) Photon Energy

E = h_
E=hC
k 1.242 X 104
Energy in electron volts =
Wavelength in angstroms
(5) Mass-Energy Relation

m = mc :3
(6) Momentum of Photon

h
mv - 5
(7) Compton Scattering of Gamma and X Rays
_0 = %o + 0.0242 (i - cos 0)
D. ELECTROSTATICS
The following units apply in this section:
F = force (dynes)
Q = electrostatic charge (statcoulombs)
27
s = distance (cm)
V = potential (statvolts)
C = capacitance (statfarads)
W = work (ergs)
= dielectric constant
(i) Force Between Two Char$es_ a and b (Coulomb's Law)
F = Q_Qb
_s_
(2) Work
W=QV
(3) Capacitance
c = Q/V
(4) Potential
V = qls
E. RADIOACTIVE DECAY
The following symbols will be used in this section:
NO = number of nuclei at some original time

N = number of nuclei remaining after a time interval, t
Io = intensity of radiation at some original time

I = intensity of radiation after a time interval, t
Ao = activity of sample at some original time

A = activity remaining after a time interval, t
= decay constant for the particular radioactive element
e = base of natural logarithms; 2.7].8 . . .

t = elapsed time
T½ = half-life of a particular radioactive element
n = t/T½ number of half-lives
(i) N = No e-xt or N = Noe-°'ess_/T½
(2) A = Ao e-xt or A = Aoe-°'e93_T½
(3) I = Io e-xt or I = loe-°'e93t/T½

--II
(4) N = Noe or N/N o = I/2n
Decay Constant
(5) _ = 0.693/Ti
28
.... wr--r 2"-

Fission Product Decay*
(6) Izt I+1"2 = lete+z._ where Iz = radiation intensity at

time tI (>4h) after fission
Ie = radiation intensity at
time te (<200 days)
after fission
F. SPECIFIC ACTIVITY (Isotopic)
Specific Activity
_N = 0.693N/T½ = dis/sec/gm where T½ = half-life (seconds)

N = number of atoms per gram
Specific Activity
_N/(3 •7 X i0z°) = N X 1.873 X I0-zz = curies/gm
G. RADIATION ABSORPTION TI
(i) Alpha Particle Range
R= = 0.56E (E<4 MeV) where R= = range in cm of air at

R= = 1.24E - 2.62 (4<E<8 MeV) I atm and 15°C
E = energy, MeV
(2) Beta Particle Range
For 0.01 _E <2.5 MeV
R = 412 Ez'_66 _o.og_InE where R = range in mg/cm _
InE = 6.63 - 3.2376 [10.2146 -InR] ½ E = max. energy, MeV

For E _2.5 MeV
R = 530 E-106 where R, E same as above
Sargent's rule (E >0.8 MeV)
R = 0.526 E- 0.094 where R = range, gm/cm _
E = max. energy, MeV

Feather' s rule (E >0.6 MeV)
R = 0.542 E-0.133 where R, E same as for Sargeant's rule
(3) Gamma Ray Absorption
The following symbols will be used in this section:
Io = original radiation exposure rate
I = attenuated radiation exposure rate

0. 693
= linear absorption coefficient (cm-z) =
x½
*See "The Effects of Nuclear Weapons," 1962, §9.170-9.177
29
_/p = mass absorption coefficient (cm_/gm)
p = absorber density (gm/cm 3)

x = absorber thickness (cm)
x½ = half-value layer of absorber (cm)

e = base of natural logarithms (2.718 . . .)
b = "buildup" factor
For monoenergetic or monochromatic narrow-beam radiation:

-_x
I = loe or I = loe (_/p)(p)(x)
For monoenergetic or monochromatic wide-beam radiation:
I = blo e- _x
(4) Neutron Absorption (for a collimated beam of monoenergetic neutrons)

- o'Nx
I = loe where Io = initial neutron intensities
I = final neutron intensities
N = number of atoms per cc in

the absorber
= cross section (square

cent imeter s)
x = thickness of absorber (cm)

e = base of the natural
logarithm (2.718 . . . )
Since this equation is only an approximation of neutron attenuation,

average neutron energies can be used for determining the value of o.
The equation is not accurate enough to justify the use of neutron
buildup factors.
(5) Approximate Range - Energy Relation for Protons*

R = (E/9.3) z's where E = energy in MeV (few MeV
to 200 MeV)
R = range in meters in air

H. BETA PARTICLE COUNTING
(i) Self-Absorption
RO
R = imx (i-e -=x) where RO = measured counting rate
R = true counting rate
x = sample thickness (mg/cm _)
m = absorption coefficient
(cm2/mg) [See NBS Hand-
book No. 51, p. 26]
*Segre, Emilio, "Experimental Nuclear Physics, " Vol . 1 , New York: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., 1953.
30
(2) Resolving Time Determination
= R% + P_ - R_ where • = resolving time, seconds

2 (R 1 R_)
RI = counting rate, source 1
(c/s)
Re -- counting rate, source 2
(c/s)
R12 = counting rate, combined
sources 1 and 2 (c/s)
(3) Resolvin_ Time Correction
R = _' where R = true counting rate (c/s)

1-RoY
Ro = observed counting rate
(c/s)
= resolving time, seconds
I. STATISTICS OF COUNTING*
n = number of counts, one observation
t = counting time, one observation

= mean number of counts, series of observations
= mean counting time, series of observations

m = number of observations
o = theoretical standard deviation
St = observed standard deviation of the time required to

record a preset number of counts
Sn = observed mean standard deviation of the number of

counts recorded in a preset time
r = average number of counts per unit time
(I) Theoretical Standard Deviation
(a) G n = __ _ for single observation
(b) _ = _7__-7_ for average number of counts/interval
(2) Observed (Experimental) Standard Deviation
(a) Series of observations, preset time
Sn = (nl _ _)S/(m. I
* Bleuler, Ernst, and Goldsmith, George J., "Experimental Nucleonics," New York:
Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., 1952.
31
(b) Series of observationsa preset count
St " [l=_l(t, "t)'/(m'l)]_

s, - (rilE) st
(c) Reliability factor
R.F. = s 1%
J. CALIBRATION PROCEDURES
Cuba Emitter Dose in Air
(I) Exposure Rate

(from a point source)
(Equation assumes that one ion pair in air causes an
r " 0.156 n E (I_ _a) average energy expenditure of 32.7 electron volts.)
where r - mR/hr at 1 meter per mCi
n = gamma quanta per disinte-

gration
E = energy of gamma quanta in MeV
_a = energy absorption coeffi-

cient for gamma in air
(S.T.P.) in cm-I
(2) Exposure Rate (from point source of radium, 0.5 mm Pt cover)
mR/hr = mE of Ra
ydS where yd ffidistance to source (yd)
ma/hr " 8400 m_ of Ra

cm_ cm ffidistance (cm)
(3) Exposure Rate, Approximate (from any gamma point source)

R/hr at I foot _ 6 C E n where C ffinumber of curies
mR/hr/mCi at I meter -- 0.5 nE E = gamma ray energy (MeV)
n = gamma quanta/dls
(4) Exposure Rate (from any gamma point source)

mR/hr " n r/s a where n ffinumber of milllcurles
r ffimR/hr at 1 meter per mCi
s ffidistance (meters)
(5) ExPosure Rate (from a linear gamma emitter source)
The following terminology will be used:
S - source activity in photons per second per unit length
- flux at point of interest in photons per square centimeter

per second
r " distance from source to point of interest, P
0 - angle in radians
32
I z I
Z_ S(dZ)
"-.
zl ° /z 4_r •
""''"'. _ "-_/ & _ S (03 - ez)
K. INTERNAL RADIAT ION DOSAGE
(i) Biological Half-Life

0.693
Tb = )_b where _b = biological decay constant
T b -biological half-life
(2) Effective Half-Life
(T½) (Tb)
Tel
! : where Teff: effective half-llfe
T½+Tb
T_ - radioactive (physical)
half-life
T b = biological half-llfe
(3) Beta Emitter Dose
D = 73.8 E Tel ! C (i - e -X.,,t) where D = dose (fads)

E = average energy of beta
particle (MeV)
Teff- effective half-llfe
C = _Ci/gm of radionuclide in
tissue
_eff= effective decay constant

(day-l )
t = time (day)
L. DECONTAMINATION FACTOR
Initial Activity
D.F. = Final Activity
33
M. ISOTOP IC D ILUT ION
(I) Single Addition Method
w = w' [SPA' -I_ where w = total weight of diluent

SpA -/ material (weight of
stable material)
w' = total weight of labeled

material (weight of
radioactive material)
SpA' = specific activity of

labeled material
SpA = specific activity of

mixture
(2) Double Dilution
(a) S = _ S_ (GI - G s) where SO = initial specific activity

SI = specific activity of first
SI G e -S I GI dilution
(b) Z =
$I - Ss S_ = specific activity of
second dilution
GI = weight of carrier added

for first dilution
G_ = weight of carrier added

for second dilution
Z = weight of original radio-

active material
N. NEUTRON ACTIVATION METHODS

Thin Target*
A_ = k#ac f n (i - e-At ) e-l@ where A@ = measured

counts peractivity
second in
at net
time
= time increment between end

of irradiation and the
time at which the target
is counted
k = efficiency of the counter

for measuring the induced
radioactivity
@ac = activation across section

for neutron capture by
the target material,
square centimeters per
atom per neutron
*A thin target is one which will not reduce the neutron flux by more than the
error permitted for the experiment.
34
f = flux of neutrons,
neutrons per square
centimeter per second
n = total number of target

nuclei
= disintegration constant
of radioactive material
t = time duration of expo-

sure to neutron flux
e = base of natural
logarithm (2.718 . . .)
O. GEOMETRY OF A COUNTER
Point Source
G = 0.5 (i-cos _) = sin2 _ where _ = arc tan d
r = radius of counter window

or phosphor
d = distance between counter
and source
G = geometry factor
35
SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOTS
'N N,.... N N
1.00 1.0000 1.00000 3.16228 1.60 2.5600 1.26491 4.00000 2.20 4.8400 1.48324 4.69042
1.01 1.0201 1.00499 3.17805 1.61 2.5921 1.26886 4.01248 2.21 4.8841 1.48661 4.70106
1.02 1.0404 1.00995 3.19374 1.62 2.6244 1.27279 4.02492 2.22 4.9284 1.48997 4.71169
1.03 1.0609 1.01489 3.20936 1.63 2.6569 1.27671 4.03733 2.23 4.9729 1.49332 4.72229
1.04 1.0816 I:01980 3.22490 1.64 2.6896 1.28062 4.04969 2.24 5.0176 1.49666 4.73286
1.05 1.1025 1.02470 3.24037 1.65 2.7225 1.28452 4.06202 2.25 5.0625 1.50000 4.74342
1.06 1.1236 1.02956 3.25576 1.66 2.7556 1.28841 4.07431 2.26 5.1076 1.50333 4.75395
1:07 1.1449 1.03441 3.27109 1.67 2.7889 1.29228 4.08656 2.27 5.1529 1.50665 4.76445
1.08 1.1664 1.03923 3.28634 1.68 2.8224 1.29615 4.09878 2.28 5.1984 1.50997 4.77493
1.09 1.1881 1.04403 3.30151 1.69 2.8561 1.30000 4.11096 2.29 5.2441 1.51327 4.78539
1.10 1.2100 1.04881 3.31662 1.70 2.8900 1.30384 4.12311 2.30 5.2900 1.51658 4.79583
1.11 1.2321 1.05357 3.33167 1.71 2.9241 1.30767 4.13521 2.31 5.3361 1.51987 4.80625
1.12 1.2544 1.05830 3.34664 1.72 2.9584 1.31149 4.14729 2.32 5.3824 1.52315 4.81664
1.13 1.2769 1.06301 3.36155 1.73 2.9929 1.31529 4.15933 2.33 5.4289 1.52643 4.82701
1.14 1.2996 1.06771 3.37639 1.74 3.0276 1.31909 4.17133 2.34 5.4756 1.52971 4.83735
1.15 1.3225 1.07238 3.39116 1.75 3.0.625 1.32288 4.18330 2.35 5.5225 1.53297 4.84768
1.16 1.3456 1.07703. 3.40588 1.76 3.0976 1.32665 4.19524 2.36 5.5696 1.53623 4.85798
1.17 1.3689 1.08167 3.42053 1.77 3.132_ 1.33041 4.20714 2.37 5.6169 1.53948 4.86826
1.18 1.3924 1.08628 3.43511 1.78 3.1684 1.33417 4.21900 2.38 5.6644 1.54272 4.87852
1.19 1.4161 1.09087, 3.44964 1.79 3.2041 1.33791 4.23084 2.39 5.7121 1.54596 4.88876
1.20 1.4400 1.09545 3.46410 1.80 3.2400 1.34164 4.24264 2.40 5.7600 1.54919 4.89898
1.21 1.4641 1.10000 3.47851 1.81 3.2761 1.34536 4.25441 2.41 5.8081 1.55242 4.90918
1.22 1.4884 1,10454 3.49285 1.82 3.3124 1.34907 4.26615 2.42 5.8564 1.55563 4.91935
1.23 1.5129 1.10905 3.50714 1.83 3.3489 1.35277 4.27785 2.43 5,9049 1.55885 4.92950
1.24 1.5376 1.11355 3.52136 1.84 3.3856 1.35647 4.28952 2.44 5.9536 1.56205 4.93964
1.25 1.5625 1.11803 3.53553 1.85 3.4225 1.36015 4.30116 St.45 6.0025 1.56525 4.94975
1.26 1.5876 1.12250 3.54965 1.86 3.4596 1.36382 4.31277 2.46 6.0516 1.56844 4.95984
1.27 1.6129 1.12694" 3.56371 1.87 3.4969 1.36748 4.32435 2.47 6.1009 1.57162 4.96091
1.28 1.6384 1.13137 3.57771 1.88 3.5344 1.37113 4.33590 2.48 6.1504 1.57480 4.97996
1.29 1.6641 1.13578 3.59166 1.89 3.5721 1.37477 4.34741 2.49 6.2001 1.57797 4.98999
1.30 1.6900 1.14018 3.60555 1.90 3.6100 1.37840 4.35890 '_.50 6.2500 1.58114 5.00000
1.31 1.7161 1.14455 3.61939 1.91 3.6481 1.38203 4.37035 2.51 6.3001 1.58430 5.00999
1.32 1.7424 1.14891 3.63318 1.92 3.6864 1.38564 4.38178 2.52 6.3504 1.58745 5.01996
1.33 1.7689 1.15326 3.64692 1.93 3.7249 1.38924 4.39318 2.53 6.4009 1.59060 5.02991
1.34 1.7956 1.15758 3.66060 1.94 3.7636 1.39284 4.40454 2.54 6.4516 1.59374 5.03984
1.35 1.8225 1.16190 3.67423 1.95 3.8025 1.39642 4.41588 2.55 6.5025 1.59687 5.04975
1.36 1.8496 1.16619 3.68782 1.9_ 3.8416 1.40000 4.42719 2.56 6.5536 1.60000 5.05964
1.37 1.8769 1,17047 3.70135 1.97 3.8809 1.40357 4.43847 2.57 6.6049 1.60312 5.06952
1.38 1,9044 1.17473 3.71484 1.98 3.9204 1.40712 4.44972 2.58 6.6564 1.60624 5.07937
1.39 1.9321 1.17898 3.72827[ 1.99 3.9601 1.41067 4.46094 2.59 6.7081 1.60935 5.08920
1.40 1.9600 1.18322 3.74166 2.00 4.0000 1.41421 4.47214 2.60 6.7600 1.61245 5.09902
1.4'1 1.9881 1.18743 3.75500 2.01 4.0401 1.41774 4.48330 2.61 6.8121 1.61555 5.10882
1.42 2.0164 1.19164 3.76829 2.02 4.0804 1.42127 4.49444 2.62 6.8644 1.61864 5.11859
1.43 2.0449 1.19583 3.78153 2.03 4.1209 1.42478 4.50555 2.63 6.9169 1.62173 5.12835
1.44 2.0736 1.20000 3.79473 2.04 4.1616 1.42829 4.51664 2.64 6.9696 1.62481 5.13809
1.45 2.1025 1.20416 3.80789 2.05 4.2025 1.43178 4.52769 2.65 7.0225, 1.62788 5.14782
1.46 2.1316 1.20830 3.82099 2.06 4.2436 1.43527 4.53872 2.66 7.0756 1.63095 5.15752
1.47 2.1609 1.21244 3.83406 2.07 4.2849 1.43875 4.54973 2.67 7.1289 1.63401 5.16720
1.48 2.1904 1.21655 3.84708 i 2.08 4.3264 1.44222 4.56070 2.68 7.1824 1.63707 5.17687
1.49 2.2201 1.22066 3.860051 2.09 4.3681 1.44568 4.57165 2.69 7.2361 1.64012 5.18652
1.50 2.2500 1.22474 3.87298 2.10 4.4100 1.44914 4.58258 2.70 7.2900 1.64317 5.19615
1.51 2.2801 1.22882 3.88587 2.11 4.4521 1.45258 4.59347 2.71 7.3441 1.64621 5.20577
1.52 2.3104 1.23288 3.89872 2.12 4.4944 1.45602 4.60435 2.72 7.3984 1.64924 5.21536
1.53 2.3409 1.23693 3.91152 2.13 4.5369 1.45945 4.61519 2.73 7.4529 1.65227 5.22494
1.54 2.3716 1.240.97 3.92428 2.14 4.5796 1.46287 4.62601 2.74 7.5076 1.65529 5.23450
1.55 2.4025 1.24499 3.93700 2.15 4.6225 1.46629 4.63681 2.75 7.5625 1.65831 5.24404
1.56 2.4336 1.24900 3.94968 2.16 4.6656 1.46969 4.64758 2.76 7.6176 1.66132 5.25357
1.57 2.4649 1.25300 3.96232 2.17 4.7089 1.47309 4.65833 2.77 7.6729 1.66433 5.26308
1.58 2.4964 1.25698 3.97492 2.18 4.7524 1.47648 4.66905 2.78 7.7284 1.66733 5.27257
1.59 2.5281 1_26095 3.98748 2.19" 4.7961 1.47986 4.67974 2.79 7.7841 1.67033 5.28205
1.60 2.5600 1.26491 4.00000 2.20 4.8400 1.48324 4.69042 2.80 7.8400 1.67332 5.29150
N N" _rH ,_ N N_ _r# vY6_ N N_ VW V,_

_- , , , ! ..........
36
SQUARES AND SQUAI_ ROOTS
N N_ _/-N _ N N2 _ _/_ N Ns _
2._) 7.8400 1.67332 5.29150 3.40 11.5600 1.84391 5.83095 4.M 16.0000 2.00000 6.32456
2.81 7.8961 1.67631 5.30094 3.41 11.6281 1.84662 5.83952 4.01 16.0801 2.00250 6.33246
2.82 7.9524 1.67929 5.31037 3.42 11.6964 1.84932 5.84808 4.02 16.1604 2.00499 6.34035
2.83 8.0089 1.68226 5.31977 3.43 11.7649 1.85203 5.85662 4.03 16.2409 2.00749 6.34823
2.84 8.0656 1.68523 5.32917 3.44 11.8336 1.8,5472 5.86515 4.04 16.3216 2.00998 6,35610
2.85 8.1225 1.68819 5.33854 3.45 11.9025 1.85742 5.87367 4.05 16.4025 2.01246 6.36396
2.86 8.1796 1.69115 5.34790 3.46 11.9716 1.86011 5.88218 4.06 16.4836 2.01494 6.37181
2.87 8.2369 1.69411 5.35724 3.47 12.0409 1.86279 5.89067 4.07 16.5649 2.01742 6.37966
2.88 8.2944 1.69706 5.36656 3.48 12.1104 1.86548 5.89915 4.08 16.6464 2.01990 6.38749
2.89 8.3521 1.70000 5.37587 3.49 12.1801 1.86815 5.90762 4.09 16.7281 2.02237 6.39531
2.90 8.4100 1.70294 5.38516 3.50 12.2500 1.87083 5.91608 4.XO 16.8100 2.02485 6.40312
2.91 8.4681 1.70587 5.39444 3.51 12.3201 1.87350 5.92453 4.11 16.8921 2.027_1 6.41093
2,92 8.5264 1.70880 5.40370 3.52 12.3904 1.87617 5.93296 4.12 16.9744 2.02978 6.41872
2.93 8.5849 1.71172 5.41295 3.53 12.4609 1.87883 5.94138 4.13 17.0569 2.03224 6.42651
2.94 8.6436 1.71464 5.42218 3.54 12.5316 1.88149 5.94979 4.14 17.1396 2.03470 6.43428
1.95 8.7025 1.71756 5.43139 3.55 12.6025 1.88414 5.95819 4.15 17.2225 2.03715 6.44205
2.96 8.7616 1.72047 5.44059 3.56 12.6736 1.88680 5.96657! 4.16 17.3056 2.03961 6.44981
2.97 8.8209 1.72337 5.44977 3.57 12.7449 1.88944 5.97495 4.17 17.3889 2.04206 6.45755
2.98 8.8804 1.72627 5.45894 3.58 12.8164 1.89209 5.98331 4.18 17.4724 2.04450 6.46529
2.99 8.9401 1.72916 5.46809 3.59 12.8881 1.89473 5.99166 4.19 17,5561 2104695 6.47302
3.00 9.0000 1.73205 5.47723 3.60 12.9600 1.89737 6.00000 4.20 17.6400 2.04939 6.48074
J,
3.01 9.0601 1.73494 5.48635 3:61 13.0321 1.90000 6.00833 4.21 17.7241 2.051E3 6.48845
3.02 9.1204 1.73781 5.49545 3.62 13.1044 1.90263 6.01664 4.22 17.8084 2.0542(} 6.49615
3.03 9.1809 1.74069 5.50454 3.63 13.1769 1.90526 6.02495 4.23 17.8929 2.05670 6.50384
3.04 9.2416 1.74356 5.51362 3.64 13.2496 1.90788 6.03324 4.24 17.9776 2.05913 6.51153i
3.05 9.3025 1.74642 5.52268 3.65 13.3225 1.91050 6.04152 4.25 18.0625 2.06155 £.51920
3.06 9.3636 1.74929 5.53173 3.66 13.3956 1.91311 6.04979 4.26 18.1476 2.06398 6.52687
3.07 9.4249 1.75214 5.54076 3:67 13.4689 1.91572 6.05805 4.27 18.2329 2.06640 6.534521
3.08 9.4864 1.75499 5.54977 3.68 13.5424 1.91833 6.06630 4.28 18.3184 2.06882 6.54217
3.09 9.5481 1.75784 5.55878 3.69 13.6161 1.92094 6.07454 4.29 18.4041 2.07123 6.54981
3.10 9.6100 1.76068 5.56776 3.70 13.6900 1.92354 6.08276 4.30 18.4900 2.07364 6.55744
3.11 9.6721 1.76352 5.57674 3.71 13.7641 1.92614 6.09098 4.31 18.5761 "2.07605 6.56506
3.12 9.7344 1.76635 5.58570 3.72 13.8384 1.92873 6.09918 4.32 18.6624 2.07846 6.57267
3.13 9.7969 1.76918 5.59464 3.73 13.9129 1.93132 6.10737 4.33 18.7489 2.08087 6.58027
3.14 9.8596 1.77200 5.60357 3.74 13.9876 1.93391 6.11555 4.34 18.8356 2..08327 6.58787
3.15 9.9225 1.77482 5.61249 3.75 14.0625 1.93649 6.12372 4.35 18.9225 2.08567 6..59545
3.16 9.9856 1.77764 5.62139 3.76 14.1376 1.93907 6.13188 4.36 19.0096 2.08806 6.60303
3.17 10.0389 1.78045 5.63028 3.77 14.2129 1.94165 6.14003 4.37 19.0969 2.09045 6.61060
3.18 10.1124 1.78326 5.63915 3.78 14.2884 1.94422 6.14817 4.38 19.1844 2.09284 6.61816
8.19 10.1761 1.78606 5.64801 3.79 14.,3641 1.94679 6.15630 4.39 19.2721 2.09523 6.62571
3.20 10.2400 1.78885 5.65685 3.80 14.4400 1.94936 6.16441 4.40 19.3600 2.09762 6.63325
3.21 10.3041 1.79165 5.66569 3.81 14.5161 1.95192 6.17252 4.41 19.4481 2.10000 6.64078
3.22 10.3584 1.79444 5.67450 3.82 14.5924 1.95448 6.18061 4.42 19.5364 2.10238 6.64831
3.23 10.4329 1.79722 5.68331 3.83 14.6689 1.95704 6.18870 4.43 19.6249 2.10476 6.65582
3.24 10.4976 1.80000 5.69210 3.84 14.7456 1.95959 6.19677 4.44 19.7136 2.10713 6.66333
3.25 10.5625 1.80278 5.70088 3.85 14.8225 1.96214 6.20484 4.45 19.8025 2.10950 6.67083
3.26 10.6276 1.80555 5.70964 3.86 14.8996 1.96469 6.21289 4.46 19.8916 2.11187 6.67832
3.27 10.6929 1.80B31 5.71839 3.87 14.9769 1.96723 6.22093 4.47 19.9809 2.11424 6.68581
3.28 10.7584 1.81108 5.72713 3.88 15.0544 1.96977 6.22896 4.48 20.0704 2.11660 6.69328
3.29 10.8241 1.81384 5.73585 3.89 15.1321 1.97231 6.23699 4.49 20.1601 2.11896 6.70075
3.30 10.8900 1.81659 5.74456 3.90 15.2100 1.97484 6.24500 4.50 20.2500 2.12132 6.70820
3.31 10.9561 1.81934 5.75326 3.91 15.2881 1.97737 6.25300j 4.51 20.3401 2.12368 6.71565
3.32 11.0224 1.82209 5.76194 3.92 15.3664 1.97990 6.26099 4.52 20.43"04 2.12603 6.72309
3.33 11.0889 1.82483 5.77062 3.93 15.4449 1.98242 6.26897 4.53 20.5209 2.12838 6.73053
3.34 11.1556 1.82757 5.77927 3.94 15.5236 1.98494 6.27694 4.54 20.6116 2.13073 6.73795
3.35 11.2225 1.83030 5.78792 3.95 15.6025 1.98746 6.28490 4.55 20.7025 2.13307 6.74537
3.36 11.2896 1.83303 5.79655 3.96 15.6816 1.98997 6.29285 4.56 20.7936 2.13542 6.75278
3.37 11 3569 1.83576 5.80517 3.97 15.7609 1.99249 6.30079 4.57. 20.8849 2.13776 6,76018
3.38 11.4244 1.83848 5.81378 3.98 15.8404 1.99499 6.30872 4.58 20.9764 2.14009 6.76757
3.39 11.4921 1.841.20 5.82237 3.99 15.9201 1.99750 6.31664 4.59 21.0681 2.14243 6.77495
3.40 11.5600 1.84391 5.83095 4.00 16.0000 2.00000 6.32456 4.60 21.1600 2.14476 6.78233
, , i
_7
N N_ _ _ N N2 _ _ N N_ _
4.60 21.1600 2.14476 6.78233 6.20 27.0400 2.28035 7.21110 6.80 33.6400 2.40832 7.61577
4.61 21.2521 2.14709 6.78970 5.21 27.1441 2.28254 7.21803 5.81 33.7561 2.41039 7.62234
4.62 21.34_4 ,2.14942 _.79706 5.22 27.2484 2.28473 7.22496 5.82 33.8724 2.41247 7.62889
4.63 21.4369 2.15174 6.80441 5.23 27.3529 2.28692 7.23187 5.83 33.9889 2.41454 7.63544
4.64 21.5296 2.15407 6.81175 5.24 27.4576 2.28910 7.23878 5.84 34.1056 2.41661 7.64199
4.65 21.6225 2.15639 6.81909 6.26 27.5625 2.29129 7.24569 6.86 34.2225 2.41868 7.64858
4.66 21.7156 2.15870 6.82642 5.26 27.6676 2.29347 7.25259 5.86 34.3396 2.42_)74 7.65506
4.67 21:8089 2.16102 6.83374 5.27 27.7729 2.29565 7.25948 5.87 34.4569 2.42281 7.66159
4.68 21.9024 2.16333 6.84105 5..28 27.8784 2.29783 7.26636 5.88 34.5744 2.42487 7.66812
4.69 21.9961 2.16564 6.8483.6 5.29 27.9841 2.30000 7.27324 5.89 34.6921 2.42693 7.67463
4.70 22.0900 2.16795 6.85565 6.30 28.0900 2.30217 7.28011 §.M 34.8100 2.42899 7.68115
4.71 22.1341 2.17025 6.86294 5.31 !'28.1961 2.39434 7.28697 5.91 o_34_.9281 2.43105 7.68765
4.72 22.2784 2.17256 6.87023 5.32 28.3024 2.30651 7.29383 5.92 35.0464 2.43311 7.69415
4.73 22.3729 2.17486 6.87750 5.33 28.4089 2.30868 7-30068 5.93 35.1649 2.43516 7.70065
4.74 22.4676 2.17715 6.88477 5.34 28.5156 2.31084 7.30753 5.94 35.2836 2.43721 7.70714
4.7§ 22.5625 2.17945 6.89202 6.35 28.6225 2.31301 7.31437 6.96 35.4025 2.43926 7.71362
4.76 22.6576 2.18174 6.89928 5.36 28.7296 2.31517 7.32120 5.96 35.5216 2.44131 7.72010
4.77 22.7529 2.18403 6.90652 5.37 28.8369 2.31733 7.32803 5.97 35.6409 2.44336 7.72658
4.78 22.8484 2.18632 6.91375 5.38 28.9444 2.31948 7.33485 5.98 35.7604 2.44540 7.73305
4.79 22.9441 2.18861 6.92098 5.39 29.0521 2.32164 7.34166 5.99 35.8801 2.44745 7.73951
4.89 23.0400 2.19089 6.92820 6.40 29.1600 2.32379 7.34847 6.M 36.0000 2.44949 7.74597
4.81 23.1361 2.19317 6.93542 5.41 29.2681 2.32594 7.35527 6.01 36.1201 2.45158 7.75242
4.82 23.2324 2.19545 6.94262 5.42 29.3764 2.32809 7.36206 6.02 36.2404 2.45357 7.75887
4.83 23.3289 2.19773 6.94982 5.43 29.4849 2.33024 7.36885 6.03 36.3609 2.45581 7.76531
4.84 23.4256 2.20000 6.95701 5.44 29.5936 2.33238 7.37564 6.04 36.4816 2.45764 7.77174
4.86 23.5225 2.20227 6.96419. 6.46 29.7025 2.33452 7.38241 6.06 36.6025 2.45967 7.77817
4.86 23.6196 2.20454 6.97137 5.46 29.8116 2.33666 7.38918 6.06 36.7236 2.46171 7.78460
4.87 23.7169 2.20681 6:97854 5.47 29.9209 2.33880 7.39594 6.07 36.8449 2.46374 7.79102
4.88 23.8144 2.20907 6.98570 5.48 30.0304 2.34094 7.40270 6.08 36.9664 2.46577 7.79744
4.89 23.9121 2.211.33 6.99285 5.49 30.1401 2.34307 7.40945 6.09 37.0881 2.46779 7.80385
4.90 24.0100 2.21359 7.00000 6.60 30.2500 2.34521 7.41620 6.:I.0 37.2100 2.46982 7.81025
4.91 24.1081 2.21585 7.00714 5.51 30.3601 '2.34734 7.42294 6.11 37.3321 2.47184 7.81665
4.92 24.2064 2.21811 7.01427 5.52 30.4704 2.34947 7.42967 6.12 37.4,544 2.47386 7.82304
4.93 24.3049 2.22036 7..02140 5.53 30.5809 2.35160 7.43640 6.13 37.5769 2.47588 7.82943
4.94 24.4036 2.22_61 7.02851 5.54 30.6916 2.35872 7.44312 6.14 37.6996 2.47790 7.83582
4.96 24.5025 2.22486 7.03562 6.6§ 30.8025 2.35584 7._._983 6.:I.6 37.8225 2,47992 7.84219
4.96 24.6016 2.22711 7.04_73 5.56 30.9136 2.35797 7.45654 6.16 37.9456 2.48193 7.84857
4.97 24.7009 2.22935 7.04982 5.57 31.0249 2.36008 _'.46324 6.17 38.0689 2.48395 7.85493
4.98 24.8004 2.23159 7.05691 5.58 31.1364 2.36220 7.46994 6.18 38.1924 2.48596 7.86130
4.99 24.9001 2.23383 7.06399 5.59 31.2481 2.36432 7.47663 6.19 38.3161 2.48797 7.86766
5.M 25.0000 2.23607 7.07107 6.60 31.3600 2.36643 7.48331 6.20 38.4400 2.48998 7.87401
5.01 25.1001 2.23830 7.07814 5.61 31.4721 2.36854 7.48999 ,6.21 38.5641 2.49199 7.88036
5.02 25.2004 2..24054 7.08520 5.62 31.5844 2.37065 7.49667 6.22 38.6884 2.49399 7.88670
5.03 25.3009 2.24277 7.09225 5.63 31.6969 2.37276 7.50333 6.23 38.8129 2.49600 7.89303
5.04 25.4016 2.24499 7.09930 5.64 31.8096 2.37487 7.50999 6.24 38.9376 2.49800 7.89937
6.06 25.5025 2.24722 7.10634 6.6_ 31.9225 2.37697 7.51665 6.26 39.0625 2.50000 7.90569
5:06 25.6036 2.24944 7.11337 5.66 32.0356 2.37908 7.52330 6.26 39.1876 2.50200 7.91202
5.07 25.7049 2.25167 7.12039 5.67 32.1489 2.38118 7.52994 6.27 39.3129 2.50400 7.91833
5.08 25.8064 2.25389 7.12741 5.68 32.2624 2.38328 7.53658 6.28 39.4384 .2.50599 7.92465
5.09 25.9081 2.25610 7.13442 5.69 32.3761 2.38537 7.54321 6.29 39.5641 2.50799 7.93095
6.1.0 26.0100 2.25832 7.14143 6.70 32.4900 2.38747 7.54983 6.30 39.6900 2.50998 7.93725
5.11 26.1121 2.26053 7.14843 5.71 32.6041 2.38956 7.55645 6.31 39.8161 2.51197 7.94355
5.12 26.2144 2.26274 7.15542 5.72 32.7184 2.39165 7.56307 6.32 39.9424 2.51396 7.94984
5.13 26.3169 2.26495 7.16240 5.73 32.8329 2.39374 7.56968 6.33 40.0689 2.51595 7,95613
5,14 26.4196 2.26716 7.16938 5.74 32.9476 2.39583 7.57628 6.34 40.1956 2.51794 7.96241
6.1§ 26.5225 2.26936 7.176351 6.76 33.0625 2._9792 7.58288 6.36 40.3225 2.51992 7.96869
5.16 26.6256 2.27156 7.18331 5.76 33.1776 2.40000 T.68947 6.36 40.4496 2.52190 7.97496
5.17 26.7_289 2.27376 7.19027 5.77 33.2929 2.40208 7.59605 6.37 40.5769 2.52389 7.98123
5.18 26.8324 2.27596 7.19722 5.78 33.4084 2.40416 7.60263 6.38 40.7044 2.52687 7.98749
5.19 26.9361 2.27816 7.20417 5.79 33.5241 2.40624 7.60920 6.39 40.8321 2.52784 7.99375
6.20 27.0400 2.28035 7.21110 6.80 33.6400 2.40832 7.61577 6.40 40.9600 2.52982 8.00000
N N_ _ _ N N_ _/'N _ N N_ _
_8
N m V"N _ N m "_ "vfl0N N m V_ V/'10N
6.40 40.9600 2.52982 8.00000 7.00 49.0000 2.64575 8.36660 7.60 57.7600 2.75681 8.71780
6.41 41.0881 2.53180 8.00625 7.01 49.1401 2.64764 8.37257 7.61 57.9121 2.75862 8.72353
6.42 41.2164 2.53377 8.01249 7.02 49.2804 2.64953 8.37854 7.62 58.0644 2.76043 8.72926
6.43 41.3449 2.53574 8.01873 7.03 49.4209 2.65141 8.38451 7.63 58.2169 2.76225 8.73499
6.44 ;tl.4736 2.53772 8.02496 7.04 49.5616 2.65330 8.39047 7.64 58.3696 2.76405 8.74071
6.45 41.6025 2.53969 8.03119 7.05 49.7025 2.65518 8.39643 7.65 58.5225 2.76586 8.74643
6.46 41.7316 2.54165 8.03741 7.06 49.8436 2.65707 8.40238 7.66 58.6756 2.76767 8.75214
6.47 41.8609 2.54362 8.04363 7.07 49.9849 2.65895 8.40833 7.67 58.8289 2,76948 8.75785
6.48 41.9904 2.54558 8.04984 7.08 50.1264: 2.66083 8.41427 7.68 58.9824 2.77128 8.76356
6.49 42.1201 2.54755 8.05605 7,09 50.2681 2.66271 8.42021 7.69 59.1361 2.77308 8.76926
6.50 42.2500 2.54951 8.06226 7.10 50,4100 2.66458 8.42615 7.70 59.2900 2.77489 8.77496
6.51 42.3801 2.55147 8.06846 7.11 50.5521 2.66646 8.43208 7.71 59.4441 2.77669 8.78066
6.52 42.5104 2.55343 8.07465 7.12 50.6944 2.66833 8.43801 7.72 59.5984 2.77849 8.78635
6.53 42.6409 2.55539 8.08084 7.13 50.8369 2.67021 8.44393 7.73 59.7529 2.78029 8.79204
6.54 42.7716 2.55734 8.08703 7.14 50.9796 2.67208 8.44985 7.74 59.9076 2.78209 8.79773
6.55 42.9025 2.55930 8.09321 7.15 51.1225 2.67395 8.45577 7.75 60.0625 2.78388 8.80341
6.56 43.0336 2.56125 8.09938 7.16 51.2656 2.67582 8.46168 7.76 60.2176 2.78568 8.80909
6.57 43.1649 2.56320 8.10555 7.17 51.4089 2.67769 8.46759 7.77 60.3729 2.78747 8.81476
6.58 43.2964 ;2.56515 8.11172 7.18 51.5524 2.67955 8.47349 7.78 60.5284 2.78927 8.82043
6.59 43.4281 2.56710 8.11785 7.!9 51.6961 2.68142 8.47939 7.79 60.6841 2.79106 8.82610
6.60 43..5600 2.56905 8.12404 7.20 51.84"00 2.68328 8.48528 7.80 60.8400 2.79285 8.83176
6.61 43.6921 2.5_'099 8.13019 7.21 51.9841 2.68514 8.49117 7.81 60.9961 2.79464 8.83742
6.62 43.8244 2.57294 8.13634 7.22 52.1284 2.68701 8.49706 7.82 61.1524 2.79643 8.84308
6.63 43.9569 2.57488 8.14248 7.23 52.2729 2.68887 8.50294 7.83 61.3089 2.79821 8.84873
6.64 44.0896 2.57682 8.14862 7.24 52.4176 2.69072 8.50882 7.84 61.4656 2.80000 8.85438
6.65 44.2225 2.57876 8.15475 7.25 52.5625 2.69258 8.51469 7.85 61.6225 2.80179 8.86002
6.66 44.3556 2.58070 8.16088 17.26 52.7076 2.69444 8.52056 7.86 61.7796 2.80357 8.86566
6.67 44.4889 2.58263 8.16701 7.27 52.8529 2.69629 8.52643 7.87 61.9369 2.80535 8.87130
6.68 44.6224 2.58457 8.17313 7.28 52,9984 2.69815 8.53229 7.88 62.0944 2.80713 8.87694
6.69 44.7561 2.58650 8.17924 7.29 53.1441 2.70000 8.153815 7.89 62.2521 2.80891 8.88257
6.70 44.8900 2.58844 8.18535 7.30 53.2900 2.70185 8.54400 7.90 62.4100 2.81069 8.88819
6.71 45.0241 2.59037 8.19146 7.31 53.4361 2.70370 8.54985 7.91 62.5681 2.81247 8.89382
6.72 45.1584 2.59230 8.19756 7.32 53.5824 2.70555 8.55570 7.92 62.7264 2.81425 8.89944
6.73 45.2929 2.59422 8.20366 7.33 53.7289 2.70740 8.56154 7.93 62.8849 2.81603 8.90505
6.74 45.4276 2:59615 8.20975 7.34 53.8756 2.70924 8.56738 7.94 63.0436 2.81780 8.91067
6.75 45.5625 2.59808 8.21584 7.35. 54.0225 2.71109 8.57321 7.95 63.2025 2.81957 8.91628
6.76 45.6976 2.60000 8.22192 7.36 54.1696 2.71293 8.57904 7.96 63.3616 2.82135 8.92188
6.77 45.8329 2.60192 822800 7.37 54.3169 2.71477 8.58487 7.97 63..5209 2.82312 8.92749
6.78 45.9684 2.60384 8.23408 7.38 54.4644 2.71662 8.59069 7.98 63.6804 2.82489 8.93308
6.79 46.1041 2.60576 8.24015 7.39 54:6121 2.71846 8.59651 7.99 63.8401 2.82666 8.93868
6.80 46.2400 2.60768 8.24621 7.40 54.7600 2.72029 8.60233 8.00 64.0000 2.82843 8.94427
6.81 46.3761 2.60960 8.25227 7.41 54.9081 2.72213 8.60814 8.01 64.1601 2.83019 8.94986
6.82 46.5124 2.61151 8.25833 7.42 55.0564 2.72397 8.61394 8.02 64.3204 2.83196 8.95545
6.83 46.6489 2.61343 8.26438 7.43 55.2049 2.72580 8.61974 8.03 64.4809 2.83373 8.96103
6.84 46.7856 2.61534 8.27043 7.44 55.3536 2.72764 8.62554 8.04 64.6416 2.83549 8.96660
6.85 46.9225 2.61725 8.27647 7.45 55.5025 2.72947 8.63134 8.05 64.8025 2.83725 8.97218
6.86 47.0596 2.61916 8.28251 7.46 55.6516 2.73130 8.63713 8.06 64.9636 2.83901 8.97775
6.87 47.1969 2.62107 8.28855' 7.47 55.8009 2.73313 8.64292 8.07 65.1249 2.84077 8.98332
6.88 47.3344 2.62298 8.29458 7.48 55.9504 2.73496 8.64870 8.08 65.2864 2.84253 8.98888
6.89 47.4721 2.62488 8.30060 7.49 56.1001 2.73679 8.65448 8.09 65.4481 2.84429 8.99444
6.90 47.6100 2.62679 8.30662 7.50 56.2500 2.73861 8.66025 8.10 65.6100 2.84605 9.00000
6.91 47.7481 2.62869 8.31264 7.51 56.4001 2.74044 8.66603 8.11 65.7721 2.84781 9.00555
6.92 47.8864 2.63059 8.31865 7.52 56.5504 2.74226 8.67179 8.12 65.9344 2.84956 9.01110
6.93 48.0249 2.63249 8.32466 7.53 56.7009 2.74408 8.67756 8.13 66.0969 2.85132 9.01665
6.94 48.1636 2.63439 8.33067 7.54 56.8516 2.74591 8.68332 8.14 66.2596 2.85307 9.02219
6.95 48.3025 2.63629 8.33667 7.55 57.0025" 2.74773 8.68907 8.15 66.4225 2.85482 9.02774
6.96 48.4416 2.63818 8.34266 7.56 57.1536 2.74955 8.69483 8.16 66.5856 2.85657 9.03327
6.97 48.5809 2.64008 8.34865 7.57 57.3049 2.75136 8.70057 8.17 66.7489 2.85832 9.03881
6.98 48.7204 2.64197 8.35464 7.58 57.4564 2.75318 8.70632 8.18 66.9124 2.86007 9.04434
6.99 48.8601 2.64386 8.36062 7.59 57.6081 2.75500 8.71206! 8.19 67.0761 2.86182 9.04986
7.00 49.0000 2.64575 8.36660 7.60 57.7600 2.75681 8.71780 8.20 67.2400 2.86356 9.05539
/
,m
39
Jm
!N NI _ _ N N2 _ 2_ N N2 _
8.H 67.2400 2.86356 9.05539 8.00 77.4400 2.96648 9.38083 9.40188.3600 3.06594 9.69536
8.21 67.4041 2.86531 9.06091 8.81 77.6161 2.96816 9.38616 9.41 88.5481 3.06757 9.70052
8.22 67.5684 2.86705 9.06642 8.82 77.7924 2.96985 9.39149 9.42 88.7364 3.06920 9.70567
8.23 67.7329 2.86880 9.07193 8.83 77.9689 2.97153 9.39681 9.43 88.9249 3.07083 9.71082
8.24 67.8976 2.87054 9.07744 8.84 78.1456 2.97321 9.40213 9.44 89.1136 3.07246 9.71597
8.26 68.0625 2.87228 9.08295 8.85 78.3225 2.97489 9.40744 9.45 89.3025 3.07409 9.72111
8.26 68.2276 2.87402 9.08845 8.86 78.4996 2.97658 9.41276 9.46 89.4916 3.07571 9.72625
8.27 68.3929 2.87576 9.09395 8.87 78.6769 2.97825 9.41807 9.47 89.6809 3.07734 9.73139
8.28 68.55841 2.87750 9.09945 8.88 78.8544 2.97993 9.42338 9.48 89.8704 3.07896 9.73653!
8.29 68.7241i 2.87924 9.10494 8.89 79.0321 2.98161 9.42868 9.49 90.0601 3.08058 9.74166
8.30 68.8900 2.88097 9.11043 8.90 79.2100 2.98329 9.43398 9.50 90.2500 3.08221 9.74679
8.31 69.0561 2.88271 9.11592 8.91 79.3881 2.98496 9.43928 9.51 90.4401 3.08383 9.75192
8.32 69.2224 2.88444 9.12140 8.92 79.5664 2.98664 9.44458 9.52 90.6304 3.08545 9.75705
8.33 69.3889 2.886171 9.12088 8.93 79.7449 2.98831 9.44987 9.53 90.8209 3.08707 9.76217
8.34 69.5556 2.8879119.13236 8.94 79.9236 2.98998 9.45516 9.54 91.0116 3.08869 9.76729
8.35! 69.7225 2.889641 9.13783 8.951 80.1025 2.99166 9.46044 9.66 91.2025 3.09031 9.77241
8.36 69.8896 2.89137 9.14330 8.96l 80.2816 2.99333 9.46573 9.56 91.3936 3.09192 9.77753
8.37 70.0569 2.89310 9.14877 8.97180.4609 2.99500 9.47101 9.57 91.5849 3.09354 9.78264
8.38 70.2244 2.89482 9.15423 8.98l 80.6404 2.99666 9.47629 9.58 91.7764 3.09516 9.78775
8.39
8.40 70.3921
70.5600 2.89655
2.89828 9.15969
9.16515 8.991
9.001 80.8201
81.0000 2,99833
3.00000 9.48156
9.48683 9_ 91.9681
92.1600 3.09677
3.09839 9.79285
9.79796
8.41 70.7281 2.90000[ 9.17061 9.01181.1801 3.00167 9.49210 9.61 92.3521 3.10000 9.80306
8.42 70.8964 2.90172 9.17606 9.02181.3604 3.00333 9.49737 9.62 92.5444 3.10161 9.80816
8.43 71.0649 2.90345 9.18150 9.03181.5409 3.00500 9.50263 9.63 92.7369 3.10322 9.81326
8.44 71.2336 2.90517 9.18695 9.041 81.7216 3.00666 9.50789 9.64 92.9296 3.10483 9.81835
8.46 71.4025 2.90@89 9.19239 9.05[81.9025 3.00832 9.51315 9.85 93.1225 3.10644 9.82344
8.46 71.5716 2.908_1 9.19783 9.06[82.0836 3.00998 9.51840 9.66 93.3156 3.10805 9.82853
8.47 71.7409 2.91033 9.20326 9.07[ 82.2649 3.01164 9.52365 9.67 93.5089 3.10966 9.83362
8.48 71.9104 2.91204 9.20869 9.05i 82.4464 3.01330 9.52890 9.68 93.7024 3.11127 9.83870
8.49 72.0801 2.91376 9.21412 9.091 82.6281 3.01496 9.53415 9.69 93.8961 3.11288 9.84378
8.601 72.2500 2.91548 9.21954: 9.10[82.8100 3.01662 9.53939 9.70 94.0900 3.11448 9.84886
8.51172.4201 2.91719 9.22497 9.11[82.9921 3.01828 9.54463 9.71 94.2841 3.11609 9.85393
8.52 72.5904 2.91890 9.23035 9.12183.1744 3.01993 9.54987 9.72 94.4784 3.11769 9.85901
8.,53 72.7609 2.92062 9.23580 9.13[83.3569 3.02159 9.55510 9.73 94.6729 3.11929 9.86408
8.54 72.9316 2.92233 9.24121 9.14[83.5396 3.02324 9.56033 9.74 94.8676 3.12090 9.86914
8.65 73.1025 2.92404 9.24662 9.15J83.7225 3.02490 9.56556 9.75 95.0625 3.12250 9.87421
8.56 73.2736 2.92575 9.25203i 9.16183.9056 3.02655 9.57079 9.76 95.2576 3.12410 9.87927
8.57 73.4449 2.92746 9.25743 9.17J84.0889 3.0,2820 9.57601 9.77 95.4529 •3.12570 9.88433
8.58 73.6164 2.92916 9.26283 9.18i84.2724 3.02985 9.58123 9.78 95.C_484 3.12730 9.88939
8.59 73.7881 2.93087 9.26823 9.19i 84.4561 3.03150 9.58645 9.79 95.8441 3.12890 9.89444
8.60 73.9600 2.93258 9.27362 9.20184.6400 3.03315 9.59166 9.80 96.0400 3.13050 9.89949
f
8.61 74.1321 2.93428 9.27901 9.21[84.8241 3.03480 9.69687 9.81 96.2361 3.13209 9.90454
8.62 74.3044 2.93598 9.28440 9.22185.0084 3.03645 9.60208 9.82 96.4324 3.13369 9.90959
8.63 74.4769 2.93769 9.28978 9.23[85.1929 3,03809 9.60729 9.83 96.6289 3.13528 9.91464
8.64 74.6496 2.93939 9.29516 9.24"1 85.3776 3.03974 9.61249 9.84 96.8256 3.13688 9.91968
8.65 74.8225 2.94109 9.300541 9.'15185. 5625 3.04138 9.61769 9.85 97.0225 3.13847 9.92472
8.66 74.9956 2.94279 9.30591 9.261 85.7476 3.04302 9.62289 9.86 97.2196 3.14006 9.92975
8.67 75.1689 2.94449 9.31128 9.27185.9329 3.04467 9.62808 9.87 97.4169 3.14166 9.93479
8.68 75.3424 2.94618 9.31665 9.28 _ 861184 3.04631 9.63328 9.88 97.6144 3.14325 9.93982
8.69 75.5161 2.94788 9.32202 9.29 86.3041 3.04795 9.63846 9.89 97.8121 3.14484 9.94485
8.'/0 75.6900 2.94958 9.32738 9.30 86._900 3.04959 9.64365 9.90 98.0100 3.14643 9.94987
8.71 75.8641 2.95127 9'.33274 9.31 86.6761 3.05123 9.64883 9.91•1 98.2081 3.14802 9.95490
8.72 76.0384 2.95296 9.33809 9.32 86.8624 3.05287 9.65401 9.92 98.4064 3.14960 9.95992
8.731 76.2129 2.95466 9.34345 9.33 87.0489 3.05450 9.65919 9.93 98.6049 3.15119 9.96494
8.74i 76.3876 2.95635!9.34880 9.34 87.2356 3.05614 9.66437! 9.94 98.8036 3,15278 9.96995
8.'/6176.5625 2.95804 9.35414 9.35 87.4225 3.05778' 9.66954! 9.95 99.0025 3.15436 9.97497
8.761 76.7376 2.95973 9.35949 9.36 87.6096 3.05941 9.67471 9.96 99,2016 3.15595 9.97998
8.77[ 76.9129 2.96142 9.36483 9.37 87.7969 3.06105 9.67988 9.97 99.4009 3.15753 9.98499
8.781 77.0884 2.96311 9.37017 9.38 87.9844 3.06268 9.68504 9.98 99.6004 3.15911 9.98999
8.791 77..2641 2.96479 9.37550 9.39 88.1721 3.06431 9.69020 9.99 99.8001 3.16070 9.99500
8.00 77.4400 2.96648 9.38083 9.40 88.3600 3.06594 9.69536 LO.O0 100.000 3.16228 10.0000
N N2 _ _ N N_ _/-N I V_-0-N N N2 _ _I
4O
VALUES AND LOGARITHMS OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
--X
Note" If0 <x < .01 the value for e can be found by the use of
(l-x) or the value for ex can be found by the use of (I + x).
i i
X i ex e- x z .ex , e-x
Value Log1 o Value Value Log_ o Value
i
O. O0 1 . 0000 .00000 1 . 00000 O. 50 1 . 6487 .21715 . 60653

O. 01 1 .0101 .00434 . 99005 O. 51 1 . 6653 . 22149 . 60050
O.02 1 .0202 . 00869 . 98020 O. 52 1 . 6820 .22583 . 59452
O. 03 1 .0305 .01 303 . 97045 O. 53 1 . 6989 . 23018 . 58860
0.04 1.0408 .01737 .96079 0.54 1.7160 .23452 .58275
0.05 1.0513 .02171 .95123 0.55 1.7333 .23886 .57695

0.06 1.0618 .02606 .94176 0.56 1.7507 .24320 .57121
O.07 1 . 0725 .03040 . 93239 O. 57 1 . 7683 . 24755 . 56553
O.08 1 . 0833 . 03474 . 92312 O. 58 1 . 7860 . 25189 . 55990
O.09 1 . 0942 ,03909 . 91393 O. 59 1 . 8040 . 25623 . 55433
0.10 1.1052 .04343 .90484 0.60 1.8221 .26058 . 54881

0.11 1.1163 .04777 .89583 0.61 1.8404 .26492 . 54335
0,12 1.1275 .05212 . 88692 0.62 1. 8589 .26926 . 53794
0.13 1.1388 .05646 . 87809 O. 63 1. 8776 .27361 . 53259
0.14 1.1503 .06080 . 86936 O. 64 1. 8965 . 27795 . 52729
015 1.1618 .06514 .86071 0.65 1.9155 .28229 . 52205

016 1.1735 .06949 .85214 0.66 1.9348 .28664 .51685
017 1.1853 .07383 .84366 0.67 1.9542 .29098 .51171
018 1.1972 .07817 .83527 0.68 1.9739 .29532 .506_2
O. 19 1.2092 .08252 .82696 O. 69 1. 9937 .29966 .50158
0.20 1.2214 .08686 .81873 0.70 2.0138 .30401 .49659

0.21 1.2337 .09120 .81058 0.71 2.0340 .30835 .49164
O, 22 1 . 2461 .09554 . 80252 O. 72 2. 0544 . 31269 .48675
O. 23 1 . 2586 .09989 . 794_3 O.73 2. 0751 . 31703 . 48191
O.24 1 . 2712 . 10423 . 78663 O. 74 2. 0959 .32138 . 47711
O. 25 1 . 2840 . 10857 . 77880 O. 75 2.1170 .32572 . 47237

O.26 1 . 2969 . 11292 . 77105 O. 76 2.1383 . 33006 . 46767
O. 27 1 . 3100 . 11726 . 76338 O. 77 2.1598 . 33441 . 46301
O.28 1 . 3231 . 12160 . 75578 O. 78 2.1815 . 33875 .45841
O. 29 1. 3364 . 12595 . 74826 O. 79 2. 2034 . 34309 . 45384
O.30 1 . 3499 . 13029 . 74082 O. 80 2. 2255 . 34744 .44933

0.31 1.3634 .13463 .73345 0.81 2.2479 .35178 .44486
O. 32 1. 3771 . 13897 . 72615 O. 82 2. 2705 . 35612 . 44043
O. 33 1 . 3910 . 14332 . 71892 O. 83 2. 2933 . 36046 . 43605
O. 34 1 . 4049 . 14766 . 71177 O. 84 2.3164 . 36481 . 43171
O. 35 1.4191 . 15200 . 70469 0.85 2. 3396 . 36915 . 42741

O. 36 1.4333 . 15635 . 69768 O.86 2. 3632 . 37349 . 42316
O. 37 1 . 4477 . 16069 . 69073 O. 87 2. 3869 . 37784 . 41895
..38
39 11.4623
. 4770 ..16503
16937 .68386
.67706 0.88
O. 89 2.4109
2. 4351 ..38218
38652 ..41478
41066
0.40 1.4918 .17372 .67032 0.90 2.4596 .39087 .40657

O.41 1. 5068 . 17806 . 66365 O. 91 2. 4843 . 39521 . 40252
O. 42 1 . 5220 . 18240 . 65705 O. 92 2. 5093 . 39955 . 39852
O. 43 1 . 5373 . 18675 . 65051 O. 93 2. 5345 . 40389 . 39455
O. 44 1 . 5527 ' . 19109 . 64404 O. 94 2. 5600 . 40824 . 39063
O. 45 1 . 5683 . 19543 . 63763 O. 95 2. 5857 . 41258 . 38674

O. 46 1 . 5841 . 19978 . 63128 O. 96 2.6117 . 41692 . 38289
O. 47 1. 6000 . 20412 . 62500 O. 97 2. 6379 . 42127 . 37908
O. 48 1 . 6161 . 20846 . 61878 O. 98 2. 6645 . 42561 . 37531
0.49 1.6323 .21280 ,61263 0.99 2.6912 .42995 .37158
O. 56" 1.6487 .21715 . 60653 1.00 2.7183 . 43429 . 36788

41
....... mttnn t I I I Ji lii
tl
Value Loglo Value Value Logto Value

it it t
1.00 2.7183 . 43429 . 36788 1.50 4.4817 . 65144 .22313

1.01 2.7456 .43864 .36422 1.51 4.5267 .65578 .22091
1.02 2.7732 .44298 .36060 1.52 4.5722 .66013 .21871
1.03 2.8011 .44732 .35701 1.53 4.6182 .66447 .21654
1.04 2.8292 .45167 .35345 1.54 4.6646 .66881 .21438
1.05 2.8577 .45601 . 34994 1.55 4.7115 .67316 .21225

1.06 2.8864 .46035 .34646 I 56 4.7588 .67750 .21014
1.07 2.9154 .46470 .34301 1.57 4.8066 .68184 .20805
1.08 2.9447 .46904 .33960 1.58 4.8550 .68619 .20598
1.09 2.9743 .47338 .33622 1.59 4.9037 .69053 .20393
1,, _o_, _o, _o ,,, _oo_,.o_1 ,_

1.10 3.0042 .47772 .33287 1.60 4.9530 .69487 .20190
1,_ _o_ ,_o_ _o3 1,_ _,o_ .,o_o _

1.15 3. 1582 .49944 .31664 1.65 5.2070 .71659 .19205
_.=_1 ._1_1 ._o4_ ,._ _._,_ ._ .1_,_

1._o
,_1 _._Ol
_._ ._
._o ._o11_
._o ,._o
1._, _.,,_
_._o ._o
._, ._
.1_o_
_ _._ ._ ._ 1.,_ _._,_ ._ .1_o_
1_ _._ ._ ._ 1.,, _._ ._ .1_
1._
1._ _._ ._,_,
_._oo_._1_ .__
._o_ 1.,_
,., _._,
_._o_ ._o_
._o ._o,
._o_
1._o
1._, _._ ._ ._ 1._o _.o,_ ._1_ .1_o
_._ _._o_
z._ ._
._ ._
._1, _._ _.1_1_._o_ .1_
1._, _._o, ._o_ .1_o_
,._, _._o ._1_ ._,_ ,._, _._ ._1o ._
1._ _._
1.36 3. 8962
._o_o
.59064
._, .._ _._ ._o_, .1_,
.25666 1.86 6. 4237 .80779 .15567
1.37 3. 9354 .59498 . 25411 1.87 6. 4883 .81213 .15412
1.38 3. 9749 .59933 .25158 1.88 6. 5535 .81647 . 15259
1 . 39 4.0149 .60367 .24908 1 . 89 6.6194 . 82082 . 15107
1 . 40 4. 0552 .60801 .24660 1.90 6. 6859 . 82516 . 14957

1.41 4. 0960 .61236 .24414 1.91 6. 7531 . 82950 .14808
1.42 4.1371 .61670 . 24171 1.92 6. 8210 .83385 14661
1.43 4.1787 .62104 .23931 1.93 6.8895 .83819 74515
1 . 44 4. 2207 .62538 .23693 1 . 94 6. 9588 .84253 : |4370
1 . 45 4. 2631 .62973 .23457 1.95 7. 0287 . 84687 . 14227

1.46 4. 3060 .63407 .23224 1.96 7. 0993 .85122 .14086
1.47 4. 3492 .63841 .22993 1.97 7.1707 . 85556 .13946
1 . 48 4. 3929 .64276 .22764 1 . 98 7. 2427 . 85990 .13807
1.49 4. 4371 .64710 . 22537 1.99 7.3155 . 86425 .13670
42 1.50
i ii
4. 4817 . 65144 . 22313 2. O0 7. 3891 .86859 .13534
1
X L_ e.-x X £_¢ ¢":¢

Value Logzo Value Value Loglo Value
7. 3891 . 86859 . 13534 2. 543 12.182 1 •08574 .08208

7. 4633 . 87293 . 13399 2.51 12. 305 1 •09008 .08127
7. 5383 . 87727 . 13266 2.52 12. 429 1 •09442 .08046
7.6141 . 88162 . 1313", 2.53 12. 554 1 . 09877 . 07966
7. 6906 . 88596 . 13003 2.54 12. 680 1 • 10311 .07887
7.7679 .89030 .32873 2.55 12.807 1.10745 .07808

7.8460 .89465 .12745 2.56 12.936 1.11179 .07730
7.9248 .89899 .12619 2.57 13.066 1.11614 .07654
8.0045 .90333 .12493 2.58 13.197 1.12048 .07577
8.0849 .90768 .12369 2.59 13.330 1.12482 .07502
8.1662 .91202 . 12246 2.60 13. 464 1 , 12917 .07427

8. 2482 . 91636 . 12124 2.61 13. 599 1 •13351 . 07353
8. 3311 . 92070 . 12003 2.62 13. 736 1 • 13785 . 07280
8.4149 . 92505 . 11884 2.63 13. 874 1 •14219 . 07208
8. 4994 . 92939 . 11765 2.64 14.013 1 • 14654 . 07136
8. 5849 . 93373 . 11648 2.65 14.154 1 • 1 5088 .07065

8. 6711 .93808 . 11533 2.66 14. 296 1 • 1 5522 .06995
8.7583 .94242 .11418 2.67 14.440 1.15957 .06925
8. 8463 . 94676 . 11304 2.68 14. 585 1 • 16391 .06856
8. 9352 . 95110 . 11192 2.69 14. 732 1 • 16825 .06788
9. 0250 . 95545 . 11080 2.70 14. 880 1 • 17260 . 96721

9.1157 . 95979 . 10970 2.71 15. 029 1 • 17694 . 06654
9. 2073 . 96413 . 10861 2.72 15. 180 1 • 18128 .06587
9. 2999 . 96848 . 10753 2.73 15. 333 1 • 18562 .06522
9. 3933 . 97282 . 10646 2.74 15. 487 1 • 18997 .064 57
9. 4877 . 97716 . 10540 2.75 15. 643 1 • 19431 . 06393

9. 5831 . 981 51 . 10435 2.76 15. 800 1 • 19865 . 06329
9. 6794 . 98585 . 10331 2.77 15. 959 1 •20300 . 06266
9.7767 .99019 . 10228 2.78 16. 119 1.20734 .06204
9.8749 .99453 .10127 2.79 16.281 1.21168 .06142
9. 9742 . 99888 . 10026 2.80 16. 445 1 •21602 .06081

10. 074 1 •00322 .09926 2.81 16. 610 1 . 22037 . 06020
10. 176 1 •00756 . 09827 2.82 16. 777 1 • 22471 . 05961
10. 278 1 •01191 . 09730 2.83 16. 945 1 • 22905 .05901
10.381 1.01625 .09633 = 2.84 17.116 1.23340 .05843
10. 486 1 . 02059 .09537 2.85 17. 288 1 . 23774 .05784

10. 591 1 . 02493 . 09442 2.86 17. 462 1 •24208 .05727
10.697 1.02928 .09348 2.87 17.637 .1.24643 .05670
10. 805 1 . 03362 . 09255 2.88 17.814 1 • 25077 . 0561 3
10. 913 1 . 03796 . 09163 2.89 17. 993 1 . 25511 .05558
11.023 1 .04231 .09072 2.90 18.174 1.25945 .05502

11 . 134 1 . 04665 . 08982 2.91 18. 357 1 . 26380 . 05448
11 . 246 1 . 05099 . 08892 2.92 18. 541 1 •26814 .05393
11 . 359 1 . 05534 . 08804 2.93 18. 728 1 . 27248 . 05340
11 •473 1 . 05968 . 08716 2.94 18. 916 1 •27683 . 05287
11 . 588 1 . 06402 . 08629 2.95 19. 106 1 . 28117 . 05234

11 . 705 1 •06836 . 08543 2.96 19. 298 1 . 28551 . 05182
11 . 822 1 . 07271 . 08458 ?. 97 19. 492 1 . 28985 . 051 30
11 . 941 1 . 07705 . 08374 2.98 19. 688 1 . 29420 . 05079
12. 061 1 •08139 . 08291 2.99 19. 886 1 •29854 .05029
12. 182 1 •08574 . 08208 3. O0 20. 086 1 • 30288

llll
. 04979 43
j |l i i
Z [ e= e -z
F Value Loglo Value
im i i •
3. O0 20. 086 1 . 30288 .04979
.05
10 21.115
22.198 1 . 34631
32460 . 04505
04736
.15
20 23. 533
24. 336 1.. 36803
1 38974 ..04285
04076
3.25 25. 790 1 • 41146 . 03877

3.30 27.113 1 . 43317 . 03688
3.35 28. 503 1 . 45489 .03508
3.40 29. 964 1 . 47660 . 03337
3.45 31 . 500 1 . 49832 .03175
3.50 33.115 1 . 52003 .03020

3.55 34.813 1 • 54175 .02872
3.60 36. 598 1 • 56346 .02732
3.65 38. 475 1 . 58517 .02599
3.70 40. 447 1 . 60689 .02472
3.75 42. 521 1 . 62860 .02352

3.80 44. 701 1 .65032 . 02237
3.85 46. 993 1 . 67203 . 02128
3.90 49. 402 1 . 69375 . 02024
3.95 51.935 1.71546 .01925
4. O0 54. 598 1 . 73718 . 01832

4.10 60. 340 1 •78061 . 01657
4.20 66. 686 1 . 82404 . 01500
4.30 73. 700 1 . 86747 . 01357
4.40 81.451 1.91090 .01227
4.50 90. 017 1 •95433 •01111

4.60 99. 484 1 . 99775 . 01005
4.70 109.95 2. 04118 . 00910
4.80 121.51 2. 08461 .00823
4.90 134.29 2.12804 . 00745
5.00 148.41 2.17147 .00674
5.10 164.02 2.21490 .00610
5.20 181 . 27 2. 25833 .00552
5.30 200.34 2. 30176 .00499
5.40 221 . 41 2. 34519 .00452
5.50 244.69 2. 38862 .00409

5.60 270.43 2. 43205 .00370
5.70 298.87 2.47 548 .00335
5.80 330.30 2.51891 .00303
5.90 365.04 2. 56234 . 00274
6. O0 403.43 2. 60577 .00248

6.25 518.01 2.71434 .00193
6.50 665.14 2. 82291 .00150
6.75 854.06 2. 93149 .00117
7. O0 1096.6 3. 04006 . 00091
7.50 1808.0 3. 25721 .00055

8. O0 2981 . 0 3. 47436 .00034
8.50 4914.8 3. 691 50 .00020
9. O0 8103.1 3. 90865 . 00012
9.50 13360. 4.12580 . 00007
44 |0. O0 22026. • 4. 34294 .00005

THREE-PLACE VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
AND
DEGREES IN RADIAN MEASURE
Rad. Deg. Sin Tan Sec Csc Cot Cos Deg. Rad.
.000 0° .000 .000 1.000 1.000 90 ° 1.571
.017 1° .017 .017 1.000 57.30 57.29 1.000 89 ° 1.553

.035 2° .035 .035 1.001 28.65 28.64 0.999 88 ° 1.536
.052 3° .052 .052 1.001 19.11 19.08 .999 87 ° 1.518
.070 4° .070 .070 1.002 14.34 14.30 .998 86 ° 1.501
.087 Bo .087 .087 1.004 11.47 11.43 .996 85 ° 1.484
.105 6° .105 .105 1.006 9.567 9.514 .995 84 ° 1.466

.122 7° .122 .123 1.008 8.206 8.144 .993 83 ° 1.449
.140 8° .139 .141 1.010 7.185 7.115 .990 82 ° 1.431
.157 9° .156 .158 1.012 6.392 6.314 .988 81 ° 1.414
.175 10 ° .174 .176 1.015 5.759 5.671 .985 80 ° 1.396
.192 11 ° .191 .194 1.019 5.241 5.145 .982 79 ° 1.379

.209 12 ° .208 .213 1.022 4.810 4.705 .978 78 ° 1.361
.227 13 ° .225 .231 1.026 4.445 4.331 .974 77 ° 1.344
.244 14 ° .242 .249 1.031 4.134 4.011 .970 76 ° 1.326
.262 15 ° .259 .268 1.035 3.864 3.732 .966 75 ° 1.309
.279 16 ° .276 .287 1.040 3.628 3.487 .961 74 ° 1.292

.297 17 ° .292 .306 1.046 3.420 3.271 .956 73 ° 1.274
.314 18 ° .309 .325 1.051 3.236 3.078 .951 72 ° 1.257
.332 19 ° .326 .344 1.058 3.072 2.904 .946 71° i 1.239
.349 20 ° .342 .364 1.064 2.924 2.747 .940 70° ! 1.222
.367 21 ° .358 .384 1.071 2.790 2.605 .934 69 ° 1.204

.384 22 ° .375 .404 1.079 2.669 2.475 .927 68 ° 1.187
.401 23 ° .391 .424 1.086 2:559 2.356 .921 67 ° 1.169
.419 24 ° .407 .445 1.095 2.459 2.246 .914 66 ° 1.152
.436 25 ° .423 .466 1.103 2.366 2.145 .906 65 ° 1.134
.454 26 ° .438 .488 1.113 2.281 2.050 .899 64 ° 1.117

.471 27 ° .454 .510 1.122 2.203 1.963 .891 63 ° 1.100
.489 28 ° .469 .532 1.133 2.130 1.881 .883 62 ° 1.082
.506 29 ° .485 .554 1.143 2.063 1.804 .875 61 ° 1.065
.524 30 ° .500 .577 3.155 2.000 1.732 .866 60 ° 1.047
.541 31 ° .515 .601 1.167 1.942 1.664 .857 59 ° 1.030

.559 32 ° .530 .625 1.179 1.887 1:600 .848 58 ° 1.012
.576 33 ° .545 .649 1.192 1.836 1.540 .839 57 ° 0.995
.593 34 ° .559 .675 1.206 1.788 1.483 .829 56 ° 0.977
.611 35 ° .574 .700 1.221 1.743 1.428 .819 55 ° 0.960
.628 36 ° .588 .727 1.236 1.701 1.376 .809 54 ° 0.942

.646 37 ° .602 .754 1.252 1.662 1.327 .799 53 ° 0.925
.663 38 ° .616 .781 1.269 1.624 1.280 .788 52 ° 0.908
.681 39 ° .629 .810 1.287 1.589 1.235 .777 51 ° 0.890
.698 40 ° .643 .839 1.305 1.556 1.192 .766 50 ° 0.873
.716 41 ° .656 .869 1.325 1.524 1.150 .755 49 ° 0.855

.733 42 ° .669 .900 1.346 1.494 1.111 .743 48 ° 0.838
.750 43 ° .682 .933 1.367 1.466 1.072 .731 47 ° 0.820
.768 44 ° .695 0.966 1.390 1.440 1.036 .719 46 ° 0.803
.785 45 ° .707 1.000 1.414 1.414 1.000 .707 45 ° 0.785
Rad. Deg. Cos Cot Cat $ec Tan Sin Deg. Rad.
45
NATURAL (NAPIERIAN) LOGARITHH$
The natural logarithm of a number is the index of the power to which the
base e (2.7182818) must be raised in order to equal the number.
Example: log e 4.12 = in 4.12 : 1.4159.
The _able gives the natural logarithms of numbers from 1.00 to 9.99 di-
rectly, and p_rmits finding logarithms of numbers outside that range by
the addition or subtraction of the natural logarithms of powers of I0.
2
Example: In 679. = in 6.79 + in i0 = 1.9155 + 4.6052 = 6.5207
in 0.0679 --in 8.79 - in 102 = 1.9155 - 4.6052 : - 2.6897
Natural Logarithms of I0 k
in i0 = 2.302585 in 10 4 = 9.210340 in 107 = 16.118096

In 102 = 4.605170 in I05 = Ii. 512925 in l0s = 18.420681
in i0 s = 6.907755 in i0e = 18.815511 In 109 = 20.728266
To obtain the common logarithm, the natural logarithm is multiplied by

loglo e, which is 0.434294, or loglo N = 0.484294 in N.
N 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1.0 0.0000 0.0100 0.0198 0.0296 0.039_ 0.0488 0.0583 0.0677 0.0770 0.0862
I.I 0.0953 0.1044 0 1133 0.1222 0.1310 0.1398 0.1484 0.1570 0.1655 0.1740
1.2 0.1823 0. t906 0.1989 0.2070 0.2131 0.2231 0.2311 0.2390 0.2469 0.2546
1.3 0.2624 0.2700 0.2776 0.2852 0.2927 0.3001 0.3075 0.3148 0.3221 0.3293
1.4 0.3365 0.3436 0.3507 0.3577 0.3646 0.3716 0.3784 0.3853 0.3920 0.3988
1.5 0.4055 0.4121 0.4187 0.4253 0.4313 0.43X3 0.4447 0.4511 0.4574 0.4637
1.6 0.4700 0.4702 0.4824 0.4886 0.4947 0.5008 0.5068 0.5128 0.5188 0.5247
!.7 0.5306 0.5365 0.5423 0.5481 0,5539 0.5396 0.5653 0.5710 0.5766 0.5822
1.8 0.5878 0.5933 0 598_ 0.6043 0 6098 0.b152 0.6206 0.6259 0.6313 0.6366
1.9 0,6419 0.6471 0.6523 0.6575 0.6627 0.6078 0.6729 0.6780 0.6831 0.6881
2.0 0,6931 0.6981 0.7031 0.7080 0.7129 0.7178 0.7227 0.7275 0.7324 0.7572
2 I 0.7419 0.7467 0.7514 0.7561 0.7608 0.7655 0.7701 0.7747 0.7793 0.7839
2.2 0.7885 0.7930 0.7975 0.8020 0.8063 0.8109 0.8134 0.8198 0.8242 0.8286
2.3 0.8329 0.8372 0.8416 0.8439 0.8502 0.8544 0.8587 0.8629 0.8671 0.8713
2.4 0.8755 0.8796 0.8838 0.8879 0.8920 0.8961 0.9002 0.9042 0.9083 0.9123
2.5 0.9163 0.9203 0.9243 0.9282 0.9322 0.9361 0.9400 0.9439 0.9478 0.95!7
2.6 0.9555 0.9594 0.9632 0.9670 0.9708 "0.9746 0.9783 0.9821 0.9858 0.9895
2.7 0.9933 0.9969 1.0006 1.0043 1.0080 1.0116 1.0152 1.0188 !.0225 1.0260
2.8 1.0296 1.0332 1.0367 1.0403 1.0438 1.0473 1.0508 1.0543 !.0578 1.0613
2.9 1.0647 1.0682 1.0716 1.0750 1.0784 1.0818 i.0852 1.0886 1.0919 1.0953
$.0 1.0986 1.1019 1.1053 1.1086 1.1119 1.1151 1.1184 1.1217 1.124g 1.1282
3.1 1.1314 1.1346 i.1378 1.1410 1.1442 1.1474 !.1506 1.1537 1.1569 1.1600
3.2 1.1632 1.1663 1.1694 1.1725 1.1756 1.17_7 1.1817 1.1848 1.1878 1.1909
3.3 1.1939 1.1969 1.2000 1.2030 1.2060 1.2090 1.2119 !.2149 1.2179 1.2208
3.4 1.2238 1.2267 1.2296 1.2326 !.2355 1.2384 1.2413 1.2442 1.2470 1.2499
3.5 1.2528 1.2556 1.2585 i.2613 1.2641 1.2669 1.2698 1.2726 1.2754 1.2782
3.6 1.2809 1.2837 1.2865 1.2892 1.2920 1.2947 1.2975 1.3002 1.3029 1.3056
3.7 1.3083 1.3110 1.3137 1.3164 1.3191 1.3218 1.3244 1.3271 1.3297 1.3324
3.8 !.3350 1.3376 1.3403 1.3429 1.3455 1.348i 1.3507 1.3533 1.3558 !.3584
3.9 1.3610 1.3635 1.3661 1.3686 !.3712 1.3737 1.3762 1.3788 1.3813 1.3838
t.O 1.$868 1.$888 1.$918 1.8958 1.$98g 1.$987 1.4012 1.4056 1.4081 1.4MMliJ
4.1 1.4110 1.4134 i.4159 1.4183 1.4207 1.4231 1.4255 1.4279 1.4303 1.4327
4.2 1.4351 i.4375 1.4398 1.4422 1.4446 1.4469 1.4493 1.4516 1.4540 1.4563
4.3 1.4586 1.4609 1.4633 1.4656 1.4679 1.4702 1.4725 1.4748 1.4770 1.4793
4.4 1.4816 1.4839 1.4861 1.4884 1.4907 1.4929 1.4951 1.4974 1.4996 1.5019
4.$ 1.5041 1.5063 1.5085 1.5107 1.5129 I.$151 1.5173 1.5195 1.5217 I.$239
1.6 1.5261 1.5282 !.5304 I.$326 1.5347 1.5369 i.$390 I.$412 I.$433 I.$454
4.7 1.5476 1.5497 i.5518 1.5539 1.5560 1.5581 1.5602 1.5623 1.5644 1.5665
6.8 1.5686 1.5707 1.5728 !.5748 1.5769 1.5790 1.5810 1.5831 1.5851 1.5872
0.9 1.5892 1.5913 1.5933 1.5953 1.5974 1.5994 1.6014 1.6034 1.6054 1.6074
46
............ F
N 0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
|.0 1.90N 1.6114 1.613& 1.6164 1.6174 1.6194 1.6214 1.62U 1.6252 1.627|
5.1 1.6292 1.6312 1.6332 1.6351 1.6371 1.6390 1.6409 1.6429 1.6448 1.6467
5.2 1.6487 1.6506 1.6525 1.6544 i.6563 1.6582 1.6601 1.6620 1.6639 1.6658
5.3 1.6677 1.6696 1.6715 1.6734 1.6752 i.6771 1.6790 1.6808 1.6827 1.6845
5.4 1.6864 !.6882 1.6901 !.6919 1.6938 1.6956 1.6974 1.6993 i.7011 1.7029
5.5 1.7047 1.7066 1.7084 1.7102 1.7120 1.7138 1_7156 1.7;74 1.7192 1.7210
5.6 1.7228 1.7246 1.7263 1.7281 1.7299 1.7317 1.7334 1.7352 1.7370 1.7387
5.7 1.7405 1.7422 1.7440 1.7457 1.7475 1.7492 1.7509 1.7527 1.7544 1.7561
5.8 1.7579 !.7596 1.7613 1.7630 1.7647 1.7664 1.7681 1.7699 1.7716 1.7733
5.9 1.7750 1.7766 1.7783 1.7800 1.7817 1.7834 1.7851 1.7867 1.7884 1.7901
6.0 1.7918 1.7934 1.7951 1.7967 1.7984 1.8001 1.8017 1.8034 1.8050 1.8064
6.1 1.8083 1.8099 1.8116 1.8132 1.8148 1.8165 1.8181 !.8197 1.8213 1.8229
6.2 1.8245 1.8262 1.8278 1.8294 1.8310 1.8326 1.8342 1.8358 1.8374 1.8390
6.3 1.8405 1.8421 1.8437 1.8453 1.8469 1.84_5 1.8500 1.8516 1.8532 1.8547
6.4 1.8563 1.8579 1.8594 1.8610 1.8625 1.8641 1.8656 1.8672 1.8687 1.8703
6.5 1.8718 1.8733 1.8749 1.8764 1.8779 1.8795 1.8810 1.8825 1.8840 1.8_56
6.6 1.8871 1.8886 1.8901 i.8916 1.8931 1.8946 1.8961 1.8976 1.8991 !.9006
6.7 1.9021 1.9036 1.9051 1.9066 1.9081 !.9095 1.9110 1.9125 1.9140 1.9155
6.8 1.9169 1.9184 !.9199 1.9213 1.9228 1.9242 1.9257 1.9272 1.9286 1.9301
b.9 i.9315 1.9330 1.9344 1.9359 !.9373 1.9387 !.9402 1.9416 1.9430 1.9445
7.0 1._459 1.9475 1.9488 1.9802 1.9516 1.9550 1.9644 1.9559 1.9575 1.9687
7.1 1.9601 1.9615 1.9629 1.9643 1.9657 1.9671 !.9685 !.9699 1.9713 1.9727
7.2 1.9741 1.9755 1.9769 1.9782 1.9796 1.9810 1.9824 1.9538 1.9851 1.9865
7.3 i.9879 1.9892 1.9906 1.9920 !.9933 1.9947 1.9961 1.9974 1.9988 2.0001
7.4 2.0015 2.0028 2.0042 2.0055 2.0069 2.0082 2.0096 2.0109 2.0122 2.0136
7.5 2.0149 2.0162 2.0176 2.0189 2.0202 2.0215 2.0229 2.0242 2.0255 2.0268
7.6 2.0281 2.0295 2.0308 2.0321 2.0334 2.0347 2.0360 2.0373 2.0386 2.0399
7.7 2.0412 2.0425 2.0438 2.0451 2.0464 2.0477 2.0490 2.0503 2.0516 2.0528
7.8 2.0541 2.0554 2 0567 2.0580 2.0592 2.0605 2.0618 2.0631 2.0643 2.0656
7.9 2.0669 2.0681 2.0694 2.0707 2.0719 2.0732 2.0744 2.0757 2.0769 2.0782
6.0 S.0794 2.080T 2.0819 1.083g 2.0844 1.0857 2.0869 2.0883 2.0994 S.0906
8.1 2.0919 2.0931 2.0943 2.0956 2.0968 2.0989 2.0992 2.1005 2.1017 2.1029
8.2 2.1041 2.1054 2.1066 2.1078 2.1090 2.1102 2.1114 2.1126 2.1138 2.1150
8.3 2.1163 2.1175 2.1187 2.1199 2.1211 2.1223 2.1235 2.1247 2.1258 2.1270
8.4 2.1282 2.1294 2.1306 2.1318 2.1330 2.1342 2.1353 2.1365 2.1377 2.1389
8.5 2.1401 2.1412 2.1424 2.1436 2.1448 2.1459 2.1471 2.1483 2.1494 2.1506
8.6 2.1518 2.1529 2.1541 2.1552 2.1564 2.1576 2.1587 2.1599 2.1610 2.1622
8.7 2.1633 2.1645 2.1656 2.1668 2.1679 2.1691 2.1702 2.1713 2.1725 2.1736
8.8 2.1748 2.1759 2.1770 2.1782 2.1793 2.1804 2.18i5 2.1827 2.1838 2.1849
8.9 2.1861 2.1872 2.1883 2.1894 2.1905 2.1917 2.1928 2.1939 2.1950 2.1961
9.0 S.1972 S.1983 |.1994 2.2006 2.2017 2.2029 2.2039 2.2050 2.2061 2.2072
9.1 2.2083 2.2094 2.2105 2.2116 2.2127 2.2138 2.2148 2.2159 2.2170 2.2181
9.2 2.2192 2.2203 2.2214 2.2225 2.2235 2.2246 2.2257 2.2268 2.2279 2.2289
9.3 2.2300 2.2311 2.2322 2.2332 2.2343 2.2354 2.2364 2.2375 2.2386 2.2396
9.4 2.2407 2.2418 2.2428 2.2439 2.2450 2.2460 2.2471 2.2481 2.2492 2.2502
9._
9.- 2.2513
2.2618 2.2523
2.2628 2.2534
2.2638 2.2544
I 2.2649 2.2555
2.2659 2.2565
2.2670 2.2576
2.2680 2.2586
2.2690 2.2597
2.2701 2.2607
2.2711
9.7 2.2721 2.2732 2.2742 2.2752 2.2762 2.2773 2.2783 2.2793 2.2803 2.2814
9.8 2.2824 2.2834 2.2844 2.2854 2.2865 2.2875 2.2885 2.2895 2.2905 2.2915
9.9 2.2925 2.2935 2.2946 2.2956 2.2966 2.2976 2.2986 2.2996 2.3006 2.3016
67
LOGARITHMS TO BASE 10
0 I 2 8 4 6 6 7 8 9 123 456 789
0000 0043 0086 0128 0170 0212 0253 0294 0334 0374 4 8 12 17 2I 25 29 33 37
0414 0453 0492 0531 0569 0607 0645 0682 0719 0755 4 8 11 I 15 19 23 26 30 34
0792 0828 0864 0899 0934 0969 1004 1038 1072 1106 3 7 10 14 17 21 24 28 31
1139 1173 1206 1239 1271 1303 1335 1367 1399 1430 3 6 10 13 16 19 23 26 29
1461 1492 1523 1553 1584 1614 1644 1673 170311732 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
1761 1790 1818 1847 1875 1903 1931 1959 1987 2014 3 6 8 11 14 17 20 22 25
2041 2068 2095 2122 2148 2175 2201 2227 2253 2279 3 5 8 11 13 16 18 21 24
2304 2330 2355 2380 2405 2430 24_5 2480 2504 2529 2 5 7 10 12 15 17 20 22
2553 2577 2601 2625 2648 2672 2695 2718 2742 2765 2 5 7 9 12 14 16 19 21
2788 2810 2833 2856 2878 2900 2923 2945 2967 2989 2 4 7 9 1113 16 18 20
3010 3032 3054 3075 3096 3118 3139 3160 3181 3201 2 4 6 8 11 131 15 1719
21 3222 3243 3263 3284 3304 3324 3345 3365 3385 3404 2 4 6 8 1012 14 16 18
22 3424 3444 3464 3483 3502 3522 3541j3560 3579 3598 2 4 6 8 1012 14 16 17
23 3617 3636 3655 3674 3692 3711 3729 3747 3766 3784 2 4 6 7 911 13 15 17
24 3802 3820 3838 3856 3874 3892 3909 3927 3945 3962 2 4 5 7 9 11 12 14 16
25 3979 3997 4014 4031 4048 4065 4082 4099 4116 4133 2 4 5 7 9 10 12 14 16
26 4150 4166 4183 4200 4216 4232 4249 4265 4281 4298 2 3 5 7 8 10 111315
27 4314 4330 4346 4362 4378 4393 4409 4425 4440 4456 2 3 5 6 8 9 111214
28 4472 4487 4502 4518 4533 4548 4564 4579 4594 4609 2 3 5 6 8 9 111214
29 4624 4639 4654 4669 4683 4698 4713 4728 4742 4757 1 3 4 6 7 9_ 101213
4771 4786 4800 4814 48_94843 4857 4871 4886 4,900 1 3 4 6 7 9 101113
4914 4928 4942 4955 4969 4983 4.997 5011 5024 5038 1 3 4 5 7 8 101112
5051 5065 5079 5092 5105 5119 5132 5145 5159 5172 1 3 4 5 7 8 91112
518515198 5211 5224 5237 5250 5.263 5276 5289 5302 1 3 4 5 7 8 9 11 12
5315 5328 5340 5353 5366 5378 5391 5403 5416 5428 1 2 4 5 6 8 91011
5441 5453 5465 5478 5490 5502 5514 5527 5539 5551 1 2 4 5 6 7 91011
5563 5575 5587 5599 5611_5623 5635 5647 5658 5670 1 2 4 5 6 7 81011
5682 5694 5705 5717 5729 5740 5752 5763 5775"5786 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 911
5798 5809 5821 5832 5843 5855 5866 5877 5888 5899 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 910
5911 592_2 5933 5944 5955 5966 597___77
598___88
5____ 6010 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10
6021 6031 6042 6053 6064 6075 6085 6096 6107 6117 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 910
6128 6138 6149 6160 6170 6180 6191 6201 6212 6222 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
6232 6243 625316263 6274 6284 6294 6304 6314 6325 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
6335 6345 6355 6365 6375 6385 6395 6405 6415 6425 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0435 6444 6454'6464 6474 6484 6493 6503 6513 6522 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
6532 6542 6551 6561 6571 6580 6590 6599 6609 6618 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
6628 6637 6646 6656 6665 6675 6684 6693 6702 6712 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 8
'6721 6730 6739 6749 6758 6767 6776 6785 6794 6803 1 23 4 5 6 7 7 8
6812 6821 6830 6839 6848 6857 6866 6875 6884 6893 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 8
6902 6911!.6.920 6928 6937 6946 6955 6964 6972 6981 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8
_6990 6998 7007 7016 7024 7033 7042 7050 7059 7067 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8
7076 7084 7093 7101 7110 7118 7126 7135 7-_ 7152 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8
7160 7168 7177 7185 7193 7202 7210 7218, 7226 7235! 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 7
7243 7251 7259 7267 7275 7284 7292 7300 7308 7316 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 6 7
7324 7332 7340 7348 7356 7364 7372 7380 7388 7396' 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 6 7
I
N[ I 0 1 2 $ 4 § 6 Y 8 9 1 2 2 4 5 6 7 8 9
, i i
The proportional parts are stated in full for every tenth at the right-hand side.
The logarithm of any number of four significant figures can be read directly by add°
48
(continued)--LOGARITHMS TO BASE 10
0 1 2 $ 4 5 6 7 8 9 123 456 789
7404 7412 7419 7427 7435 7443 7451 7459 7466 7474 1 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 7
17482 7490 7497 7505 7513 7520 7528 7536 7543 7551 1 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 7
!7559 7566 7574 7582 7589 7597 7604 7612 7619 7627 1 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7
7634 7642 7649 7657 7664 7672 7679 7686 7694 7701 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7
7709 7716 7723 7731 7738 7745 7752 7760 7767 7774 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7
7782 7789 7796 7803 _;810 7818 7825 7832 7839 7846 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 6
7853 7860 7868 7875 7882 7889 7896 7903 7-_ 7917 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 6
7924 7931 7938 7945 7952 7959 7966 7973 7980!7987 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6
7993 8000 8007 8014 8021 8028 8035 8041 8048 5055 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6
8062 8069 8075 8082 8089 8096 8102 8109 8116 8122 1 I 2 3 3 4 5 5 6
8129 8136 8142 8149 8156 8162 8169 8176 8182 8189 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6
8195 8202 8209 8215 8222 8228 8235 8241 8248 8254 I 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6
8261,8267 8274 8280 8287 8293 8299 8306 8312 8319 I 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6
8325 8331 8338 8344 8351 8357 8363 8370 8376 8382 1 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 6
8388 8395 8401 8407 8414 8420 8426 8432 8439 8445 1 I 2 3__3__._4 4 5 6
8451 8457 8463 8470 8476 8482 8488 8494 8500 8506 1 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 6
8513 8519 8525 8531 8537 8543 8549 8555 8561 8567 1 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 6
8573 8579 8585 8591 8597 8603 8609 8615 8621 8627 1 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 6
8633 8639 8645 8651 865.7 8663 8669 8675 8681 8686 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
8692 869818704 8710 8716 8722 8727 8733 8739 8745 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
8751 8756 8762 8768 8774 8779 8785 8791 8797 8802 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 5
8808 8814 8820 8825 8831 8837 8842 8848'8854 8859 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
8865 8871 8876 8882 8887 8893 8899 8904 8910 8915 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
8921 8927 8932 8938 8943 8949 8954 8960 8965 8971 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
8976 898218987 8993 8998 9004 9009 9015 9020 9025 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
.9031 9036 9042 9047 9053 9058 9063 9069 9074 9079 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
90&5 90901-_ 9101 9106 9112 9117 9122 9128 9133 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
9138 9143 9149 9154 9159 9165 9170 9175 9180 9186 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
9191 9196 9201 9206 9212 9217 9222 9227 9232 9238 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4: 5
9243 9248 9253 9258 9263 9269 9274 9'279 9284 9289 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
9294 9299 9304i 9309 9315' 9320 9325 9330 9335 9340 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4: 5
9345 9350 9355 9360 9365 9370 9375 9380 9385 9390 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
9395 9400 940519410 9415 9420 9425 9430 9435 9440 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
9445 9450 9455 9460 9465 9469 9474 9479 9484 9489 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
9494 9499 9504 9509 9513 9518 9523 9528 9533 9538 0 1 I 2 2 3 3 4 4
9542 9547 9552 9557 9562 9566 9571 9576 9581 9586 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
9590 9595! .9600 9605 9609 9614 9619 9624 .9628 9633 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
9638 9643! 9647, 9652 9657 9661 9666 9671 9675 9680 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
9685 9689 9694 9699 9703 9708 9713 9717 9722 9727 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
9731 9736, 9741 9745 9750 9754 9759 9763 9768 9773 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
9777 9782 9786 9791; 9795 9800 9805 9809 9814 9818 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
9823 9827 9832 9836 9841 9845 9850 9854 9859 9863 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
9868 9872 ,9877 9881 9886 9890 9894 9899 9903 9908 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
9912 9917 9921 9926 9930 9934 9939 9943 .9948 ,9952 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4
9956 '9961 9965 9969 9974 9978 9983 9987 9991 9996 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4
0 1
! 2 8 4
- 5
,
6 7 8
,,,
I 9 123 456 789
the proportional part corresponding to the fourth figure to the tabuIar number
corresponding to the first three figures. There may be an error of I in the last place.
49
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
WAVELENGTH FREQUENCY ENERGY

( meters ) ( hertz ) ( eV )
26 12
i0 -18 3XI0 --- 1.24XI0 ---
• I iii
10-14 3XIO 22 1.24X10 8
GAMMA COSMIC
10-1° 3XI 018 _ .._ ..._..._

I _x1n 4 - ...
-
..- X-RAYS
- --- 1.24 ISIBLE

i
INFRARED
1o -4
10-2 3XI0 ---- 1.24XI0 - -- MICROWAVES
I RADAR
"-- "-- TV
6
-
10 2 3XI0 -'- I .24Xlff s- TV
_ --- SHORTWAVE
,RADIO
10 6 3XI0 2 "-- 1.24XI0 --12 ---

-- -- ELECTRIC POWER
- - I
Type of Wavelength Range* Frequency Range Energy Range
Rad iat ion (me ter s) (herr z) (eV)
Electric Power == - 3 El06 0 - i0a 0 - 4.1×I0 -la
Radio Waves 3 Xl04 - 3 XI0-4 104 - i0I_ 4.1X10 -11 - 4.1X10 -a
Infrared 3 ×I0-a - 7.6XI0 -v 1011 - 4 ×1014 4.1×i0 -4 - 1.6
Visible 7.6Xi0 -v - 3.8XI0 -v 4 ×1014 - 7.9Xi014 1.6 - 3.3
Ultraviolet 3.8Xi0 -v - 3 El0-9 7.9XI014 - I0Iv 3.3 - 410
X Rays 1.2XI0 -v - 4.1XI0 -Iv 2.5Xi015 - 7.3XI0 s4 I0 - 3 Xl0I°

Gamma Rays 1.5×10 -I° - 1.2XI0 -la 2 XI0Is - 2.5XI0 sl 8 ×I0a - I0v
Cosmic Rays 1.2XI0 -v .... 2.5XI016 .... i0 ....
50 *Ranges are approximate; no exact end points exist.

Atomic Mass Table
(unified mass scale)
Atomic Binding Atomic Mass Binding

A E1 " Mass Mass
Error* Energyt A E1 " Mass Error* Energyt
(u) (MeV) (u) (MeV)
electron 0.000 549 <i 13 B 13.017 780 4 84.455

proton 1.007 277 <i C 13.003 354 i 97.109
neutron 1.008 665 <i N 13.005 738 i 94.106
i H 1.007 825 <I 14 C 14.003 242 <I 105.286

N 14.003 074 <i 104.659
2 H 2.014 102 <i 2.225 O 14.008 597 <i 98.733
3 H 3.016 050 <I 8.482 15 C 15.010 600 I 106.504

He 3.016 030 <i 7.718 N 15.000 108 i 115.494
O 15.003 070 I 111.952
4 H 4.030 300 1830 3.280
He 4.002 603 <i 28.296 16 C 16.014 700 17 110.756
N 16.006 103 4 117.981
5 H 5.031 620 1610 10.120 0 15.994 915 <I 127.620
He 5.012 297 20 27.338 F 16.011 706 13 111.197
Li 5.012 538 40 26.331
17 N 17.008 450 16 123.867
6 He 6.018 893 4 29.266 O 16.999 133 i 131.763
Li 6.015 124 I 31.993 F 17.002 096 i 128.220
Be 6.019 717 13 26.932
18 O 17.999 160 <i 139.809
7 Li 7.016 004 i 39.245 F 18.000 937 i 137.371
Be 7.016 929 i 37.601 Ne 18.005 711 5 132.142
8 He 8.037 520 2150 28.060 19 O 19.003 578 3 143.765

Li 8.022 487 2 41.278 F 18.998 405 I 147.801
Be 8.005 308 i 56.498 Ne 19.001 881 2 143.781
B 8_024 609 2 37.736
20 O 20.004 079 9 151.370
9 Li 9.026 802 22 45.330 F 19.999 987 5 154.399
Be 9.012 186 i 58.163 Ne 19.992 441 i 160.646
B 9.013 332 i 56.312 Na 20.008 880 320 144.550
i0 Be 10.013 534 2 64.978 21 F 20.999 951 8 162.504

B 10.012 939 i 64.750 Ne 20.993 849 2 167.406
C 10.016 810 14 60.361 Na 20.997 655 9 163.078
ii Be 11.021 666 16 65.475 22 Ne 21.991 385 i 177.772

B 11.009 305 <I 76.206 Na 21.994 437 3 174.147
C ii.011 432 I 73.443 Mg 21.999 850 90 168.320
12 B 12.014 354 i 79.575 23 Ne 22.994 473 4 182.967

C 12.000 000 0 92.163 Na 22.989 771 2 186.565
N 12.018 641 8 74.017 Mg 22.994 125 3 181.726
*Errors are standard errors (one standard deviation in the last digits of the reported atomic masses.
Binding energy errors are not given, but are generally proportional to the atomic mass errors.
_Binding energies are for the entire atom and include the binding energies of the electrons.
Source: Mattauch, J.H.E., Thiele, W., Wapstra, A.H., "1964 Atomic Mass Table," Nuclear Physics, Vol. 67,
No. I (1965), pp. 1-31.
51
Binding Atomic Binding
Atomic Mass Mass
Energyt A E1 " Mass Energyt
A El. Mass Error* Error*
(u) (MeV) (u) (MeV)
24 Ne 23.993 613 I0 191.839 36 S 35.967 090 9 308.707

Na 23.990 962 4 193.526 CI 35.968 309 4 306.790
Mg 23.985 542 2 198.258. Ar 35.967 545 2 306.719
AI 24.000 I00 i00 183.450 K 35.982 040 1070 292.440
25 Na 24.989 955 9 202.535 37 S 36.971 010 80 313.130

Mg 24.985 839 2 205.587 CI 36.965 899 i 317.106
AI 24.990 412 7 200.545 Ar 36.966 772 i 315.510
K 36.973 365 48 308.587
26 Na • 25.991 740 320 208.940
Mg 25.982 593 2 216.682 38 S 37.971 230 160 321.000
AI 25.986 891 2 211.896 CI 37.968 005 9 323.216
Si 25.992 343 14 206.036 Ar 37.962 728 3 327.349
• K 37.969 097 I0 320.634
27 Mg 26.984 345 4 223.122 Ca 37.976 720 1070 312.750
AI 26.981 539 2 224.953
Si 26.986 703 3 219.361 39 CI 38.968 008 20 331.284
Ar 38.964 317 6 333.940
28 Mg 27.983 875 6 231.631 K 38.963 710 3 333.723
AI 27.981 904 4 232.684 Ca 38.970 691 25 326.437
Si 27.976 929 3 236.536
P 27.991 780 300 221.920 40 CI 39.970 400 500 337.100
Ar 39.962 384 i 343.812
29 AI 28.980 442 7 242.118 K 39.964 000 i 341.524
Si 28.976 496 4 245.011 Ca 39.962 589 4 342.056
P 28.981 808 6 239.280 Sc 39.977 570 210 327.320
30 AI 29.981 590 270 249.120 41 Ar 40.964 500 5 349.912

Si 29.973 762 4 255.628 K 40.961 832 4 351.615
P 29.978 317 8 250.603 Ca 40.962 275 8 350.420
S 29.984 873 29 243.714 Sc 40.969 247 i0 343.143
31 Si 30 975 349 6 262.222 42 Ar 41.963 048 43 359.337

P 30.973 765 2 262.916 K 41.962 406 Ii 359.152
S 30.979 611 12 256.688 Ca 41.958 625 4 361.891
Sc 41.965 495 13 354.710
32 Si 31.974 020 50 271.530 Ti 41.974 903 16 345.164
P 31.973 910 2 270.852
S 31.972 074 I 271.880 43 K 42.960 730 12 368.784
CI 31.986 240 410 257.800 Ca 42.958 780 4 369.819
Sc 42.961 165 9 366.815
33 P 32.971 728 4 280.955 Ti 42.968 500 160 359.200
S 32.971 462 3 280.421
Cl 32.977 440 13 274.070 44 K 43.962 040 210 375.640
Ca 43.955 491 4 380.954
34 P 33.973 340 210 287.530 Sc 43.959 406 6 376.525
S 33.967 864 3 291.843 Ti 43.959 572 13 375.587
CI 33.973 750 6 285.578
Ar 33.980 620 1070 278.400 45 K 44.960 680 210 384.980
Ca 44.956 190 4 388.374
35 S 34.969 031 I 298.828 Sc 44.955 919 3 387.843
CI 34.968 851 I 298.213 Ti 44.958 129 5 385.003
Ar 34.975 254 18 291.467
52
Atomic Mass Binding Atomic Mass Binding
A El. Mass Error* Energyt A El. Mass Error* Energyt
(u) (MeV) (u) (MeV)
46 K 45.962 060 1070 391.760 55 Cr 54.940 833 7 480.263

Ca 45.953 689 i0 398.775 Mn 54.938 050 4 482.073
Sc 45.955 173 4 396.611 Fe 54.938 299 4 481.059
Ti 45.952 632 2 398.195 Co 54.942 013 ii 476.817
V 45.960 214 I0 390,350
56 Cr 55.940 640 160 488.520
47 K 46.961 090 320 400.740 Mn 55.938 910 5 489.343
Ca 46.954 538 6 406.056 Fe 55.934 936 4 492.262
Sc 46.952 413 3 407.253 Co 55.939 847 8 486.905
Ti 46.951 769 3 407.070 Ni 55.942 116 16 484.010
V 46.954 899 9 403.372
57 Mn 56.938 300 320 497.990
48 Ca 47.952 531 i0 415.996 Fe 56.935 398 5 499.904
Sc 47.952 221 8 415.503 Co 56.936 296 5 498.285
Ti 47.947 950 2 418.698 Ni 56.939 769 17 494.267
V 47.952 259 4 413.903
Cr 47.953 760 210 411.720 58 Mn 57.940 260 1070 504.230
Fe 57.933 282 5 509.946
49 Ca 48.955 675 12 421.140 Co 57.935 761 6 506.855
Sc 48.950 026 6 425.619 Ni 57.935 342 5 506.462
Ti 48.947 870 2 426.844 Cu 57.944 541 8 497.111
V 48.948 523 5 425.454
Cr 48.951 271 12 422.112 59 Fe 58.934 878 5 516.531
Co 58.933 189 4 517.321
50 Sc 49.951 730 210 432.100 Ni 58.934 342 4 515.465
Ti 49.944 786 4 437.789 Cu 58.939 496 22 509.882
V 49.947 164 4 434.791
Cr 49.946 055 4 435.042 60 Fe 59.933 964 33 525.454
Mn 49.954 215 29 426.659 Co 59.933 813 5 524.812
Ni 59.930 787 5 526.848
51 Ti 50.946 603 7 444.168 Cu 59.937 362 9 519.941
V 50.943 961 3 445.846
Cr 50.944 768 3 444.312 61 Fe 60.936 520 1070 531.140
Mn 50.948 190 50 440.340 Co 60.932 440 43 534.162
Ni 60.931 056 7 534.669
52 Ti 51.946 820 1070 452.040 Cu 60.933 457 7 531.651
V 51.944 780 5 453. 155 Zn 60.939 250 210 525.470
Cr 51.940 513 3 456.347
Mn 51.945 568 6 450.856 62 Co 61.933 946 43 540.831
Fe 51.948 117 14 447.699 Ni 61.928 342 5 545.269
Cu 61.932 566 ii 540.552
53 V 52.943 980 1070 461.970 Zn 61.934 380 14 538.079
Cr 52.940 653 3 464.288
Mn 52.941 295 7 462.907 63 Co 62.933 530 210 549.290
Fe 52.945 572 48 458.141 Ni 62.929 640 5 552.108
Cu 62.929 592 5 551.393
54 V 53.946 720 1070 467.490 Zn 62.933 206 6 547.244
Cr 53.938 882 4 474.009 Ga 62.939 Ii0 1070 540.960
Mn 53.940 362 6 471.848
Fe 53.939 617 5 471.760 64 Ni 63.927 958 6 561.769
Co 53.948 475 7 462.726 Cu 63.929 759 5 559.309
Zn 63.929 145 5 559.099
Ga 63.936 737 33 551.244
53
B ind ing Atomic Mass Bind ing
Atomic Mass Energyt A E1 " Mass Energy#
A El. Mass Error* Error*
(u) (MeV) (u) (MeV)
65 Ni 64.930 072 8 567.872 75 Ge 74.922 883 20 652.152

Cu 64.927 786 6 569.219 As 74.921 596 4 652.568
Zn 64.929 234 6 567.087 Se 74.922 525 4 650.921
Ga 64.93? 733 17 563.045 Br 74.925 447 22 647.416
Ge 64.939 600 1070 555.860 Kr 74.930 920 1070 641.530
66 Ni 65.929 085 33 576.862 76 Ge 75.921 405 2 661.600

Nu 65.928.871 9 576.279 As 75.922 397 12 659.894
Zn 65.926 052 6 578.123 Se 75.919 207 7 662.083
Ga 65.931 607 7 572.165 Br 75.924 180 60 656.670
Ge 65.934 800 160 568.410 Kr 75.925 470 1080 654.690
67 Cu 66.927 759 13 585.386 77 Ge 76.923 600 50 667.630

Zn 66.927 145 i0 585.175 As 76.920 646 Ii 669.597
Ga 66.928 216 ii 583.395 Se 76.919 911 5 669.498
Ge 66.932 940 II0 578.210 Br 76.921 376 6 667.351
Kr 76.924 480 90 663.680
68 Cu 67.929 770 60 591.580
Zn 67.924 857 6 595.378 78 As 77.921 900 210 676.500
Ga 67.927 992 7 591.676 Se 77.917 314 3 679.989
Ge 67.928 530 1070 590.390 Br 77.921 150 6 675.634
Kr 77.920 403 5 675.547
69 Zn 68.926 541 7 601.881
Ga 68.925 574 4 602.000 79 As 78.920 890 60 685.510
Ge 68. 927 963 5 598. 992 Se 78. 918 494 5 686. 961
As 68. 932 150 320 594. 310 Br 78. 918 329 3 686. 333
Kr 78. 920 068 6 683. 930
70 Zn 69.925 334 6 611.077
Ga 69.926 035 6 609.642 80 As 79.922 970 210 691.650
Ge 69.924 252 2 610.520 Se 79.916 527 3 696.865
As 69.930 946 32 603.502 Br 79.918 536 4 694.212
Kr 79.916 380 6 695.437
71 Zn 70.927 510 50 617.120 Rb 79.921 900 600 689.600
Ga 70.924 706 5 618.951
Ge 70.924 956 6 617.935 81 Se 80.917 984 7 703.579
As 70.927 113 9 615.144 Br 80.916 292 5 704.373
Se 70.931 840 320 609.960 Kr 80.916 610 ii0 703.290
Rb 80.919 020 ii0 700.270
72 Zn 71.926 843 i0 625.814
Ga 71.926 372 7 625.471 82 Se 81.916 707 7 712.840
Ge 71.922 082 2 628.684 Br 81.916 802 5 711.970
As 71.926 763 ii 623.542 Kr 81.913 482 5 714.279
Se 71.927 410 1070 622.160 Rb 81.917 959 33 709.327
Sr 81.918 390 1070 708.140
73 Ga 72.925 126 43 634.702
Ge 72.923 463 2 635.470 83 Br 82.915 168 17 721.562
As 72.923 861 32 634.316 Kr 82.914 131 5 721.746
Se 72.926 814 34 630.783 Rb 82.914 730 1070 720.400
Br 72.931 860 1070 625.300 Sr 82.917 200 1520 717.320
74 Ga 73.927 190 50 640.850 84 Br 83.916 550 50 728.350

Ge 73.921 181 2 645.667 Kr 83.911 503 4 732.265
As 73.923 933 4 642.321 Rb 83.914 381 5 728.803
Se 73.922 476 5 642.895 Sr 83.913 430 4 728.906
Br 73.929 780 1070 635.310 Y 83.920 190 ii0 721.820
Kr 73.933 i00 1520 631.430
54
A El. Mass Error* Energy# A El. Mass Error* Energyt
(u) (MeV) (u) (MeV)
85 Br 84.915 530 ii0 737.370 93 Sr 92.914 710 ii0 800.360

Kr 84.912 523 7 739.387 Y 92.909 552 22 804.378
Rb 84.911 800 5 739.278 Zr q2.906 450 5 806.486
Sr 84.912 989 33 737.388 Nb 92.906 382 5 805.767
Y 84.916 489 34 733.346 Mo 92.906 830 14 804.566
Tc 92.910 251 20 800.598
86 Br 85.918 200 500 742.900
Kr 85.910 616 4 749.235 94 Sr 93.915 380 240 807.800
Rb 85.911 193 7 747.915 Y 93.911 680 210 810.470
Sr 85.909 285 5 748.910 Zr 93.906 313 4 814.684
Y 85.914 946 18 742.854 Nb 93.907 303 15 812.980
Zr 85.916 230 1070 740.870 Mo 93.905 090 3 814.259
Tc 93.909 663 7 809.216
87 Kr 86.913 365 i0 754.745
Rb 86.909 187 3 757.855 95 Y 94.912 540 1070 817.730
Sr 86.908 892 4 757.347 Zr 94.908 035 5 821.152
Y 86.910 740 210 754.850 Nb 94.906 832 3 821.490
Zr 86.914 490 220 750.560 Mo 94.905 839 3 821.633
Tc 94.907 620 23 819.191
88 Kr 87.914 270 240 761.970 Ru 94.909 801 40 816.377
Rb 87.911 270 I00 763.990
Sr 87.905 641 6 768.447 96 Y 95.915 690 1070 822.870
Y 87.909 528 8 764.044 Zr 95.908 286 5 828.990
Zr 87.910 060 1070 762.760 Nb 95.908 056 27 828.422
Nb 87.917 790 1520 754.780 Mo 95.904 674 3 830.789
Tc 95.907 830 50 827.070
89 Kr 88.916 600 500 767.900 Ru 95.907 598 6 826.501
Rb 88.911 650 50 771.700
Sr 88.907 442 7 774.840 97 Zr 96.910 966 23 834.565
Y 88.905 872 5 775.521 Nb 96.908 096 8 836.455
Zr 88.908 914 6 771.905 Mo 96.906 022 3 837.606
Nb 88.913 080 i00 767.240 Tc 96.906 340 1070 836.520
Ru 96.907 630 1520 834.540
90 Kr 89.919 720 ii0 773.040 Rh 96.911 380 1520 830.270
Rb 89.914 820 ii0 776.820
Sr 89.907 747 9 782.628 98 Zr 97.911 960 1520 841.710
Y 89.907 163 8 782.390 Nb 97.910 350 1070 842.430
Zr 89.904 700 4 783.902 Mo 97.905 409 3 846.248
Nb 89.911 259 Ii 777.009 Tc 97.907 ii0 210 843.880
Mo 89.913 940 ii0 773.730 Ru 97.905 289 4 844.795
Rh 97.909 800 320 839.810
91 Rb 90.916 070 1070 783.730
Sr 90.910 161 16 788.451 99 Nb 98.911 050 1070 849.850
Y 90.907 295 12 790.338 Mo 98.907 720 i0 852.166
Zr 90.905 642 5 791.096 Tc 98.906 249 6 852.754
Nb 90.906 860 70 789.180 Ru 98.905 936 4 852.264
Mo 90.911 650 60 783.930 Rh 98.908 190 22 849.381
Pd 98.912 270 220 844.800
92 Rb 91.919 140 1080 788.940
Sr 91.910 980 80 795.760 i00 Nb 99.914 020 1070 855.150
Y 91.908 926 22 796.890 Mo 99.907 475 4 860.466
Zr 91.905 031 3 799.736 Tc 99.907 840 60 859.350
Nb 91.907 211 I0 796.922 Ru 99.904 218 5 861.935
Mo 91.906 810 3 796.514 Rh 99.908 126 22 857.512
Tc 91.915 460 150 787.670 Pd 99.908 770 1070 856.130
55
A El. Mass Error* Energy_ A El. Mass Error* Energyt
(u) (MeV) (u) (MeV)
i01 Mo 100.910 353 20 865.857 109 Ag 108.904 756 5 931.729

Tc 100.907 326 27 867.893 Cd 108.904 928 7 930.787
Ru 100.905 577 3 868.741 In 108.907 096 13 927.985
Rh 100.906 178 19 867.398
Pd 100.908 070 60 864.860 ii0 Rh 109.911 i00 500 935.500
Pd 109.905 164 14 940.204
102 Mo 101.910 250 1520 874.020 Ag 109.906 095 7 938.553
Tc 101.909 180 1070 874.240 Cd 109.903 012 4 940.643
Ru 101.904 348 5 877.957 In 109.907 231 43 935.931
Rh 101.906 842 9 874.851
Pd 101.905 609 ii 875.217 Iii Pd 110.907 670 50 945.940
Ag 101.911 300 1070 869.130 Ag 110.905 316 ii 947.351
Cd 110.904 188 4 947.618
103 Tc 102.908 830 ii0 882.640 In 110.905 360 210 945.750
Ru 102.906 306 21 884.204 Sn 110.908 060 220 942.440
Rh 102.905 511 5 884.162
Pd 102.906 107 22 882.825 112 Pd 111.907 386 33 954.276
Ag 102.908 890 ii0 879.450 Ag 111.907 064 25 953.794
Cd 111.902 763 3 957.018
104 Tc 103.911 710 ii0 888.020 In 111.905 544 I0 953.645
Ru 103.905 430 5 893.092 Sn 111.904 835 i0 953.523
Rh 103.906 659 7 891.164
Pd 103.904 011 ii 892.848 113 Ag 112.906 556 43 962.339
Ag 103.908 596 16 887.796 Cd 112.904 409 4 963.556
Cd 103.909 880 1070 885.810 In 112.904 089 9 963.071
Sn 112.905 187 18 961.266
105 Tc 104.911 330 220 896.450 Sb 112.909 986 47 956.914
Ru 104.907 679 17 899.068
Rh 104.905 671 13 900.156 114 Ag 113.908 300 430 968.790
Pd 104.905 064 12 899.939 Cd 113.903 360 3 972.604
Ag 104.906 460 1070 897.860 In 113.904 905 9 970.383
Cd 104.909 470 1520 894.270 Sn 113.902 773 9 971.587
Sb 113.909 510 210 964.520
106 Ru 105.907 322 12 907.472
Rh 105.907 279 12 906.729 115 Ag 114.908 930 180 976.270
Pd 105.903 479 6 909.487 Cd 114.905 431 I0 978.747
Ag 105.906 661 9 905.740 In 114.903 871 8 979.417
Cd 105.906 463 4 905.143 Sn 114.903 346 7 979.124
In 105.913 440 320 897.860 Sb 114.906 599 23 975.311
107 Ru 106.910 130 320 912.920 116 Ag 115.911 310 1070 982.120
Rh 106.906 753 43 915.292 Cd 115.904 762 3 987.442
Pd 106.905 132 5 916.019 In 115.905 317 26 986.142
Ag 106.905 094 5 915.272 Sn 115.901 745 5 988.687
Cd 106.906 615 6 913.072 Sb 115.906 630 50 983.350
In 106.910 360 160 908.800 Te 115.908 300 120 981.010
108 Ru 107.910 i00 700 921.000 117 Cd 116.907 239 15 993.205

Rh 107.908 700 600 921.500 In 116.904 534 i0 994.943
Pd 107.903 891 8 925.246 Sn 116.902 958 3 995.628
Ag 107.905 949 8 922.547 Sb 116.904 912 32 993.026
Cd 107.904 187 4 923.406 Te 116.908 670 60 988.740
In 107.909 720 90 917.470
118 Cd 117.906 970 1160 1 001.520
109 Rh 108.908 640 1070 929.680 In 117.906 II0 430 1 001.540
Pd 108.905 954 5 931.396 Sn 117.901 606 4 1 004.959
56
_-- ............ , -- _ _ --T

Atomic Mass B ind ing Atomic Mass Bind Ing
A El. Mass Error* Energyt A El. Mass Error* Enersyt
(u) (MeV) (u) (MeV)
118 Sb 117.905 574 8 1 000.481 127 Sn 126.910 260 1070 1 069.550

Te 117.905 900 1070 999.400 Sb 126.906 927 33 1 071.863
Te 126.905 209 9 1 072.681
119 Cd 118.909 740 350 1 007.020 I 126.904 470 4 1 072.587
In 118.905 990 130 1 009.730 Xe 126.905 220 380 1 071.100
Sn 118.903 313 3 1 011.440 Cs 126.907 480 380 1 068.220
Sb 118.903 935 22 1 010.079 Ba 126.911 340 1140 1 063.840
Te 118.906 398 22 1 007.002
128 Sn 127.910 470 230 1 077.420
120 In 119.908 000 1070 1 015.930 Sb 127.909 070 160 1 077.940
Sn 119.902 198 4 1 020.550 Te 127.904 476 6 1 081.435
Sb 119.905 081 8 1 017.082 I 127.905 838 9 1 079.384
Te 119.904 023 14 1 017.285 Xe 127.903 540 6 1 080.742
I 119.909 820 1070 i 011.I00 Cs 127.907 759 33 1 076.029
Ba 127.908 510 1070 1 074.550
121 In 120.908 090 1070 1 023.910
Sn 120.904 227 6 1 026.732 129 Sb 128.909 260 1070 1 085.830
Sb 120.903 816 3 1 026.332 Te 128.906 575 9 1 087.551
Te 120.905 199 48 1 024.262 I 128.904 987 7 1 088.249
I 120.907 730 70 1 021.120 Xe 128.904 784 5 1 087.655
Xe 120.911 800 130 1 016.550 Cs 128.905 960 1070 1 085.770
Ba 128.908 590 1070 1 082.540
122 In 121.910 600 900 1 029.600 La 128.912 890 1520 1 077.760
Sn 121.903 441 4 1 035.536
Sb 121.905 183 7 1 033.130 130 Sb 129.912 040 1070 1 091.320
Te 121.903 066 6 1 034.320 Te 129.906 238 6 1 095.937
I 121.907 511 43 1 029.397 I 129.906 676 33 1 094.747
Xe 129.903 509 6 1 096.914
123 In 122.910 570 1070 1 037.750 Cs 129.906 720 22 1 093.141
Sn 122.905 738 ii 1 041.467 Ba 129.906 245 23 1 092.800
Sb 122.904 213 3 1 042.106 La 129.912 260 1070 1 086.420
Te 122.904 277 6 1 041.263
I 122.905 730 1070 1 039.130 131 Te 130.908 575 22 1 101.832
Xe 122.908 730 1080 1 035.550 I 130.906 127 4 1 103.329
Xe 130.905 085 4 1 103.517
124 In 123.913 200 500 1 043.400 Cs 130.905 466 8 1 102.380
Sn 123.905 272 5 1 049.973 Ba 130.906 716 18 1 100.433
Sb 123.905 973 6 1 048.539 La 130.909 890 60 1 096.690
Te 123.902 842 6 1 050.671 Ce 130.915 500 360 1 090.690
I 123.906 246 33 1 046.719
Xe 123.906 120 150 1 046.050 132 Te 131.908 523 18 1 109.951
I 131.907 981 7 1 109.674
125 Sn 124.907 746 13 1 055.740 Xe 131.904 161 5 1 112.450
Sb 124.905 232 9 1 057.299 Cs 131.906 393 27 1 109.588
Te 124.904 418 6 1 057.275 Ba 131.905 120 300 1 109.990
I 124.904 578 6 1 056.343 La 131.910 300 320 1 104.390
Xe 124.906 620 1070 1 053.660 Ce 131.911 590 1120 1 102.400
Cs 124.909 910 1070 1 049.810
133 I 132.907 750 70 1 117.960
126 Sn 125.907 640 1090 1 063.910 Xe 132.905 815 39 1 118.981
Sb 125.907 320 160 1 063.420 Cs 132.905 355 38 1 118.626
Te 125.903 322 5 1 066.367 Ba 132.905 879 39 1 117.356
I 125.905 631 7 1 063.434 La 132.908 240 220 1 114.370
Xe 125.904 288 9 1 063.903 Ce 132.911 250 ii00 1 110.790
Cs 125.909 440 430 1 058.320
57
A El. Mass Error* Energy_ A El. Mass Error* Energyt
(u) (MeV) (u) (MeV)
134 I 133.909 850 60 1 124.070 142 Ba 141.916 350 120 1 180.250

Xe 133.905 397 5 1 127.441 La 141.913 980 60 1 181.670
Cs 133.906 823 41 1 125.331 Ce 141.909 140 50 1 185.393
Ba 133.904 612 41 1 126.607 Pr 141.909 978 17 1 183.833
La 133.908 660 70 1 122.050 Nd 141.907 663 16 1 185.207
Ce 133.908 810 90 1 121.130 Pm 141.912 820 320 1 179.620
135 I 134.910 020 1080 1 131.980 143 La 142.915 870 90 1 187.980

Xe 134.907 020 ii0 1 134.000 Ce 142.912 327 19 1 190.499
Cs 134.905 770 ii0 1 134.380 Pr 142.910 781 16 1 191.157
Ba 134.905 550 Ii0 1 133.810 Nd 142.909 779 15 1 191.307
La 134.906 890 1080 1 131.780 Pm 142.910 990 330 1 189.400
Ce 134.909 140 1520 1 128.890 Sm 142.914 550 90 1 185.300
136 I 135.914 740 ii0 1 135.670 144 La 143.919 600 1070 1 192.580
Xe 135.907 221 6 1 141.885 Ce 143.913 591 19 1 197.393
Cs 135.907 340 90 1 140.990 Pr 143.913 248 16 1 196.930
Ba 135.904 300 80 1 143.040 Nd 143.910 039 15 1 199.137
La 135.907 380 ii0 1 139.390 Pm 143.912 510 1070 1 196.050
Ce 135.907 i00 500 1 138.880 Sm 143.911 989 15 1 195.755
137 Xe 136.911 I00 ii0 1 146.340 145 Ce 144.917 270 1070 1 202.040
Cs 136.906 770 80 1 149.600 Pr 144.914 476 19 1 203.858
Ba 136.905 500 80 1 149.990 Nd 144.912 538 15 1 204.881
La 136.906 040 1080 1 148.710 Pm 144.912 691 18 1 203.955
Ce 136.907 330 1520 1 146.730 Sm 144.913 394 18 1 202.519
Pr 136.910 360 1520 1 143.120 Eu 144.916 390 60 1 198.950
138 Xe 137.913 810 ii00 1 151.890 146 Ce 145.918 670 240 1 208.810
Cs 137.910 800 1080 1 153.910 Pr 145.917 590 220 1 209.020
Ba 137.905 000 60 1 158.530 Nd 145.913 086 15 1 212.442
La 137.906 910 60 1 155.970 Pm 145.914 632 28 1 210.219
Ce 137.905 830 60 1 156.200 Sm 145.912 992 23 1 210.964
Pr 137.910 460 120 1 151.100 Eu 145.917 138 37 1 206.320
Gd 145.918 320 1070 1 204.440
139 Xe 138.917 840 390 1 156.210
Cs 138.912 900 330 1 160.030 147 Pr 146.918 800 1070 1 215.970
Ba 138.908 600 60 1 163.250 Nd 146.916 074 19 1 217.729
La 138.906 140 50 1 164.760 Pm 146.915 108 15 1 217.847
Ce 138.906 430 50 1 163.710 Sm 146.914 867 15 1 217.290
Pr 138.908 580 120 1 160.920 Eu 146.916 800 330 1 214.700
Nd 138.911 580 1080 1 157.340 Gd 146.919 170 1120 1 211.720
140 Cs 139.917 ii0 1070 1 164.170 148 Pr 147.921 910 1070 1 221.140
Ba 139.910 565 23 1 169.491 Nd i47.916 869 15 1 225.061
La 139.909 438 20 1 169.758 Pm 147.917 421 26 1 223.764
Ce 139.905 392 19 1 172.745 Sm 147.914 791 15 1 225.432
Pr 139.909 007 27 1 168.595 Eu 147.918 ii0 60 1 221.560
Nd 139.909 330 1070 1 167.510 Gd 147.918 I01 19 1 220.783
Tb 147.924 130 320 1 214.380
141 Ba 140.914 050 ii0 1 174.320
La 140.910 828 37 1 176.535 149 Nd 148.920 122 18 1 230.102
Ce 140.908 219 19 1 178.182 Pm 148.918 330 15 1 230.989
Pr 140.907 596 18 1 177.981 Sm 148.917 180 14 1 231.278
Nd 140.909 528 21 1 175.398 Eu 148.918 000 1070 1 229.740
Pm 140.913 410 220 1 171.000 Gd 148.919 300 160 1 227.730
Tb 148.923 350 60 1 223.180
58
(u) (MeV) (u) (MeV)
150 Nd 149.920 915 15 1 237.435 158 Eu 157.927 940 220 1 293.120

Pm 149.920 960 70 i 236.610 Gd 157.924 178 19 i 295.837
Sm 149.917 276 14 1 239.260 Tb 157.925 464 29 1 293.857
Eu 149.919 689 24 1 236.229 Dy 157.924 449 30 1 294.020
Gd 149.918 605 24 1 236.457 Ho 157.928 790 31 1 289.193
Tb 149.923 748 38 1 230.884
Dy 149.925 590 1070 1 228.390 159 Eu 158.928 840 220 1 300.350
Gd 158.926 368 27 1 301.868
151 Nd 150.923 770 ii0 1 242.840 Tb 158.925 351 26 1 302.033
Pm 150.921 198 22 1 244.460 Dy 158.925 759 34 1 300.871
Sm 150.919 919 21 1 244.869 Ho 158.927 690 1070 1 298.290
Eu 150.919 838 21 1 244.162
Gd 150.920 270 1070 1 242.980 160 Eu 159.931 000 500 1 306.400
Tb 150.923 150 330 1 239.510 Gd 159.927 115 20 1 309.244
Dy 150.926 250 1120 1 235.850 Tb 159.927 146 25 1 308.433
Dy 159.925 202 21 1 309.461
152 Pm 151.923 510 1070 1 250.370 Ho 159.928 740 60 1 305.380
Sm 151.919 756 15 1 253.093
Eu 151.921 749 15 1 250.453 161 Gd 160.929 720 80 1 314.890
Gd 151.919 794 16 1 251.492 Tb 160.927 572 21 1 316.107
Tb 151.924 280 160 1 246.530 Dy 160.926 945 20 1 315.909
Dy 151.924 729 28 1 245.330 Ho 160.927 800 1070 1 314.330
Ho 151.931 560 330 1 238.180 Er 160.929 950 1080 1 311.540
Tm 160.933 730 1080 1 307.240
153 Pm 152.924 030 ii0 1 257.960
Sm 152.922 102 17 1 258.978 162 Gd 161.930 880 1520 1 321.880
Eu 152.921 242 18 1 258.997 Tb 161.929 810 1070 1 322.100
Gd 152.921 503 18 1 257.971 Dy 161.926 803 19 1 324.113
Tb 152.923 490 1070 1 255.340 Ho 161.929 122 38 1 321.170
Dy 152.925 740 160 1 252.460 Er 161.928 740 90 1 320.740
Ho 152.930 270 60 1 247.460 Tm 161.933 990 140 1 315.070
154 Sm 153.922 282 15 1 266.882 163 Tb 162.930 560 60 1 329.470

Eu 153.923 053 20 1 265.382 Dy 162.928 755 19 1 330.366
Gd 153.920 929 20 1 266.577 Ho 162.928 766 22 1 329.574
Tb 153.924 580 1070 1 262.400 Er 162.930 065 23 1 327.581
Dy 153.924 350 60 1 261.820 Tm 162.932 502 40 1 324.529
Ho 153.930 260 1080 1 255.540
Er 153.932 760 1070 1 252.420 164 Tb 163.933 280 1070 1 335.010
Dy 163.929 200 19 1 338.023
155 Sm 154.924 701 18 1 272.701 Ho 163.930 390 41 1 336.132
Eu 154.922 930 19 1 273.568 Er 163.929 287 43 1 336.377
Gd 154.922 664 18 1 273.033 Tm 163.933 541 48 1 331.632
Tb 154.923 630 1070 1 271.350
Dy 154.925 880 1070 1 268.470 165 Dy 164.931 816 _0 1 343.658
Ho 164.930 421 21 1 344.175
156 Sm 155.925 569 30 1 279.963 Er 164.930 819 22 1 343.021
Eu 155.924 802 25 1 279.896 Tm 164.932 540 1070 1 340.640
Gd 155.922 175 19 1 281.560 Yb 164.935 440 1520 1 337.160
Tb 155.924 750 1070 1 278.380
Dy 155.923_930 180 1 278.360 166 Dy 165.932 807 30 1 350.806
Ho 165.932 289 30 1 350.506
157 Eu 156.925 390 60 1 287.420 Er 165.930 307 29 1 351.570
Gd 156.924 025 19 1 287.908 Tm 165.933 510 60 1 347.810
Tb 156.924 090 22 1 287.065 Yb 165.933 850 ii0 1 346.700
Dy 156.925 270 1070 1 285.180
59
(u) (MeV) (u) (MeV)
167 Ho 166.933 130 ii0 1 357.790 178 Yb 177.947 370 1080 1 430.970
Er 166.932 060 29 1 358.008 Lu 177.946 300 90 1 431.180
Tm 166.933 030 1070 1 356.330 Hf 177.943 880 80 1 432.650
Yb 166.935 130 1070 1 353.580 Ta 177.945 930 130 1 429.960
Lu 166.938 390 1080 1 349.760
179 Lu 178.947 470 i00 1 438.160
168 Ho 167.935 930 ii0 1 363.260 Hf 178.946 030 90 1 438.720
Er 167.932 383 32 1 365.779 Ta 178.946 160 90 1 437.820
Tm 167.934 230 50 1 363.279
Yb 167.934 160 160 1 362.560 180 Lu 179.950 370 150 1 443.540
Lu 167.939 090 1090 1 357.180 Hf 179.946 820 i00 1 446.050
Ta 179.947 544 48 1 444.602
169 Ho 168.936 860 ii0 1 370.460 W 179.947 000 50 1 444.320
Er 168.934 610 34 1 371.776
Tm 168.934 245 34 1 371.334 181 Hf 180.949 105 42 1 452.001
Yb 168.935 530 1070 1 369.350 Ta 180.948 007 42 1 452.242
Lu 168.937 960 1080 1 366.310 W 180.948 211 47 1 451.269
170 Ho 169.940 070 130 1 375.540 182 Hf 181.950 700 220 1 458.580
Er 169.935 560 70 1 378.960 Ta 181.950 167 42 1 458.301
Tm 169.936 060 60 1 377.720 W 181.948 301 41 1 459.257
Yb 169.935 020 60 1 377.900 Re 181.951 372 47 1 455.614
Lu 169.938 830 70 1 373.570
183 Hf 182.953 830 220 1 463.740
171 Er 170.938 130 70 1 384.640 Ta 182.951 470 43 1 465.159
Tm 170.936 530 70 1 385.350 W 182.950 324 41 1 465.444
Yb 170.936 430 70 1 384.660 Re 182.951 260 1070 1 463.790
Lu 170.938 140 1080 1 382.280
184 Ta 183.953 980 50 1 470.900
172 Er 171.939 330 80 1 391.590 W 183.951 025 43 1 472.863
Tm 171.938 380 80 1 391.700 Re 183.952 780 1080 1 470.450
Yb 171.936 360 70 1 392.800 Os 183.952 750 70 1 469.690
Lu 171.939 260 1080 1 389.320
185 Ta 184.955 560 70 1 477.490
173 Tm 172.939 480 80 1 398.740 W 184.953 519 43 1 478.611
Yb 172.938 060 70 1 399.280 Re 184.953 059 43 1 478.257
Lu 172.938 800 80 1 397.810 Os 184.954 113 43 1 476.493
174 Tm 173.941 970 120 1 404.500 186 Ta 185.958 410 330 1 482.910
Yb 173.938 740 60 1 406.720 W 185.954 440 45 1 485.824
Lu 173.940 350 70 1 404.440 Re 185.955 020 70 1 484.500
Hf 173.940 360 70 1 403.640 Os 185.953 870 70 1 484.790
Ir 185.957 990 80 1 480.170
175 Tm 174.943 830 1080 1 410.840
Yb 174.941 140 60 1 412.550 187 W 186.957 244 45 1 491.284
Lu 174.940 640 60 1 412.240 Re 186.955 833 44 1 491.815
Hf 174.941 610 1080 1 410.560 Os 186.955 832 44 1 491.034
Ir 186.957 560 1070 1 488.640
176 Tm 175.947 190 130 1 415.770
Yb 175.942 680 70 1 419.190 188 W 187.958 816 48 1 497.891
Lu 175.942 660 60 1 418.430 Re 187.958 353 47 1 497.540
Hf 175.941 570 60 1 418.660 Os 187.956 081 47 1 498.873
Ir 187.959 122 49 1 495.259
177 Yb 176.945 410 90 1 424.720 Pt 187.959 670 70 1 493.970
Lu 176.943 930 80 1 425.320
Hf 176.943 400 80 1 425.030
Ta 176.944 650 80 1 423.080
60
Atomic Mass Bind ing Atomic Mass Bind ing
(u) (MeV) (u) (MeV)
189 Re 188.959 370 90 1 504.660 198 Ir 197.972 620 320 1 563.400

Os 188.958 300 90 I 504.880 Pt 197.967 895 23 I 567.019
Ir 188.958 910 1080 1 503.530 Au 197.968 231 7 1 565.923
Pt 188.960 610 1520 1 501.160 Hg 197.966 756 7 1 566.5_15
TI 197. 970 470 90 1 562. 270
190 Re 189.961 960 440 1 510.330 Pb 197.972 410 1080 1 559.680
Os 189.958 630 80 1 512.640 Bi 197.980 370 1520 1 551.490
Ir 189. 960 830 180 1 509. 810
Pt 189. 959 950 70 1 509. 840 199 Pt 198. 970 580 29 1 572. 589
Au 189.964 710 1080 1 504.630 Au 198.968 773 13 1 573.490
Hg 198.968 279 7 1 573.168
191 Os 190.960 970 60 1 518.530 TI 198.969 460 320 1 571.290
Ir 190.960 640 60 1 518.060 Pb 198.972 860 1120 1 567.330
Pt 190.961 450 1080 1 516.520 Bi 198.978 440 1090 1 561.350
Au 190.963 550 1520 1 513.790
200 Pt 199.971 430 1080 1 579.870
192 Os 191.961 450 60 1 526.160 Au 199.970 700 i00 1 579.770
Ir 191.962 700 60 1 524.210 Hg 199.968 327 6 1 581.194
Pt 191.961 150 60 1 524.880 T1 199.970 962 8 1 577.958
Au 191.964 620 80 1 520.860 Pb 199.971 970 1070 1 576.240
Hg 191.966 160 1080 1 518.640 Bi 199.978 940 1520 1 568.960
Po 199.982 820 1090 1 564.570
193 Os 192. 964 227 35 1 531. 643
Ir 192.963 012 35 1 531.993 201 Pt 200.974 770 120 1 584.830
Pt 192.963 060 31 1 531.165 Au 200.971 920 ii0 1 586.700
Au 192. 964 240 1070 1 529. 280 Hg 200. 970 308 7 1 587. 421
Hg 192.966 750 1070 1 526.160 TI 200.970 750 60 1 586.230
Pb 200.972 860 1080 1 583.480
194 Os 193.965 229 25 1 538.781 Bi 200.977 370 1520 1 578.490
Ir 193.965 125 25 1 538.096 Po 200.983 020 1090 1 572.450
Pt 193. 962 725 23 1 539. 549
Au 193.965 418 28 1 536.258 202 Au 201.974 120 1070 1 592.720
Hg 193.965 790 1070 1 535.130 Hg 201.970 642 7 1 595.181
TI 193.971 570 1520 1 528.960 TI 201.971 950 25 1 593.180
Pb 201. 972 003 40 1 592. 348
195 Os 194.968 000 500 1 544.200 Bi 201.977 880 1070 1 586.100
Ir 194.965 890 ii0 1 545.460 Po 201.981 130 1080 1 582.280
Pt 194.964 813 18 1 545.675 At 201.989 800 1520 1 573.420
Au 194.965 051 19 1 544.672
Hg 194.966 620 1070 1 542.430 203 Au 202.975 130 1070 1 599.850
TI 194.969 840 1090 1 538.650 Hg 202.972 880 8 1 601.168
TI 202.972 353 8 1 600.876
196 Ir 195.968 250 1070 1 551.330 Pb 202.973 229 13 1 599.278
Pt 195. 964 967 15 1 553. 604 Bi 202. 976 650 60 1 595. 310
Au 195.966 555 14 1 551.342 Po 202.981 470 1120 1 590.040
Hg 195.965 820 14 1 551.244 At 202.987 710 1090 1 583..440
TI 195.970 760 160 1 545.860
Pb 195. 973 800 1090 1 542. 250 204 Hg 203. 973 495 7 1 608. 666
TI 203. 973 865 8 1 607. 539
197 Ir 196.969 490 220 1 558.240 Pb 203.973 044 8 1 607.522
Pt 196.967 347 13 1 559.458 Bi 203.977 810 1070 1 602.300
Au 196.966 541 i0 1 559.426 Po 203.980 460 1070 1 599.050
Hg 196.967 360 44 1 557.881 At 203.988 060 1520 1 591.190
TI 196. 969 720 170 1 554. 900 Rn 203. 992 300 1090 1 586. 450
Pb 196.974 090 1090 1 550.050
61
A El. Mass Error* Energyt A El. Mass Error* Energy_
(u) (MeV) (u) (MeV)
205 Hg 204.976 210 ii0 1 614.210 212 Pb 211.991 892 9 1 654.537

TI 204.974 442 8 1 615.073 Bi 211.991 276 8 1 654.328
Pb 204.974 480 9 1 614.256 Po 211.988 865 6 1 655.792
Bi 204.977 382 13 1 610.769 At 211.990 723 23 1 653.278
Po 204.981 200 1080 1 606.430 Rn 211.990 707 13 1 652.511
At 204.986 440 1520 1 600.770 Fr 211.996 230 1080 1 646.580
Rn 204.992 560 1530 1 594.290 Ra 211.999 950 1070 1 642.330
206 Hg 205.977 513 23 1 621.067 213 Pb 212.996 580 1070 1 658.240

TI 205.976 104 8 1 621.597 Bi 212.994 377 14 1 659.511
Pb 205.974 468 7 1 622.338 Po 212.992 849 i0 1 660.152
Bi 205.978 389 28 1 617.904 At 212.993 070 210 1 659.170
Po 205.980 324 41 1 615.318 Rn 212.993 935 24 1 657.576
At 205.986 790 1070 1 608.510 Fr 212.996 184 17 1 654.698
Rn 205.990 580 1080 1 604.200 Ra 213.000 420 1080 1 649.970
Fr 205.999 840 1520 1 594.790 Ac 213.007 050 1520 1 643.010
207 TI 206.977 450 ii 1 628.414 214 Pb 213.999 844 12 1 663.272

Pb 206.975 903 7 1 629.073 Bi 213.998 726 15 1 663.532
Bi 206.978 438 8 1 625.929 Po 213.995 204 6 1 666.029
Po 206.981 558 ii 1 622.240 At 213.996 332 12 1 664.196
At 206.985 560 60 1 617.730 Rn 213.995 380 1070 1 664.300
Rn 206.990 760 1120 1 612.100 Fr 213.998 980 40 1 660.160
Fr 206.997 730 1090 1 604.830 Ra 213.999 990 50 1 658.440
Ac 214.007 I00 1080 1 651.040
208 TI 207.982 013 9 1 632.235
Pb 207.976 650 7 1 636.448 215 Bi 215.001 850 i00 1 668.690
Bi 207.979 731 9 1 632.796 Po 214.999 449 Ii 1 670.147
Po 207.981 243 12 1 630.605 At 214.998 656 14 1 670.103
At 207.986 610 1080 1 624.830 Rn 214.998 690 II0 1 669.290
Rn 207.989 790 1070 1 621.080 Fr 215.000 400 30 1 666.910
Fr 207.997 950 1520 1 612.700 Ra 215.002 765 26 1 663.930
209 TI 208.985 296 37 1 637.249 216 Bi 216.006 310 1070 1 672.610

Pb 208.981 082 ii 1 640.391 Po 216.001 908 9 1 675.928
Bi 208.980 394 8 1 640.250 At 216.002 416 ii 1 674.672
Po 208.982 426 13 1 637.575 Rn 216.000 272 12 1 675.887
At 208.986 167 13 1 633.307 Fr 216.003 i00 1070 1 672.470
Rn 208.990 420 1080 1 628.570 Ra 216.003 490 30 1 671.330
Fr 208.996 320 1520 1 622.280
217 Po 217.006 340 1070 1 679.870
210 TI 209.990 054 29 1 640.888 At 217.004 708 14 1 680.609
Pb 209.984 187 7 1 645.571 Rn 217.003 920 ii 1 680.560
Bi 209.984 121 7 1 644.849 Fr 217.004 750 300 1 679.000
Po 209.982 876 7 1 645.227 Ra 217.006 390 40 1 676.700
At 209.987 036 28 1 640.569
Rn 209.989 540 42 1 637.454 218 Po 218.009 009 12 1 685.456
Fr 209.996 570 1070 1 630.120 At 218.008 710 15 1 684.953
Rn 218.005 606 12 1 687.062
211 Pb 210.988 742; 22 1 649.399 Fr 218.007 521 16 1 684.496
Bi 210.987 300 ii 1 649.960 Ra 218.007 170 1520 1 684.040
Po 210.986 657 8 1 649.777
At 210.987 462 8 1 648.244 219 At 219.011 320 90 1 690.600
Rn 210.990 566 ii 1 644.570 Rn 219.009 508 ii 1 691.499
Fr 210.995 330 60 1 639.350 Fr 219.009 250 26 1 690.956
Ra 211.000 950 1550 1 633.330 Ra 219.010 050 150 1 689.430
62
A El. Mass Error* Energy_ A El. Mass Error* Energy_
(u) (MeV) (u) (MeV)
220 At 220.015 140 1070 1 695.1OO 230 Pa 230.034 541 21 1 753.054

Rn 220.011 387 9 1 697.819 U 230.033 935 20 1 752.836
Fr 220.012 318 13 1 696.170 Np 230.037 750 1070 1 748.500
Ra 220.011 026 16 1 696.591
231 Ac 231.038 570 ii0 1 758.930
221 Rn 221.015 390 1520 1 702.170 Th 231.036 318 ii 1 760.252
Fr 221.014 244 15 1 702.447 Pa 231.035 903 Ii 1 759.857
Ra 221.013 913 12 1 701.973 U 231.036 290 50 1 758.720
Ac 221.015 680 370 1 699.550 Np 231.038 270 60 1 756.080
222 Rn 222.017 610 12 1 708.166 232 Th 232.038 079 12 1 766.683

Fr 222.017 550 30 1 707.440 Pa 232.038 592 24 1 765.423
Ra 222.015 375 16 1 708.683 U 232.037 148 i0 1 765.986
Ac 222.017 779 20 1 705.661 Np 232.039 950 1070 1 762.600
Pu 232.041 170 60 1 760.670
223 Fr 223.019 760 ii 1 713.452
Ra 223.018 527 ii 1 713.818 233 Th 233.041 604 12 1 771.472
Ac 223.019 133 26 1 712.470 Pa 233.040 268 12 1 771.934
Th 223.020 920 190 1 710.030 U 233.039 654 12 1 771.723
Np 233.040 830 1070 1 769.850
224 Fr 224.023 320 1070 1 718.210 Pu 233.042 987 26 1 767.050
Ra 224.020 203 9 1 720.328
Ac 224.021 701 15 1 718.150 234 Th 234.043 636 13 1 777.651
Th 224.021 470 20 1 717.583 Pa 234.043 354 13 1 777.131
U 234.040 976 12 1 778.564
225 Ra 225.023 630 13 1 725 208 Np 234.042 908 20 1 775.981
Ac 225.023 214 15 1 724.813 Pu 234.043 313 20 1 774.822
Th 225.023 945 14 1 723.349
Pa 225.026 230 1140 1 720.430 235 Pa " 235.045 450 ii0 1 783.250
U 235.043 943 Ii 1 783.871
226 Ra 226.025 438 12 1 731.594 NP 235.044 075 ii 1 782.965
Ac 226.026 i01 21 1 730.195 Pu 235.045 290 60 1 781.050
Th 226.024 900 20 1 730.531
Pa 226.027 882 22 1 726.971 236 Pa 236.048 700 1070 1 788.290
U 236.045 591 12 1 790.407
227 Ra 227.029 180 24 1 736.181 NP 236.046 605 15 1 788.680
Ac 227.027 774 Ii 1 736.708 Pu 236.046 049 II 1 788.416
Th 227.027 727 Ii 1 735.969 Am 236.049 310 1520 1 784.590
Pa 227.028 801 27 1 734.190
U 227.031 200 1090 1 731.170 237 Pa 237.051 220 60 1 794.020
U 237.048 750 12 1 795.536
228 Ra 228.031 096 13 1 742.468 NP 237.048 195 12 1 795.271
Ac 228.031 037 13 1 741.740 Pu 237.048 434 13 1 794.266
Th 228.028 733 9 1 743.103 Am 237.050 060 1520 1 791.970
Pa 228.030 990 16 1 740.219
U 228.031 377 22 1 739.076 238 U 238.050 819 12 1 801.680
NP 238.050 970 14 1 800.757
229 Ra 229.034 870 1520 1 747.020 Pu 238.049 582 12 1 801.268
Ac 229.032 940 1070 1 748.040 Am 238.052 010 1070 1 798.230
Th 229.031 781 12 1 748.336 Cm 238.053 030 40 1 796.490
Pa 229.032 081 16 1 747.274
U 229.033 496 14 1 745.173 239 U 239.054 328 13 1 806.484
Np 239.052 951 12 1 806.984
230 Ra 230.037 130 1520 1 752.990 Pu 239.052 175 12 1 806.924
Ac 230.036 270 1070 1 753.010 Am 239.053 042 24 1 805.330
Th 230.033 159 12 1 755.124 Cm 239.054 900 1070 1 802.820
63
A El. Mass Error* Energy_ A El. Mass Error* Energy_
(u) (MeV) (u) (MeV)
240 O 240.056 633 17 I 812.408 248 Es 248.075 500 1520 i 853.930

Np 240.056 080 70 i 812.140 Fm 248.077 190 30 i 851.570
PU 240.053 836 12 1 813.448
Am 240.055 340 1070 1 811.270 249 Cm 249.075 985 17 1 863.895
Cm 240.055 518 11 1 810.316 Bk 249.075 005 12 1 864.026
Cf 249. 074 870 12 1 863. 369
241 Np 241.058 330 110 1 818 110 Es 249.076 380 30 1 861.180
Pu 241.056 873 12 1 818 691 Fm 249.078 960 1070 1 857.990
Am 241.056 850 12 1 817.929
Cm 241.057 679 13 1 816.375 250 Cm 250.078 420 1070 1 869.700
Bk 241.060 240 1070 1 813.200 Bk 250.078 337 16 1 868.993
Cf 250.076 432 14 1 869.985
242 Np 242.061 780 1070 1 822.980 Es 250.078 650 1070 1 867.130
Pu 242.058 769 12 1 824.996 Fm 250.079 550 40 1 865.520
Am 242.059 573 14 1 823.465 Md 250.084 430 1860 1 860.190
Cm 242.058 860 12 1 823. 347
Bk 242.062 080 1070 1 819.560 251 Bk 251.080 810 1520 1 874.760
Cf 242.063 670 40 1 817.300 Cf 251.079 591 18 1 875.114
Es 251.079 970 50 1 873.980
243 Pu 243.062 031 15 1 830.029 Fm 251.081 620 1320 1 871.660
Am 243.061 393 12 1 829.840 Md 251.084 870 1070 1 867.850
Cm 243.061 400 12 1 829.052 No 251.088 860 2150 1 863.350
Bk 243.063 022 25 1 826.760
Cf 243.065 330 1520 1 823.830 252 Bk 252.084 340 1070 1 879.540
Cf 252.081 657 17 1 881.261
244 Pu 244.064 235 17 1 836.047 Es 252.082 870 1070 1 879.350
Am 244.064 310 12 1 835.196 Fm 252.082 500 40 1 878.910
Cm 244.062 775 12 1 835.842 Md 252.086 530 1860 1 874.380
Bk 244.065 220 1070 1 832.780 No 252.088 970 40 1 871.320
Cf 244.065 988 11 1 831.284
253 Cf 253.085 140 60 1 886.090 _
245 Pu 245.067 800 1070 1 840.800 Es 253.084 850 14 1 885.576
Am 245.066 477 13 1 841. 249 Fm 253.085 200 1070 1 884.470
Cm 245.065 511 12 1 841.366 Md 253.087 250 1070 1 881.780
Bk 245.066 393 13 1 839.762 No 253.090 580 1520 1 877.890
C£ 245.068 071 13 1 837.416
Es 245.071 330 1520 1 833.600 254 Cf 254.087 390 1070 1 892.060
Es 254. 088 053 17 1 890. 663
246 Pu 246.070 120 60 1 846.710 Fm 254.086 883 15 1 890.972
Am 246.069 720 60 1 846.300 Md 254.089 630 1520 1 887.630
Cm 246.067 250 13 1 847.817 No 254.090 990 40 1 885.580
Bk 246.068 820 1070 1 845.570
C£ 246.068 837 16 1 844.774 255 Es 255.090 290 1520 1 896.650
Es 246.072 970 1520 1 840.140 Fm 255.089 970 19 1 896.168
Fm 246.075 260 50 1 837.230 Md 2-55.091 i00 1070 1 894.330
No 255. 093 270 1700 1 891. 520
247 Am 247.072 I00 1070 1 852. 160
Cm 247.070 380 15 1 852.973 256 Es 256.093 710 1520 1 901.540
Bk 247.070 290 30 1 852.280 Fm 256.091 730 40 1 902.600
Cf 247.071 180 760 1 850.660 Md 256.093 790 1520 1 899.900
Es 247.073 620 40 1 847.600 No 256.094 280 40 1 898.650
Fm 247.076 740 1860 1 843.920 Lw 256.098 570 1070 1 893.880
248 Am 248.075 710 1070 1 856.860 257 Fm 257.095 ii0 60 1 907.520

Cm 248.072 379 16 1 859.182 Md 257.095 610 1070 1 906.270
Bk 248.073 020 1070 1 857.800 No 257.096 930 1520 1 904.260
Cf 248.072 220 30 1 857.770 Lw 257.099 510 1520 1 901.070
64
_J
DENSITY OF ELEMENTS AND COMMON MATERIALS
Ele-No At At.
Wt. MIP* Density . .
ment
i
H I 1.00797 18.0 0.0586 I 53 126.9044 4.93

He 2 4.0026 40.0 0.126 Xe 54 131.30 757.52 3.52
Li 3 6.939 39.032 0.534 Cs 55 132.905 1.873
Be 4 9.0122 56.0 1.8 Ba 56 137.34 3.5
B 5 10.811 2.34 La 57 138.91 6.155
C 6 12.01115 79.0 2.25 Ce 58 140.12 3.92
i N 7 14.0067 92.0 0.808 Pr 59 140.907 6.5

0 8 15.9994 105.0 1.14 Nd 60 144.24 6.95
F 9 18.9984 I.ii Pm 61 147
Ne I0 20.183 130.016 1.2 Sm 62 150.35 7.8
Na II 22.9898 0.971 Eu 63 151.96 5.24
Mg 12 24.312 156.4 1.74 Gd 64 157.25
AI 13 26.9815 163 2.699 Tb 65 158.924
Si 14 28.086 2.42 Dy 66 162.50 8.56
P 15 30.9738 1.82 Ho 67 164.930
S 16 32.064 2.07 Er 68 167.26 4.77
CI 17 35.453 1.56 Tm 69 168.934
Ar 18 39.948 240.0 1.40 Yb 70 173.04
K 19 39.102 0.87 Lu 71 174.97
Ca 20 40.08 200 1.55 Hf 72 178.49 13.3
Sc 21 44.956 3.02 Ta 73 180.948 720 16.6
Ti 22 47.90 225 4.5 W 74 183.85 740 19.3
V 23 50.942 254 5.96 Re 75 186.2 20.53
Cr 24 51.996 7.1 Os 76 190.2 22.48
Mn 25 54.9380 7.20 Ir 77 192.2 760 22.42
Fe 26 55.847 273 7.86 Pt 78 195.09 777 21.37
Co 27 58.9332 298 8.9 Au 79 196.967 786 19.32
Ni 28 58.71 312 8.90 Hg 80 200.59 13.546
Cu 29 63.54 322 8.94 TI 81 204.37 11.85
Zn 30 65.37 331 7.14 Pb 82 207.19 818 11.35 .....
Ga 31 69.72 5.91 Bi 83 208.980 826 9.747
Ge 32 72.59 5.36 Po 84 210
As 33 74.9216 5.73 At 85 210
Se 34 78.96 4.8 Rn 86 222 9.73
Br 35 79.909 3.12 Fr 87 223
Kr 36 83.80 493.68 2.6 Ra 88 226
Rb 37 85.47 1.53 Ac 89 227
Sr 38 87.62 2.54 Th 90 232.038 11.3
Y 39 88.905 5.51 Pa 91 231
} Zr 40 91.22 6.4 U 92 238.03 908 18.68
Nb 41 92.906 410 8.4 Np 93
Mo 42 95.94 420 10.2 Pu 94
i Tc
Ru 43
44 99
101.07 12.2 Am
Cm 95
96
Rh 45 102.905 450 12.5 Bk 97
Pd 46 106.4 460 12.16 Cf 98
Ag 47 107.870 485 10.50 Es 99
Cd 48 112.40 468.0 8.65 Fm i00
In 49 114.82 490 7.28 Md i01
Sn 50 118.69 500 7.31 No 102
Sb 51 121.75 6.691 Lw 103
Te 52 127.60 6.24 Ku 104
*Mean ionization potential.
65
\
Material Densi_,
(gm/cm)
Air 0.001293
Asbestos 2.0 - 2.8
Asphalt i.i - 1.5
Bone i. 7 - 2.0
Brick i .4 - 2.5
Cement 2.7 - 3.0
Clay I. 8 - 2.6
Concrete, siliceous 2.25 - 2.40
Ebonite 1.15
Gelatin 1.27
Glass (common) 2.4 - 2.8
Glass (flint) 2.9 - 5.9
Granite 2.60 - 2.76
Graphite 2.30 - 2.72
Gypsum 2.31 - 2.33
Limestone 1.87 - 2.76
Linoleum I. 18
Marble 2.47 - 2.86
Paraffin 0.87 - 0.91
Plaster, sand 1.54
Pressed wood:
Pulp Board 0.19
Sandstone 1.90
Slate 2.6 - 3.3
Tile i .6 - 2.5
Water I. 000
Water (heavy) I. 105
Wood:
Oak 0.60 - 0.90
White Pine 0.35 - 0.50
Yellow Pine 0.37 - 0.60
Source: "Medical X-Ray Protection up to Three Million Volts," National Bureau of

Standards Handbook No. 76, 1961;
"Handbook of Chemistry and Physics," Chemical Rubber Co., 48th ed., 1967-
1968; and
Trout, E. Dale, et al., "Conventional Building Materials as Protective
Barriers," Radiology, Vol. 76, No. 2 (Feb. 1961), pp. 237-244.
66
67
LIST OF ELEMENTS
Atomic Atomic
Number Symbol Name Number Symbol Name
0 n neutron 52 Te tellurium
I H hydrogen 53 I iodine
2 He heUum 54 Xe xenon
3 Li lithium 55 Cs cesium
4 Be berylllum 56 Ba barium
5 B boron 57 La lanthanum
6 C carbon 58 Ce cerium
7 N nitrogen 59 Pr praseodymim
8 O oxygen 60 Nd neodymium
9 F fluorine 61 Pm promethium
10 Ne neon 62 Sm samarium
11 Na sodium 63 Eu europium
12 Mg magnesium 64 Gd gadolinium
13 A1 aluminum 65 Tb terbium
14 Si silicon 66 Dy dysprosium
15 P phosphorus 67 Ho holmium
16 S sulfur 68 Er erbium
17 C1 chlorine 69 Tm thulium
18 Ar argon 70 Yb ytterbium
19 K potassium 71 Lu lutetium
20 Ca calcium 72 Hf hafnium
21 Sc scandium 73 Ta tantalum
22 Tt titanium 74 W tungsten
23 V vanadium 75 Re rhenium
24 Cr chromium 76 Os osmium
25 Mn manganese 77 Ir iridium
26 Fe iron 78 Pt platinum
27 Co cobalt 79 Au gold
28 Ni nickel 80 Hg mercury
29 Cu copper 81 TI thaUium
30 Zn zinc 82 Pb lead
31 Ga gaUium 83 Bi bismuth
32 Ge germanium 84 Po polonium
33 As arsenic 85 At astatine
34 Se selenium 86 Rn radon
35 Br bromine 87 Fr francium
36 K_ krypton 88 Ra radium
37 Rb rubidium 89 Ac actinium
38 , Sr strontium 90 Th thorium
39 Y yttrium 91 Pa protactinium
40 Zr zirconium 92 U uranium
41 Nb niobium 93 Np .neptunium
42 Mo molybdenum 94 Pu plutonium
,t3 Tc technetium 95 Am americium
44 Ru ruthenium 96 Cm curium
45 Rh rhodium 97 Bk berkelium
46 Pd palladium 98 Cf californium
47 Ag silver 99 Es einsteintum
48 Cd cadmium 100 Fm fermium
49 In indium 101 Md mendelevium
50 Sn tin 102 No nobelium
51 Sb antimony 103 Lw lawrencium
68
CHART OF
THE NUCLIDI:S
mm
m
KNOLLS ATOMIC POWER LABORATORY

U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
Operated by the General Electric Company
TENTH EDITION--REVISED TO DECEMBER 1968
Prepared by: Norman E. Holden

F. William Walker
Chemical Displacements Caused by Nuclear
Element Bombardment Reactions
Atomic Weight(Carbon-12 Scale) Cl _ _)n

a,3n 3 a,n
_ Symbol
Thermal Neutron Absorption Cross He ,n
Sectio. in Barns
p,y a,np
p,n d,n t,n

z, EvenN NuclidesHove SpinandParity O+ 3 S
He , np He ,p
_Symbol, MOSSNumber
Percent d , p
_Thermal NeutronActi_:ItlonCro_ Sectionin Barns Original
Leadingto (Isomerict" GroundState) 7 ! D n , _'
MOSS
(Carbon-12 Scole)_ _ FissionProduct,SlowNeutronFission of U235 n 1 2n Nucleus t , np
Artificially y , np y , p n , p
Radioactive
I Mcj28 I _Symbol, MassNumber

Modesof Decay, I 21.3h I -- Half- Life
Radiationand Energy r I/_-.45 (z.ss) I
b..osz, LSS,.4o.I n , a n, He 3
in May;( )'Tndicote aL I .95,(L78) I
Radiations from Short- I E 1.84 J_ DlsinmgrotionEnergyin Mev
Lived Daughter
Naturally Occurringor Otherwise
Availablebut Radioactive Relative Locations of the Products

Symbol,MossNumber_ _ Spin and Parity of Various Nuclear Processes
Percent Abondonce-
Half-Life
. Modesof Decayand Energy
Thermal Neutron Capture-- _ Moss He 3 in G JR
CrossSectionin Barns
Memberof Naturally
RadioactiveDecoyChain
jg- out p in d in t in
_P0218 I -- Symbol,MossNumber
Symbol -- lib 3.05ml -- Half- Life
I a6"000'5'179 I_ Modesof Decoyand Energyin
iB-oozoiJ Mevin Orderof Intensity
j zJe.ooee J --Moss n out Original n in
Nucleus
Two IsomericStates _'!" out
One Stable / SpinandParityof GroundState, I/2 t-

IIV-_t_ll*_ll_
/ _*Olllll i -- Symbol,MOSS Number t out d out p out (
Half-Life -- / J4d [7.6| J -- F_rcentAbundance
R_lotio.M°*'
ofDecoy,and
I'"" i":_
I!::
Energies in Mev
_ a out He 3 out n - neutron
Product,SlowNeutron Fission of U235.___
RadioactiveUpper Ziomer Stable LowerZsomer p = proton
Two IsomericStates d = deuteron

Bath Radioactive
I Mo103 I -- Symbo,,
Moss
Number t = triton (H S)
_5._'1 1/9_ s I -- Half Lives,.PIndicotssUncertainty alpha particle

y.SA,t. in Orderof 1Fnteoslty;.-I'ndicotes _-= negative electron
AdditionalLow ZnteosltyTmnsltlons_
I___!1. f --Zndlonfes
Of DecoyOndEnergyIn
SeveralEnecglesIncluded
May _+=
G= positron
RodiooctIre Upper Isomer
\
Radioactive
LowerIsomer ( • electron capture
SYMBOLS
TIME RADIATIONSliND DECAY

ms milliseconds (10-3 s)
/zs microseconds (lO-6s) - alpha particle ( electron capture
s seconds _- negative electron IT isomeric transition
m minutes _+ positron D radiation delayed
SF spontaneous fission
h hours 7 gamma ray
d days n neutron E disintegration energy
y years p proton e- conversion electron
71
S
16 __os4
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Pt 192 ""Pt193!
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84 o5, _6.56 ¢=6.98

Short ¢=6.85
0.6, 2.06
¢16.70I 016.61
5, ¢=6._.
,,, 5.5, a6._
26s 566:6 ¢=6.18
..75m 4.2m 15.2m
006.06 Cl5.95 _5.86
E_5.6
.1.5 m ,.0m
_78 /5.4m
006.68
E_5.5 IF 44m
E_5.O Ir 30m
83 _.,_o¢=60_,_, 6_ ~_ ,_, • 00 a6.o_ =6.5 o"_Tp ¢65.685s _606 7,8m " 1.7m
,,.,m 24,7m 35m
i y .422,.96 ,,_
116.10 _5.6l ¢16.2 _.'_'1.064 _6._0 _l.05,._N52 (l_,25 T.6290 I•
Bi
(_ 34rob Bil90 Bil91 Bil92 Bi'93 Bil94 Bil9025
_ Bil967 Bil977 Bi'98 Bil99" Bi200'!Bil•2,0
E_6.5 _
E_4.2 E'_ 6.6 Bi202'
82 Pb
207.19
•
Pb '94
IIm •
Pb 195
17m
.
•
Pb 196 "PoEF,? _ Pb198
37m
42m
.
_'_0, I(" y.173,.ZgO,
'v_b199_l ,.Sh2.6 •Pb
12..3m •,/l*
rT.424
y.367,
2lh200 w_ctE)l_
Irl"J_6l$•B9;4h+
_,.14_,.142,
._, y_3_O,
y.204 y.O99D,.363 ),._ ,.240,.2S3.' ET.234 / ;.O_"IA
;EZ
81 20_'
TI TI °L9l 'IT/ 192=_+)Tll93('_T1194
IOta 2.1m 123m _J_ml•34m "T
3.6s I195_'+)T,
1.17h 1.41h 196_l_'1 I97_' 1.87h1
I 1.8h 0.54s2.83h 5h _8.7ml 7.4h _ 26.1h
_°_ , 1( IT<.0251•
.Z5..26.
I._-_00"_1 L_._2__
_
........IT'O991•,B*'4"6 [T.120_E4"_.6
_ •
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_J034,.241..275
y.426
y.385 ,.l,2.
rT'22 l• _- _k_a
,7.412' .....
[T.26l
[T'3e3' I'==
_1_ _
,O.S" I;.0_.""
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_r0.2i I,,,+
E_ I
1.4m
80 Hg
200.59 Hg185 ,.o"
,,_26 Hg186 Hg3m187 ..," •
H_j/88 8.7m
Hg 189 Hg20m190 56m
Hg I 4h
191 ,'l'ig5h192 "+l-k:JI93
llh
_ 0.4(T)sl,_'l.3y
Hg ,•194
[T :Tl
_'L'H(:JI95"_
' 2 ,•9.Sht'lg0.146
196. Z3.Sh164.1h
¢_1120+ 3J_lO_,
"Hg197" _llk_+
%198p) 43m 116_14
_Hg199_
I%370 /
o'003.7xl"_lv a 5.It 005.147 _,0.14,.I.14..19_.... ;T.10_ .76... j 34 '_'_7" 1.5 "

ENI,5 ,03_ E234 _6oI24_E_ I_*._ ,lSO,"[E ,76 I _r,_m(r_
104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118

Note - Hg incomplete here, complete on previous page.
82
.J. , .
Th220 Th221
I,Tms
=6.15,8.47
Th222
_
=7,98
2.8ms Th223
{1230.68 Th224
GZJT,6.99,""
1.18
y J77, ....
Th225_ El6.11L242,.131,'"
._Z,862,.246
Th?_.26
=6146,6.3l--6._10
8m 33,6.22,'"
31m Th227_.
ml_72d
=6.037,5.9_,
5.758""
Th?.28 IQ4.e4,41SI
II,913y
=5.42,8.34,'"
y._,.216,,B,.17
Th229_
7_Oy
_i7-.27
"" Th230
67.8x_
34.68,4.62,'"
r.068,.11 -.28
Th23P_',L_
y _5.52h
,8-- 30,'"
y.Oe42D,.O
*
7- =401395
X 'ThP__33
B--1124,'"
22.2m
y.029-.90
__,_..2.34
I 24._d
yO698D,_-
B--The5
_f_450r'2_"_"_3 _T_12_f<.3 7f35 _7_,_f <1_ ,268 i_ _ ' ' y.O_ 1450 _f 15 7y _I.8 '_
223.0209 =24.02t5 225.0239 226.0249 227,0277 228.0288 229.0317 230.0331 E.386 i_"r'_q 4tn_. , _1. 245 E.27 %<,02b
Ac218 Ac219 Ac220 Ac221 Ac222 Ac223 Ac22.4 Ac225(3/- Ac226 Ac227 _- Ac2283+ Ac229 Ac230 i Ac231
Short Shod 24ms 0.05s 58 2.2m 2.9h IO.Od i_e_, I.I
9h _l._2y
/9-.044 _<_ _ 6.13h
8-1,11,.45-2J0 _- I.I h /3-22<lm i
i/9-2 15m
_
=9,21 {18,_ 08,_," 37.64,7.43 =7.00,6.96 =_648,6._9,.- ( :15,82,5._,_7_- F.0721-.230
( _'.08-.17 y.216,.132
E =6.0446203
6.139 :" ' y.037-.529 _.068-.26 _4.95,4.94,-,
.009-.025 r.05e,.099,._ll,
.078-1.64 ' 7 18,
• EI.39 " Z5.44 ? rO13-.19 E044
221.0157 222.0178 223.0191 ;_4.0_17 225.0232 _+6_ E-1.12 :r7790 _7,0_78 E2.14 E'_I.I E'_2.9 IE2 I
R0217 R0218 R0219 _ _1 _ _" _ _225 *5/-]mlmwm R0227 Ro_8 Ro_ Ra2_
< 0.3ms Short. lOres _23ms 29s 38s 7_14,_!_j
= .3.d!IN11 3.64 d 14.8d _ 41.2m _EBI 5.75y <5m <_lh
{1 9.00 {18.39 {17._,798
:17.46,6.90
,.465
CI&6_ &758,
6.66_,--.
G 6._,'"
y.325,..-
""
.._, .031- _0'
= 5,_4,5A47,-"
v .241, ,_-,65
8-.32
_.040 7.1_, ._-.610
g-131
y.29, .50,.027
8- 048,.024
,.0067 ?
,8- t,8-L2
_._,J_,'" _r 130,o'f I _12 lo{1 o" _, o-f < .I mb o'7 _ 36 o'f<2
2t7.0064 218,007 219.010 220.0110 221.0139 222.0154 7 223.0185 224.0202 E.39 7 226.0254 "1.31 E.055
Fr216 Fr 217 Fr 218 Fr 219 Fr 220 Fr 221 Fr 222 Fr225 (_'+_

Fr 224 Fr225 Fr226
144
Short Short "_ 5ms 21 ms 28s _.Sm 15m _ 22m 2.7m 3.9m 1,4m
= 9.0l = 8.31 a 7.85..- 7= 7.30, *" _16.68,6,64¢ " 7.218,

,063-.412{16.34,6.12,."
no,8-= Y_J_3__l_OJO_l
Q_ , -'9_
8 ,8
no_- E1.149
216.00 212005 2_8.007_ 218.009_ 220.0t23 221.0142 IE2.03 225,0197 E_3.1
130 132 134 136 138 140 142
Fr 211 Fr 212 Fr 213 Fr214 Fr215 Fr216 Fr 217 Fr 218 Fr 219 Fr 220 Fr 221 Fr 222 Fr223 (_+:Fr 224 Fr225 Fr226
3.08m ( 19m _4.78 3.4msI 5._ <<Ires Short Short _ 5ms 21 ms 28s 4.8m 15m _ 22m 2.7m 3,9m 1,4m
_18.55,
..... 1:18.42,
8_6, a_9,36,, 1:19,OI =8.3_ _]7.85.- a 7.30,'" {1668,6.64, ' =6.34,6.12," _- _
,_,o_-: ,8. _-
Y 6,34,- ( ¥ T,218,,063-,412 no Cl o .
E2JO noB- ElJ49
(I 6.83
210,995_ =6._,6.58,6
:__5.2212.(_ 41, 6.77
= 2129962 213.9990 215,0004 216,00 217.0(_5 218.0075 219.009_ 2200123 221.0_42 E_,O _ 223.0197 E_3.1
Rn 210 Rn 21P/-: Rn 212 Rn213 Rn214 Rn 215 Rn 216 Rn 21_/+ Rn 218 Rn 219 Rn 220 Rn 221 Rn222 Rn22:3 Rn224 Rn225 Rn22ro
2.4h 15h 25m 19ms Short _ tFs .05ms .Sins 35ms _3,96s / 55.6s 25m / 3_ .7h 1.9h 4.5m 6m
Q 6.04 '.032-1,80 = 6.27 _z8.09 =9.04 = 8.67 (28.05 e 774 = 713,6.54 26.817,6,551, O6.288,5.747 ,8- CI5.486,, ,8- ,8- B- B-
E _ 5.78,5.85, 5.62 no7 y.61 6.42_,'" 7.542 {1 _,.51
r.069,17,,23 r.271,,401,., o: <.2 G _.72
209.9895 E2.8_ 211.9907 212.9939 214.00 214.999 216.0003 217.0039 218._56 219.0098 72_.0114 E_I.O )'222.0175
At_ _- At 2105*_At 211'/- At 212 At 213 At 214 At 216 At 217 I_*ljtil__l_l

5.5h 8.$h 7,21h 0.128 IO.22s Short '_ 2Fs .lOres ,35ms 32ms _ 2s 0.gin
(
y*76,r55,195,,O91
65.64
71.180,.245,1483
,046--2.35
:15.36-5.52
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¢17_48,71"06,'89_
:1586 .-) y.06
788
....................
7:60
y.OS? .
'.................
7_AO
' ....... "'
7"260'455''595
nob
, .................
!,8 6.757: ,8--
140
E3.49 E3.88 ZZ50 __11.9907 212.393 213.9963 214.9987 216.0024 217.004.6 o 218.0086 219.0113
124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138
At205 At2_ At207 At208 AtE_ _/-)At210 _+_At211 _- At212 At21) At214 _ At216 At2l? _ -- :=
26m 2.8h I 31m 1,79h 6.2h I_ 1.6h 5.5h 8.3h Z21h 0.12s I0.22s Short ,_' 2p.s .lOres .35ms 32ms I _ 28 O,gm
( • _5.7_,- (a5.76 7685, ( _1.180,.245,1A83 y,67 {17:82, =766, =878,- _8.00,z6o
7.260,.455,.595 6.757 /9-
= 5.90 7.07 {15.65-
.66o,,r77 _5.64
y.78,.55,.195,.o91 Cl536-5,52
.o46-2,35 25.86
G7A48,TL06,,89_,,-) 7 .06
788 ] 7'0_? • 7_,40 no_ B
E_4.9 _6,0 E3.7 E _ 5.0 E3.49 E_.88 _.,750 _.Jl.9907
7:60 = 907
212.99_ 213,9963 2149987 216.0024 a 707,.-
217.0046 j a 6.6_,_653,
218.0086 219.01i3
Po204 "
Po205s/ 1:)o206 _::)207 '_ Po208 Po209 _ Po210 ' Po213(_ P.9.214 =_8o_,..
:>_Po211_('_+Po212 Po215 Po 216 Po 217 =827
Po218
( 3.5h .64ms I I._ IOd IT._2'8s _(,_*_,'1
5.7h 2.896y 103y "_1_ _8_458 _ 4#s _ 164_s-_1,78ms _ 015¢. ! <lOs _ 3.05r_
y.71 = 5.22 .o_o,.oe_-Lz,2o H.o6_, a =.. =._," _._= o 8._8,7.62 7.792 I __7_84,..
z 5.38
E_2.8 ..... f _3.6 [I.80 ..... 3 7._
IT._I ....... :1 .........
207.9812 _91 ""
_._ :l:r(<'Smb+<_)
7 ..... '"
209.98288 _
_>10.98_ _ i_.._:_"
_ .................._1_887
.897.,- ' 2_2.9928 213.99520 214.9994
7"443 216.0019
"" =.................
217.01 218.0089
Bi_ :9-)Bi210l- Bi 211(9/-)Bi 212'- Bi 215_-) Bi 214"-) Bi215

BI e20_ Bi 204s_ Bi 205_-4+Bi206 s* Bi 207_ _-IBi2081_' ,8"2,25
I ( 11.3h 15.31d 7.8p., 6.+243_?._l'tms •30y ;'.57ms _.68x I00_ _ 5.0_d _ll 2.14m l_i 60.60m 46m _ ,)_}8m4_ 7.4m (9/-)
y,7_,,785" L80 ,609,1,764, 273-31:_ _-
7"060" r'90 7"07:8' '575 ' 17"T05'1'766"09 - ,516 1.72 7.510, ( - _7(1_ b +i_./_b) = 6,622,6.278, •" _18.79 -10,55 ) =9.o8,8.9'5- ,o,51)
cl6,05,6.09,'" ,5447,5.511,4
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1.7?'0,-
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...... 208.9_0_9 '4.57,..
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'P'_btO.64k10,2m _ 26.8m
1T.O262 ( IT.516,._5 ¥ . ._-.64
.,zg,..-I 44 IT.6256 rr.9,2 t_,;_l}, 0,128n8 23,E 3. 22.6
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,'-Pb
-_.oLL.gL_
202 ') _ j E.82
_ -,___
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E__,_.__.,_ _'_' _:_" ,, Pb208
_,.,,., :o..... _-.o
::Pb209_ ,Pb210
,_,lo6 _ 0462_
EI.37
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_-l_,•_,• ....
,-Pb213
[.58
y.239,.300,. HS"
EL04
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..352,.295,.053 -
"TI20"/'I_+)T'202 z- T'203_ 7+)T,

I._s 204'- TI.E_ _ ..iTi,_206 TI 207,,, i_:_:
73h 0,_12.2d 29.50 B2Fs 3.80y 4.21m _ 4.7_ T'209(_*'=.II_2,03
2.2m m I
_T.22, 16 IT.4GO 16 r'41"71 r-L_-'76_ --.7

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n°7 -""
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L09 511,
58 J_-15
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-.166 _.22.52 _O_*_i E -.763 E+35 _4_97444 :"1.524 ITI'O _.35 E4.99_ E3.9_ E5.47 i
Hg 200 "_NgLM:)I_-
Hg 202 _*H_j.K__' Hg 204 Hg205('_- Hg 206
23.13 94Fs 113.'- _) 29.80 21Fs 46.6d 6,85 5.5m 8.2m
_/,< 60 (_11.8 y.279l 0_.4 7.205
199,_NI8_3 . 201.97'06_ E.491 203.97350 El.7
120 122 124 126 12"8 130
83
100
99
98
97
96
Am Am232 Am234 Am237
1.4 m 2.6m I ? _ 1.3h
95 .zSF_ sF L -,A'_°2
Pu Pu232
36m Pu;_
2Ore Pu234
9h Pu235
26m Pu236
2.85y
94 ....
a 6.58 : 6.3
a 6.20,6.15,'"
_'.05
E"v .43
(2586 °_"'_
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SF
7, _ 150
232.0412 233.0430 234.0433 ElJ3 , " 236.0461
NO Np22z NP4o?_._m9
NP42
P Np?._ml Npp2 NP;_m_
_ NP424d34_'
Np235"+
l_qO _F (? a6.29 X 05.5,4 _.043-1.60 _14.87- 5.10
E 107 Crf_ 900 _,.0_,.084
, 230.04 231.0383 E_2.5 233.0407 EI.8 E. 3
u u,227 %222 u_ u23o'u23, u232'u233-.-..--=

92 238.03
_7.6
_6.87 a_,e_,¢_9,..
E
y.25,.19,.15
_o_, .3. _2 °,.82._7a...
=_,_92,--_..o,s,-.22
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T.07?.,.154,.231,o.f_
25
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;,,_'-I;;_,'.Z_.'.
a 5.32,5.2_, 5.14,.-
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),.058,.129,"
72 ¢rX47'°f
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531 "39_ .1_1;4"
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229,0335
Po Po224 P _ Po22Ts_-: Po22_-J Pa230 _i 1:)o?-32 Pa2aa-_

G7.25 a 6.476A2."" .058-1.89 _'.0424 ;:0_3-LO3 . - . i/J-.52," ' 11_-.26,.45,.5
91 .0.6, ai 6-e6._e2.-'" 38.3m ,4d ,'.,l'
_e+l;'TO _.50-%:o'_, 2"A.Od1.32d _'
E2.78 ,.o6_.-
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=_:_%
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14.7_-5.34 _o,._,.o, ,.o,_o-.9 :ry(20+lg),o;_<.l
_._,2..o,_-.,,_
icry1160,o-f700
225.03 226.028 227.0288 228.0310 1=.35 r|I_00g+l,2SE-4K_ 2:51.0359 EL35 E.569
32.038 I I,Tms ,_, 2,Sms 0,69 I.II 8m 31m _1118,7"2d il,913y 7340y illlZ8xl0 y 125.52h
¢19.15,9.47 ¥.t77, .... .322,.362,.246 ,,111,.242,.13i,'" 5.755,- _.De4,.216,.13,,17_.,017-.27 :r.O_8,.ll-.25 p,.OO42D,.OIT-
90 12Th
/ 0_7.'4 iTh2201Th22,
I Th222
a/.ge Th_P.3
=7.3223,0209 Th2L::_
aZl7,6.99,.-.
224.0215 Th22_Th226
0t6.48,6.31-6.80
225.0239 a6.33,6.22,.-
226.0249 Th227_ a5.42,5.34,"
o'f-- 450 Th228
,.03"_,5.958,
227.0277
228.0288 Th229_
,4._,4.t,--
229.0317 Th.2_,
|_4.= 230,0331
...... -. Th23'(5/:_
e- _,-"
E.386 _1_._4_b. J
130 132 134 136 138 140 142

Note - Th incomplete here, complete on prev£ous page.
8/+
260? 261?
105 .,ore,
_19.7 ¢I9.4
257 2582 . 259 2607 261?

29.00,8.95,8.78 SF ,lms 08.77,8.86 SF 0.3s a 8.2-8.3
104 ,..4.56 8.7(:} ,_3s ,_,lm
Lr Lr 256 Lr 257 Lr258

103 8,4,-. a 8,5- ? or259
8.6 8S
257.10
No No251
0.8s No252
2.4s No253
1.6m No254
56s No255
3,0m No2f:_
3,2s No257
23s
102 =,.,o.,.,, .... ,,' o,.o, ....

253.09l 254.091 255.09
Md Md252
8m Md 255
28m Md 256
1.3h Md 257
_, 5h Md
54d 258
Q 101 E : 7.34
E'_ ,85
....
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SF
"-".'."
255.0906
Fm Fm244 Fm245 Fm246 Fm247 Fmk_,8 Fm249 Fro250 Fro251 Fm252. Fm253 Fm254 Fm255 '_ Fm256 Fm257(_ Fm258
_3.3ms 4s _l.3s 9s I 35s .61m "_2_m 30m 7h 23h 2.6d 3.24h 20.1h 2.63h _ =_,80d <0.2s
¢18.15 a 8.24 _1_18 a 7.87, (17.67, 7.83 ; 07. 53 a 7.43 e"6.9 ! SF
07.04, 7.00
o_20,7._,7.06
,_026.._.6.4,-
s_ o_.,_,.....,0,
SF SF SF u 6.95,6.68,"" ¥.041,.098,.15 e 6.9 y.()'62'.18
7.93 248.0771 249.079 250.0795 EM.2

7.41 252.0826 ¥.145,.272
E.19 SF254.0868
' _.F081,,059,..7.3
7T26255.Q9 SF.24,'" ' SF
Es Es245 Es246 Es247 Es248 Es249 Es250 Es251 Es252(_*JEs253"_Es254 TM Es255 Es256 Es257
( 1.3m 7.7m 5.0m 25m 2h 8h I.Sd " 140d 20.5d 59.3h
)-.48.LI5,-.
106,44,
276d 39d 22m <20h
¢17.70 (
_7.33 (
:17.33 ! (_6.88
( ( 6.77
(! E (
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6.64,5.9- Q6.64,&7"5-6.63 aT:
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(180 + 14)f°;'<-6(
i_63,. _j SF
E_, 2.9 E_3.4 E'_ 2.3 E,_ 2.8 249.0763 E'_ 2.1 2,,.o79. 2=.o6z. .2..o.47 '_.:,...?_ ,'7~4o
Cf241 Cf242 Cf243 Cf244 Cf245 Cf246 Cf247 Cf248 Cf_,/9 _- Cf,_ySO Cf251 '/+ Cf252 Cf253 Cf254
? 3.4m IIm 20m 44m 36h 2.5h 350d 15.81,5.90,5.93, ;1&03,5,99,'" 900 y 2.65y 17,6d 60d
o G 7.36 E a 7. 21 ( (1 &76,6.72;" £ o 6.27,'- 6.2O¢ v.043 _15.6"_5.64,6.01,..O 6.12,6.08,.. |-.27 SF
07.31 ¢17.06,7.17 O 7,14 )..042..096,.14E 7.295,.42,.46 SF ,.366,.333,.253,-. 3F T.18,.22 )..043,.100,-. 25.98,5.92 05,83,5.79
SF SF¢^--270 o_1_ z-y _15OO (Tf_3OOO SF ._165 cry<z
244.0670 El.52 246.0688 E_.8 24&0723 :_4_,Q74_ _<_0250J0764 _f_lSO0251.08 0"720 252.08 E.27
Bk245
4.6h _
BkL;N4
4.4h
Bk245(3/-) BkL284_z-Bk247
= 4.98d . 1.4x 103y >9yl
Bk248
16h
_ 3ms
Bk249_/+_)Bk250_
3lid ,21msl &22h
Bk251
57m
),.75,.g_,.84 ),.12/11_.89,.14_- y._$3).381).385 _-.125 '" 7 .043 I/_.73,1'76 _.5,_1.0
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$.?S' ' {:16.67,6.62 y20_.47,.166 1.12 r "0e4''27 5F / )..327-307 "_:b • i k)=_ I000
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Cm239
2.9 h CrnL:_IOCm241(
26.8d 35d la!CmZ_2
163d CmL:>43_Cm_
_Z) Cm2L45" Cm246 Cm24Z Cm248 Cm249
64m Cm250 Cm252
<_2d
iE =&Zg," _.47.,.60 =6.11,6.07,'" :15,71_._74,5.27- _75,_0,-I(1_-St, 8'3XI-0=Y 4.71 xl03y 25_ 1.6xl0y 3.52X105y I,I X 104y
r.21B,.23,.Z4,.-
6.0_ F.173,.13 SF _F&Oe,5.04 )-.9
_._4_ =~2_.... _ ,,.zso =,7_<_'_ _~27oo_xx_).9 _f,o8 =,~2 sF
E'_ 1.7 240.0555 E.77 7242.0_88 --243.0614 _l&_ll_j_]_ 245.0654 2<6.0672 ;_47.07 _7248.07 E.9
AmZ58 Am239(_ Am240 Am241_ Am242' Am243 _ Am24Z_- AmNS(W* Am246z* Am247
9m, I (I-)l I0.I! 2.04h 39mi 25.0m 22m
O6ms] 1.9h 12.1h 0.9mSlF iSIh 433y ¢_m_l 5HII6.011_ 7370y Lr/Z_/_-._* _680 /[L_U.SO _I-
sjL_l,_go.._o._
12_ ,-'_._. =_4,.4.0-_ 3_.21
_ _)J4
)._96,.02_,4-.77 '_,w'_.
"" .042 =_2_.4_
lT_049)._..._..67' _._ ,0_.2_2._-'°'"
_-.5,'" T.7'5,.C43"
r.043 _o_'[_,o
H¢4
I_: _2_ _ m •
i 2.11.011.aO
O"045-'2275.7B .99,.89,"" SF o').(<,_nb
+901+620_
_°42'-"
_j__;' ,_..o451)..075." • : 0009(
E'_2.3 7.o4_¢
. ,el E'_ 1.3 _,_
241.0567 ~,_ 23-o_,_s+_st_,<_
i _(L_0EIE' ;m_OOl_,,_
,
¢_L_.U_ ,¢.903 r" ez.z_ :~,.7
Pu23_ __ Pu238 Pu239 I_ Pu240 Pu24W + Pu242 Pu24_/+ Pu244 Pu245 _- Pu246
0.188145.6d 87.4 y 24,390y 6600y 14.3y 496h 8.3 x 107y 10.Sh 10.85d
15.50,5.46,'" _5.16,5.15,5.11,'" 15.175.12'" _8-.02l =4.90,4.86 9".56,'.49 9-.93,i.21,'" _1-.15,.33
_T'_4_ I_ O:_'m_ 3.87x 10Sy
B5.37,5.66 f.044,.100-.817.0_2,.039-.77 ,.04_,.iE4-.688 _14.90,4.85,.. _.F04 r.084,.042,.012_ SFI24.59,4,54 y.3Z_,.560,.306, _044,.027-
o'f_2100 SF
o'_540, SF
_Tel7 0"f742 ¢_271 SF
(X_280 7"149"111""
O'f<J{_10_.
_ 40. MOOI _20, O_f<.2 :T_N f 180" _1.8 _e'376'D28-1'12 .225
237.0483 "238.0495 239_RI -- 240.0539 E_0208 " }'242.0667 E'.5670° C_,_ 244.06 _260 El._ E.40
N_3_ Np237 _ Np2..'38" N_9_,_-'np;._O npZ41

,,. ,
/9°2
,o _,
r_#'52
I). .o4_
14.52-4.87 _-1.24,.25,. • /_-.44,.. _-218,.\
_04,_.._
)-1.3
156 158
_Ij{)453,.. _T
169''0_9
- .240.f
.018 0"f).944
LI02070
- I).'045-'504
¢_yHO _'25),0"f
< _26- |.621.16 ,.13,. 18
E_._ 2_xoq_E 237.0481 F.I.29 IE,TZ4 E:2.18 E2.1 El.4
2.42 x 10 y 6.75(I 23.5m 14.1h

B-.23,.25,.. 8-1.21,L28,-. _-.36
=44_... )..o_.2_,_; =_!. • .0_4
_'_
U2367
0_6 _,4
U2:57 ',+ _ _,#_
U 239
_'_ _+)E._
U 240
24m 12m 39m

_1-l.4 B'3.3 _- 2.30,1.35,'"
no)* r.46,.92,.o9-
1.4
E1.4 E3.4 E2.30 152
Th?_33 ._,_..?.54
_-1.24,'" )
,.o2_-.9o 7.o_o._
_450 _fls efT~us
Th?_35
/_-
150
!_1.245 E.27 Ef<.02b
144 146 148
85
SECTION II
RADIOISOTOPE, DECAY, AND RADIOASSAY DATA
Page
COMMONLYAVAILABLE RADIONUCLIDES LISTED ALPHABETICALLY ......... 86
ALPHA EMITTERS BY INCREASING ENERGY .................. 88
BETA EMITTERS BY ENERGY AND HALF-LIFE ................. 90
AVERAGE AND MAXIMUM BETA ENERGY BY RADIONUCLIDE ............ 92
GAMMAEMITTERS BY INCREASING ENERGY .................. 95
ACTIVITY MASS RELATIONSHIP - SPECIFIC ACTIVITY

Method of Calculation ....................... 103
Values for Various Elements .................... 104
UNIVERSAL DECAY TABLE ......................... 105
RADIOACTIVE DECAY, SEMI-LOG PLOT ..................... 108
NATURAL RADIOACTIVE DECAY

Thorium Series ........................... Ii0
Neptunium Series .......................... iii
Uranium Series ........................... 112
Actinium Series .......................... 113
ERROR OF COUNTING RATE DETERMINATIONS

The 95% Error in cpm, Function of Total Count and Length of Count . 114 -
The 90% and 95% Error in cpm, Function of Counting Rates ...... 115
The 90% and 95% Error in cpm, Function of Counting Rate and Length
of Count ............................ 118
MOST EFFICIENT DISTRIBUTION OF COUNTING TIME .............. 119
STATISTICAL LIMITS OF COUNTER RELIABILITY ............... 120
RESOLVING TIME ERROR .......................... 121
PENETRATION ABILITY OF BETA RADIATION ................. 122
BETA PARTICLE RANGE ENERGY CURVE .................... 123
BETA RADIATION INITIAL HALF-THICKNESS IN ALUMINUM vs. MAXIMUM ENERGY.. 124
RANGE vs. ENERGY FOR ALPHA PARTICLES IN AIR (STP) ........... 125
RANGE vs. ENERGY FOR SLOW PROTONS IN AIR (STP) ............. 126
DETERMINING COUNTING EFFICIENCY FOR INTERNAL PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS... 127

COMMONLY AVAILABLE RADIONUCL_DES LISTED ALPHABETICALLY
,t
Radionucl ide ] Half-Life" I Radiat iont Radionuc i ide I Half-Life_ I Radiat ion_
Amer icium-241 458y _,e- ,7 Erbium- 169 9.4d _,e- ,7
Ant imony- 122 67h _- ,_+ ,7 Europium- 152 12y _- ,_+ ,e- ,7
Ant imony- 124 60d _-, 7 Europium- 154 16y _- ,e-,7
Antimony- 125 2.7y _- ,e- ,7 Europium- 155 1.81y _- ,e- ,7

Argon-37 35d 7 Gadolinium- 153 242d e-, 7
Arsenic-74 17.9d _- ,_+, 7 Gall ium- 68 68.3m _+, 7
Arsenic- 76 26.5h _-, 7 Gal iium- 72 14. lh _-, 7
Ar senic- 77 38.7h _-, 7 German ium- 71 iI.4d 7
Barium- 131 12d 7,e- Gold- 195 183d e-, 7
Bar ium- 133 7.2y 7,e+ Gold- 198 64.8h _-, e-, 7
Bar ium- 137m 2.55m 7,e- Gold- 199 75.6h _-, e-, 7
Bar ium- 140 12.8d _-, e-, 7 Hafnium- 181 42.5d _-, e-, 7
Beryl Iium- 7 53d 7 Holmium- 166 26.9h _-, e-, 7

Bismuth-207 30y e-, 7 Hydrogen-3 12.3y _-
Bismuth-2 i0 5.01d C_,_-,7 Indium- l13m lO0m e-, 7
Bromine-82 35.34h _-, 7 Indium- 114 72s _- ,_+, 7
Cadmium- 109 453d e-, 7 Indium- l14m 50. Od e-, 7 (D.R. )
Cadmium- 115 53.5h _-, 7 lodine- 125 60d e-, 7
Cadmium- 115m 43d _- ,7 lodlne- 129 i.7×107 y _- ,e- ,7
Calc ium-45 165d _- iodine- 130 12.4h _-, 7
Calc ium-47 4.53d _-, 7 lodine- 131 8.05d _-. e-, 7
Carbon- 14 5 730y _- Ir id ium- 192 74.2d _-, e-, 7
Cerium- 141 33d _-, e-, 7 Ir id lure-194 17.4h _X, 7
Cerium- 144 284d _-, e-, 7 Iron-55 2.6y 7

Cesium- 131 9.70d 7 Iron-59 45d _-, 7
Cesium- 134 2.05y _-, 7 Krypton-85 I0.76y 6-, 7
Cesium-137 30.0y _ ,e- ,7 Lanthanum-140 40.22h _- ,7
Chlorlne-36 3. iXlOb y _-, 7 Lead-2 i0 2ly _,_-, e-, 7
Chromium-51 27.8d e-, 7 Lutetium- 177 6.7d _-, e-, 7
Cobalt-57 270d e-, 7 Magnes ium-28 21h _-, e-, 7

Cobalt-58 71 •3d _+ ,7 Manganese-54 303d e ,7
Cobal t- 60 5.26y _-, 7 Mercury- 197 65h e-, 7
Copper- 64 12.8h _- ,e- ,_ Mercury- 197m 24h e- ,7
Dysprosium- 159 144d e- ,7 Mercury-203 46.9d _- ,e- ,7
86
COMMONLY AVAILABLE RADIONUCLIDES LISTED ALPHABETICALLY--Continued
Radionuclide l Half-Life* I Radiationt Radionuclide I Half-Life* I Radiation_
Molybdenum-99 67h _-,7 Silver- ll0m 253d _- ,e- ,7
Neodymium- 147 II. id _- ,e- ,7 Silver- Ill 7.5d _- ,7
Nickel-63 92y _- Sodium- 22 2.60y _+, 7
Niobium-95 35d _-, 7 Sodium-24 15. Oh _-, 7
Osmium-191 15d _-, e-, 7 S tront ium-85 64d e-, 7

Palladium- i03 17d 7 Strontium-87m 2.83h e ,7
Palladium- I09 13.47h _- ,e- ,7 Strontium-89 52d _- ,7
Phosphrous-32 14.3d _- Strontium-90 28. ly _- (D.R. )

Polonium- 2I0 138,4d 5, 7 Sul fur-35 88d _-
Potassium-42 12.4h _-, 7 Tantalum- 182 l15d _-, e-, 7
Praseodymium- 142 19.2h _- ,7 Technetium-99 2.12Xl0S y _-
Praseodymium- 143 13.6d _- Technetium-99m 6. Oh e-, 7
Praseodymium- 144 17.3m _- ,7 Tellurium- 132 78h _- ,e- ,7

Promethium- 147 2.62y _- Terbium- 160 72. Id _- ,e- ,7
Protactinium-233 27.0d _- ,e- ,7 Thallium-204 3.8y _-,7
Protactinium-234 6.75h _- ,e- ,7 Thulium- 170 130d _- ,e- ,7
Radium-226 1602y (_,e-,7 (D.R. _ Tin-ll3 l15d 7

Rhenium-186 90h _- ,e- ,7 Tin-ll9m 250d e ,7
Rhodium-106 30s _-, 7 Titanium-44 48h e-, 7 (D.R. )
Rubidium-8 6 18.66d _- ,7 Tungsten- 185 75d _-
Ruthenium- 97 2.9d e-, 7 Tungs ten- 187 23.9h _-, e-, 7

Ruthenium- i03 39.6d _-,7 Uranium- 238 4.51Xl0Sy _,e- ,7 (D.R.)
Ruthenium- I06 367d _- (D.R. ) Xenon- 133 5.27d _- ,e- ,7
Samarium- 151 87y _- ,e- ,7 Ytterbium- 169 32d e- ,7

Samarium- 153 47h _-, e-, 7 Yttrium-90 64h _-, 7
Scandium-46 83.9d _-, 7 Yttrium-91 58.8d _-, 7
Selenium-75 120 .4d e- ,7 Zinc-65 245d _+ ,e-,7
Silver- II0 24.4s _-, 7 Zinc- 69 57m _-

Zirconium-95 65d _-, 7 (D.R. )
*_= second, m = minute, h = hour, d - day, y = year, D.R. = daughter radiation.

TConversion electrons (e-) are listed if they are prominent in the electron spectrum.
Decay products may give rise to other types of radiation. This is indicated, where
prominent, by the notation (D.R.).
Source: Half-lives and radiation are taken from The Table of Isotopes, by C. M.
Lederer, J. M. Hollander, and I. Perlman (6th ed.; New York: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., 1967).
87
ALPHA EMITTERS BY INCREASING ENERGY
MeV I Source Hal f- iife (%)

Yield* MeV Source Hal f- iife (%)
Yield*
1.83 Nd- 144 2.4×10 I_ y I00 5. 168 Pu-240 6580y 76
2.14 Gd- 152 I. iXl0_4y I00 5.234 Am- 243 7.95×i03y ii
2.23 Sm-147 1.05X1011y i00 5..267 U -232 72y 32
2,46 Sin-146 7×lOVy i00 5 276 Am-243 7.95X10_y 88
2.50 Hf-174 2Xi016_ I00 5.305 Po-210 138.4d i00
2.73 Gd-150 2.1Xl0_y I00 5. 306 Cm-245 9.3Xl0ay 7
3.18 Gd-148 84y I00 5.324 U -232 72y 68
3.18 Pt-190 6×1011 y I00 5. 342 Cm-246 5.5X103y 19
3.95 Th-232 1.41×10_°y 23 5.344 h-228 1.910y 28
4.011 Th-232 1.41×I01°y 77 5.362 Cm-245 9 3×10ay 80
4.15 U -238 4.51Xi0 _ 23 5.386 Cm-246 5 5Xl0_y 81
4.200 U -238 4.51XlO_y 77 5.42 Bk-249 314d 0.0015
4.366 U -235 7.1Xl0Sy 18 5.427 Th-228 1.910y 71
4.396 U -235 7.1×lOSy 57 5.443 Am-241 458y 13
4.415 U - 35 7.1×i08_ 4 5.447 Ra-224 3.64d 6
4.44 U -236 2 39×i0 y 26 5.448 Bi-214 19.7m 0.012
4.493 U -236 2 39XlOVy 74 5.456 Pu-238 86y 28
4.556 U -235 7.1Xl0Sy 4 5.486 Am-241 458y 86
4.57 Bi-210m 3XI0 y 6 5.490 Rn-222 3.823d I00
4.597 U -235 7.1Xl0Sy 5 5.499 Pu-238 86y 72
4.599 Ra-226 1602y 6 5.512 Bi-214 19.7m 0.008
4.617 Th-230 8.0Xl0_y 24 5.52 Bk-247 1.4X103y 58
4.684 Th-230 8.0Xl04y 76 5.537 Ra-223 Ii.43d 9
4. 722 U -234 2.47X10by 28 5. 605 Ra-223 II.43d 26
4. 733 Pa-231 3.25X104y Ii 5.666 Cf-251 800y _ 55
4.765 Np-237 2.14×i0_ y 17 5.68 Bk-247 1.4X103y 37
4. 770 Np-237 2.14Xi0 sy 19 5. 684 Ra-224 3.64d 94
4. 773 U -234 2.47Xi0 by 72 5. 707 Th-227 18.2d 8
4.778 U -233 1.62X10by 15 5.714 Ra-223 Ii.43d 54
4. 782 Ra-226 1602y 95 5.73 Ac-225 10.Od I0
4.787 Np-237 2.14×I08 y 51 5.742 Cm- 243 32y 12
4.811 Th-229 7340y . Ii 5. 745 Ra-223 Ii.43d 9
4.821 U -233 1.62X10=y 83 5.755 Th-227 18.2d 20
4.842 Th-229 7340y 58 5. 763 Cm- 244 17.6y 23
4.863 Pu-242 3.79X105y 24 5.786 Cm-243 32y 73
4.896 Pu-241 13.2y 0.002 5.79 Ac-225 10.0d 28
4.899 Th-229 7340y II 5.806 Cm-244 17.6y 77
4.903 Pu-242 3.79×i0Sy 76 5.812 Cf-249 360y 84
4.92 Bi-210m 3XlO_y 36 5.816 U -230 20.8d 32
4.95 Ac-227 21.6y 1.2 5.83 Ac-225 10.0d 54
4.951 Pa-231 3.25×I04y 22 5.846 Cf-251 800y 45
4.96 Bi-210m 3XlO_ y 58 5.868 At-211 7.21h 41
4.967 Th-229 7340y 6 5.87 Bi-213 47m 2
5.013 Pa-231 3.25X10_y 24 5.887 U -230 20.8d 68
5.028 Pa-231 3.25×I0_y 23 5.976 Th-227 18.2d 23
5.054 Th-229 7340y 7 5.987 Cf-250 13y 17
5.058 Pa-231 3.25X10_y Ii 5.994 Cm-243 32y 6
5. 105 Pu-239 24,400y 12 6.002 Po-218 3.05m i00
5. 123 Pu- 240 6580y 24 6. 031 Cf- 250 13y 83
5. 143 Pu-239 24,400y 15 6.037 Th-227 18.2d 24
5. 156 Pu-239 24,400y 73 6.051 Bi-212 60.6m 25
88
ALPHA EMITTERS BY INCREASING ENERGY--Continued
IdeV
6.061
[
Source
Cm-243
Half-llfe
32y
1 (%)
6
MeV
6.640
I
Source
Es-253
Half-llfe
20.47d
(%)
90
6.071 Cm-242 163d 26 6.65 At-218 2s 6
6.076 Cf-252 2.65y 15 6.70 At-218 2s 94
6.090 Bi-212 60.6m 10 6.777 Po-216 0.15s 100
6. 115 Cm-242 163d 74 6.818 Rn-219 4.0s 81
6. 119 Cf-252 2.65y 84 7.027 Fm-255 20.1h 93
6.126 Fr-221 4.8m 15 7.07 At-217 32ms 100
6.22 Th-226 30.9m 19 7.14 Rn-218 35ms 100
6.278 BI-211 2.15m 16 7.158 Fm-254 3.24h 14
6.28 At-219 0.9m 97 7.200 Fm-254 3.24h 85
6.287 Rn-220 55s I00 7.28 Po-211m 25s 91
6.34 Th-226 30.9m 79 7. 384 Po-215 1.78ms I00
6.340 Fr-221 4.8m 82 7.448 Po-211 0.52s 99
6.424 Rn-219 4.0s 8 7.687 Po-214 164/,ts 100
6.437 Es-254 276d 93 8.377 Po,-213 4.2its 100
6.551 Rn-219 4.0s II 8.785 Po-212 0.30_s I00
6.56 Ra-222 38s 96 8.88 Po-211m 25s 7
6.622 Bi-211 2.15m 84 11.65 Po-212m 45s 97
*Percentage of the total decay events.
89
This table can help identify BETAEMITTERS
BY ENERGYAND HALF-LIFE*
unknown beta emitters whose
half-life and energy have been g|If-Llf, _Xc.g.! (_) 0.1-0.3 0.3-0.5 0.5-0.7
determined by standard labora- 0-12

hr._" T,"'m'0n;
r,"° ,'"T,'"
p_2,,
Ac''Zn"St"N'o'
tory techniques. A detailed r,,,. t,"o
Pllt|q
ph'"
Aa'"
compilation of nuclear data,
such as National Bureau of ,2h,-,
d NU'o
ra'"
Au'" .'Be",'",,'" Cu" U" er"
lille prln;¢ 611isl
Standards Circular 449 and Pt 1|7 MpII' _"'
supplements, should be con- I-3 d He lil Lulye Ti 117 As71 Zl171 01116 CoIll _116:11 CusP Dr77 Br12 Bole $cn;I Cue7 G,n Got,
sulted for details of these Th"' Th'"T,"'
P,"',0'" I."+
Sn'+'
t,'"
,,,,As"A,"0h'"
emitters and their decay. +,,oor.,,,,p...
cd,,.
S. t.,.,
ImWtngile.,..
NI_"
Emitters of conversion elec- 3-0 d Me,go yb.7O iTotS2 Oy,n ybtTS Re0°. pt,.$
AUIII
Sc°7 yb,TS Autee Bl,,n; $c°7 Can;?y.7 l"n;
TI Ill pb, In;
trons and positrons as well as
emitters of beta rays are in-
cluded, since all these par- 5-10 d Xe'as TbIs° U,m,
C.'" T.'67 Lu"' Lu"' Lu'77 Erie,
Sn"' Lut?7
jos' loOS' Tb'°' lilt CIII,
Be°' Tbieo
,.7' AKoi'
_,oe
ticles produce similar effects 10-13 d Nd''7 Ir''o Oa'S' Nd'°' t"° Cs',o Oain;o Nd'°. Cs,,°
when ab sorpt ion methods are _,,,
used to determine energy. ,3.10
d 0,,,,
Whereas isotopes can decay by
emission of beta particles of ,02o,, o,,,, Eu'"
p,,,o v"A,"
different energies, the emit- 20-30 d p|'|$ Th,S° p_|n; ,a,S| pc 2°° pc,|°
ter is listed in the energy
group corresponding to each s0.400ha,o, Be,,
0u,,,
r,,,, :,,°, c,,n;,
beta, provided its contribu-
40-50 d Feso HK2o' Fose Hfi'o
,ion to total beta activity is
greater than 5%. All the 5O.lOO d :,..be° :b"n; Tun" Sc°° Coo' Zr" Tb'co Sb ''° Tb0co IriO*
betas from one emitter will T,,°,,,,,

lie in the same half-life in- I00-150dGdlSl |,el Ta
'e' T|'"
terval. Isomers and me,a-
stable states of nuclides are iso.200
d c,n;,
Lu"n; Lu'"
included, but these properties 200-200
d Zn"
are not indicated here.
• 250 d-I y RUlee A[ tie CoIn;q C, S7 Co,On; ARt00
Only isotopes with half-
lives greater than six hours 1.2y T,,,, Eu'" $n'"
are iisted; in general, a 2-3 y Cs O|q' Sb o's PIIon;7 Ha,, SbO,S Cst|O
shorter half-life limits iden-
tification by the methods de- ssy z,,,,
scribed.
5-10 y b It° CoCOAczze Cdno$ 4czze
Daughters with shorter half- l

10-20 y HI Pbzoo Pu1_11 Euo$1 Euisn; Ull7 EulIS, KrlS EutS! EuOSn;
lives than their parents are
listed in italics under the 20.$0
1 A,'" Sr"C,'"
half-life of the parent. In
the natural series, the short- 30.s0
y
lived daughters are listed un- 00-,00,
_,,,
der the half-life of the near-
>I00 y Hi e' pdoo_ ReoeT CUn;Rb,7 Tees i oze CsiSl Beto inOOs Am,O'
°st antecedent having a half- _,,#_,, Th.S! TM,o _*s, rMsn;_*s,
life over six hours.
90
BETA EMITTERS BY ENERGY AND HALF-LIFE*
o._.o., o.,-,., ,.,-,.3 ,3.,., ,.,.,.7 ,._.,., ,., 2.3 ,., z.,.,.7 ,., 3., s., 3._ ,., 4.,
FOSZ 6ael S,,e Sre l lies Xe|SS Aczze Pozll $eis 6e77 Sr 0| lies AcZZo £u lez T. los _:[. Xnu $rO! yes _,,i/iz use
Go7? RbaZ ToIzT ErJTi ErJ?l TLZOo 8fzlz
Smile Tale0 Aelze AcZl8
Kqe ZneO OrTS Cole GoTZ pdlOO Br74 Hal, CoOS lies GeT! Hbee 8rTi K'2 |rlq2 G072 jtll| 607| K,Z jtlll
NbSOCell ! el112 lice Eul6? Nb07 TblM EulS7 Zr|?
ihlOe Relos ihlOO ThiS. BrTS
GdiSO irle_ Rhleo ReJee Ir Is' AtllZ
IrJel
Nil? As7I inllS G072 pilqe pill! Bose itsn ._es, $b122 LeIqO _;I G072 As72 AoTI Sb122 yse As70 b_sdIoC_72 Ao70 _n72
LIliO _lllSl Oslee Aulee Tl200 _dllS LeI,( Ce_q2 |107 TlZee ZnYZ TOIII Holes Telel As?2 A272
HolSl OsleJ _elqe OslOl Lelqo Lolqe
Np219 ra252 Np2al
Tel27 Sbl27 izree Relao 8|21q RhlOO IZq I_bl27 iii2 /folio Ca.? 112q _h leo |i 21'
/ill _olll $bl27 B|llq 8(21q RhlOO 'ill
pb2J. ilaz prt,e
Blt*z
, ,,
_bll8 ioIII Of211 Bi21O Bflle b72 $nl26 ks72 sbll8 d_?2
i,u l u
1lllLal.OHdlql |hi2 8etqo llle Lel.O Lotqo TtZO7 pblll Latqe ,LolqO
prl.I ip 2z
Rbel AsTM As?. As?. RbsO Eu zee
Tel7 8 pole q _2OS
Rblq kb8 _ T#I29 T#I2J RbOq
Cdll6 /nil.
Tbte o Sbl2 q Cole $ree yel Sbllq |bl2q
Tel27 TmI?O Tml7O Sf112l
Rheas Rhjez
RhJOe _e RhJOe Prj'' ?hlee Rh lee
BLZJz
TlZOq
8tzlz
AC228 |CIll tACile Ac2le
EulSq Eu Ill 81210 Eull2 [U is.
Csll7 FrlZ2 ree
i
* This chart is o revision of the
original table by Naomi A.
8(212 Hollden, Physicist, Analytical
Alto Branch, U.S.A.E.C.
Cl Ie HpZle Kle _e.
| | | ,
91
AVERAGE AND MAXIMUM BETA ENERGY BY RADIONUCLIDE
Nuclide Energy in MeV Nuclide Energy in, MeV Nuclide Energy in MeV ,m
n - 1 0.301 --- Mn- 57 1.099 2.600 Rb- 87 0.079 0.274

H - 3 0.005 0.018 Fe- 59 0.116 1.560 Kr- 88 0.367 2.600
He- 6 1.571 3.515 Fe- 60 0.069 0.240 Rb- 88 2.084 5.177
Be- I0 0.229 0.555 Co- 60 0.094 1.478 Kr- 89 1.395 3.920
C - 14 0.049 0.158 Co- 60A 0.604 1.545 Rb- 89 0.596 3.920
C - 15 2.871 9.775 Fe- 61 1.193 2.800 Sr- 89 0.583 1.470
0 - 19 1.708 4.601 Co- 61 0.463 1.231 Sr- 90 0.200 0.544
0 - 20 1.242 2.850 Co- 62 0.983 2.831 Y - 90 0.931 2.245
F - 20 2.486 5.403 Co- 63 1.577 3.600 Kr- 91 1.561 3.600
F - 21 2.624 5.683 Ni- 63 0.017 0.066 Rb- 91 1.849 4.200
Ne- 23 1.903 4.372 Cu- 64 0.188 0.573 Rb- 91A 1.271 3.000
Ne- 24 0.794 1.980 Ni- 65 0.667 2.100 Sr- 91 0.624 2.665
Na- 24 0.553 4.170 Ni- 66 0.064 0.224 Y - 91 0.615 1.548
Na- 25 1.510 3.801 Cu- 66 1.062 2.630 St- 92 0.213 1.500
Na- 26 3.124 6.700 Cu- 67 0.146 0.577 Y - 92 1.454 3.600
Mg- 27 0.689 1.763 Cu- 68 1.284 3.000 Y - 93 1.185 2.890
Mg- 28 0.155 0.457 Zn- 69 0.324 0.913 Zr- 93 0.015 0.063
A1- 28 1.244 2.868 Ga- 70 0.644 1.650 Y - 94 2.368 5.320
A1- 29 1.034 2.500 Zn- 71 0.921 2.240 Nb- 94 0.156 0.500
A1- 30 2.307 5.050 Zn- 71A 0.580 1.500 Nb- 94A 0.480 1.300
Si- 31 0.588 1.476 Zn- 72 0.116 1.600 Zr- 95 0.115 1.130
Si- 32 0.028 0.100 Ga- 72 0.429 3.166 Nb- 95 0.046 0.930
P - 32 0.694 1.709 Ga- 73 0.433 1.480 Y - 96 1.507 3.500
P - 33 0.076 0.248 Ga- 74 1.021 4.300 Nb- 96 0.244 0.707
P - 34 2.075 5.100 As- 74 0.405 1.355 Zr- 97 0.713 1.910
S - 35 0.048 0.167 Ga- 75 1.425 3.300 Nb- 97 0.464 1.267
CI- 36 0.252 0.714 Ge- 75 0.404 1.137 Tc- 98 0.086 0.300
S - 37 0.795 4.750 Ga- 76 2.741 6.000 Nb- 99 1.359 3.200
S - 38 0.463 3.000 As- 76 1.085 2.970 Mo- 99 0.398 1.215
Cl- 38 1.515 4.924 Ge- 77 0.637 2.270 Tc- 99 0.085 0.295
Cl- 39 0.847 3.450 Ge-77A 1.198 2.880 Nb-IOOA 1.450 4.200
Ar- 39 0.219 0.565 As- 77 0.221 0.684 Mo-101 0.419 2.230
K - 40 0.541 1.322 Ge- 78 0.317 0.900 Tc-101 0.478 1.320
At- 41 0.479 2.515 As- 78 1.471 4.270 Mo-102 0.436 1.200
K - 42 1.446 3.559 As- 79 0.945 2.300 Tc-102 1.835 4.200
K - 43 0.301 1.838 Se- 79 0.058 0.158 Tc-102A 0.792 2.000
Ca- 45 0.076 0.254 Br- 80 0.748 2.000 Rh-102 0.144 0.470
Sc- 46 0.112 1.465 As- 81 1.663 3.800 Tc-103 1.025 2.500
Ca- 47 0.341 2.000 Se- 81 0.531 1.400 Ru-103 0.062 0.710
Sc- 47 0.160 0.601 Br- 82 0.137 0.444 Tc-104 0.978 2.400
Sc- 48 0.220 0.643 Se- 83A 1.379 3.400 Rh-104 0.988 2.441
Ca- 49 0.758 1.984 Br- 83 0.335 0.960 P.h-104A 0.451 1.240
Sc- 49 0.826 2.011 Br- 84 1.221 4.680 Ru-105 0.415 1.870
Sc- 50 1.538 3.500 Br- 84A 0.709 3.200 Rh-105 0.167 0.563
Ti- 51 0.870 2.142 Rb- 84 0.582 1.648 Ru-106 0.009 0.039
V - 52 1.069 2.532 Br- 85 1.037 2.500 Rh-106 1.415 3.541
V - 53 1.068 2.530 Kr- 85 0.249 0.672 Rh-106A 0.345 1.620
V - 54 1.438 3.300 Kr- 85A 0.284 0.826 'Ru-107 1.637 4.008
Cr- 55 1.220 2.850 Rb- 86 0.622 1.777 Rh-107 0.425 1.201
Cr- 56 0.587 1.500 Br- 87 1.872 8.000 Pd-107 0.013 0.035
Mn- 56 0.860 2.850 Kr- 87 1.334 3.800 Ru-108 0.466 1.320
,,
A - First excited state.
92
AVERAGE AND MAXIMUM BETA ENERGY'BY RADIONUCLIDE--Continued
Nuclide Energy in MeV Nuclide Energy in MeV Nuclide Energy in MeV
(av) (,max) (av) (max) (av) I (max)

Rh-108 1.821 4.500 I -126 0.298 1.250 Pr-146 1.292 3.780
Ag-108 0.624 1.650 Sb-127 0.375 1.500 Pm-146 0.233 0.725
Pd-109 0.359 1.025 Te-127 0.223 0.695 Nd-147 0.227 0.810
Ag-llO 1.176 2.869 Te-127A 0.263 0.730 Pm-147 0.062 0.225 -
Ag-IIOA 0.070 0.530 Sb-128 0.199 2.900 Pm-148 0.682 2.450
Pd-lll 0.848 2.130 Sb-128A 0.346 1.000 Pm-148A 0.150 0.680
Ag-lll 0.360 1.050 I -128 0.791 2.120 Nd-149 0.428 1.500
Pd-ll2 0.078 0.277 Sb-129 0.729 1.870 Pm-149 0.364 1.071
Ag-ll2 1.438 4.040 Te-129 0.498 1.590 Pm-150 0.762 3.122
In-l12 0.211 0.656 I -129 0,040 0.150 Eu-150 0.309 1.070
Pd-ll3 1.397 3.300 I -130 0.276 1.020 Nd-151 0.617 1.995
Ag-II3A 0.787 2.000 Cs-130 0.132 0.442 Pm-151 0.312 1.200
Cd-II3A 0.181 0.575 Te-131 0.723 2.141 Sm-151 0.019 0.077
Pd-ll4 0.519 1.400 Te-131A 0.183 2.457 Pm-152 0.858 2.200
Ag-ll4 2.018 4.600 I -131 0.180 0.810 Eu-152 0.288 1.840
In-l14 0.776 1.984 Te-132 0.047 0.220 Eu-152A 0.696 1.876
Ag-ll5 1.249 2.900 I -132 0.512 2.920 Pm-153 0.614 1.650
Cd-ll5 0.318 I.Ii0 Te-133 0.964 2.400 Sm-153 0.233 0.804
Cd-IISA 0.605 1.631 Te-133A 0.567 2.400 Pm-154 0.995 2.500
In-l15 0.201 0.630 I -133 0.418 1.540 Eu-154 0.228 1.850
In-ll5A 0.281 0.838 Xe-133 0.099 0.343 Sm-155 0.558 1.530
Ag-ll6 2.211 5.Q00 I -134 0.663 2.410 Eu-155 0.044 0.247
In-l16 1.387 3.290 Cs-134 0.152 1.453 Sm-156 0.175 0.730
In-ll6A 0.294 1.000 Cs-134A 0.170 0.550 Eu-156 0.425 2.447
Cd-II7A 0.348 1.000 I -135 0.319 1.433 Tb-156A 0.037 0.140
In-l17 0.245 0.745 Xe-135 0.307 0.919 Eu-157 0.366 1.270
In-ll7A 0.641 1.764 Cs-135 0.057 0.210 Eu-158 0.060 2.650
Cd-ll8 0.267 0.800 Cs-136 0.108 0.657 Tb-158 0.271 0.845
In-l18 1.754 4.250 Xe-137 1.522 3.600 Eu-159 0.855 2.200
In-ll8A 0.560 1.500 Cs-137 0.195 1.167 Gd-159 0.294 0.948
In-l!9 0.605 1.600 Xe-138 0.961 2.400 Eu-160 1.499 3.600
In-ll9A 1.061 2.650 Cs-138 1.095 3.400 Tb-160 0.189 1.700
In-120 0.876 2.200 La-138 0.056 0.205 Gd-161 0.584 1.599
In-121 1.202 2.900 Cs-139 1.600 4.000 Tb-161 0.155 0.577
In-121A 1.582 3.700 Ba-139 0.910 2.340 Ho-164 0.319 0.990
Sn-121 0.Iii 0.383 Ba-140 0.282 1.010 Dy-165 0.440 1.280
Sn-121A 0.150 0.420 La-140 0.490 2.200 Dy-165A 0.275 0.840
Sb-122 0.527 1.971 Ba-141 1.158 2.833 Dy-166 0.060 0.400
In-123 1.391 3.300 La-141 0.958 2.430 Ho-166 0.610 1.852
In-123A 2.013 4.600 Ce-141 0.144 0.580 Ho-166A 0.088 i.i00
Sn-123 0.455 1.260 La-142 1.823 4.250 Ho-168 0.716 1.900
Sn-123A 0.540 1.420 Pr-142 0.829 2.153 Er-169 0.096 0.340
Sb-124 0.385 2.313 La-143 1.374 3.300 Ho-170 1.257 3.100
Sb-124A 1.340 3.200 Ce-143 0.371 1.380 Tm-170 0.315 0.967
Sb-124B 1.012 2.500 Pr-143 0.314 0.933 Er-171 0.355 1.490
Sn-125 0.914 2.330 Ce-144 0.081 0.320 Tm-171 0.025 0.098
Sn-125A 0.788 2.040 Pr-144 1.208 2.984 Tm-172 0.511 1.830
Sb-125 0.084 0.612 Ce-145 0.773 2.000 Tm-173 0.296 0.900
Sb-126 0.737 1.900 Pr-145 0.682 1.799 Tm-174 0.980 2.500
St-126A 0.737 1.900 Ce-146 0.224 0.700 Tm-175 0.757 2.000
A = First excited state. B = Second excited state.
93
AVERAGE AND MAXIMUM BETA ENERGY BY RADIONUCLIDE--Continued
Nuclide Energy in MeV Nuclide Energy in MeV Nuclide Energy in MeV '
(av) Cmax)
(av) (max) (av) I (max)
Yb-175 0.125 0.467 Os-195 0.746 2.000 Ra-228 0.014 0.055
Tm-176 1.761 4.200 Ir-195 0.297 1.000 Ra-230 0.401 1.200
Lu-176 0.104 0.362 Au-196 0.071 0.259 Ac-230 0.807 2.200
Yb£177 0.465 1.380 Ir-197 0.642 2.000 Pa-230 0.117 0.410
Lu-177 0.140 0.497 Pt-197 0.303 0.670 Ac-231 0.765 2.100
Lu-178 0.886 2.300 Ir-198 1.457 3.600 Th-231 0.059 0.305
Lu-178A 0.539 1.500 Au-198 0.315 1.371 Th-233 0.410 1.230
Lu-179 0.476 1.350 Au-199 0.084 0.460 Pa-233 0.063 0.568
Lu-180 1.339 3.300 Au-200 0.669 2.210 Th-234 0.046 0.193
Ta-180A 0.201 0.705 Au-201 0.519 1.500 Pa-234 0.146 0.500
Hf-181 0.119 1.050 Au-203 0.698 1.900 Pa-234A 0.515 1.500
Hf-182 0.149 0.500 Hg-203 0.057 0.212 Pa-234 0.476 1.400
Ta-182 0.094 0.524 TI-204 0.267 0.765 Np-236A 0.149 0.518
Hf-183 0.496 1.400 Hg-205 0.590 1.650 U -237 0.067 0.248
Ta-183 0.191 0.776 TI-206 0.557 1.571 Np-238 0.206 1.240
Ta-184 0.419 1.360 TI-207 0.503 1.441 U -239 0.401 1.210
Ta-185 0.624 1.718 TI-208 0.562 2.380 Np-239 0.135 0.723
W -185 0.124 0.427 TI-209 0.733 1.990 U -240 0.i01 0.360
Ta-186 0.838 2.200 Pb-209 0.195 0.637 Np-240 0.280 0.890
Re-186 0.941 1.066 Pb-210 0.005 0.061 Np-240A 0.662 2.156
W -187 0.236 1.307 Bi-210 0.390 1.161 Np-241 0.458 1.360
W -188 0.256 0.800 Pb-211 0.443 1.390 Pu-241 0.005 0.021
Re-188 0.776 2.116 Bi-211 0,181 0.600 Am-242 0.188 0.630
Re-189 0.237 0.750 Pb-212 0.106 0.586 Am-244 0.510 1.500
Re-190 0.556 1.700 Bi-212 0.783 2.255 Am-244A 0.107 0.380
Re-191 0.661 1.800 Pb-214 0.214 0.980 Am-245 0.287 0.910
Os-191 0.036 0.139 Fr-223 0.382 1.150 Pu-246 0.053 0.330
Ir-192 0.175 0.670 Ra-225 0.089 0.320 Bk-248 0.194 0.650 •
Ir-192A 0.431 1.500 Ac-226 0.400 1.200 Cm-249 0.282 0.900
Os-193 0.350 1.127 Ra-227 0.444 1.310 Bk-249 0.026 0.102
Ir-194 0.755 2.233 Ac-227 0.010 0.043 Cf-253 0.073 0.270
Es-254A 0.331 1.040
,
A = First excited state.
Source: O. H. Hogan, P. E. Zigman, and J. L. Mackin, II. Spectra of Indi-

vidual NeKatron Emitters (Beta Spectra, USNRDL-TR-802 [San Francisco:
U.S. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, Dec. 16, 1964]).
94
SELECTED GAMMA EMITTERS BY INCREASING ENERGY
Production
cross sec- Yieldt
MeV Nuclide Half-Life tion* (barns) (%) Daughter
or fission
yield (?o) L
0.008 Er- 169 9.4d 2b 0.3 Tin-169_
0.022 Sm-i 51 87y IOOb 4 Eu-i 51_
O. 024 Sn-119m 250d .Olb 16 Sn-119_
0. 030 Ba-140 12.8d 6.3% ii La-140
0.031 Mg- 28 21h --- 96 AI- 28
0.035 I -125 60d --- 7 Te-125_

0.035 Te-125m 58d 5b 7 Te-125_
0.037 Br- 80m 4.38h 2.9b 36 Br- 80
0.040 Rh -103m 57m 2.9% 0.4 Rh- 103_
0.040 I -129 1.7Xi0Vy 1.0% 9 0 Xe-129_
0.047 Pb-210 21y --- 4 Bi-210
O. 051 Rh- 104m 4.41m 12.8b 47 Rh -104
0.053 Te-132 78h 414% 17 I -132
O. 058 Gd- 159 18.Oh 3.5b 3 Tb-i 59_
0.058 Dy-159 144d IOOb 4 Tb-159_

0. 059 Te- 127m i09d 0.09b 0.19 Te-127
0.060 Am- 241 458y --- 36 Np -237
0.063 Yb-169 32d II,000b 45 Tm-169_
0. 063 Th-234 24. id --- 3.5 Pa- 234m
0.068 Ta-182 l15d 21b 42 W -182_
0.068 Ti- 44 48h --- 90 Sc- 44
0.070 Sm-153 47h 210b 5.4 Eu-i 53_

0.077 Pt-197 18h l.Ob 20 Au-197_
0.077 Hg-197 65h --- 18 Au-197_

0.078 Ti- 44 48h --- 98 Sc- 44
0.080 Ba-133 7.2y 7b 36 Cs-133_
0. 081 Ho-i 66 26.9h 64b 5.4 Er-166_
0.081 Xe-i 33 5.27d 6.5% 37 Cs-133_
O. 084 Tm-i 70 130d 130b 3.3 Yb-170_
0.084 Th-228 i.90y --- i. 6 Ra- 224
0.087 Eu-i 55 i.81y --- 32 Gd-155_
0.088 Pd-109-- 13.47h 10b 5 ---

Ag-109m 40s ...... Ag-109_
95
SELECTED GAMMA EMITTERS BY INCREASING ENERGY--Continued
Production
cross sec -
MeV Nuclide Half-Life tion* (barns) Yield_ Daughter

or fission (%)
yield (%)
0.088 Cd- 109-- 453d 3b ......

Ag- i09m 40s -- - 5 A g- i095
0.088 Lu-176m 3.7h 35b I0 Hf-1765
0. 091 Nd-147 ii. id 2.6% 28 Pm-147
0. 093 Th- 234 24. Id --- 4 Pa-234m
0.095 Dy-165 "139.2m 800b 4 Ho-1655
0.099 Gd-153 242d < 125b 55 Eu-1535
0.099 Au-195 183d --- i0 Pt-195$
0.100 Pa-234 6.75h --- 50 U -234

O
0. 103 Sm-153 47h 210b 28 Eu-1535

0. 104 Sm-155 23m 5.5b 73 Eu-155
0. 105 Eu-155 1.81y --- 20 Gd-1555
0. 113 Lu-177 6.7d 2100b 2.8 Hf-1775
0.122 Co- 57 270d --- 87 Fe- 575
0. 122 Eu-152 12y 5900b 37 Gd-152--

Sm- 1525
O. 123 Eu-154 16y 390b 38 Gd-1545

0. 124 Ba-131 12d 8.8b 28 Cs-131
O. 128 Cs-134m 2.9h 2.6b 14 Cs-134
0.129 Os-191 15d 6b 25 Ir-1915

0.133 Hf-181 42.5d 10b 48 Ta-1815
0.134 Ce-144 284d 6. i% Ii Pr-144
0. 134 Hg-197m 24h --- 42 Hg-197

0.136 Se- 75 120.4d 30b 57 As- 755
O. 137 Re-186 90h ll0b 9 Os-186$
0.140 Tc- 99m 6.0h 5.4% 90 Tc- 99
0.143 U -235 7.1Xl0Sy --- ii Th-231
0.145 Ce-141 33d 6.0% 48 Pr-1415

0. 147 Ta-182m 16.5m 0.07b 40 Ta-182
0.150 Te-131 25m 2.9% 68 I -131
0. 150 Cd-lllm 48.6m 0.2b 30 Cd-lll5
0.150 Kr- 85m 4.4h 1.57% 74 Kr- 85--

Rb- 855
96
Production
cross sec-
MeV Nuclide Half-Life tion* (barns) Yieldt
or fission (7°) Daughter
yield (7.)
0.155 Re-188 16.7h 73b I0 0s-188%
0.158 Au-199 75.6h --- 37 Hg-199$

O. 163 Ba-140 12 .Sd 6. 370 6 La-140
O. 164 Xe-131m ii .8d 0.027o 2 Xe-131$
0.166 Ba-139 82.9m 6.07. 23 La-1395
0.172 Ta-182m 16.5m O. 07b 40 Ta-182
0.185 U -235 7.1XlO sy --- 54 Th-231
0.186 Ra- 226 1602y --- 4 Rn-222
O. 191 Mo-101 14.6m 5.070 25 Tc-101
0.191 Pt-197 18h l.Ob 6 Au-197$
O. 192 In-ll4m 50.Od 8b 17 Cd-114$
O. 198 Yb-169 32d ii ,O00b 35 Tm-169$

0.208 Lu-177 6.7d 2100b 6. i Hf-1775
0.21 Ge- 77 ll.3h O.ib 61 As- 77
O. 215 Hf-180m 5.5h O. 34b 82 Hf-1805
0.215 Ru- 97 2.9d 0.2b 91 Tc- 97
0. 230 Te-132 78h 4.47. 90 I -132
0. 233 Xe-133m 2.26d O. 167o 14 Xe-i 33
O. 239 Pb-212 i0.64h --- 47 Bi-212
0.239 As- 77 38.7h --- 2.5 Se- 77m
0.246 Sm-155 23m 5b 4 Eu-155
O. 247 Cd-I iim 48.6m 0. ib 94 Cd-1115
O. 250 Xe-135 9.2h 6.27. 91 Cs-135
0.255 Sn-113 llSd 0.gb 1.8 In-ll3m
0.263 Ge- 77 ll.3h O.Ib 45 As- 77
0.265 Ge- 75 82m 0.3b ii As- 755
0.265 Se- 75 120.4d 30b 60 As- 75%
O. 279 Hg-203 46.9d 4b 77 T1-2035

O. 284 I -131 8.05d 2.97. 5.4 Xe-131m
O. 286 Pm-149 53. lh i. 37. 2 Sm- 1495
0. 293 Ce-143 33h 6.27. 46 Pr-143
O. 295 Pb-214 26.8m --- 19 Bi-214

i
97
Production
cross sec-
Yield$
MeV Nuclide Half-Life tion* (barns)
or fission (7o) Daughter
yield (7o)
O. 299 Tb-i 60 72. id 46b 30 Dy-160$

0.305 Kr- 85m 4.4h 1.5% 13 Kr- 85--
Rb- 855
O. 307 Tc-lOl 14.Om 5.0% 91 Ru-1015
0.308 Er-171 7.52h 9b 63 Tm-I 71
0.31 Pa-233 27.0d 7.4b 44 U -233
0.317 Ir-192 74.2d 750b 81 Pt -1925
0. 319 Nd-147 ii. id 2. 670 3 Pro-147
0.320 Cr- 51 27.8d 17b 9 V - 515
0.325 Sn-125m 9.7m 0.1b 97 Sb-125
0.328 Ir-194 17.4h 110b i0 Pt -1945
0. 333 Hf-180m 5.5h 0.34b 93 Hf-1805
0.335 Cd-ll5-- 53.5h I. Ib ......

In-ll5m 4.5h --- 50 In-ll5
0.342 Ag-lll 7.5d --- 6 Cd-lll5
0.344 Eu-152 12y 5900b 27 Gd-i 52--

Sm-1525
O. 351 Bi-211 2.15m --- 14 TI-207
0. 352 Pb-214 26.8m --- 36 Bi-214
0. 356 Ba-133 7.2y 7b 69 C s-1335

0.36 Se- 83 25m 0.O04b 69 Br- 83
0.362 Pd- 103 17d 4.8b O. 06 Rh-103m
O. 363 Gd- 159 18.Oh 3.4b 9 Tb- 1595

0.364 I -131 8.05d 2.9% 82 Xe-131--
Xe-131$
0.368 Ni- 65 2.56h 1.5b 4.5 Cu- 655
0.388 Sr- 87m 2.83h 1.3b 80 Sr- 875
0.393 Sn-ll3 l15d 0.9b 64 In-I135
0. 393 In-ll3m 100m --- 64 In-I135
0.403 Kr- 87 76m 2.7% 84 Rb- 87
0.405 Pb-211 36.1m --- 3.4 Bi-211
0.412 Au-198 2. 698d 98.8b 95 Hg-1985

0.427 Sb-125 2.7y --- 31 Sn-125
0.439 Zn- 69m 13.8h O.ib 95 Zn- 69
98
Production
cross sec- Yieldt
or fission (%) Daughter
yield (7°)
0.441 I -128 25.0m 6.3b 14 Xe-128_
0.444 Hf-180m 5.5h 0.34b 80 Hf-180_
0.468 Ir-192 74.2d 750b 49 Pt-192#
0.477 Be- 7 53d --- 10.3 Li- 7#
0.479 W -187 23.9h 38b 23 Re-187
0.482 Hf-181 42.5h lOb 81 Ta-181_
0.487 La-140 40.22h 6.3% 40 Ce-140_
0.49 Cd-ll5 53.5h l.lb i0 In-ll5m

0.496 Ba-131 12d 8.8b 48 Cs-131
0.497 Ru-103 39.6d 2.9% 88 Rh-103m
0.511 Cu- 64 12.8h 4.5b 38 Ni- 64_--

Zn- 64#
0.511 Ga- 68 68.3m --- 176 Zn- 68#
0.511 As- 74 17.9d --- 59 Ge- 74#--

Se- 74#
0.511 Na- 22 2.60y --- 180 Ne- 22%
0.512 Ru-106-- 367d 0.38% ......

Rh-106 30s --- 21 Pd-106_
0.514 Sr- 85 64d 0.Sd i00 Rb- 85_
0.514 Kr- 85 i0.76y 0.3% 0.41 Rb- 85_

0.52 Se- 83 25m 0.004b 59 Br- 83
0.527 Xe-135m 15.6m 1.8% 80 Xe-135
0.53 I -133 21h 6.5% 90 Xe-133--

Xe-133m
0.53 Cd-ll5 53.5h l.lb 26 In-ll5m
0.533 Nd-147 ll.ld 2.6% 13 Pm-147
0.537 Ba-140 12.8d 6.3% 34 La-140

0.538 I -130 12.4h 28b 99 Xe-130_
0.554 Br- 82 35.34h 3b 66 Kr- 82_
0.559 As- 76 26.5h 4.5b 43 Se- 7f>%
0.564 Sb-122 67h 6b 66 Te-122#
0.570 Bi-207 30y --- 98 Pb-207_
0.583 TI-208 3.10m --- 86 Pb-208_
99
r jl i
Product ion
CROSS sec-
Yields
MeV Nuclide Half-Life tion* (barns) (7.) Daughter
or fission
yield (7°)
0.596 As- 74 17.9d --- 61 Ge- 74_--

Se-74#
0.599 Sb-125 2.7y --- 24 Sn-125

O. 603 Sb-125 60d 3.3b 97 Te-124_
0.605 C s -i34 2.05y 28b 98 Ba-i 34%

O. 609 BI-214 19.7m --- 47 Po-214
0.619 Br- 82 35.34h 3b 41 K4- 82#
0. 622 Ru-106-- 367d O. 38Z ......

Rh-106 30s --- 11 Pd- 106#
0. 637 I -131 8.05d 2.97. 6.8 Xe-131 --

Xe-131m
0. 658 Ag-110m 253d 3_ 96 Cd-I i0#
0. 658 AE-I I0 24.4s 89B 4.5 Cd-I i0$
O. 662 C s-137-- 30y 5.97. 85 ---

Ba-i 37m 2.55m ...... Ba-137#
O. 669 I -130 12.4h 28b 100 Xe-130_
0.67 I -132 2.3h 4.47. 144 Xe-132#
0. 686 W -187 23.9h 38b 27 Re-187
0. 695 Pr-144 17.3m 6.17. 1.5 Nd-144
0. 697 Te-129m 34d 0.347. 6 Te-129
0.724 Zr- 95 65d 6.47. 49 Nb- 95
0. 726 Ru- I05 4.44h 0.97. 48 Rh- 105m--

Rh-105
0. 727 B1-212 60.6m --- 7 T1-208- -

Po-212
0.740 Mo- 99 67h 6.17. 12 Tc- 99--

Tc- 99m
0.743 I -130 12.4h 28b 87 Xe-130#
0.747 Zr- 97-- 17.Oh 6.27. 92 ---

Nb- 97m 60s --- --- Nb- 97
0.748 Sr- 91 9.67h 5._7. 27 Y - 91--

Y - 91m
0.756 Zr- 95 65d 6.47. 49 Nb- 95
0.765 Nb- 95 35d 6.47. I00 Mo- 95#
0. 773 I -132 2.3h 4.4Z 89 Xe-132#
I00
Production
cross sec-
Yieldt
or fission (7°) Daughter
yield (7°)
0.777 Br- 82 35.34h 3b 83 Kr- 82_
0.78 Te-131m 30h 0.44% 60 Te-131

I -131
0. 796 Cs-134 2.05y 28b 99 Ba-134_

0.810 Co- 58 71.3d --- 99 Fe- 58#
0.832 Pb-211 36. Im --- 3.4 Bi-211
0.835 Ga- 72 14.10h 5.0b 96 Ge- 72_
0.835 Mn- 54 303d --- I00 Cr- 54#
0.847 Mn- 56 2.58h 13.3b 99 Fe- 56#

0.85 Te-131m 30h 0.44% 31 Te-131--
I -131
0.879 Tb-160 72.1d 46b 31 Dy-160#
0. 885 Ag-i 10m 253d 3b 71 Cd-i i0#

0.889 Sc- 46 83.9d 13b i00 Ti- 46#
0.898 Rb- 88 17.8m 3.7% 13 Sr- 88#
0.90 Pa-234 6.75h --- 70 U -234
0.935 Cd-ll5m 43d O. 14b i .9 Cd-115
0.9 66 Tb -160 72. Id 46b 31 Dy- 160_
1.02 Mo-101 14.6m 5.0% 25 Tc-101
1.025 Sr- 91 9.67h 5.9% 30 Y - 91m--

Y - 91
1.063 Bi-207 30y --- 77 Pb-_07_
1.078 Ga- 68 68.3m --- 3.5 Zn- 68#

1.078 Rb- 86 18.66d 0.7b 8.8 Sr- 86_
1.095 Fe- 59 45d l.lb 56 Co.- 59_
1.115 Zn- 65 245d 0.45h 49 Cu- 65_
1.115 Ni- 65 2.56h 1.5b 16 Cu- 65#
1.120 Sc- 46 83.9d 13b i00 Ti- 46>$
1.120 Bi-214 19.7m --- 17 Po-214
1.122 Ta-182 l15d 21b 34 W -182_

1.14 I -135 6.7h 5.9% 37 Xe-135m--
Xe-135
1.173 Co- 60 5.26y 19b i00 Ni- 60_
1.21 Y - 91 58.8d 5.9% 0.3% Zr- 91_
1.275 Na- 22 2.60y --- i00 Ne- 22_

I01
Production
cross see-
Yieldt
or fission (%) Daughter
yield (%)
1.278 Eu-154 16y 390b 37 Gd-154_

1.28 I -135 6.7h 5.9% 34 Xe-135m--
Xe-135
1.292 Fe- 59 45d l.lb 44 Co- 59_
1.293 In-ll6m 54.0m 154b 80 Sn-ll6_
1.293 Ar- 41 1.83h .61b 99 K - 41_
1.308 Ca- 47 4.53d 0.3b 74 Sc- 47
1.332 Co- 60 5.26y 19b I00 Ni- 60_
1.35 Mg- 28 21h --- 70 AI- 28
1.369 Na- 24 15.0h 0.53b I00 Mg- 24_

1.380 Ho-166 26.9h 64b 0.9 Er-166_
1.408 Eu-152 12y 5900b 22 Gd-152--

Sm-152_
1.426 Cs-138 32.2m 5.8% 73 Ba-138_

1.434 V - 52 3.76m 4.9b i00 Cr- 52_
1.460 K - 40 1.26X10Sy --- ii Ca- 40_--

Ar- 40_
1.481 Ni- 65 2.56h 1.5b 25 Cu- 65_
1.524 K - 42 12.4h 1.2b 18 Ca- 42_
1.57 Pr-142 19.2h 12b 3.7 Nd-142_
I. 596 La-140 40.22h 6.3% 96 Ce-140_
1.60 CI- 38 37.3m 0.4b 38 Ar- 38_
1.692 Sb-124 60d 3.3b 50 Te-124_
1.764 Bi-214 19.7m --- 17 Po-214
1.780 AI- 28 2.31m 0.23b I00 Si- 28_
1.811 Mn- 56 2.58h 13.3b 29 Fe- 56_
1.863 Rb- 88 17.8m 3.7% 21 Sr _ 88_
2.614 TI-208 3.10m --- i00 Pb-208_
2.754 Na- 24 15.0h 0.53b I00 Mg- 24_

6.13 N - 16 7.2s --- 69 O - 16_
7.11 N - 16 7.2s --- 5 O - 16_
*Thermal neutron cross-section of target atom for nuclide of interest.

_Photon yield per disintegration.
_Stable nuclide
102
• _- .....
ACTIVITY MASS RELATIONSHIP - SPECIFIC ACTIVITY
The specific activity (SPA) of a radioactive nuclide (disintegrations per unit

time)/(unit mass), is calculated from the basic equation:
SpA = _N = (in 2) N
T%
Where: N = number of radioactive atoms per unit mass, and
T½ = half-life.
This basic equation can be transformed as follows:
by definition: N = 6.0225 × 1023/atomic mass

Ci = 3.7 X 101° .
0.69315 N 0.69315 6.0225 X 1023 I

Substituting : SpA = = X X 101o = Ci/gm.
T½ (secs) T½ atomic mass 3.7 X
This equation is satisfactory when the half-life of the nuclide is expressed in

seconds. If, however, the half-life is expressed in other units (such as
minutes, hours, days, or years), a separate time conversion is required for
each. By substituting the appropriate time conversion factors the following
five equations can be obtained.
i. 128 X i0Is
curies/gram or SpA (T½ in secs) = (T_)(atomic mass) (i)
1.880 x i0_
curies/gram or SpA (T½ in rains) = (2)
(T½) (atomic mass)
3.134 X 109
curies/gram or SpA (T½ in hrs) = (atomic mass) (3)
(T½)
1.306 X l0s
curies/gram or SpA (T½ in days) = (atomic mass) (4)
(T½)
3.578 X l0s
curies/gram or SpA (T½ in yrs) = (T½) (atomic mass) (5)
Example: Calculate the specific activity of 1311 whose half-life is 8.05d.

Using equation (4) and the mass number as the atomic mass, make the
appropriate substitutions :
1.306 X l0s 0s
SpA = 8.05 X 131 = 1.24 X i
The following specific activities were calculated from the above equations, using
half-lives from The Table of Isotopes. I Integer mass numbers were used rather
than actual masses, except for SH where the exact mass was used. (It should be
noted that these specific activities are for pure forms of the nuclides only.)
More extensive tables of specific activities are available. 2
ILederer, C. M., Hollander, J. M., and Perlman, I., The Table of Isotopes,(6th
ed.; New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1967).
2Goldstein, G., and Reynolds, S. A., "Specific Activities and Half-Lives of Common
Radionuclides," Nuclear Data A, Vol. I, No. 5 (July 1966), pp.435-452.
103
SPECIFIC ACTIVITY
Radionucl ide Half-Life Curies Radionuclide Half-Life Curies

per gram per gram
Hydrogen-3 12.3y 9.64XI08 Molybdenum-99 67h 4.72XI06
Carbon-14 5730y 4.46 Technet ium-99m 6 .Oh 5.28Xi06
Nitrogen-i 6 7.2s 9.79XI0 I° Ruthenium-106 367d 3.36Xi03
Sodium-22 2.60y 6.25Xi03 lodine-125 60d I. 74XI04
Sodium- 24 15 .Oh 8.71X106 lodine-130 12.4h i. 94XI06
Phosphorus-32 14.3d 2.85Xi05 Iodine-131 8.05d 1.24Xi05
Sul fur-35 88d 4.24Xi04 Barium- 133 7.2y 374
Chlorine-36 3. iXl0Sy 3.21XI0 -s Cesium-134 2.05y 1.30X108
Argon-41 1.83h 4.18XI07 Ce slum-137 30.0y 87.0

Potassium-42 12.4h 6.02XI0 s Barium-140 12.8d 7.29Xi04
Calcium-45 165d I.76XI04 Lanthanum-140 40.22h 5.57XI0 s
Chrumium-51 27.8d 9.21XI04 Cerium-iAl 33d 2.81XI04
Manganese-54 303d 7.98XI08 Cerium-144 284d 3.19X10 a
Iron-55 2.6y 2.50X10 s Praseodymium- 144 17.3m 7.55XI07
Manganese-56 2. 576h 2.17X107 Promethium-147 2.62y 929

Cobalt-57 270d 8.48XI08 Tantalum-182 l15d 6.24Xi0 a
Iron-59 45d 4.92XI04 Tungsten-185 75d 9.41X108

Nickel-59 8X104y 7.58Xi0 -2 Iridium-192 74.2d 9.17Xi0 a
Cobalt-60 5.26y 1.13X108 Gold-198 64.8h 2.44XI0 s
Nickel -63 92y 61.7 Gold-199 75.6h 2.08X105
Copper-64 12.8h 3.83Xi0 s Mercury-203 46 .gd i. 37XI04
Zinc-65 245d 8.20Xi08 Thall ium-204 3.8y 462

Gallium-72 14.1h 3.09Xi06 Polonium-210 138.4d 4.49XI0 a
Arsenic-76 26.5h I. 56Xi0 s Polonium-212 304ns I. 75XI0 Iv
Bromine-82 35.34h i. 08XlO s Radium-226 1602y 0. 988
Rubidium-86 18.66d 8.14X104 Thorium-232 1.41 Xl01° y 1.09XI0 -7
Stront ium-89 52d 2..82 Xl04 Uranium-233 i. 62 Xl0S y 9.48X10 -a

Strontium-90 28. ly 141 Thorium-234 24. Id 2.32XI04
Yt trium-90 64h 5.44XI0 s Uranium-234 7. Ixl0Sy 2.14XI0 -6

Yttrium-91 58.8d 2.44XI04 Uranium- 235 4.51Xl0Sy 3.33XI0 -7
Plutonium-239 2.44X104y 6.13X10 -s
104
UNIVERSAL DECAY TABLE
The following table gives the fraction of activity of a nuclide remaining,

from .001 half-life to 1.000 half-life.
To use this table:
I. Divide elapsed time by half-llfe (t/TL). Time must be in the same

_A
units.
2. With the answer obtained in Step I, enter appropriate row along the
side and the column at the top. The number obtained is the fraction
of original activity remaining.
3. Multiply original activity by this figure to obtain present activity

(or the amount remaining).
Example:
What is the activity of a 210 mCl PoBe source after 180 days? (T_I for
PoBe = 138.4 days.)
I. The source has gone 41.6 days past 1.000 half-life, therefore
41.6/138.4 - .301.
2. Entering the .300 row from the left and the .001 column from the top
gives .81169 as the fraction remaining.
3. Therefore, 210/2 = 105 mCl for 1.000 half-llfe and 105 mCi x .81169
= 85.23 mCi for the amount remaining at the end of 180 days.
105
UNIVERSAL DECAY TABLE
ACTIVITY REMAINING FOR t/T½ FROM .001 TO i. 000
.000 .001 .002 .003 .004 .005 .006 .007 .008 .009
000 1.00000 .99931 .99861 .99792 .99723 .99654 .99585 .99516 .99447 .99378
010 .99309 .99240 .99172 .99103 .99034 .98966 .98897 .98829 .98760 .98692
020 .98623 .98555 .98487 .98418 •98350 .98282 .98214 .98146 .98078 •98010
030 .97942 .97874 .97806 .97739 .97671 .97603 .97536 .97468 .97400 .97333
040 .97265 .97198 .97131 .97063 .96996 .96929 .96862 .96795 .96728 .96661
050 .96594 •96527 •96460 •96393 •96326 .96259 •96193 .96126 .96059 .95993
060 •95926 •95860 .95794 •95727 •95661 •95595 •95528 •95462 •95396 •95330
070 •95264 .95198 •95132 .95066 •95000 •94934 •94868 •94803 •94737 •94671
080 .94606 .94540 .94475 .94409 .94344 .94278 .94213 .94148 .94083 .94017
)90 .93952 .93887 .93822 .93757 .93692 .93627 .93562 .93498 .93433 .93368
100 .93303 .93239 .93174 .93109 .93045 .92980 .92916 .92852 .92787 .92723
110 .92659 .92595 •92530 .92466 .92402 .92338 .92274 .92210 .92146 .92083
120 .92019 .91955 .91891 .91828 •91764 .91700 •91637 .91573 .91510 .91447
130 .91383 .91320 .91257 .91193 .91130 .91067 .91004 .90941 .90878 .90815
140 .90752 .90689 .90626 .90563 .90501 .90438 •90375 .90313 .90250 •90188
150 .90125 •90063 •90000 .89938 .89876 .89813 .89751 .89689 .89627 .89565
.160 •89503 .89440 •89379 •89317 .89255 •89193 .89131 •89069 •89008 •88946
.170 .88884 •88823 .88761 .88700 .88638 •88577 .88515 •88454 .88393 •88332
180 .88270 .88209 .88148 .88087 .88026 .87965 .87904 .87843 .87782 .87721
.190 •87661 .87600 .87539 •87478 .87418 •87357 •87297 •87236 •87176 •87115
200 •87055 •86995 •86934 •86874 •86814 .86754 •86694 •86634 .86574 .86514
210 •86454 •86394 .86334 •86274 •86214 •86155 .86095 •86035 •85976 .85916
220 .85857 •85797 .85738 •85678 •85619 .85560 .85500 •85441 •85382 •85323
230 .85263 .85204 •85145 •85086 .85027 .84968 .84910 •84851 .84792 •84733
240 •84675 •84616 .84557 .84499 •84440 •84382 •84323 •84265 •84206 •84148
.250 •84090 •84031 •83973 .83915 •83857 •83799 •83741 •83683 •83625 •83567
.260 .83509 •83451 •83393 •83335 •83278 •83220 •83162 •83105 •83047 •82989
.270 .82932 .82874 .82817 .82760 .82702 .82645 .82588 .82531 .82473 .82416
.280 •82359 •82302 .82245 •82188 •82131 •82074 .82017 •81960 •81904 •81847
.290 •81790 •81734 •81677 .81620 •81564 •81507 •81451 .81394 •81338 •81282
.300 •81225 .81169 •81113 .81057 •81000 •80944 .80888 •80832 •80776 .80720
.310 .80664 •80608 •80552 •80497 •80441 .80385 •80329 •80274 •80218 •80163
.320 •80107 .80051 .79996 •79941 .79885 •79830 •79775 •79719 •79664 •79609
.330 .79554 .79499 •79443 •79388 •79333 •79278 •79223 •79169 •79114 •79059
340 .79004 .78949 .78895 .78840 .78785 .78731 .78676 .78622 .78567 .78513
.350 .78458 .78404 .78350 .78295 .78241 .78187 .78133 .78079 .78025 .77970
.360 .77916 •77862 •77809 •77755 •77701 •77647 .77593 .77539 •77486 •77432
.370 •77378 .77325 .77271 •77218 .77164 •77111 •77057 •77004 .76950 •76897
380 .76844 .76791 .76737 .76684 .76631 .76578 .76525 .76472 .76419 .76366
.390 .76313 •76260 .76207 •76154 •76102 •76049 .75996 •75944 •75891 •75838
400 .75786 .75733 .75681 .75628 .75576 .75524 .75471 .75419 .75367 .75315
410 .75262 .75210 .75158 .75106 .75054 .75002 .74950 .74898 .74846 .74794
420 .74742 •74691 .74639 .74587 •74536 .74484 .74432 •74381 .74329 .74278
430 .74226 .74175 .74123 .74072 .74021 .73969 .73918 .73867 .73816 .73765
440 .73713 .73662 •73611 .73560 •73509 .73458 •73408 .73357 .73306 .73255
.450 .73204 .73154 .73103 .73052 .73002 .72951 •72900 .72850 .72799 .72749
460 .72699 .72648 .72598 .72548 .72497 .72447 .72397 .72347 .72297 .72247
470 .72196 .72146 .72096 .72046 .71997 .71947 .71897 .71847 .71797 .71747
480 .71698 .71648 .71598 .71549 .71499 .71450 .71400 .71351 .71301 .71252
.490 .71203 .71153 .71104 .71055 .71005 .70956 •70907 •70858 •70809 .70760
500 .70711 .70662 .70613 .70564 .70515 .70466 .70417 w
.70368 .70320 .70271
106
• - ..... 7
UNIVERSAL DECAY TABLF_Continued
ACTIVITY REMAINING FOR t/T½ FROM .001 TO i. 000

.000 .001 .002 .003 .004 .005 .006 .007 .008 .009
.510 .70222 .70174 .70125 .70076 .70028 .69979 .69931 .69882 .69834 .69786
.520 .69737 .69689 .69641 .69592 .69544 .69496 .69448 .69400 .69352 .69302
.530 .69255 .69207 .69160 .69112 .69064 .69016 .68968 .68920 .68873 .68825
.540 .68777 .68729 .68682 .68634 .68587 .68539 .68492 .68444 .68397 .68349
.550 .68302 .68255 .68207 .68160 .68113 .68066 .68019 .67971 .67924 .67877
.560 .67830 .67783 .67736 .67689 .67642 .67596 .67549 .67502 .67455 .67408
.570 .67362 .67315 .67268 .67222 .67175 .67129 .67082 .67036 .66989 .66943
.580 .66896 .66850 .66804 .66757 .66711 .66665 .66619 .66573 .66526 .66480
.590 .66434 .66388 .66342 .66296 .66250 .66204 .66159 .66113 .66067 .66021
.600 .65975 .65930 .65884 .65838 .65793 .65747 .65702 .65656 .65611 .65565
.610 .65520 .65474 .65429 .65384 .65338 .65293 .65248 .65203 .65157 .65112
.620 .65067 .65022 .64977 .64932 .64887 .64842 .64797• .64752 .64707 .64662
.630 .64618 .64573 .64528 .64483 .64439 .64394 .64349 .64305 .64260 .64216
.640 .64171 .64127 .64082 .64038 .63994 .63949 .63905 .63861 .63816 .63772
.650 .63728 .63684 .63640 .63596 .63552 .63508 .63464 .63420 .63376 .63332
.660 .63288 .63244 .63200 .63156 .63113 .63069 .63025 .62981 .62938 .62894
.670 .62851 .62807 .62764 .62720 .62677 .62633 .62590 .62546 .62503 .62460
.680 .62417 .62373 .62330 .62287 .62244 .62201 .62157 .62114 .62071 .62028
.690 .61985 .61942 .61900 .61857 .61814 .61771 .61728 .61685 .61643 .61600
.700 .61557 .61515 .61472 .61429 .61387 .61344 .61302 .61259 .61217 .61174
.710 .61132 .61090 .61047 .61005 .60963 .60921 .60878 .60836 .60794 .60752
.720 .60710 .60668 .60626 .60584 .60542 .60500 .60458 .60416 .60374 .60332
.730 .60290 .60249 .60207 .60165 .60123 .60082 .60040 .59999 .59957 .59915
.740 .59874 .59832 .59791 .59750 .59708 .59667 .59625 .59584 .59543 .59502
.750 .59460 .59419 .59378 .59337 .59296 .59255 .59214 .59173 .59132 .59091
.760 .59050 .59009 .58968 .58927 .58886 .58845 .58805 .58764 .58723 .58682
.770 .58642 .58601 .58561 .58520 .58479 .58439 .58398 .58358 .58317 .58277
.780 .58237 .58196 .58156 .58116 .58075 .58035 .57995 .57955 .57915 .57875
.790 .57834 .57794 .57754 .57714 .57674 .57634 .57594 .57554 .57515 .57475
.800 .57435 .57395 .57355 .57316 .57276 .57236 .57197 .57157 .57117 .57078
.810 .57038 .56999 .56959 .56920 .56880 .56841 .56801 .56762 .56723 .56683
.820 .56644 .56605 .56566 .56527 .56487 .56448 .56409 .56370 .56331 .56292
.830 .56253 .56214 .56175 .56136 .56097 .56058 .56019 .55981 .55942 .55903
.840 .55864 .55826 .55787 .55748 .55710 .55671 .55633 .55594 .55555 .55517
.850 .55478 .55440 .55402 .55363 .55325 .55287 .55248 .55210 .55172 .55133
.860 .55095 .55057 .55019 .54981 .54943 .54905 .54867 .54829 .54791 .54753
.870 .54715 .54677 .54639 .54601 .54563 .54525 .54488 .54450 .54412 .54374
.880 .54337 .54299 .54261 .54224 .54186 .54149 .54111 .54074 .54036 .53999
.890 .53961 .53924 .53887 .53849 .53812 .53775 .53737 .53700 .53663 .53626
.900 .53589 .53552 .53514 .53477 .53440 .53403 .53366 .53329 .53292 .53255
.910 .53219 .53182 .53145 .53108 .53071 .53034 .52998 .52961 .52924 .52888
.920 .52851 .52814 .52778 .52741 .52705 .52668 .52632 .52595 .52559 .52522
.930 .52486 .52449 .52413 .52377 .52341 .52304 .52268 .52232 .52196 .52159
.940 .52123 .52087 .52051 .52015 .5 1979 .51943 .51907 .51871 .51835 .51799
.950 .51763 .51727 .51692 .51656 .51620 .51584 .51548 .51513 .51477 .51441
.960 .51406 .51370 .51334 .51299 .51263 .51228 .51192 .51157 .51121 .51086
.970 .51051 .51015 .50980 .50945 .50909 .50874 .50839 .50804 .50768 .50733
.980 .50698 .50663 .50628 .50593 .50558 .50523 .50488 .50453 .50418 .50383
.990 .50348 .50313 .50278 .50243 .50208 .50174 .50139 .50104 .50069 .50035
.000 .50000 .49965 .49931 .49896 .49862 .49827 .49792 .49758 .49724 .49689
107
108
Radioactive Decay, Semi-Log Plot
• 010
.DO9
.oo8 EXAMPLE
.007 Given : i0 mCi of 3_p with a T½ of

14.3 days
,006
Find : the activity remaining 125
.oos days later

Solution: n - number of half-llves
= t/T_ = 125/14.3 - 8.74
.004 Find 8.74 half-lives on the abscissa

(x axis). The corresponding ordinate
(y axis) is .00234. In this case,
.003 --the fraction of activity remaining,
A/A o is .00234. Since the original
activity was I0 mCi, the activity re-
malning is .00234 X I0, or ,0234 mCi.
.0004,
.O00a
.O00a
109
Thorium Series (4n)*
• HaJor radiation energles (HeV)

Nuclide Historical HalE-life and intensities?
name
B V
a9%aTh Thorium 1.41Xl0X°y 3.95 (24?.) ......
4.01 (76?.)
8saeSRa Mesothorlum I 6.7y --- 0.055 (I DO?.) ---
L
aeaSAc Hesothor£um II 6.13h --- 1.18 (35?.) 0.34c_ (157.)
2.09 (12D 0.96c (20?.)

1.75 (121) 0.908 (25D
a_Th Radiothorlmn I. 910y 5.34 (28_) --- 0.084 (1.6?.)
5.43 (71_) 0.214 (0.37.)

zsZs4Ra Thorium X 3.64d 5.45 (6?.) --- 0.241 (3.77.)
5.68 (947,)
a_Rn gnmnat ton 558 6.29 (1007.) --- 0,55 (0.07?.)
Thoron (Tn)
aeX_Po ThoriumA 0.15s 6.78 (100_) ......
1
alaDt,
• e-_ Thorium B 10.64h --- O. 346 (81_) O. 239 (47?.)
0.586 (14_) 0.300 (3.2_)

:ilan_
so-- Thorium C 60.6m 6.05 (25?.) 1.55 (5?.) 0.040 (270)
64.07. ,I 36_07. 6.09 (10_) 2.26 (55?.) 0.727 (7_)
'" 1.620 (1.87J
i
aeX_Po Thorium C' 304ns 8.78 (1007.) ......
I
aoeml
81 _.s. ThorXum C" 3.10m --- 1.28 (257J 0.511 (23?.)
j 1.52 (217.) 0.583 (86_)
/ 1.80 (.50?.) 0.860 (127.)
t 2.614 (100?.)
aO8o_,
. ea._ Thorium D Stable .........
*This expression describes the mass number of any emmberin this series, where n is an integer.
Example: agaoaTh(6n) ...... 6($8)-232
?Intensities refer to percentage of disintegrations of the nuclide itself, not to original parent of series.
*Conqslex energy peak which would be lncospletely resolved by instruamnts of moderately low resolving power such as scintillators.
Data taken from: Lederer, C. H., Hollander, J. H., and Perlman, I., TablQ of _so_olm0 (6th nd.; Nev York: John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., 1967) and Hogan, O. H., Zlgaan, P. g., and Hackin, J. L., Beta Snell;re (USNItDL-131-802
[Washington, D.C.:
U.S. Atomic Energy Coemission, 1964]).
ii0
Neptunium Series (4n + 1)*
Major radiation energies (MeV)

Nuclide Element Half-life and £ntensitiest
name .....
e4ru Plutonium 13.2y 4.85 (0.000370) 0.021 (-1007.) 0.145 (.00016%)

-1007. J 0.00237. 4.90 (0.0019Z)
/
a_Am _ericium 458y 5.44 (13Z) --- 0.060 (36Z)

5.49 (85%) 0.101c# _3.04%)
say.
9_v Uranium 6.75d --- 0. 248 (96%) 0.060 (36Z)
f I 0.208 (23%)
9s"v Neptunium 2.14XlOey 4.65c (12%) --- 0.030 (14%)
o.145 (170)
4.78c (75%) 0.086 (14%)
83a--.
91 r,. Protactinium 27.0d --- 0.145 (37%) 0.31c (44%)
0.568 (5%)
0.257 (5870)
aaa.
ea_ Uranium 1.62X10Sy 4.78 (15Z) --- 0.042 (?)
4.82 (83%) 0.097 (?)

a_Th Thorium 7340y 4.84 (5870) --- 0.137c (~37.)
5.05 (7Z)
I 4.90 (ii%) 0.20c (-10T,)
aea_Ra Radium 14.8d --- 0.32 (I00%) 0.040 (3370)
_eageAc
L Actinium 10.0d 5.73c (107.) --- 0.099 (?)
5.83 (547.) 0.187 (?)

l 5.79 (28%) 0.150 (?)
a_Fr Francium 4.8m 6.12 (1570) --- 0.218 (14Z)
I 6.34 (8270)
a%?a_
sso_ Astatine 0.032s 7.07 (-1007.) ......
a3.aua
l Bismuth 47m 5 87 (-2.270) 1.39 (~97.8Z) 0.437 (?)
97.8% | 2.27.
asZ,aPo Polonium 4.2_s 8.38 (-1007.) ......
a°_Tl Thallium 2.2m --- 1.99 (100%) 0.12 (50%)

..... j 0.45 (lOO70)
1.56 (100%)
a_Pb Lead 3.30h --- 0. 637 (10070) ---
;i09
e3_,
l m_
Bismuth Stable .........
(>2XZOXSy)
........................
_fhis expression describes

the mass nmtber of any tuber in this series, where n is an integer.
gxample: aae_
SOA|| (4n + 1) ...*. .4(57) + 1 = 229
The (4n + 1) series is included here for cmipletton. It is not found as a naturally-occurring series.
tlntensities refer to percentage of disintegrations of the nuclide itself, not to original parent of series.
tComplex energy peak which would be incompletely resolved by instruments of moderately low resolving power such as scintillators.
Data taken fro,,: Table of Isotopes and USI_DL-TR-802.
iii
Uranium Series (4n + 2)*
MaJo_ radiation energies (MeV)

Nuclide Historical Half-llfe and intenslties$
name _ _
zaeu
SR _ Uranium I 4,51Xl09y.. 4,15 (257.) ......
i 4,20 (757.)
aa49oTh Uranium XI 24.1d --- 0.103 (217.) 0.063c$ (3.57.)
i 0.193 (797.) 0.093c (47.)

Za4sip__m Uranium Xs 1.17m --- 2.29 (987.) 0.765 (0.307.)
1.0Ol (0.6o7.)
99.877. [ 0.13%
i
I _34D.
91 _ Uranium Z 6.75h --- 0.53 (667.) 0.I00 (507.)
Ii I 1.13 (137.) 0.70

o.90 (247.)
(70¢)
_34,
9_ Uranium II 2.47X10sy 472 (28%) --- 0.053 (0.27.)
4.77 (727.)
_so_
90_u lonlum 8.0 XI04y 462 (247.) --- 0.068 (0.67.)
4.68 (767.) 0.142 (0.077.)

z_s-
88 Ka Radium 1602y 4.60 (67.) --- 0.186 (47.)
4.78 (9570)
_2_
ssKn Emanation 3823d 5.49 (1007.) --- 0.510 (0.077.)
I Radon (Rn)
ale=^
S4.V Radium A 3.05m 6.00 (~1007.) 033 (-0.0197.) "'-
99.987. I 0.027.
a_-_ Radium B 26.8m --- 0.65 (507.) 0.295 (19%)

0.71 (407.) 0. 352 (367.)
0.98 (670)
_lsa_.
85-o_ Astatine -2s 6.65 (67.) ? (-0.17.) ---
J 6.70 (947.)
1
_14n_
s3"" Radium C 19.7m 5.45 (0.0127.) 1.0 (237.) 0.609 (477.)
99.987. I 0.027. 5.51 (0.0087.) 1.51 (407.) 1.120 (177.)
; 3.26 (197.) 1.764 (177.)

az4D,,s
_.-v Radium C' 164_s 7.69 (1007.) --- 0.799 (0.0147.)
_V
azo,r
81 _ 1 Radium C" 1.3m --- 1.3 (257.) 0.296 (807.)
I 1.9
2.3 (567.)
(197.) 0.795
1.31 (I00%)
(21%)
ZlODN
ss._ Radium D 21y 3.72 (.0000027.) 0.016 (85"/.) 0.047 (4%)
i 0.061 (157,)
_1°Bi
as Radium E 5.01d 4,65 (,000077.) 1 161 (-1007.) ---
4,69 (.000057.)
-1007. [ .000137.
_io-
84 fro Radium F 138.4d 5.305 (1007.) --- 0.803 (0.00117.)
_r
_OS_l E"
el._ Radium 4.19m --- 1.571 (1007.) ---
J
20aDN ......
s_._ Radium G Stable ---
,,
._
*This expression describes the mass number of any member in this series, where , is an integer.
Example: _oeok
as.. (4n + 2) ......4(51) + 2 " 206
tlntenslties refer to percentage of disintegrations of the nuclide itself, not to original parent of series.
¢Complex energy peek which would be incompletely resolved by instruments of moderately low resolving power such as scintillators.
112 Data taken from: Table of Isotopes and USNRDL-TR-802.

Actinium Series (4n + 3)*
Major radiation energies (MeV)

Nuclide Historical Half-life and intensities,
name _ _ Y
S_U Actinouranium 7. i Xl0ay 4.37 (187.) --- 0.143 (117,)
4.58c# (8%) O. 204 (570)

ql 4.40 (577.) 0.185 (547-)
881,,_k
90 _- Uranium Y 25.5h --- 0.140 (457.) 0.026 (27.)
O. 305 (407.)
0.220 (157-) 0.084c (10_.)
aa_m.
gl"" Protoactinium 3.25XlO4y 4.95 (227.) --- 0.027 (6?.)
5.02 (237.)
I 5.01 (247.) 0.29c (67.)
a_Ac Actinium 21.6y 4.86c (0.187.) 0.043 (-997,) 0.070 (0.087.)
98.6% I 1.4%
4.95c (i • 2_>
1' ' I
Oa_
O0"" I ]_dioact inium 18.2d 5.76 (217,) --- O. 050 (87,)
I 5.98 (247.) 0.237c (157.)
j 6.04 (237.) o.31c (87.)
I aaa_. Actinium K 22m 5.44 (-0.0057.) 1 15 (-1007.) 0.050 (407.)
I a? _"
l J 0.080 (137-)
0.234 (47.)
ela..
IOA_ Actinium X ii .43d 5.61 (267.) --- 0.149c (107.)
5.75 (97.) 0.33c (67-)

J 5.71 (547.) 0.270 (107.)
81o.. Emanation 4.0s 6.42 (87.) --- 0.272 (97.)
6.82 (817.)
I Actlnon (An) 6.55 (117.) 0.401 (57.)
Its.. Actinium A i .78ms 7.38 (~I007.) 0 74 (~.000237-) ---
84._
-100% J .000237.
8_.k
ea._ _ Actinium B 36 •Im --- 0.29 (1.47-) 0 .405 (3.47-)
0.56 (9.47.) 0.427 (I .87.)
1.39 (87.5Z) 0.832 (3.47-)
q
8|_At Astatine -0. Ims 8. Ol (-1007.) ......

L
L J
I1114
Is"" Actinium C 2.15m 6.28 (167.) 0.60 (0.287-) 0.351 (147.)
O. 287. II 99.77. 6.62 (847.)
8L_- 0.528 7.45 (997.) 0.570 (0 •57-)

e4 r° I Actinium C' ---
I 0.90 (0.57.)
!
aov_l 4.79m 1.44 (99.87.) 0.897 (0.167.)

e_-- Actinium C" ---
I
a°_pb Actinium D Stable .........
_rFhis expression describes the mass number of any member in this series, where n is an integer.
Example: a_Pb (4n + 3)... ".4(51) + 3 " 207
tlntansities refer to percentage of disintegrations of the nuclide itself, not to original parent of series.
$C(mplex energy peak which would be incompletely resolved by ln|trument8 of moderately low resolving power such e| scintillators.
Data taken from: Tabl 9 of Isotopes end USIqRDL-TR-802.
113
ERROR IN COUNTS PER MINUTE AS A FUNCTION OF TOTAL
COUNT AND LENGTH OF COUNT. (95% CONFIDENCE LEVEL)
104
10 _
I01
.I 1 I0 I00
Error95 z in counts per minute
114
Nslt s Nb It=,
12 0.9 ERROR 0.96 ERROR 12
OFNs'Nb OFNs-Nb
8.0--_ 9.5
II II
_9.0
7.5_
.10 I0
_8.0
6.5--
_7.5
7 7
K0--
_7.0
6
0.9 ERROR AND 0.95 E RROR
5.5 _ _ 6.5 OF w
LOW COUNTING RATES
5
_6D
50__
INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE
4 Draw a straight line _ 5.5 4

from a point on the 4.5_
left scale that cor-
responds to the quo- _5.0
3 tient Ns/t s through 4.0_ EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS 3
the point on the right N,: THE COUNTING RATE
OFTHESAMPLE
scale that corresponds _ 4.,_ INCLUDING
I_ER MINUTETHE BACKGROUNDtN COUNTS
to the quotient N_t b 3,5_ t=: NUMBER OFMINUTES

COUNTED TPIESAMPLE
WAS
the point where this _4.0 i_; THE COUNTIN@RAT_OF THE BACKGROUNO 2
line crossesthe center INCOUNTS
PER
MINUTE
t,k: NUMBER OF MINUTES THE BACKGROUND
scale will correspond 3.0-- WAS
COUmEO
to the 0.9 and the
0.95 error of the de- _30
termination Ns-N b. *Jarrett, AECU-262 I
Z.O_ MonP-126
_20
0 o_ _I._
IO_ O,
115
NI/t" 0.9 OF
ERROR
Ns-Nb 0.95 ERROR
OF Ns-Nb 3.0 Nb/_
-T--
- -3.0 4.00--_ 4.75 2.9

-2.9
-2.S 2.8
- -2.7 2.7 I
T
qm 3.75 . -- 4.50 Example: 2.6

"2e@
Find 0.95 error in i

-2.5 Net count 2.5
Given: N = 35 cpm
- Z.4 s 2.4 - -
- 4.25 Nb = 15 cpm 2.3 -
-2.3 3.50-- t s = 20 m
- -2.2 i 2.2 -
t b = 20 min
-2I -4..OO 2.1 .
" Solution -
- -2.0 N"S 2.0 "
" I•9 3.25 - _'-S = 1,75 1.9 "

m
- 3.75 1.8 -';-

-1.8 Nb o
--- 0.75 ..""
a
tb 1.7 ._
3.00 3.50 Connect line between
I.6 values and read 3.i cpm 1.6
I.5 on center line. 1.5 ±
I .4 2.75 3.25 1.4
I. 3 INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE 0.9 ERRORAND 0.95 ERROR1"3 t

I. 2 OF 1.2
Draw a straight line 2.50 LOW COUNTING RATES
I. I from a point on the I.I
I.O responds to the quo- 2.75

0.9 tient Ns/t e throush 2.25 0.9
the point on the right
0.8 left
scalescale
that that cox'-
corTeeponde 2.50 1.0
to the quotient _/t b 2.00-- 0.7-'"
0.7 the point where this - 2.25 ":_
].tJ_e crosses the center 0.6 -
0.6 scale wi].l correspond 1.75 EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS ._"
0.5 to the 0.9 and the -- 2.OO _, ,.CLUO,NG
T.E_U.T,NG .=TEOFT._,.SA.PLE
T.__CX_OU_0 COU_TS0.5
0-95 error of the de- HE,.,.uvE "
0 • 4 termination Ns-N b. 1.50 - 1.75 tt: NUMBER
COUNTED OFMINUTES
THE
SAMPLE WASO.4 " "
ml,
- 0.3 1.25 - -- I. 50 Nb: THEIN

GOUNTsCOUNTINGPERRATEMINUTE
OF THE BACKGROUN0 O.3 . "
- I. 25 tb:
was cou.Tto
NUMBER OF MINUTES THE BACKGROUND
O.2
- "O.Z 1.00-- .
- -O.I 0.75 ---I'O0 O I "-
- *Jarrett, A_CU-262 " "
:oo
,m= D o o-_8: 8
ooo oo
116
Nslts 0.9 ERROR 0.95 ERROR Nbltb
0.80 -- --0,95
OFNs-Nb OFNs-Nb 0.|2_.,e..
).11 o.,-:'-
-- 0.90
0.75 -
I.I0 0.10.a. -
0.85
.09 0.09 _ -
0.08 0.08.
0.75
0.07 O.07-
_.70 --
=.
GO6-
0.06 0.9 ERROR AND 0.95 ERROR
OF
LOW COUNTING RATES0
0.05 0.05- -
INSTRUCTIC![S FC!R USE

0.55 0.04
Draw a straight line
from a point on the
left scale tlmt cor-
responds
_,r
to the quo- EXPLANATION
OF SYMBOLS
tient i_s/ts through N$: THECOUNTING RATE OF THE SAMPLE
0.03
the point on the right 0.45 ,_CLUD,_ T.E_CXGROU_D ,NCOU.TS
scale that corresponds PERMINUTE
COUNTED
to the quotient Nb/t b 0.55- ,,: NUMBER OF MINUTES THE SAMPLE WAS
).02 the point where this --0.40 Nb'TINHE COu_T,_
COUNTS _TEo_T,EmA_KG_O_D
PER MINUTE 0.02- -
line crosses the center tb NUMBER OFMINUTES THE f:_,ACgGROUND
scale _._II correspond 0.3,0- WAS CO_NTEO
to the 0.9 and the *Javrett AECU-262
0.95 erro_ of the de- --0.30 -
_onP-126' 0.01
termination ;;s-';
b. 0.20--
--0.20
0.10_ _0.10
0 0---0 O- -
117
AVER_ _ OF
COUNTII_RATE 0.9 ERROI_ 0.95 ERROR 1"Ik__
"_- I00,000 SO0---- I
-
-- " ---800
-.
-.. _ eo,ooo _.
ZOO--
.200
zo,ooe -
I00_
-IO0
- 101000
-- _-.
-" 8,ooo so-"

- -eo
• .:
i'.z,o_o.
- _ -ZO
•.=_
,I,000
"" I0_ ZO,
" - -I0 THE 0.9 ERROR AND 0.95 ERROR
-- _- OF
"" S__"- COUNTINGRATE DETERMINATIONS
Ls
ZOO
__ INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE
m
.100 _ Draw a straight line from a

-_... Z-
_- _z point on the left scale cor-
"- .- responding to the counting
"-SO - rate of the sample through
the point on the right scale
-- -" I corresponding to the length
--__- of time the sample was count-
" •20 -- ed. The point where this
0.5-- line crosses the center scale
--o.e corresponds to the 0.9 error
- and the 0.95 error of the de-
. -I0 "- termination.
Z- 300.
"._- - Example .-
--e _z_- The 0.9 error of a sample 4oo.
.. _o.z which averaged 1250 counts
-- _ per minute during a four
" minute determination is 29
0.I- counts per minute.
" _0.I
•Jarrett, AEOU-262
. --I MonP-126 1,0_
118
STATISTICAL LIMITS OF COUNTER RELIABILITY
P represents the probability that the observations

1.7 show a greater deviation from the Poisson distrib-
ution than would be expected from chance alone.
0.4 USE
From a series of replicate counting measurements
compute Sn, _n and R.F. (see p.31). Enter graph
0.9 with number of observations and R.F. Correspond-
ing point represents value of P. If P lies be-
tween 0.I0 and 0.90, instrument operation is
0.2 probably satisfactory. If P is less than 0.02
or greater than 0.98, instrument is not operat-
ing satisfactorily
0.I
0 5 I0 15 20 25 30
Number of observations
120
PENETRATION ABILITY OF BETA RADIATION
IOOO
I00
,?_
•.01
.001
.I .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .g I 2 3 4
ENERGY(MEV.)
The maxlnmm range of beta particles as a function of energy in

the various materials indicated. (From SRI Report No. 361,
"The IndustrialUses of RadioactiveFission Products". With
permissionof the StanfordResearch Instituteand the U. S.
Atomic Energy Commission.)
122
0
..... ,....... 0
\ ,..
\ _ ,.=,
_-8 _
f
_.._
..Iu
,v"
\\
..... 0
:,
_ , ,
. ,_
....... ,, .=-
, C
,
,, _..,, \ _ _ =®
_$z _ o zo
' 0 k\ _"
....r,,=
--_,-- , ........ _ "6
- I
0 ,: ,. = . • ....
_k "._.
• 4mmm_
' (.":_ \\ =
_0 _,_, _o C
Ill \\ 0
' _J II ..... '_k .,-

o.m
0
e_
_ , (,,__._
F..,
_ .........' .... \_ = =:='°
0 q 0 0 o0 u) _r K) oJ
°
_ oJ .--: d d d d d o
(AelAI)Ag_3N3 V138
124
• # ._-- _- - _
ENERGY(MEV)
4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.s 7.0 7.5 8.0

7.5
2.o FOR 6.0
0 2.0
0 o.s 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.s 4.0
ENERGY(MEV)
125
126
DETERMINING COUNTING EFFICIENCY FOR INTERNAL PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS
Since internal proportional counters do not detect all beta rays emitted by a
sample, it is necessary to divide the net counting rate by an appropriate effi-
ciency correction decimal to determine the total beta emission. This efficiency
(E), is the product of three factors--geometry (G), backscatter (B), and self-
absorption, generally expressed in terms of a transmission factor (T): E = G ×
B × T.
GEOMETRY FACTOR (G)--Not all radiation from a sample is emitted in the direc-
tion of the detector. The geometry factor accounts for the fraction emitted in
the proper direction. For internal proportional counters with hemispherical
chambers, this factor is 0.50.
BACKSCATTER FACTOR (B)--The backscattering of beta rays is a function of

their energy and the atomic number (Z) of the counting dish. The following
curves may be conveniently used for estimating this factor. To illustrate
their use, consider a a_p sample in a copper counting dish (Z = 29). From the
appropriate value on the abscissa, draw a vertical line until it intersects
the curve for ZZp. A horizontal line projected from the point of intersection
to the ordinate reveals the resultant factor to be about 1.43.
1.6-
o
1.3- i
I
1.2- I
I
I "Evaluating the Performance
I of the Internal Counter"
I by J. S. Nader, G.R. Hagee and
I L.R. Setter. Nucleonics, Vol. IZ,
i.I- I No. 6, June 1954.
[
[
I
I
I
1.0 I I II I I I I I
0 10 20 30 _0 50 60 70 80
ATOMIC NO. (Z) OF COUNTING DISH
127
SELF-ABSORPTION OR TRANSMISSION FACTOR (T)--A fraction of the beta particles
emitted by a sample may be absorbed within the sample itself. This loss, which
increases with sample thickness, is known as self-absorption. For counting
purposes, it may be conveniently expressed in terms of a transmission factor,
the fraction of the emitted beta particles not absorbed within a sample.
The transmission factor (T) may be estimated using the curves given below.
If, for example, a sample containing 3_p weighs 200 milligrams and is evenly
distributed on a 2-inch diameter dish, then the average sample thickness can be
calculated to be I0 mg/cm _. To estimate the factor, draw a vertical llne from
the appropriate value on the abscissa until it intersects the curve for SSp.
A horizontal line projected from the point of intersection to the ordinate
reveals the resultant factor to be about 0.73.
OVERALL COUNTING EFFICIENCY (E)--The efficiency correction decimal fraction

for the previous example, in which a sample containing aap was counted, would
be: E = 0.50 × 1.43 × 0.73 = 0.52.
If the net sample counting rate was 1,000 counts per minute, the disintegra-
tion rate could be calculated to be: dpm = net cpm + E ffi1,000 cpm + 0.52 "
1,920 dpm.
1.0
MIXED FISSION PRODUCTS-- 7

0.8--
/ a_p
o
u 0.6"- I
Z Z
:_ 0.4--
z
I
0.2-- I --
I
I
o.o I . I I I, _ l I
0 2 4 6 8 lO 12 14 16
SAMPLE THICKNESS IN rag/cm _
Data on this page obtained from: "Radioactivity Assay of Water and Industrial
Wastes with Internal Proportional Counter," by L. R. Setter, A. S. Goldin, and
J. S. Nader, Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 26, p. 1305, Aug. 1954.
128
i
129
130
SECTION III
RADIATION PROTECTION DATA

Page
ENERGY DEPENDENCE OF MONITORING INSTRUMENTS .............. 129
RESPONSE TIME CURVE .......................... 130
GAMMA RADIATION LEVELS FOR ONE CURIE OF SOME RADIONUCLIDES ....... 131
FLUX DENSITY vs. PHOTON ENERGY ..................... 132
ATTENUATION AND COEFFICIENTS FOR GAMMA RADIATION

In Water .............................. 133
In Lead .............................. 134
LINEAR ENERGY ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS IN AIR .............. 135
MASS ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS ..................... 137
VALUES OF THE MASS ENERGY-ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS ........... 140
NEUTRON CROSS SECTIONS

For Indium and Cadmium ....................... 141
For Hydrogen and Boron ....................... 142
FAST NEUTRON ATTENUATION IN PARAFFIN AND WATER ............. 144
DOSE BUILDUP FACTORS

Point Isotropic Sources ...................... 145
Plain Monodirectional Sources ................... 147
TRANSMISSION OF GAMMA RAYS THROUGH LEAD, CONCRETE, AND IRON ...... 148
X-RAY SHIELDING DESIGN

Formula and Discussion ....................... 150
Attenuation in Lead and Concrete .................. 151
Half-Value Layer in Lead and Concrete ............... 155
Commercial Lead Sheets ....................... 156
Thickness of Lead Required to Reduce Useful Beam to 5 Percent . . . 156
Concrete and Iron Equivalents of Lead ............... 157
X-RAY OUTPUT (mR/mAs) ......................... 158
X-RAY CRITICAL-ABSORPTION AND EMISSION ENERGY ............. 161
HALF-VALUE LAYER VSo PHOTON ENERGY .... ............... 163
MEDICAL X-RAY FILM AND SCREEN SPEEDS .................. 165
BACKSCATTER TABLES ........................... 168
DEPTH DOSE TABLES ........................... 169

' SECTION III
RADIATION PROTECTION DATA -- Continued
Page
NEUTRON SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS ..................... 170
DECONTAMINATION METHODS
Personnel .................. ........... 194
Area and Material ......................... 199
RULES OF THUMB ............................. 204
RADIATION PROTECTION GUIDES

Concentrations in Air and Water .................. 206
Accumulated Dose Equivalents .................... 210
Quality Factors .......................... 210
STANDARD MAN .............................. 211

Mass of Organs ........................... 212
Chemical Composition ........................ 214
Specifications ........................... 215
GAMMA RADIATION LEVELS FOR ONE CURIE OF SOME RADIONUCLIDES*
Nuclide Ft Nuclide Pt Nuclide p_
Actinium-227 -2.2 Gold-198 2.3 Potassium-43 5.6
Antimony-122 2.4 Gold-199 -0.9 Radium-226 8.25
Antimony-124 9.8 Hafnium-175 -2.1 Radium-228 ~5.1
Antimony-125 -2.7 Hafnium-181 -3.1 Rhenium-186 -0.2
Arsenic-72 i0.I Indium-ll4m -0.2 Rubidium-86 0.5
Arsenic-74 4.4 Iodine-124 7.2 Ruthenium-106 1.7
Arsenic-76 2.4 Iodine-125 -0.7 Scandium-46 10.9
Barium-131 -3.0 Iodine-126 2.5 Scandium-47 0.56
Barium-133 -2.4 Iodine-130 12.2 Selenium-75 2.0
Barium-140 12.4 Iodine-131 2.2 Silver-ll0m 14.3
Beryllium-7 -0.3 lodine-132 11.8 Silver-lll -0.2
Bromine-82 14.6 Iridium-192 4.8 Sodium-22 12.0
Cadmium-ll5m -0.2 Iridium-194 1.5 Sodium-24 18.4
Calcium-47 5.7 Iron-59 6.4 Strontium-85 3.0
Carbon-ll_ 5.9 Krypton-85 -0.04 Tantalum-182 6.8
Cerium-141 0.35 Lanthanum-140 11.3 Tellurium-121_ 3.3
Cerium-144 -0.4 Lutecium-177 0.09 Tellurium-132 2.2
Cesium-134 8.7 Magnesium-28 15.7 Thulium-170 0.025
Cesium-137 3.3 Manganese-52 18.6 Tin-ll3 -1.7
Chlorine-38_ 8.8 Manganese-54 4.7 Tungsten-185 -0.5
Chromium-51 0 16 Manganese-56 8.3 Tungsten-187 3.0
Cobalt-56 17.6 Mercury-197 -0.4 Uranium-234 ~0.I
Cobalt-57 0.9 Mercury-203 1.3 Vanadium-48 15.6
Cobalt-58 5.5 Molybdenum-99 -1.8 Xenon-133 0.i
Cobalt-60 13.2 Neodymium-147 0.8 Ytterbium-175 0.4
Copper-64 1.2 Nickel-65 -3.1 Yttrium-88 14.1
Europium-152 5.8 Niobium-95 4.2 Yttrium-91 0.01
Europium-154 -6.2 Osmium-191 -0.6 Zinc-65 2.7
Europium-155 -0.3 Palladium-109 0.03 Zirconium-95 4.1
Gallium-67 -i.I Platinum-197 ~0.5
Gallium-72 11.6 Potassium-42 1.4
* Jaeger, R. G., et al., Engineering Compendium on Radiation Shielding_ Vol. I,

(New York: Springer-Verlag, 1968), pp. 21-30.
t F = R-cm_/hr-mCi or F/10 = R/hr at 1 m/Ci
A Manual of Radioactivity Procedures (National Bureau of Standards Handbook
No. 80 [Washington, D.C.: Supt. of Docs., U.S. Government Printing Office,
Nov. 1961)], Appendix A, pp. 137-140. 131

11 2 3 4 5 6 7891 2 3 4 5 6 7891 2 3 4 5 6 7891 too
1o* 9
8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2 '_
,g
m
1o 8 g to
8 L_
7 7 _:
6 6 md
5 5
4 4 O
3 3 ,_
¢3
o __fOal i
8
9 8
7 7 t_
•IJ 4.)
._ 6 6
_0 5 5 0
:_ 4
3 3 _w
104_ 1 ,.w
a 8 o
7 7
8 6 _
s s _
4 4
3 3
2 2
l0 s , 1
.0] 2 3 4 S 6 78 .1 2 3 4 5 6 78Y 1 2 3 4 5 6 78910
Photon energy (MeV)
132
133
200
I00
MASS ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS FOR LEAD
Data obtained from Gladys R. White,

NBS Report No. 1003 (1952).
I0
O_
=1o
._
°
.,-I
0
\ •
=
0 _ \
"'_= Scattering _ \\• Total Attenuation Coefficient
<0.1 \
\ _ _....-'"
• .°°"
• e•
Photoelectric _....
o• _,
.01
Pair Production _ ."

.
e
.001
.01 0 .I I .0 I0 I00
Energy in MeV
134
MASS ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS*
keV
i0 0.385 0.593 1.16 2.28 3.73 5.78 15.5 20.8 26.3 34.2 40.8 51.0
15 .376 .300 0.463 0.787 1.18 1.74 4.58 6.23 7.93 10.3 12.4 15.6
20 .369 .227 .295 .429 0.596 0.826 2.01 2.72 3.41 4.39 5.31 6.66
30 .357 .181 .206 .251 .304 .372 0.705 0.918 1.12 1.41 1.66 2.07
40 .346 .165 .180 .206 .229 .257 .395 .485 0.567 0.696 0.797 0.968
50 .335 .156 .167 .187 .198 .213 .281 .329 .369 .437 .489 .579
60 .326 .150 .159 .176 .182 .191 .228 .258 .280 .322 .350 .404
80 .309 .140 .147 .161 .164 .168 .181 .196 .203 .224 .234 .259
i00 .294 .133 .139 .152 .153 .156 .159 .169 .171 .184 .187 .202
150 .265 .119 .124 .135 .135 .136 .134 .140 .138 .145 .144 .151
200 .243 .109 .114 .123 .123 .124 .120 .125 .122 .128 .125 .130
300 .211 .0945 .0984 .107 .107 .107 .103 .106 .104 .108 .106 .109
400 .189 .0847 .0883 .0957 .0954 .0957 .0918 .0949 .0927 .0962 .0936 .0966
500 .173 .0773 .0806 .0872 .0871 .0873 .0836 .0864 .0844 .0875 .0850 .0878
600 .160 .0715 .0745 .0807 .0805 .0808 .0774 .0797 .0780 .0808 .0784 .0810
800 .140 .0629 .0655 .0709 .0708 .0708 .0678 .0701 .0684 .0707 .0688 .0709
MeV
1.0 .126 .0565 .0589 .0637 .0636 .0637 .0609 .0628 .0613 .0635 .0617 .0638
1.5 .103 .0460 .0479 .0519 .0518 .0518 .0497 .0512 .0500 .0518 .0503 .0518
2.0 .0875 .0394 .0411 .0445 .0445 .0446 .0428 .0442 .0432 .0448 .0436 .0449
3.0 .0691 .0314 ,0328 .0357 .0358 .0360 .0349 .0361 .0354 .0368 .0359 .0371
4 .0581 .0266 .0280 .0305 .0307 .0310 .0304 .0316 .0311 .0324 .0317 .0329
5 .0505 .0235 .0248 .0271 .0274 .0278 .0276 .0287 .0284 .0297 .0292 .0304
6 .0450 .0212 .0225 .0247 .0251 .0255 .0256 .0268 .0266 .0279 .0275 .0287
8 .0375 .0182 .0195 .0216 .0221 .0226 .0232 .0244 .0244 .0257 .0255 .0268
i0 .0325 .0163 .0175 .0196 .0202 .0209 .0218 .0231 .0231 .0246 .0245 .0258
15 .0254 .0136 .0149 .0170 .0178 .0186 .0202 .0216 .0219 .0234 .0236 .0251
20 .0215 .0122 .0137 .0158 .0167 .0177 .0196 .0212 .0216 .0233 .0235 .0252
30 .0174 .0110 .0125 .0147 .0158 .0170 .0196 .0213 .0219 .0238 .0242 .0261
40 .0154 .0104 .0121 .0144 .0156 .0169 .0199 .0217 .0224 .0245 .0250 .0270
50 .0141 .0102 .0119 .0142 .0156 .0170 .0202 .0222 .0230 .0252 .0257 .0278
60 .0133 .0100 .0118 .0143 .0157 .0172 .0206 .0227 .0235 .0257 .0264 .0286
80 .0124 .00991 .0118 .0144 .0160 .0175 .0213 .0235 .0244 .0267 .0274 .0298
I00 .0119 .00992 .0119 .0146 .0163 .0179 .0218 .0241 .0251 .0275 .0283 .0307
150 .0113 .0100 .0122 .0150 .0168 .0186 .0228 . .0253 .0263 .0289 .0298 .0324
200 .0112 .0102 .0124 .0153 .0172 .0191 .0235 .0260 .0271 .0299 .0307 .0334
300 .0111 .0104 .0128 .0159 .0178 .0198 .0244 .0270 .0282 .0310 .0319 .0348
400 .0112 .0106 .0130 .0162 .0182 .0202 .0249 .0276 .0288 .0317 .0327 .0356
500 .0113 .0108 .0132 .0164 .0185 .0205 .0252 .0280 .0292 .0322 .0332 .0361
600 .0113 .0109 .0134 .0166 .0187 .0207 .0255 .0283 .0295 .0325 .0335 .0365
800 .0115 .0111 .0136 .0169 .0190 .0210 .0259 .0287 .0300 .0330 .0340 .0370
GeV
i .01i6 .0112 .0137 .0171 .0192 .0212 .0261 .0290 .0302 .0333 .0344 .0374
1.5 .0117 .0114 .0140 .0173 .0195 .0216 .0265 .0293 .0307 .0338 .0348 .0380
2 .0118 .0115 .0141 .0175 .0196 .0218 .0267 .0296 .0309 .0341 .0351 .0383
3 .0120 .0116 .0143 .0177 .0199 .0220 .0269 .0298 .0312 .0344 .0354 .0386
4 .0120 .0117 .0144 .0178 .0200 .0221 .0270 .0300 .0313 .0345 .0356 .0388
5 .0121 .0118 .0144 .0179 .0200 .0222 .0271 .0301 .0314 .0346 .0357 .0389
6 .0121 .0118 .0145 .0179 .0201 .0222 .0272 .0302 .0315 .0347 .0358 .0390
8 .0122 .0119 .0145 .0180 .0202 .0223 .0272 .0302 .0316 .0348 .0359 .0391
I0 .0122 .0119 .0146 .0180 .0202 .0223 .0273 .0303 .0316 .0348 .0359 .0391
15 .0122 .0119 .0146 .0181 .0203 .0224 .0274 .0303 .0317 .0349 .0360 .0392
20 .0123 .0120 .0147 .0181 .0203 .0224 .0274 .0304 .0317 .0350 .0361 .0393
30 .0123 .0120 .0147 .0182 .0203 .0225 .0274 .0304 .0318 .0350 .0361 .0393
40 .0123 .0120 .0147 .0182 .0203 .0225 .0275 .0305 .0318 .0351 .0361 .0394
50 .0123 .0120 .0147 .0182 .0204 .0225 .0275 .0305 .0318 .0351 .0362 .0394
60 .0123 .0120 .0147 .0182 .0204 .0225 .0275 .0305 .0318 .0351 .0362 .0394
80 .0123 .0120 .0147 .0182 .0204 .0225 .0275 .0305 .0318 .0351 .0362 .0394
I00 .0123 .0120 .0147 .0182 .0204 .0225 .0275 .0305 .0319 .0351 .0362 .0394
Coefficients are "Total with Coherent." Unit is cmS/g .
Source: Photon Cross Sections n Attenuation Coefficients_ and Energy Absorption Coefficients From I0 keY to i00 GeV
(NSRDS-NBS 29), 1969.
137
MASS ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS--Continued
EnergyPh°t°n
I Ar I K Ca I Fe I Cu _O
keV
i0 64.5 80.9 96.5 173. 224. 86.2 141. 161. 95.5+ 133. + 178. 5.18
15
20 19.9
8.53 25.0
10.8 30.1
13.0 56.4
25.5 74.2
33.5 28.2
81.7" 47.0
21.3, 55.2
26.0 142.
67.0 115.7+
85. 63.9+
71.0 1.58
0.775
30 2.62 3.30 3.99 8.13 10.9 28.8 41.3 8.67 23.0 29.7 41.0 + .370
40 1.20 1.49 1.78 3.62 4.89 13.3 19.4 22.7 10.7 14.0 19.7 .267
50 0.687 0.843 0.998 1.94 2.62 7.20 10.7 12.6 5.91 7.81 Ii.i .227
60 .460 .560 .648 1.20 1.62 4.41 6.53 7.78 3.65, 4.87 6.96 .206
80 .275 .324 .365 0.595 0.772 2.02 3.02 3.65 7.89 2.33, 3.35 .184
i00 .204 .233 .256 .370 .461 I.ii 1.68 2.00 4.43 5.40 1.91, .171
150 .143 .158 .168 .196 .223 0.428 0.614 0.714 1.57 1.97 2.56 .151
200 .121 .132 .138 .146 .157 .245 .328 .372 0.777 0.991 1.28 .137
300 .0996 .108 .112 .ii0 .112 .139 .164 .178 .320 .404 0.509 .119
400 .0878 .0949 .0979 .0940 .0941 .105 .116 .122 .190 .231 .286 .106
500 .0795 .0859 .0885 .0840 .0836 .0883 .0946 .0976 .136 .161 .193 .0968
600 .0733 .0792 .0814 .0769 .0762 .0788 .0816 .0835 .108 .125 .146 .0896
800 .0641 .0692 .0712 .0669 .0660 .0661 .0669 .0676 .0799 .0885 .0997 .0786
MeV
1.0 .0576 .0621 .0639 .0599 .0589 .0583 .0578 .0581 .0654 .0708 .0776 .0707
1.5 .0470 .0506 .0520 .0488 .0480 .0470 .0463 .0464 .0497 .0517 .0548 .0575
2.0 .0407 .0439 .0453 .0425 .0420 .0415 .0410 .0411 .0437 .0455 .0475 .0494
3.0 .0338 .0366 .0378 .0362 .0360 .0366 .0367 .0370 .0402 .0418 .0438 .0397
4 .0302 .0328 .0340 .0331 .0332 .0349 .0355 .0359 .0400 .0416 .0435 .0340
5 .0280 .0306 .0317 .0314 .0318 .0344 .0354 .0359 .0407 .0424 .0445 .0303
6 .0267 .0291 .0303 .0305 .0310 .0343 .0357 .0364 .0416 .0435 .0455 .0277
8 .0251 .0276 .0289 .0298 .0306 .0350 .0369 .0378 .0439 .0459 .0480 .0243
I0 .0244 .0270 .0283 .0298 .0308 .0362 .0385 .0395 .0464 .0484 .0506 .0222
15 .02_4 .0268 .0283 .0307 .0323 .0393 .0425 .0438 .0524 .0548 .0573 .0194
20 .0244 .0273 .0289 .0321 .0339 .0470 .0461 .0476 .0577 .0606 .0636 .0181
30 .0255 .0286 .0305 .0345 .0368 .0470 .0517 .0536 .0659 .0696 .0733 .0171
40 .0266 .0299 .0319 .0365 .0391 .0505 .0557 .0578 .0716 .0757 .0799 .0167
50 .0275 .0310 .0331 .0382 .0410 .0532 .0588 .0611 .0760 .0804 .0850 .0167
60 .028A .0319 .0342 .0395 .0425 .0553 .0613 .0637 .0794 .0841 .0889 .0167
80 .0296 .0334 .0358 .0416 .0448 .0586 .0651 .0676 .0845 .0896 .0948 .0170
i00 .0306 .0345 .0370 .0432 .0465 .0609 .0677 .0704 .0881 .0934 .0984 .0172
150 .0325 .0368 .0394 .04B8 .0494 .0648 .0721 .0750 .0939 .0996 .106 .0178
200 .0334 .0377 .0405 .0475 .0511 .0672 .0748 .0778 .0976 .103 .II0 .0182
300 .0348 .0393 .0422 .0494 .0532 .0700 .0780 .0811 .102 .108 .115 .0188
400 .0356 .0402 .0432 .0506 .0544 .0716 .0790 .0830 .104 .iii .117 .0192
500 .0361 .0408 .0438 .0514 .0552 .0727 .0810 .0842 .106 .112 .119 .0195
600 .0365 .0412 .0443 .0519 .0558 .0735 .0819 .0851 .107 .113 .121 .0197
800 .0371 .0419 .0450 .0527 .0566 .0745 .0831 .0864 .108 .115 .122 .0200
GeV
i .0375 .0423 .0455 .0532 .0572 .0753 .0838 .0871 .109 .116 .123 .0202
1.5 .0380 .0429 .0461 .0539 .0579 .0762 .0849 .0884 .Iii .118 .125 .0205
2 .0382 .0432 .0464 .0543 .0583 .0767 .0856 .0890 .Iii .118 .126 .0206
3 .0386 .0436 .0468 .0548 .0588 .0773 .0862 .0896 .112 .119 .127 .0208
4 .0387 .0438 .0470 .0550 .0590 .0777 .0865 .0900 .113 .120 .127 .0210
5 .0389 .0439 .0472 .0551 .0591 .0779 .0867 .0902 .113 .120 .128 .021
6 .0389 .0440 .0473 .0552 .0593 .0780 .0868 .0904 .113 .120 .128 .0211
8 .0391 .0441 .0474 .0554 .0594 .0781 .0870 .0905 .113 .120 .128 .0211
i0 .0391 .0442 .0475 .0555 .0595 .0783 .0871 .0906 .114 .121 .128 .0212
15 .0392 .0443 .0476 .0556 .0596 .0785 .0873 .0908 .114 .121 .129 .0213
20 .0393 .0443 .0477 .0556 .0596 .0785 .0874 .0910 .114 .121 .129 .0213
30 .0393 .0444 .0477 .0557 .0598 .0786 .0875 .0911 .114 .121 .129 .0213
40 .0393 .0445 .0477 .0557 .0598 .0786 .0876 .0911 .114 .121 .129 .0213
50 .0393 .0445 .0478 .0558 .0598 .0786 .0877 .0911 .114 .121 .129 .0213
60 .0394 .0445 .0478 .0558 .0598 .0787 .0877 .0912 .114 .121 .129 .0214
80 .0394 .0445 .0478 .0558 .0598 .0788 .0877 .0912 .114 .121 .129 .0214
i00 .0394 .0445 .0478 .0555 .0598 .0788 .0877 .0912 .114 .121 .129 .0214
* K edge, + L edge-- M__Qo

20keV 12.6, 81.7; S_n_n
29.2keV 7.54, 44.3; _ 33.2keV 6.62, 36.4; W 10.2keV 90.7, 235.; ll.5keV
170., 235.; 12.1keV 206., 248.; 69.5keV 2.49, 11.3; P__bb 13.0keV 67.8, 166.; 15.2keV 112., 146.; 15.gkeV 130., 157.;
88.0keV 1.83, 7.45; U 17.2keV 45.8, 106.; 20.9keV 62.7, 88.0; 21.SkeV 79.8, 91.8; ll6keV 1.34, 4.86.
MASS AI_ENUATION COEFFICIENTS--Contlnued
Photon SiO2 NaI Air Con- 0.8N Poly- Lucite ethyl- .

Energy crete H_SO4 Bone Muscle styrene ene llte Glass
keV
10 19.0 139. 4.99 26.9 5.76 20.3 5.27 2.13 3.25 2.01 2.76 17.1
15 5.73 47.4 1.55 8.24 1.76 6.32 1.63 0.755 1.06 0.728 0.923 5.14
20 2.49 22.3 0.752 3.59 0.849 2.79 0.793 .424 0.551 .420 .492 2.25
30 0.859 7.45. .349 1.19 .391 0.962 .373 .259 .298 .266 .277 0.786
40 .463 19.3 .248 0.605 .276 .512 .268 .217 .234 .226 .223 .431
50 .318 10.7 .208 .392 .231 .349 .227 .199 .208 .209 .200 .302
60 .252 6.62 .188 .295 .208 .274 .205 .188 .193 .198 .187 .242
80 .194 3.12 .167 .213 .185 .209 .183 .173 .176 .183 .171 .190
100 .169 1.72 .154 .179 .171 .180 .170 .163 .164 .172 .161 .166
150 .140 0.625 .136 .144 .150 .149 .149 .145 .146 .154 .143 .139
200 .126 .334 .123 .127 .137 .133 .136 .132 .133 .140 .130 .125
300 .108 .167 .107 .108 .118 .114 .118 .115 .115 .122 .113 .107
400 .0959 .117 .0954 .0963 .106 .102 .105 .103 .103 .109 .101 .0954
500 .0874 .0955 .0870 .0877 .0965 .0927 .0960 .0938 .0941 .0995 .0921 .0870
600 .0808 .0826 .0805 .0810 .0893 .0857 .0888 .0868 .0871 .0921 .0852 .0804
800 .0707 .0676 .0707 .0709 .0783 .0752 .0779 .0763 .0765 .0809 .0749 .0704
MeV
1.0 .0636 .0586 .0636 .0637 .0704 .0676 .0700 .0685 .0687 .0727 .0673 .0633
1.5 .0518 .0469 .0518 .0519 .0573 .0550 .0570 .0558 .0559 .0592 .0548 .0516
2.0 .0447 .0413 .0445 .0448 .0492 .0473 .0489 .0478 .0480 .0507 .0470 .0444
3.0 .0363 .0366 .0358 .0365 .0396 .0383 .0393 .0383 .0385 .0405 .0377 .0361
4 .0317 .0351 .0308 .0319 .0340 .0331 .0337 .0327 .0329 .0345 .0322 .0314
5 .0287 .0346 .0275 .0290 .0303 .0297 .0300 .0290 .0292 .0305 .0286 .0282
6 .0266 .0347 .0252 .0270 .0277 .0274 .0274 .0263 .0266 .0277 .0260 .0263
8 .0241 .0355 .0223 .0245 .0243 .0244 .0240 .0228 .0232 .0239 .0227 .0237
10 .0226 .0368 .0204 .0231 .0222 .0226 .0219 .0206 .0211 .0215 .0206 .0222
15 .0209 .0402 .0181 .0215 .0194 .0204 .0192 .0176 .0182 .0182 .0178 '.0204
20 .0203 .0433 .0170 .0210 .0182 .0194 .0179 .0162 .0168 .0166 .0164 .0198
30 .0202 .0484 .0162 .0210 .0172 .0189 .0168 .0149 .0157 .0151 .0153 .0195
40 .0204 .0520 .0161 .0213 .0169 .0189 .0165 .0144 .0153 .0145 .0148 .0198
50 .0208 .0548 .0161 .0218 .0168 .0190 .0164 .0142 .0151 .0142 .0147 .0201
60 .0212 .0571 .0162 .0222 .0169 .0193 .0165 .0142 .0151 .0141 .0147 .0204
80 .0218 .0605 .0165 .0229 .0171 .0197 .0167 .0142 .0152 .0141 .0148 .0210
I00 .0224 .0629 .0168 .0235 .0174 .0201 .0170 .0144 .0154 .0142 .0150 .0215
150 .0234 .0670 .0174 .0247 .0180 .0210 .0175 .0147 .0159 .0145 .0154 .0225
200 .0241 .0695 .0179 .0254 .0184 .0215 .0179 .0150 .0162 .0147 .0157 .0232
300 .0250 .0724 .0185 .0264 .0190 .0223 .0185 .0155 .0167 .0152 .0162 .0240
400 .0256 .0741 .0189 .0269 .0194 .0228 .0189 .0158 .0171 .0155 .0166 .0245
500 .0260 .0752 .0192 .0273 .0197 .0231 .0192 .0160 .0173 .0157 .0168 .0249
600 .0262 .0760 .0194 .0276 .0199 .0233 .0194 .0162 .0175 .0159 .0170 .0252
800 .0266 .0771 .0197 .0281 .0202 .0237 .0197 .0165 .0178 .0161 .0173 .0256
GeV
1 .0269 .0778 .0199 .0283 .0204 .0239 .0199 .0166 .0180 .0163 .0174 .0258
1.5 .0273 .0789 .0202 .0287 .0207 .0243 .0202 .0169 .0182 .0165 .0177 .0262
2 .0275 .0794 .0204 .0290 .0209 .0245 .0203 .0171 .0184 .0167 .0179 .0264
3 .0278 .0800 .0206 .0292 .0211 .0247 .0205 .0173 .0186 .0169 .0181 .0267
4 .0279 .0803 .0207 .0294 .0212 .0249 .0206 .0174 .0187 .0170 .0182 .0268
5 .0280 .0805 .0208 .0295 .0213 .0249 .0207 .0174 .0188 .0170 .0183 .0269
6 .0281 .0807 .0208 .0295 .0213 .0250 .0208 .0175 .0188 .0171 .0183 .0269
8 .0281 .0808 .0209 .0296 .0214 .0251 .0208 .0175 .0189 .0172 .0184 .0270
10 .0282 .0809 .0209 .0297 .0214 .0251 .0209 .0176 .0189 .0172 .0184 .0271
15 .0283 .0811 .0210 .0298 .0215 .0252 .0209 .0176 .0190 .0173 .0185 .0271
20 .0283 .0812 .0210 .0298 .0215 .0252 .0210 .0177 .0190 .0173 .0185 .0272
30 .0283 .0813 .0211 .0298 .0216 .0253 .0210 .0177 .0191 .0173 .0185 .0272
40 .0284 .0813 .0211 .0299 .0216 .0253 .0210 .0177 .0191 .0173 .0186 .0272
50 .0284 .0814 .0211 .0299 .0216 .0253 .0210 .0177 .0191 .0173 .0186 .0272
60 .0284 .0814 .0211 .0299 .0216 .0253 .0210 .0177 .0191 .0i74 .0186 .0273
80 .0284 .0815 .0211 .0299 .0216 .0253 .0210 .0178 .0191 .0174 .0186 .0273
100 .0284 .0815 .0211 .0299 .0216 .0253 .0211 .0178 .0191 .0174 .0186 .0273
* Kedge of Iodtne--33.2keV 5.69, 30.9.
139
VALUES OF THE MASS ENERGY-ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS
Photon Mass Energy-Absorption Coefficient, (_,=/p), cmS/g
Energy
(MeV) Water Air Compact Muscle
Bone
0.010 4.89 4.66 19.0 4.96

.015 1.32 1.29 5.89 1.36
o020 0.523 0.516 2.51 0.544
o030 .147 .147 0.743 .154
.040 .0647 .0640 .305 .0677
.050 .0394 .0384 .158 .0409

.060 .0304 .0292 .0979 .0312
.080 .0253 .0236 .0520 .0255
.i0 .0252 .0231 .0386 .0252
.15 .0278 .0251 .0304 .0276
.20 .0300 .0268 .0302 .0297

.30 .0320 .0288 .0311 .0317
.40 .0329 .0296 .0316 .0325
.50 .0330 .0297 .0316 .0327
.60 .0329 .0296 .0315 .0326
°80 .0321 .0289 .0306 .0318 •

1.0 .0311 .0280 .0297 .0308
1.5 .0283 .0255 .0270 .0281
2.0 .0260 .0234 .0248 .0257
3.0 .0227 .0205 .0219 .0225
4.0 .0205 .0186 .0199 .0203

5.0 .0190 .0173 .0186 .0188
600 .0180 .0163 .0178 .0178
8.0 .0165 .0150 .0165 .0163
i0.0 .0155 .0144 .0159 .0154
Source: Physical Aspects of Irradiation (NBS Handbook No. 85

[Washington, D.C.: Supt. of Docs., U.S. Government
Printing Office, Mar. 1964]), p. 3.
140
TOTAL NEUTRON CROSS SECTIONS FOR INDIUM AND CADMIUM
O
o
;
0
J o
- _
H
'--4
t-I
H
ii
141
DOSE BUILDUP FACTORS
= B_e -_x
where X = exposure rate, shielding present
B = buildup factor
= exposure rate, same location as

X, no shielding
= linear absorption coefficient
x = shield thickness
Dose Buildup Factor (B) for a Point Isotropic Source
_x*
Material MeV
i 2 4 7 i0 15 20
Water 0.255 3.09 7.14 23.0 72.9 166 456 982

0.5 2.52 5.14 14.3 38.8 77.6 178 334
1.0 2.13 3.71 7.68 16.2 27.1 50.4 82.2
2.0 1.83 2.77 4.88 8.46 12.4 19.5 27.7
3.0 1.69 2.42 3.91 6.23 8.63 12.8 17.0
4.0 1.58 2.17 3.34 5.13 6.94 9.97 12.9
6.0 1.46 1.91 2.76 3.99 5.18 7.09 8.85
8.0 1.38 1.74 2.40 3.34 4.25 5.66 6.95
i0.0 1.33 1.63 2.19 2.97 3.72 4.90 5.98
Aluminum 0.5 2.37 4.24 9.47 21.5 38.9 80.8 141

1.0 2.02 3.31 6.57 13.1 21.2 37.9 58.5
2.0 1.75 2.61 4.62 8.05 II.9 18.7 26°3
3°0 1.64 2.32 3.78 6.14 8.65 13.0 17.7
4.0 1.53 2.08 3.22 5.01 6.88 i0.I 13.4
6.0 1.42 1.85 2.70 4.06 5.49 7.97 10.4
8.0 1.34 1.68 2.37 3.45 4.58 6.56 8.52
i0.0 1.28 1.55 2.12 3.01 3.96 5.63 7.32
Iron 0.5 1.98 3.09 5.98 11.7 19.2 35.4 55.6

1.0 1.87 2.89 5.39 10.2 16.2 28.3 42.7
2.0 1.76 2.43 4.13 7.25 10.9 17.6 25.1
3.0 1.55 2.15 3.51 5.85 8.51 13.5 19.1
4.0 1.45 1.94 3.03 4.91 7.11 11.2 16.0
6.0 1.34 1.72 2.58 4.14 6.02 9°89 14.7
8.0 1.27 1.56 2.23 3.49 5.07 8.50 13.0
I0.0 1.20 1.42 1.95 2.99 4.35 7.54 12.4
* _x = mass absorption coefficient (_/p) X shield thickness (cm) X shield

density (g/cm2).
NOTE: For concrete use an average of aluminum and iron; e.g., B(cone) =
[B(iron) + B(AI)] 145 _2.
DOSE BUILDUP FACTORS--Continued
Point Isotropic Source--Continued
_x*
Material MeV
I 2 4 7 I0 15 20
Tin 0.5 1.56 2.08 3.09 4.57 6.04 8.64 --

1.0 1.64 2.30 3.74 6.17 8.85 13.7 18.8
2.0 1.57 2.17 3.53 5.87 8.53 13.6 19.3
3.0 1.46 1.96 3.13 5.28 7.91 13.3 20.1
4.0 1.38 1.81 2.82 4.82 7.41 13.2 21.2
6.0 1.26 1.57 2.37 4.17 6.94 14.8 29.1
8.0 1.19 1.42 2.05 3.57 6.19 15.1 34.0
I0.0 1.14 1.31 1.79 2.99 5.21 12.5 33.4
Tungsten 0.5 1.28 1.50 1.84 2.24 2.61 3.12 --

1.0 1.44 1.83 2.57 3.62 4.64 6.25 (7.35)
2.0 1.42 1.85 2.72 4.09 5.27 8.07 (10.6)
3._0 1.36 1.74 2.59 4.00 5.92 9.66 14.1
4.0 1.29 1.62 2.41 4.03 6.27 12.0 20.9
6.0 1.20 1.43 2.07 3.60 6.29 15.7 36.3
8.0 1.14 1.32 1.81 3.05 5.40 15.2 41.9
i0.0 i.Ii 1.25 1.64 2.62 4.65 14.0 39.3
Lead 0.5 1.24 1.42 1.69 2.00 2.27 2.65 (2.73)

1.0 1.37 1.69 2.26 3.02 3.74 4.81 5.86
2.0 1.39 1.76 2.51 3.66 4.84 6.87 9.00
3.0 1.34 1.68 2.43 2.75 5.30 8.44 12.3
4.0 1.27 1.56 2.25 3.61 5.44 9.80 16.3
5.1097 1.21 1.46 2.08 3.44 5.55 II.7 23.6
6.0 1.18 1.40 1.97 3.34 5.69 13.8 32.7
8.0 1.14 1.30 I. 74 2.89 5.07 14.1 44.6
i0.0 I.ii 1.23 1.58 2.52 4.34 12.5 39.2
Uranium 0.5 1.17 1.30 1.48 1.67 1.85 2.08 --

1.0 1.31 1.56 1.98 2.50 2.97 3.67 --
2.0 1.33 1.64 2.23 3.09 3.95 5.36 (6.48)
3.0 1.29 1.58 2.21 3.27 4.51 6.97 9.88
4.0 1.24 1.50 2.09 3.21 4.66 8.01 12.7
6.0 1.16 1.36 1.85 2.96 4.80 10.8 23.0
8.0 1.12 1.27 1.66 2.61 4.36 II.2 28.0
i0.0 1.09 1.20 1.51 2.26 3.78 10.5 28.5
..

density (g/cm _).
146
DOSE BUILDUP FACTORS--Continued
Dose Buildup Factor (B) for a Plane Monodirectional Source
_x*
Material MeV
i 2 4 7 i0 15
Water 0.5 2.63 4.29 9.05 20.0 35.9 74.9

1.0 2.26 3.39 6.27 11.5 18.0 30.8
2.0 1.84 2.63 4.28 6.96 9.87 14.4
3.0 1.69 2.31 3.57 5.51 7.48 10.8
4.0 1.58 2.10 3.12 4.63 6.19 8.54
6.0 1.45 1.86 2.63 3.76 4.86 6.78
8.0 1.36 1.69 2.30 3.16 4.00 5.47
Iron 0.5 2.07 2.94 4.87 8.31 12.4 20.6

1.0 1.92 2.74 4.57 7.81 11.6 18.9
2.0 1.69 2.35 3.76 6.11 8.78 13.7
3.0 1.58 2.13 3.32 5.26 7.41 11.4
4.0 1.48 1.90 2.95 4.61 6.46 9.92
6.0 1.35 1.71 2.48 3.81 5.35 8.39
8.0 1.27 1.55 2.17 3.27 4.58 7.33
i0.0 1.22 1.44 1.95 2.89 4.07 6.70
Tin 1.0 1.65 2.24 3.40 5.18 7.19 10.5

2.0 1.58 2.13 3.27 5.12 7.13 II.0
4.0 1.39 1.80 2.69 4.31 6.30 ---
6.0 1.27 1.57 2.27 3.72 5.77 II.0
I0.0 1.16 1.33 1.77 2.81 4.53 9.68
Lead 0.5 1.24 1.39 1.63 1.87 2.08 ---

1.0 1.38 1.68 2.18 2.80 3.40 4.20
2.0 1.40 1.76 2.41 3.36 4.35 5.94
3.0 1.36 1.71 2.42 3.55 4.82 7.18
4.0 I_28 1.56 2.18 3.29 4.69 7.70
6.0 1.19 1.40 1.87 2.97 4.69 9.53
8.0 1.14 1.30 1.69 2.61 4.18 9.08
i0.0 i.ii 1.24 1.54 2.27 3.54 7.70
Uranium 0.5 1.17 1.28 1.45 1.60 1.73 ---

1.0 1.30 1.53 1.90 2.32 2.70 3.60
2.0 1.33 1.62 2o15 2.87 3.56 4.89
3°0 1.29 1.57 2.13 3.02 3.99 5.94
4.0 1.25 1.49 _.02 2.94 4.06 6.47
6.0 1.18 1.37 1.82 2.74 4.12 7.79
8.0 1.13 1.27 1.61 2.39 3.65 7.36
i0.0 I.i0 1.21 1.48 2.12 3.21 6.58

density (g/cmS).
147
L
I
|l
%%%
\li\
.,o!\}, |I \I\
1%
l\ \\\
:
0
--
. .o,l\ \\' .....
II
It
ll
I
1
\_
I •
_%
!\
\
k
\
o_ II \_ \
II I \% \
O9
I- .001 II ....
,, ; \ \\ \
\\\
\\ g\,
"",,
\
\\ v,,',,
"\\
.00001 I a
0 I0 20 30
LEAD, crn
Transmission through lead of gamma rays

from radium [14]; cobalt 60, cesium I37,
gold 198 [7]; iridium I92 [i5]; tantalum
182 and sodium 24 [29].
148
149
X RAY SHIELDING DESIGN
EQUATIONS
Primary Barrier:
pde
K = WUT ' (I)
where
P = maximum permissible dose equivalent

0.1 R/week for controlled areas
0.01 R/week for environs
D = distance in meters (If distance in feet is used, this becomes

d/3.28.)
W = workload in ma-min week (This should, insofar as possible, be

averaged over a period of at least several months and preferably
a year.)
U = use factor
T = occupancy factor.
Secondary Barrier:
Equation (i) may be used for the computation of secondary barriers

subject to the following modifications:
(a)For scattered radiation from useful beams generated at 500 kVcp or

less,
K = I_000 X P X de
WT (Use curve for kV of useful beam.) (2)*
(b)For scattered radiation from useful beams generated at 1,000 kVcp,
K = I_000 X P X de
20 WT (Use 500 kVcp curve.) (3)t
(c)For scattered radiation from useful beams generated at 2,000 kVcp,
K = i_000 X P X ds
(d)For scattered radiation from useful beams generated at 3,000 kVcp,
K = !_000 X P X de
*If a 50-cm FSD is used divide K by 4.

tlf a 70-cm FSD is used divide K by 2.
150
I0
1.0 L
1
I
I
\i'\\
_\\ '_
I\\\
_\\\\
. °
E / \ -
v
.001
.ooo, \ \
\ \ \
';o_v_
oooo ' oo.,\\\_o_v. _v.
0
I - I
_ kvp
2 3 4 5 6 7
LEAD, mm
FIGURE 17. Attenuation in lead of x rays produced by potentials of

50- to 200-kv peak.
The measurements were made with a 90 ° angle between the electron beam and the axis o
the x-ray beam and with a pulsed wavcform. The curves at 50 and 70 kvp were obtained b v
interpolation and extrapolation of available (l_t_ (Bracstrup, 1944) [2]. The filtrations were
0.5 mm of aluminum for 50, 70,100, and 125 kvI), a:lcl 3 mm of aluminum for 150 and 200 kvp
[26].
151
10 I
"° ,3,'_\
ll_ 'q
........................
l\\\ \
_\\\\\
o,X\'_,.
\ kl • • • 1
l _\\ \
_ -- -........................
l \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\\\ \\\ \
\ \'_\ '\\'_,
\
.oooo,\ \\\
0 4 8 12
\_\
\,, ,
16 20 24 28
CONCRETE, inches (DENSITY- 2.55 g/cc)
FT6URE 18. Attenuation in concrete of x rays produced by potentials

of 50 to _00 kv.
The.measurements were made with a g0 ° angle b£tween the electron beam and the axis
of the x-ray beam. The curves for 50 to 300 kvp are for a pulsed waveform. The filtrations
were 1 mm of aluminum for 70 kvp, 2 mm of aluminum for 100 kvp, and 3 mm of aluminum
for 125 to 300 kvp (Trout et al., 1955 and 1959) [11]. The 400-kvcp curve was interpolated
from data obtained with a constant potential generator and inherent filtration of approxi-
mately 3 mm of copper (Miller and Kennedy, 1955) [8] [26].
152
1.0 _, ..................
l\
\
O. ,!|| _,_l.
II \ ....................
l\ \
_
o \\
.0 ____¥__......... '\ .
,E
.001
250kv 0 kvp 0 kvcp

.(3001
\
\
.00001 i
0 5 I0 15 20 25 30 35
LEAD, mm

250 to 400 kv.
The meas,,rements were made with a 90 ° angle betwt_n the electron beam and the axis
of the x-ray beam. The 250-kvp curve is for a pulsed waveform and a filtration of 3 mm of
aluminum (Braestrup, 1944) [2]. The 400-kvcl) et:rve was obtained with a constantpoten_al
generator and inherent filtration of approx!mately 3 mm of copp(r (Miller ana _,enneay,
1955) [8]. The 300-kvp curve is for puled _avcform and 3 mm of aluminum (Trout et al.,
1959) [11] [26j.
153
Iooo!_ -I
:k
\
\ \x
I0_ _- \
__1
1.0 \
_
\ _ "
\ _
0.1 _ ..
_|
E '
-- I
0
_ O0 kvcp
lie .01 - . _ , ,
E' / \ •
-
='.oo,._ \, 11 _ \ "l
kvcp I000 kvcp 0 kvcp
.0001
.00, 0
150 I00
\
150 200 250
"\ 3(30
LEAD, mrn

500- to 3,000-kv constant potential.
The measurements were made with a 0° angle between the electron beam and the axis of
the x-ray beam and with a constant potential generator. The 500-and 1,000-kvcp curve
were obtained with filtration of 2.88 mm of tungsten, 2.8 mm of copper, 2.1 mm of brass, and
]8.7 mm of water (Wyckoff et al., 1948) [13]. The 2,000-kvcp curve was obtained by extrap-
olating to broad-beam conditions (E.E. Smith) the data of Evans et al., 1952[3]. The in-
herent filtration was equivalent to 6.8 mm of lead. The 3,000-kvcp curve has been obtained
by interpolation of the 2,000-kvcp curve given herein, and the data of Miller and Kennedy,
1956[9].
154
\
\
\ \\
\%
I.O
g ,
_r
p kvcp cp
.001 _ .
,
.001_!
0 I0 20 30 40 5O 60
CONCRETE, INCHES (DENSITY- 2.35 g/cc)
FIGURE 21.Attenuation in concrete of x rays produced by potentials of

500- to 3,000-k_ constant potential.
The measurements were ma_Jewith a 0° angle between the electron beam and the axis of
the x-ray beam and with a constant potential generator. The 500-and 1,000-kvep curves
were obtained with filtration of 2.8 mm of copper, 2.1 mm of brass, and 18.7 mm of water
(Wyckoff et al., 1948)[13]. The 2,000-kvcp curve was obtained by extrapolating to broad-
beam conditions (E.E. Smith) the data of Evans et a!.,1952 [3]. The inherent filtration
was equivalent to 6.8 mm of lead. The 3,000-kvep curv,, has been obtained by interpolation
of the 2,000-kvcp curve given herein, and the data of Kh]_ and Kennedy, 1954[5].
TABLE 12. Half-value layer

[Approximate half-value layers abtaiued at high]iltration for the indicated tube potentials under broad-beam conditions]
.... hvl for various tube potentials

Attenuaung mawrial 1 ........... i i
[ 50kvp 70kvp 1O0kvp 125kvp 150kvp 200kvp 250kv l) 300 kvp 400kvep ;_0 kvcp I !,0DO kvcp 2,_00kvePl 3.000kvo p
I I I
Lead (ram) ............. I 0.05 I 0.18 ] 0.24 [ 0.27 I 0.3 I 0.5 [ 0.8 [ 1.3 [ 2.2 [ 3.6 ] 8.0 ] 12.0 [ 15.0
Concrete (in.) ........... 2 ] .5 .7 .8 .9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 [ 1.4 _ 1.8 I 2.45 [ 2.95
Concrete(era) ........... 51 1.27 1.8 2.0 . 2.3 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.3[ 3.6 I 4.6[ 6.2 [ 7.5
NOT_.--One tenth-value layer is equivalent to 3.33 half-value layers.
155
Commercial Lead Sheets
Thickness Approximate
Weight
mm in. Ib/ft _
0.79 /s2 2
1.00
I .19 r64 3
1.58 ids 4
1 •98 _s4 5
2.38 _$2 6
3.17 _/s 8
4 76
• _/16 12
6.35 /4 16
8.50
I0.i _s 20
24
16.9
12.7 _i 40
30
25.4 I 60
Source: Medical X-Ray Protection up to Three Million

Volts (NBS Handbook No. 76 [Washington, D.C.:
Supt. of Docs., U.S. Government Printing Of-
fice, Feb. 1961]), p. 30.
Thickness of Lead Required to Reduce

Useful Beam to 5 Percent a
Beam ( uality Required

Half Value Lead
Potential Layer Thickness
(ram) (ram)
60 kVp 1.2 AI 0.I0
i00 kVp 1.0 AI 0.16
i00 kVp 2.0 AI 0.25
I00 kVp 3.0 AI 0.35
140 kVp 0.5 Cu 0.7
200 kVp 1.0 Cu 1.0
250 kVp 3.0 Cu 1.7
400 kVp 4.0 Cu 2.3
i000 kVp 3.2 Pb 20.5
2000 kVp 6.0 Pb 43.0
2000 kVcp 14.5 Pb 63.0
3000 kVcp 16.2 Pb 70.0
6000 kV 17.0 Pb 74.0
8000 kV 15.5 Pb 67.0
Cobalt 60 10.4 Pb 47.0
• Approximate values for broad beams. Transmission data for brass, steel and
other material for potentials up to 2000 kVp may be found in reference [15].
Measurements on 1000kVp and 2000kVp made with resonant-type therapy units.
Data for 6000 kV taken from reference [16],for a linear accelerator. Data for 2000
kVcp, 3000 kVcp, and 8000 kV derived by interpolation from graph presented in
reference [17].The third column refers to lead or to the requiredequivalent lead
thickness of lead-containing materials (e.g. lead rubber,lead glass, etc.).
Source: Medical X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Protection for

Energies UP to I0 MeV (NCRP Report No. 33
[Washington, D.C.: National Council on Radi-
ation Protection and Measurements, Feb. 1968]),
156 p. 45.
CONCRETE* EQUIVALENTS (ram) OF LEAD AT DIFFERENT
X-RAY TUBE POTENTIALS
Lead Tube Potential

Thickness
(mm) 150 kVp 200 kVp 300 kVp 400 kVp
i 80 75 56 47
2 150 140 89 70
3 220 200 117 94
4 280 260 140 112
6 ...... 200 140
8 ...... 240 173
I0 ...... 280 210
15 ......... 280
*Density 2.35 g/cm 3.
IRON EQUIVALENTS (mm) OF LEAD AT DIFFERENT

X-RAY TUBE POTENTIALS
Lead Tube Potential

Thickness '
(mm) 150 kVp 200 kVp 300 kVp 400 kVp 600 kVp 800 kVp I000 kVp
I II 12 12 ii i0 9 8
2 25 27 20 18 16 14 13
3 37 40 28 23 19 17 16
4 50 55 35 28 23 20 18
6 ...... 48. 38 30 26 23
8 ...... 60 45 36 31 28
i0 ...... 75 55 42 36 32
15 ......... 75 55 48 43
20 ............ 70 60 55
so ............... 125 11o
Data for tables from NBS Handbook No. 50.
157
TABLE 1.--Mean milliroentgens per milliampere-second at I_ inches by kilovolt, peak
and filtration categories for dental X.ray units
Total ill- Kilovolt peak

tration
(milli- - ....
meters of
AI 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
equiv-
alent)
1.5....... 91.11 96.03 101.44 107.50 114. 73 123.10 132.94 144.49 158.0_
•0 ....... 58.38 63.32 68.54 74.27 80. 75 88.24 96.98 !107.20 119. 1.
•5 ........ 36.61 41.64 46.72 52.09 57.99 64.66 72.35 81.30 91.7_
•0 ....... 23.26 28.45 33.45 38.52 43.89 49.81 56.52 64.25 73.2'
2.5 ....... 15.79 21.19 26.19 31.01 35.92 41.14 46.93" 53.52 61.1_
3.0 ....... 11.65 17.33 22.37 27.02 31.52 36.12 41.04 46.55 52. 81
3.5 ..... ,_ 8.30 14.32 19.47 24.01 28. 17 32.19 36.32 40.80 45.8_
40 ....... 3.19 9.61 14.94 19.43 23.30 26.82 30. 21 33.73 37.61
.5 ........... 67 6.24 10.73 14.39 17.46 20. 18 22.80 25.5q
TABLE 2.mMean m_l#oentgens per m_liampere-second at 1_ inches by k_ovo_ peak and

filtration categories for nondental X-ray un_s
Kilovolt peak
Total filtration (millimeters
of AI equivalen_
45 50 55 60 65 70
.......
0.5 ...................... 67.02 78.58 89.90 101.16 112.51 124.11

1.0 ...................... 43.25 52.83 62.16 71.41 80.74 90.31
1.5 ...................... 27.62 35.49 43.10 50.62 58.21 66.03
2.0 ...................... 18.35 24.80 30.97 37.04 43.17 49.52
2.5 ...................... 13.69 18.99 24.00 28.90 33.84 38.99
3.0 ...................... 11.87 16.29 20.42 24.43 28.46 32.70
3.5 ...................... 11.12 14.96 18.48 21.87 25.28 28.88
4.0 ...................... 9.69 13.21 16.41 19.46 22.52 25.76
4.5 ...................... 5.81 9.29 12.44 15.43 18.42 21.57
Kilovolt peak--Con_nued
Total filtration (millimeters
of AI equivalen_
75 80 85 90 95 100
0.5 ...................... 136.14 148.76 162.121176.40 191.76 208.36

1.0 ....... ............... 100.30 110.86 122.16!134.36 147.63 162.14
1.5 ...................... i 74.26 83.04 92.56 ! 102.96 114.42 127.10
2.0 .............. ........ 56.25 63.54 71.55 80.43 90.36 101.49
2.5 ...................... 44.52 50.59 57.37 65.01 73.68 83.55
3.0 ...................... 37.30 42.43 48.25 54.93 62.63 71.51
3.5 ...................... 32.83 37.29 42.44 48.43 55.43 63.61
4.0 ...................... 29.33 33.41 38.17 43.75 50.33 58.07
4.5 ...................... 25.06 29.03 33.66 39.12 45.56 53.15
Tables from Population Exposure to X-Rays U.S. 1964, PHS

No. 1519.
158
5O I I I I
_ 2.Smm AI-TOTAL FILTRATION
mR/mAs vs. FSD for
various kVp x rays
\
A I0
<1:
E 150kVp
_n-" 5 _ ' '125kVp

E _ ' ,,,okv,
' ,_OOkVp
L_ - , 90kVp
'' 80kVp
50kVp
0.5
40Wp
0.2 I 1 1 l 1 L_J
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
FOCUS TO SKIN DISTANCE (inches)
Courtesy of Dr. J. R. Cameron, University Hospitals, University of Wisconsin
i
-- I I i I I _
mR/mAs vs. Filtration "--"

"-" for various kVp x rays --
50-- --
- 40 kVp -
0.2, I I I I I
I 2 3 4 5
TOTAL FILTRATION (mm AI)
Courtesy of Dr. J. R. Cameron, University Hospitals, Univer_sity of Wisconsin
160
X-Ray Critical-Absorption and
EmissionEnergiesin kev
S. FINE and C. F. HENDEE The conversion equations relating body of the table but a set of values
Philips Laboratories energy and wavelength used are (6) calculated to fit better are footnoted.
lrvington on Hudson, New York * * *
E (kev) = (12.39644 + 0.00017)/),(/_) The authors wish to express their appreti4-
Increased use of energy-proportional = 12.39644/1.002020 k(kX unit) tion to W. Parrish for helpful sucaestibnsand
detectors for X-rays has created a need . to H. Kasper for performing the eomputatio_
for a table of energy values of K and In computing values the number of in connection with this work.
absorption and emission series, places retained sufficed to maintain the BIBLIOGI_PHY
The table presented here includes uncertainty in the original source value. 1. stantes
Y. Cauchois. H. Hulubei. "Tables de Coa-
et Donnees Numeriques, I, Lougueum
elements. Most values were ob- The values in the table have been listed D'Onde des Emissions X et des Diseontinuitee
rained by a conversion to key of tabu- uniformly to I ev. However, chemical D'Absorption
France, 1947) X" (Hermannet Cie, Paris
lated experimental wavelength values form may shift absorption edges as e.A.H. Compton and 8. K. Allison, "X-rays [m
Theory and Experiment" (D. Van Noetrand
(I-$); some are from previous energy- much as 10-20 ev (_,, 5). Co..Inc..NewYork,19SI)
value compilations (_;, 5). Where a To discover computational errors a s.c.E..Moore, "Atomic Energy Levels," NBS
choice existed, the value chosen was fit was made to Moseley's law. In 467 (Nationalof Commerce,
Department Bureau of Washington,
Standards, 8.
U. C.,
D.
the one derived from later work. Cer- general the values were consistent, 1949)
tain values were determined by inter- however there were a few irregularities _.
6. r.
R. Cauchoi,.
D. Hill, E.SL. . vh_o._od;,miS, _la Mihelieh.
Church, and J. W. (1952}
polation, using Moseley's law. (All due to the deviation of some input R_,.W.S,.M.;,,t_.
6. J. 2s, 52a(1952)
DuMond, E. R. Cohen, Phys. R_.
this is annotated in footnotes.) values (I). These were retained in the s2, 555(1951)
X-Ray Critical-Absorption and EmissionEnergies in key
Atomic K series L serics

_Ulf4°
bet Elemerd Ksb K_t K_I Ks! Ka_ Llab Llltb Llllab LTs L_s L$1 La, La.
1 Hydrogen 0. 01365
2 Helium 0.02465
3 Lithium 0.055 0. 052
4 Beryllium 0.116§ 0. 110
5 Boron 0.192t 0.185
6 Carbon 0.283 0.282
7 Nitrogen 0.399 0.392
8 Oxygen 0.531 0.523
9 Fluorine 0. 687t 0. 677
10 Neon 0.874* 0.851§ 0.048? 0.022t 0.022t
11 Sodium 1.08" 1.067 1.041 0.055§ 0.034§ 0.034_
12 Magnesium 1.303 1.297 1.254 0.063 0.050 0.049
13 Aluminum 1.559 1.553 1.487 1.486 0.087 0.073"* 0.072"*
14 Silicon 1.838 1.832 1.740 1.739 0.118" 0.099"* 0.098"*
15 Phosphorus 2.142 2.136 2.015§ 2.014§ 0.153" 0.129§ 0.128§
16 Sulphur 2.470 2.464 2.308 2.306 0.193" 0.164"* 0.163"*
17 Chlorine 2.819¶ 2.815 2.622 2.621 0.238* 0.203§ 0.202§
18 Argon 3.203 3.192§ 2.957 2.955 0.287* 0.247** 0.245**
19 Potassium 3.607 3.589 3.313 3.310 0.341" 0.297** 0.294**
20 Calcium 4.038 4.012 3.691 3.688 0.399* 0.352 0.349 0.344 0.341
21 Scandium 4.496 4.460 4.090 4.085 0.462* 0.411"* 0.406** 0.399 0.395
22 Titanium 4.964 -4.931 4.510 4.504 0.530* 0.460** 0.454** 0.458 0.452
23 Vanadium 5.463 -5.427 4.952 4.944 0.604* 0.519"* 0.512"* 0.519 0.510
24 Chromium 5.988 --5.946 5.414 5.405 0.679* 0.583** 0.574** 0.581 0.571
25 Manganese 6.537 6.490 5.898 5.887 0.762* 0.650** 0.639** 0.647 0.636
26 Iron 7.111 7.057 6.403 6.390 0.849* 0.721"* 0.708** 0.717 0.704
27 Cobalt 7.709 7.649 6.930 6.915 0.929* 0.794** 0.779** 0.790 0.775
28 Nickel 8.331 8.328 8.264 7.477 7.460 1.015" 0.871"* 0.853** 0.866 0.849
29 Copper 8.980 8.976 8.904 8.047 8.027 1.100" 0.953 0.933 0.948 0.928
30 Zinc 9.660 9.657 9.571 8.638 8.615 1.200" 1.045 1.022 1.032 1.009
Copyrighted .by McGraw-Hill (NUCLEONICS). Reproduced by U.S. Department of Health,

Education, and Welfare by permission of copyright holder. Further reproduction
without permission of copyright holder is forbidden• 161
Atomic K series L series
Nufrt-
ber Element K,b K02 K/_t Kal Kat Llsb Lllsb Lllltb L'yI L_# L/3t Lcxt Lots
81 _allium 10.368 10.365 10.263 9.251 9.234 1.30" 1.134"* 1.117"*" 1.122 .1.096
32 utprmanium 11.103 11.100 10.981 9.885 9.854 1.42" 1.248"* 1.217"* 1.216 1.186
33 A_senic 11.863 11.863 11.725 10.543 10.507 1.529 1.359 1.323 1.317 1.282
34 Selenium 12.652 12.651 12.495 11.221 11.181 1.652 1.473 1.434 ° 1.419 1.379
35 Bro_nine 13.475 13.465 13.290 11.923 11.877 1.794§ 1.599"* 1.552"* 1.526 1.480
36 Krypton 14.323 14.313 14.112 12.648 12.597 1.931§ 1.727"* 1.675"* 1.638§ 1.587"*
37 Rubidium 15. 201 15. 184 14. 960 13. 394 13. 335 2. 067 1. 866 1.806 1.752 1. 694 1.692
88 Strontium 16.106 16.083 15.834 14. 164 14.097 2.221 2.008 1.941 1.872 1.806 1.805
39 Y_rium 17.037 17. 011 16. 736 14. 957 14.882 2. 369 2.154 2. 079 1. 996 1. 922 1. 920
40 Zirconium 17.908 17.969 17.666 15.774 15.690 2.547 2.305 2.220 2.302 2.219 2. 124 2.042 2.040
41 Niobium 18.987 18.951 18.621 16.614 16.520 2.706 2.467** 2.374 2.462 2.367 2.257 2.166 2.163
42 Molybdenum 20.002 19.964 19. 607 17.478 17.373 2. 884 2.627 2. 523 2.623 2.518 2.395 2. 293 2.290
43 Technetium 21.054§ 21.012§-20.585¶ 18.410¶ 18.328¶ 3.054§ 2.795§ 2.677§ 2.792§ 2.674§ 2.538§ 2.424§ 2.420§
44 Ruthenium 22.118 22.072 21.655 19.278 19.149 3.£36§ 2.966 2.837 2.964 2.836 2.683 2.558 2.554
45 Rhodium 23.224 23.169 22.721 20.214 20.072 3.419 3. 145 3.002 3. 144 3.001 2.834 2.696 2.692
46 Palladium 24.347 24. 297 23. 816 21.175 21. 018 3. 617 3. 329 3. 172 3. 328 3. 172 2. 990 2. 838 2. 833
47 Silver 25. 517 25.454 24. 942 22. 162 21. 988 3. 810 3. 528 3. 352 3.519 3. 348 3.151 2. 984 2. 978
48 Cadmium 26.712 26. 641 26. 093 23. 172 22. 982 4. 019 3. 727 3. 538 3. 716 3. 528 3.316 3. 133 3.127
49 Indium 27. 928 27. 859 27. 274 24. 207 24.000 4. 237 3. 939 3.729 3. 920 3.713 3.487 3. 287 3. 279
50 Tin 29. 190 29. 106 28.483 25.270 25.042 4.464 4. 157 3.928 4. 131 3.904 3.662 3.444 3.435
61 Antimony 30.486 30. 387 29. 723 26. 357 26.109 4. 697 4. 381 4.132 4. 347 4.100 3. 843 3. 605 3. 595
52 Tellurium 31. 809 31.698 30. 993 27. 471 27. 200 4. 938 4. 613 4. 341 4. 570 4. 301 4. 029 3. 769 3. 758
53 Iodine 33.164 33.016 32.292 28.610 28.315 5.190 4.856 4.559 4.800 4.507 4.220 3.937 3.926
54 Xenon 34.579 34.446¶ 33.644 29.802¶ 29.485¶ 5.452 5.104 4.782 5.036§ 4.720§ 4.422§ 4.111§ 4.098§
65 Cesium 35.959 35.819 34.984 30.970 30.623 5.720 5.358 5.011 5.280 4.936 4.620 4.286 4.272
56 Barium 37.410 37.255 36.376 32.191 31.815 5.995 5.623 5.247 5.531 5.156 4.828 4.4,67 4.451
67 Lanthanum 38. 931 38. 728 37. 799 33. 440 33. 033 6. 283 5. 894 5. 489 5. 789 5. 384 5. 043 4. 651 4. 635
68 Cerium 40. 449 40. 231 39. 255 34.717 34. 276 6. 561 6.165t 5. 729 6. 052 5. 613 5. 262 4. 840 4. 823
69 Praseodymium 41.998 41.772 40.746 36. 023 35. 548 6. 846 6.443 5. 968 6. 322 5.850 5.489 5.034 5. 014
60 Neodymium 43. 571 43. 298¶ 42. 269 37. 359 36. 845 7. 144 6. 727 6.215 6. 602 6. 090 5. 722 5. 230 5. 208
61 Promethium 45.207§ 44.955§-43.945¶ 38.649¶ 38.160¶ 7.448§ 7.018§ 6.466§ 6.891§ 6.336§ 5.956 5.431 5.408§
62 Samarium 46.846 46.553¶ 45.400 40. 124 39.523 7.754 7.281'_ 6.721 7. 180 6.587 6.206 5.636 5.609
63 EurOpium 48.515 48.241 47.027 41.529 40.877 8.069 7.624 6.983 7.478 6.842 6.456 5.846 5.816
64 Gadolinium 50. 229 49. 961 48.718 42. 983 42. 280 8. 393 7. 940 7. 252 7. 788 7.102 6.714 6. 059 6. 027
65 Terbium 51.998 51. 737 50. 391 44. 470 43. 737 8. 724 8. 258 7. 519 8.104 7. 368 6. 979 6. 275 6. 241
66 Dysprosiur_ 53.789 53.491 52. 178 45.985 45. 193 9.083 8.621¶ 7.850¶ 8.418 7.638 7.249 6.495 6.457
67 Holmium 55.615 55.292** 53.934§ 47.528 46.686 9.411 8.920 8.074 8.748 7.912 7.528 6.720 6.680
68 Erbium 57.483 57.088 55.690 49.099 48.205 9.776 9.263 8.364 9.089 8.188 7.810 6.948 6.904
69 Thulium 59.335¶ 58.969** 57.576¶ 50.730 49.762 10.144 9.628 8.652 9.424 8.472 8.103 7.181 7.135
70 Ytterbium 61.303 60.959 59.352 52.360 51.326 10.486 9.977 8.943 9.779 8.758 8.401 7.414 7.367
71 Luteeium 63.304 62.946 61.282 54.063 52.959 10.867 10.345 9.241 10.142 9.048 8.708 7.654 7.604
72 Hafnium 65.313 64.936 63.209 55.757 54.579 11.264 10.734 9.556 10.514 9.346 9.021 7.898 7.843
73 Tantalum 67.400 66.999 65.210 57.524 56.270 11.676 11.130 9.876 10.892 9.649 9.341 8.145 8.087
74 Tungsten 69.508 69.090 67.233 59.310 57.973 12.090 11.535 10.198 11.283 9.959 9.670 8.396 8.333
76 Rhenium 71.662 71.220 69.298 61.131 59.707 12.522 11.955 10.531 11.684 10.273 10.008 8.651 8.584
76 Osmium 73.860 73.393 71.404 62.991 61.477 12.965 12.383 10.869 12.094 10.596 10.354 8.910 8.840
77 Iridium 76.097 75.605 73.549 64.886 63.278 13.413 12.819 11.211 12.509 10.918 10.706 9.173 9.098
78 Platinum 78.379 77.866 75.736 66.820 65.111 13.873 13.268 11.559 12.939 11.249 11.069 9.441 9.360
79 Gold 80.713 80.165 77.968 68.794 66.980 14.353 13.733 11.919 13.379 11.582 11.439 9.711 9.625
80 Mercury 83.106 82.526 80.258 70.821 68.894 14.841 14.212 12.285 13.828 11.923 11.823 9.987 9.896
81 Thallium 85.517 84.904 82.558 72.860 70.820 15.346 14.697 12.657 14.288 12.268 12.210 10.266 10.1:70
82 Lead 88.001 87.343 84.922 74.957 72.794 15.870 15.207 13.044 14.762 12.620 12.611 10.549 10.448
83 Bismuth 90.521 89.833 87.335 77.097 74.805 16.393 15.716 13.424 15.244 12.977 13.021 10.836 10.729
84 Polonium 93.112 92.386 89.809 79.296 76.868 16.935 16.244 13.817 15.740 13.338 13.441 11.128 11.014
86 Astatine 95.740 94.976 92.319 81.525 78.956 17.490 16.784 14.215 16.248 13.705 13.873 11.424 11.304
86 Radon 98.418 97.616 94.877 83.800 81.080 18.058 17.387 14.618 16.768 14.077 14.316 11.724 11.697
87 Francium 101.147 100.305 97.483 86.119 83.243 18.638 17.904 15.028 17.301 14.459 14.770 12.029 11.894
88 Radium 103.927 103.048 100.136 88.485 85.446 19.233 18.481 15.442 17.845 14.839 15.233 12.338 12.194
89 Actinium 105.759 105.838 102.846 90.894 87.681 19.842 19.078 15.865 18.405 15.227 15.712 12.650 12.499
90 Thorium 109.630 108.671 105.592 93.334 89.942 20.460 19.688 16.296 18.977 15.620 16.200 12.966 12.808
91 Protactinium 112.581 111.575 108.408 95.851 92.271 21.102 20.311 16.731 19.559 16.022 16.700 13.291 13.120
92 Uranium 115.591 114.549 111.289 98.428 94.648 21.753 20.943 17.163 20.163 16.425 17.218 13.613 13.438
93 Neptunium 118.619 117.533 114.181 101.005 97.023 22.417 21.596 17.614 20.774 16.837 17.740 13.945 13.758
94 Plutonium 121.720 120.592 117.146 103.653 99.457 23.097 22.262 18.066 21.401 17.254 18.278 14.279 14.082
95 Americium 124.876 123.706 120.163 106.351 101.932 23.793 22.944 18.525 22.042 17.677 18.829 14.618 14.411
96 Curium 128.088 126.875 123.235 109.098 104.448 24.503 23.640 18.990 22.699 18.106 19.393 14.961 14.743
97 Berkelium 131.357 130.101 126.362 111.896 107.023 25.230 24.352 19.461 23.370 18.540 19.971 15.309 15.079
98 Californium 134.683 133.383 129.544 114.745 109.603 25.971 25.080 19.938 24.056 18.980 20.562 15,661 15.420
99 138.067 136.724 132.781 117.646 112.244 26.729 25.824 20.422 24.758 19.426 21.166 16.018 15.764
100 141.510 140.122 136.075 120.598 114.926 27.503 26.584 20.912 25.475 19.879 21.785 16.379 16.113
For g ___69, values without symbols are derived from (I). Values prefixed with a -- sign are K01+J.
For Z _ 70, absorption-edge values are from (5) in the case of Z - 70-83, 88, 90, and 92; remaining absorption edges to Z - 100 are obtained from these
by least-squares quadratic fitting. All emission values for Z > 70 are derived from the preceding absorption edges, and others based on (_), using the transi-
• tlon relations Kat -- Kib -- LIII, Kas - Kab -- LII, K_x - /_'lb -- Mill, etc.
* Obtained from R. D. Hill, E. L. Church, J. W. Mihelich (5). 1"Derived from Compton and Allison (_). _ Derived from C. E. Moore (3).
_[Values derived from Cauchols and Hulubei (1) which deviate from the Moseley law. Better-fitting values are: g - 17, Ksb .- 2.826; Z -, 43.
Jgat - 18.370, Kc_t -- 18.250, K#t - 20.612; Z - 54, Kat m 29.779, Kas ,= 29.463, K0s " 34.398; Z - 60, K_z - 43.349; Z - 61, Kal - 38.726, Kcl, -
118.180,KBz " 43.811; Z - 62, KBs " 46.581, LII - 7.312; Z -ffi66, LI! - 8.591, LII ! - 7.790: Z -- 69, Kab - 59.382, KBt - 67.487.
162 JCalculated by method of least squares. ** Calculated by transition relations.
b
: :: ::: I.::
MEDICAL X RAY FILM SPEEDS*
Medium Screen
Film Slow Screen (Patterson Fast Screen Contrast
(Screen Films) (Radelin UD) Par-Speed) (llford Fast) Factort
Ansco Fine-X 350 890 1570 2.6
Ansco Hi-Speed 400 i000 1780 2.4
Dupont Cronex I 280 700 1230 3.0
Dupont Cronex II 360 910 1600 3.4

Dupont Cronex III 560 1430 2520 2.9
Ferrania Radio N 350 880 1560 2.7
Gevaert Curix 260 670 1190 2.6
Gevaert Curix Rapid 470 1190 2110 2.8
Gevaert Curix Spec. 180 460 820 2.6

llford Red Seal 350 880 1550 2.7
llford Standard 220 560 I000 2.8
Kodak Blue Brand 320 820 1460 2.8
Kodak Royal Blue 610 1550 2740 3.0
Contrast
(Non-Screen Films) Without Screen Factor
Ansco No Screen 47 2.2
Ferrania Simplex 25 ___ 2.0
Gevaert Osray 46 ___ 2.2

llford llfex 39 ............................ 2.5
Kodak No Screen 51 2.5
*Speed = I/R, where R is the exposure in roentgens required to obtain a film

density of 1.0 under specified development conditions. Film exposed with
x-ray beam of 4 mm AI HVL and developed 3 minutes in Kodak Liquid Developer
at 20° C.
tThe slope of the H & D curve (plot of film density vs. log exposure) at a
film density of 1.0. The contrast factor is generally independent of screen
type and HVL of exposing beam except when film is used without screens.
The information on pages 165 through 167 is taken from "Some Physical Factors
Affecting Radiographic Image Quality: Their Theoretical Basis and Measurement,"
by Lloyd M. Bates (PHS Publication No. 999-RH-38) August 1969.
165
MEDICAL X RAY SCREEN SPEEDS*
Slow Film Medium Film Fast Film

S cre en (Geva ert (Kodak (Kod ak
Curix Spec.) Blue Brand) Royal Blue)
Ansco High Speed 610 1080 2040
Ansco Medium Speed 490 880 1660

Auer Flash-speed 730 1300 2440
Buck A 440 780 1480
Buck AA 550 990 1860
Buck AAA 610 1090 2050
llford Fast 820 1460 2740
llford Standard 420 760 1430
Patterson Detail 280 500 930
Patterson Hi-speed 680 1220 2300
Patterson Par-speed 460 820 1550
Radelin HR 230 410 780
Radelin T 440 790 1480
Radelin TF 720 1290 2440
Radelin UD 180 320 610
Wolf Rapid 490 870 1640
Wolf Ultra 560 I000 1880
Without screent 6 13 22
*Speed = I/R, where R is the exposure in roentgens required to ob-

tain a film density of 1.0 under specified development conditions.
Films exposed with x-ray beam of 4 mm AI HVL and developed 3
minutes in Kodak Liquid Developer at 20° C.
tScreen-type film used.
166
VARIATION OF MEDICAL X RAY FILM SPEED WITH HVL*
Screen Film HVL
2 mm AI 4 mm AI 6 mm AI
Slow Medium 260 320 370

(Radelin UD) (Kodak Blue Brand)
Medium Medium 630 820 940

(Patterson (Kodak Blue Brand)
Par-speed)
Fast Medium 980 1460 1770

(llford Fast) (Kodak Blue Brand)
None Medium ii 13 13
(Kodak Blue Brand)
None Fast 42 51 58
(Kodak No Screen)
*Speed = l/R, where R is the exposure in roentgens required to ob-

tain a film density of 1.0 under specified development conditions.
Films developed 3 minutes in Kodak Liquid Developer at 20° C.
167
PERCENTAGE BACKSCATTER TABLES
X-ray exposure is measured in air at a given distance from the x-ray tube.
When a beam of x rays is incident on a patient or other object, the exposure
rate at the surface will be increased by x rays scattered back to the detec-
tor by the patient or the tabletop. The percentage backscatter is a measure
of the increase in exposure rate and is defined as the increase in exposure
rate at the surface of the patient compared to the exposure rate at the same
point in air:
X s - Xa
Percentage Backscatter = × i00
Xa
where: X s = exposure rate at the surface
X a = exposure rate at the same distance in air.
The following tables give percentage backscatter for circular and rectangu-
lar fields of various sizes and at various HVL's with open-ended treatment
cones.
(a) CmCUI.AR F1r.t.os

i i i i
Half Value Area

Layer cm2 10 16 20 25 35 50 6t 80 100 150 200 300 400
radius
mmAl crn 1.78 2.26 2.52 2.82 3.34 3009 4.51 5.05 5.64 6.77 7.98 9.75 113
1.0 10.8 12.8 13.8 14.8 16.4 17.9 18.9 19.7 20.5 21.8 22.9
2.0 11.8 14.3 15.4 16.8 19.0 21.1 22.5 23.8 25.0 26.6 27.9
3.0 13.4 16.4 17.9 19.4 21.7 24.0 25.6 27.0 28.3 30.2 31.8
4.0 14.1 17.4 19_0 20.8 23.6 26.5 28.3 29.9 31.4 33.4 35.0
mm Cu
0.25 17.4 20.5 22.0 23.7 26.3 29.2 31.2 33.0 34.8 37.4 39.5 42.4 45.0
0.5 18.6 22.0 23.5 25.4 28.2 31.4 33.6 35.7 37.6 40.6 43.0 46.3 49.2
1.0 15.0 18.4 20.0 22.1 25.2 28.8 31.4 33.8 36.0 39.3 42.0 45.8 49.0
1.5 13.8 16.9 18.4 20.1 23.0 26.2 28.4 30.6 32.7 36.1 39.1 42.8 46.0
2.0 11.9 14.5 16.0 17.6 20.1 23.0 25.0 26.9 28.8 32.0 34.8 38.5 41.8
3.0 9.8 12.0 13.0 14.4 16.4 18.8 20.5 22.2 23.8 26.6 28.9 31.6 34.0
4.0 7.6 9.4 10.4 11.4 13.2 15.2 16.8 18.2 19.7 22.0 24.0 26.4 28.0
(b) RECTANGULAR FIELDS CM X CM
Half Value
Layer Field Size (cm × cm)
mm Cu 4X4 4X6 4X8 4XIO 4X15 4X20 6X6 6X8 6XIO 6X15 6X20
0.5 21.4 24.4 26.1 27.2 28.5 29.2 28.3 30.6 32.1 34.0 35.0
1.0 18.0 21.1 23.0 24.3 25.8 26.6 25.2 27.9 29.7 31.8 33.0
1.5 1616 19.3 21.0 22.2 23.7 24.5 23.0 25.3 26.9 29.1 303
2.0 14.4 16.9 18.4 19.4 20.8 21.6 20.1 22.2 23.7 25.7 26.9
3.0 11.6 13.7 14.9 15.8 17.0 17.6 16.4 18.2 19.4 21.1 22.1
8×8 8×10 8×15 8×20 10×10 10×15 10×20 15×15 15×20 20×20
0.5 33.4 35.2 37.6 39.0 37.3 40.1 41.8 43.9 46.2 48.9
1.0 31.1 33.3 36.0 37.5 35.7 38.9 40.7 43.0 45.6 48.7
1.5 28.2 30.2 33.0 34.5 32.4 35.7 37.6 40.0 42.6 45.7
2.0 24.8 26.5 29.2 30.7 2S.6 31.7 33.5 35.8 38.4 413
$.0 20,4 21.9 24.1 25.3 23.7 26.2 27.7 29.6 31.5 33.7
i i ii ii ii
168 Tables reprinted from: Johns, H. E., The Physics of Radiology, 2nd Ed., 1964.
f
DEPTH DOSE TABLES
"Percentage depth dose" is the ratio of radiation dose at some depth (d)
below the surface of the patient or phantom (Dd) to the dose at the sur-
face (Ds) :
Percentage Depth Dose ffi
_ X i00
Ds
At high energies (e.g., e°Co) , the maximum dose occurs at some point below
the surface. In this case the percentage depth dose is defined as the ratio
of absorbed dose at some depth d (Dd) to the maximum dose (Din):
Dd
Percentage Depth Dose = Dm X I00.
The following tables give percentage depth doses for various field sizes and
exposure parameters.
HVL 1.0 MM AL. (APPROXIMATELY
70 KVPWITH INHERENTI"ILTIATION)
i w
A re. (on2) 0 9.1 7.0 12.5 283 50 100
Diam. (era) 0 2 3 4 6 8 11J
Depth (era)
0 i00 100 I00 I00 !00 i00 100
O_ 61 74 79 81 84 86 87
i 42 56 61 65 66 67 69
FSD 2 23 32 36 39 41 42 44
15cm 3 13 19 22 24 26 27 29
4 8 12 13 15 17 19 20
8 2 2 3 S 4 4 5
O !00 100 !00 100 100 100 100
O_ 62 75 80 82 84 86 88
1 44 58 63 65 67 68 70
FSD 2 24 34 38 41 43 44 45
I 20cm 3 14 20 23 25 28 29 $1
4 9 13 15 16 18 20 21
8 2 $ 3 4 4 5 6
O IO0 100 100 100 I00 100 100

O_ 65 76 81 83 85 88 89
i 45 60 64 66 68 70 71
FSD 2 25 36 40 ' 42 44 46 48
SOcm 3 16 22 25 27 30 31 $$
4 10 14 16 18 20 22 _J
8 2 3 4 4 5 6 7
' '' HVL 2_ MM AL. (APPltOXlMATELY120 KVPWITH lSHEItl[Wr FIL'I'ItA_ON)
i
0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

03 71 82 85 87 88 89 90
1 52 , 65 69 72 74 76 77
FSD 2 31 42 47 49 53 55 56
15cm $ 20 28 32 34 38 40 42
4 14 19 22 24 27 50 $2
8 3 5 6 7 9 IO |i
O 100 !00 100 I00 100 100 i00

03 72 83 86 88 89 90 91
! 54 66 71 73 7e 77 78
FSD 2 33 44 49 51 55 57 58
20cm 3 22 30 34 36 40 42 44
4 15 21 24 26 30 32 ]4
8 4 6 7 8 lO 11 i$
O I00 i00 i00 100 100 100 !00

03 73 84 87 88 89 91 92
i 55 68 73 74 77 79 80
FSD 2 35 47 51 54 57 60 61
30cm $ 24 33 37 39 43 45 47
4 17 23 27 29 32 $5 $7
8 5 7 8 9 !1 15 15
l
Tables reprinted from: Johns, H. E., The Physics of Radiology, 2nd Ed., 1964. 169
DEPTH DOSE--Continued
I[VL 3.0 MM AL. (APPROXIMATELY120 XVr 1 MM Ac. FULTER)
,4 tea (cm2) 0 3.1 7.0 12._ 28.3 $0 100
Diam. (cm) 0 2 3 4 6 8 ll.J
Depth (cm)
0 100 100 100 100 i00 IOO I00
0.5 75 85 87 88 ,89 90 90
1 58 70 74 76 77 78 80
FSD 2 37 48 53 56 59 60 62
15 cm 3 24 33 37 41 45 46 48
4 17 23 27 30 34 35 37
8 4 6 8 9 11 13 14
0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

0.5 76 86 88 89 90 91 91
1 60 72 75 77 79 80 81
FSD 2 39 51 55 58 62 63 65
20 cm 3 27 35 40 43 47 49 5!
4 19 25 29 32 36 38 40
8 5 7 9 10 12 14 16
0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

0.5 77 86 88 90 91 92 92
1 62 74 77 79 81 82 83
FSD 2 41 54 58 61 65 66 67
30 cm 3 29 39 43 46 51 53 55
4 21 28 32 35 40 42 44
8 6 9 10 12 14 17 19
HVL 4.0 MM ,4L. (APPROXIMATEI,Y 140 xvP 2.0 MM AL. FILTF,lt)

0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
0.5 78 87 89 90 91 92 93
1 62 74 77 79 80 81 84
FSD 2 40 52 56 59 62 63 67
15 cm 3 27 37 ° 41 44 47 49 53
4 19 26 30 32 36 38 42
8 5 8 9 10 12 14 17
0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

0.5 79 88 89 90 92 93 94
1 63 76 78 80 82 83 86
FSD 2 43 55 59 62 64 66 70
20 cm 3 30 40 44 46 49 52 56
4 21 29 32 35 38 41 45
8 6 9 10 12 14 16 19
0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

0.5 80 90 91 92 93 94 95
1 65 78 81 82 83 84 87
FSD 2 45 58 62 65 68 69 73
30 cm 3 32 43 47 50 54 56 60
4 24 32 36 38 42 45 49
8 7 11 12 14 17 19 22
i
170
.... _, , _ ,?_ .L_dk'_ "_

_ _ .,, ; •
HVL0.5 M_t CU FSD 40CM
Dep#h ,4 tea o! l_ield in Square Cen timer res

¢nt 0 20 35 50 80 1O0 17o _. :_P 400
0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1(_.0 100.0 100.0 1_).0 il)|_o 100.0

1 74.6 91.7 93.6 94.7 96.4 97.0 98.0 98.6 90.3
2 56.5 78.1 81.5 83.4 86,0 86.9 88.8 89.9 91.9
3 43.2 64,8 6t3.9 71.6 74.6 76.0 78 A 80.0 83 A
4 33.3 52.9 57.7 60.5 64.2 65.6 68.1 69.7 73.9
5 25.8 43.3 47,8 50.9 54.6 56.2 59.0 61.0 65.1
6 20.0 35.4 39.3 42.4 46.0 47.5 50.5 52.8 57.0

7 15.5 28.9 32.6 35.6 38.8 40.1 43.2 45.4 49.8
8 !2.1 23.7 27.1 29.5 32.5 34.0 36.8 39.0 43.5
9 9.4 19.4 22.3 24.7 27.3 28.7 31.4 33.4 37.5
10 7.4 16.1 !8A 20.5 23.0 24.3 26.6 28.5 32.7
11 5.8 13.2 15.3 17.0 19.3 20.5 22.5 24.3 28.2

12 4.6 10.8 12,8 14.3 16.3 17.4 19.2 20.8 24.5
13 3.7 8.8 10.7 12.0 13.7 14.7 16.3 17.6 21.1
14 2.9 7.3 8.9 10.0 11,5 12.3 13.9 15.3 18.3
15 9,4 6.0 7,4 8.3 9.7 10.4 I 1.8 15.0 15.7
le 1.9 4,9 6.1 6.9 8.2 8.8 10,1 ! 1.1 13.6

17 ! .5 4.1 5.1 5.8 6.9 7.4 8.6 9.0 11,7
18 1.2 3.4 4.2 4.8 5.8 6.$ 7._ 8.2 !0.1
lg !.0 2.8 8.5 4.0 4.9 5.8 6.2 7.0 8.7
20 .8 2.8 2.9 3.4 4.1 4.5 5.3 5.9 7.5
HVL 0.5 .'_._ Cu FSD 50 c._a
Depth Area o/Field in Square Centimetres

cm 0 20 35 50 80 I00 150 200 ,t00
0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1 75,,.1 92.3 94,3 95,4 97,1 97,7 98.7 99.3 100.0
2 ,, 55.7 79.0 82.5 84.4 87.0 88.0 89.9 91.0 93.0
$ 44.5 66.0 70.2 72.9 76.0 77.4 79.8 81.5 84.9
4 $4.5 54.3 59.2 62.1 65.9 67.3 69.9 71.6 75.9
5 27.0 44.7 49.3 52.5 56.3 58.0 60.9 62.9 67.2
6 21.1 36.7 40.8 44.0 47.7 49.3 52A 54.8 59.1

7 16.5 30.1 34.0 37.1 40.4 41.8 45.0 47.3 51.9
8 13.0 24.8 28.3 30.8 34.0 35.5 38.5 40.8 45.2
9 10.1 20.4 23.4 25.9 28.6 30.1 32.9 35.0 39.4
10 8.0 16.9 19.4 21.6 24.2 25.6 28.0 30.0 $4A
11 6,3 13.9 16.2 18.0 20.4 21.6 23.8 25.7 29.8

12 5.1 11.4 13.5 15.1 17.2 18A 20.3 22.0 25.9
13 4.1 9.4 11.3 12.7 14.5 15.6 17.3 18,7 22A
14 3.3 7.7 9.4 10.6 12.2 13.1 14.8 16.2 19.4
15 2.6 6.4 7.8 8.8 10.3 11.1 12.6 13.8 16.7
16 2.1 5.3 6,5 7.4 8.7 9.4 10.8 1!.8 14.5

!7 1.7 4.3 5.4 6.2 7.3 7.9 9.2 10.2 12.5
18 1.4 3.6 4.5 5.2 6.2 6.7 7,8 8.7 10.8
19 I.I 3.0 3.8 4.3 5.2 5.7 6.6 7.5 9.3
20 .9 2.4 3.1 3.6 4.4 4.8 5.6 6.4 8.1
iii I I ii I ill i ii
171
ttVL 1.0 MM Cu I",_D40 CM

-- I I I I I [ JL _ i
Depth Area o/Field in Sq.are Centiuwtres

in cm 0 20 35 50 8(7 100 150 200 4o0
0 100.0 lO0.O iOO.O lO(}.O iO0.O I(q,O lO0.O I_).O l(_).o

I 78.3 93.5 96.2 9_ .5 9'J.2 !Ofp.i iOJ .3 iO1.9 IgA2.'l
2 61.7 82. i 87.2 89.0 92.0 93.0 9.1.7 9.5.6 97.1
$ 49.0 71.1 75.9 79.0 85.1 84.7 87.1 885 91A
4 39.0 60.5 65.5 68.8 75.2 75.2 78.2 80.,$ 84.2
5 31.1 50.9 55.8 59.3 63.9 65.6 69.1 71.5 75.5
6 25.0 42.8 47.4 50.7 55.1 57.1 60.3 62.6 67A

7 20.0 35.8 40.1 43.2 47.4 49.3 52.7 55. I 595
8 16.1 29.8 33.7 36.5 40.5 42.6 45.7 48. i 53. !
9 13.0 24.9 28.5 31.0 34.7 36.7 39.9 4 ! .9 46.9
10 i 0.4 20.8 24.9 26.4 29.6 31.4 $4.4 36.4 4 i.5
Ii 8.4 17.4 20.3 22.4 25.3 27.0 29.6 $ !.6 _.4

12 6.7 14.6 17.1 19.0 21.5 23.1 25.6 27.5 $1.8
13 5.4 12.2 14.4 16.0 18.4 19.7 22.0 25.9 27.8
14 4.4 10.2 12.2 13.6 15.7 !6.9 i 9.0 20.7 24.5
15 3.5 8.5 10.2 11.5 13.5 14.5 16.5 17.8 21.$
16 2.8 7.1 8.6 9.7 11.5 12A 14.0 15.4 16.6

17 2.3 6.0 7.2 8.3 9.8 10.6 12.1 l$.$ 16.$
18 1.9 5.0 6.1 7.0 8.3 9.0 10A 11.5 14.9
19 1.5 4.2 5.2 5.9 7.1 7.8 8.9 9.9 12.$
20 1.2 3.5 4.4 5.0 6.1 6.7 7.7 8.5 10.9
HVL 1.0 MM Cv FSD 50 CM

in cm 0 20 35 50 80 100 130 200 400
0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

i 79.0 94.2 96.9 98.2 99.9 100.8 102.0 102.6 103.0
2 63.0 83.2 88.3 90.2 93.2 94.2 95.9 96.9 , 90.4
3 50.5 72.5 77.4 80.5 84.7 86.3 88.8 90.6 93.5
4 40.5 62.0 67.2 70.6 75.1 77.1 80.2 82.4 86.4
5 32.5 52.5 57.5 61.1 65.9 67.6 71.2 75.$ 77.8
6 26.3 44.4 49.1 52.5 57.1 59.2 62.5 645 69.8

7 21.3 37.3 41.8 45.0 49.4 51.4 54.8 /;7.5 62.$
8 17.3 31.2 35.2 38.2 42.4 44.6 47.8 /M).5 55.5
9 14.0 26.1 29.9 32.5 36.4 38.5 41.8 43.9 49.5
10 11.3 21.9 25,2 27.8 "51.2 33.1 _6.2 38.5 43.6
1! 9.1 18.3 21.4 23.7 26.7 28.5 31.3 33A S&.-$

12 7.4 15.4 18.2 20.1 22.8 24.4 27.1 29.1 $$.8
13 5.9 12.9 15.3 17.0 19.5 20.9 23.4 25.3 29.$
14 4.8 10.8 13.0 14.4 16.7 17.9 20.2 21.9 25.8
15 3.9 9.1 10.8 12.2 14.3 15.4 17.4 18.9 22.7
16 3.2 7.6 9.1 10.3 12.2 13.2 14.9 16.4 19.8

17 2.6 6.4 7.7 8.8 10.4 i 1.5 12.9 14.2 17.$
18 2.1 5.3 6.5 7.4 8.9 9.6 11.1 12.,$ IS2
19 1.7 4.5 5.5 6.3 7.6 8.3 9.5 10.6 13.$
20 IA 5.7 4.7 5A 6.5 7.1 8.2 9.1 11,6
172
ttVLI.OMMCU FSD60¢M
im | i , ,, .
ikpth A tea c,l Field in Sq.are Centimetres

in ¢m 0 20 35 50 80 100 ! sO 200 4o0
0 i00.0 100.0 i00.0 i(X).O I(X).O 100.0 IOt).O IfW).O I0O.0

i 79.6 94.8 97.5 98.8 i 00.5 10 ! .4 i (J2.6 103.2 103.6
2 63.8 84.2 89.4 91.3 94.3 95.3 97. i 98.1 99.6
$ 5 i .5 73.8 78.8 8 ! .9 86.2 87.9 90.4 92.2 95.2
4 41.5 63.4 68.7 72.2 76.8 78.9 82.0 84.3 88.4
5 S3.5 54.0 59.0 62.7 67.6 69.4 73.0 75.3 79.7
6 27.4 45.6 50.5 54.0 58.7 60.9 64.3 66.7 7i .8

7 22.2 38.5 43.0 46.4 50.9 53.0 56.5 59. ! 64.2
' 8 !8. I 32.2 36.4 39.5 43.8 46.1 49.5 52.0 57.3
9 i 4.6 27.0 30.9 33.6 37.7 39.8 43.2 45.4 51.0
10 11.8 22.7 26.2 28.8 32.4 34.3 37.5 39.7 45.2
!i 9.7 !9.0 22.2 24.6 27.7 29.6 32.5 34.7 40.0

12 7.8 i 6.0 !8.8 20.8 23.7 25.4 28.2 30.3 35.2
i3 6.4 13.4 !5.9 17.7 20.3 21.8 24.4 26.4 30.8
14 5.2 11.3 13.5 15.0 "17.4 18.7 21.0 22.9 27.0
15 4.2 9.5 11.3 12.7 15.0 16.1 18.1 19.8 23.7
16 $ .4 8.0 9.6 10.7 12.8 13.8 15.6 17.2 20.8

17 2.8 6.7 8.1 9.2 10.9 11.9 13.5 14.9 18.2
18 2.3 5.6 6.9 7.8 9.3 10.1 11.7 12.8 15.9
19 1.9 4.7 5.8 6.6 8.0 8.7 10.0 11.2 14.0
20 1.6 3.9 4.9 5.6 6.8 7.5 8.6 9.6 12.2
HVL 1.0 MM Cu FSD 80 cu
Depth Area ol Field in Square Centimetres

in ¢m 0 20 35 50 80 100 150 200 400
0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

I 150.4 95.3 98.1 99.4 101.1 102.0 103.2 103.8 104.2
2 64.9 85.4 90.6 92.5 95.5 96.6 98.3 99.3 100.9
3 52.6 75.5 80.3 83.4 87.7 89.4 9 ! .9 93.8 96.8
4 42.7 65.0 70.4 73.8 78.6 80.6 83.8 86. I 90.3
5 &1.8 55.4 60.7 64.4 69.5 71.3 75.0 77.4 8 i .9
6 28.6 47.2 52.2 55.8 60.7 62.9 66.4 68.9 74.1

7 23.4 40.0 44.7 48.2 52.9 54.9 58.6 6 i .3 66.6
8 i 9.2 33.6 38.1 4 !. 1 45.6 47.9 5 i .4 54.0 59.6
9 i 5.7 28.3 32.4 35.2 39.5 41.6 45.1 47.5 53.2
i0 i 2.9 23.9 27 .5 30.3 34.0 36.0 39.4 41.6 47.3
I! i 0.5 20.1 23.4 25.9 29.2 31.1 34.2 36.5 42.0

i2 8.6 17.0 i 9.8 22.1 25.1 26.8 29.7 31.9 37.0
13 7.0 i 4.3 16.8 18.8 2 i .5 23.0 25.7 27.8 32.4
14 5.7 i 2.0 14.3 ! 6.0 ! 8.4 19.8 22.3 24.2 28.5
15 4.7 10.1 12.1 13.6 15.8 17.1 19.3 21.0 25.2
16 3.9 8.5 10.2 11.5 13.6 14.7 16.6 18.3 22.1

!7 3.2 7.2 8.7 9.8 11.7 12.6 14.4 15.9 19.4
18 2.6 6.0 7.4 8.4 10.0 10.8 12.5 13.8 17.0
19 2.2 5.1 6.2 7.1 8.6 9.3 10.7 11.9 14.9
20 i.8 4.2 5.3 6.1 7.4 8.0 9.3 10.4 i 3.1
- ii iii i ii ii i i iii i i i Ill II II
173
iIVL 1.5 MM Cu i'SD 40CM
De_l h Area o[ Field in Sq uare Cent imet re$

in cm 0 20 35 5O 8O IO0 I qO 200 400
0 1(_0.0 1{,_0.0 100.0 1()().0 lit!).{) |(,(I () l_;f).O 100 it |{;_}.q

1 80.1 9,1.3 96.3 !18.0 98.9 9!_7 1o0.7 10; ,.3 1i_7..0
2 63.9 83.8 87.4 89.3 92.t) 93.0 94.8 95.9 98.0
3 5 i .2 72.4 76.9 79.8 83.3 85. i 87.6 89.2 92.3
4 41.5 61.7 66.5 69.6 74.0 76.0 78.9 80.8 84.7
5 33.5 52.3 57.0 60.4 64.8 66.7 70.0 72.1 76.6
6 27.0 44.3 48.6 52.0 56.4 58.9 62. i 64.4 69.2

7 21.8 37.4 41.8 44.7 49.1 51.3 54.4 56.9 62.3
8 17.6 3i .5 35.4 38.2 42.7 44.4 47.6 50.0 55.8
9 14.2 26.4 30.0 32.6 36.8 38.3 41.7 44.0 49.6
10 11.4 22.2 25.5 27.9 31.5 33.2 36.4 38.3 44.0
1i 9.3 18.7 21.6 23.7 27.1 28.5 3 i .5 33A 38.7

12 7.5 15.8 18.4 20.3 23.3 24.6 27.4 29.2 ._4.i
13 6.1 13.2 15.6 17.3 20.0 21.3 25.8 25.4 _.i
14 5.0 11.1 13.2 14.8 17.2 18.4 20.7 22.$ _J
15 4.1 9.4 11.2 12.'6 14.8 15.8 17.9 195 25_
16 3.3 7.9 9.6 10.8 12.7 13.6 15.6 17.0 20.$

17 2.7 6.7 8.1 9.2 11.0 11.8 13.6 14.9 17.9
18 2.2 5.6 6.9 7.9 9.5 10.2 11.9 13.1 15.7
19 1.8 4.8 5.9 6.8 8.1 8.8 10.3 11.5 15_
20 1.5 4.0 5.0 5.8 7.0 7.6 8.9 10.1 12.1
HVL 1.5 MM CU FSD 50 CM
Depth Area o/ Field in Square Centimetres

in cm 0 20 35 50 80 100 150 200 400
0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1 80.8 95.0 97.0 98.0 99.6 100.4 10 i .5 102.2 102.7
2 65.2 84.9 88.6 90.5 93.2 94.2 96.0 97.2 99.3
3 52.7 73.9 78.5 81.4 85.0 86.8 89.4 91.0 94.2
4 43.0 63.3 68.3 71.5 76.0 78.0 81.0 85.0 87.0
5 35.0 53.9 58.8 62.3 66.8 68.8 72.1 74.3 79.0
6 28.4 45.9 50.3 53.8 58.4 61.0 64.3 66.7 71.6

7 23.2 38.9 43.4 46.4 51.0 53.3 56.5 59.1 64 ?
8 18.8 32.8 36.9 39.8 44.5 46.3 49.6 52.1 58.2
9 15.3 27.6 31.4 34.1 38.5 40.1 43.6 46.0 51.9
10 12.4 23.3 26.8 29.3 33.1 34.8 38.2 40.2 46.2
11 10.2 19.7 22.8 25.0 28.6 30.0 33.2 35.2 40.8

12 8.3 16.7 19.4 21.4 24.6 26.0 28.9 30.8 36.0
13 6.7 14.0 16.5 18.3 21.2 225 25.2 26.9 31_
14 5.5 11.8 14.0 15.7 18.2 19.5 21.9 23.6 27.9
15 4.5 10.0 11.9 13.4 15.7 16.8 19.0 20.7 24.6
16 3.7 8.4 10.2 11.5 13.5 14.5 16.6 18.1 21.6

17 3.1 7.1 8.7 9.8 11.7 12.5 14A 15.8 19.0
18 2.5 6.0 7.4 8.4 10.1 10.8 12.6 13.9 16.7
19 2.1 5.1 6.3 7.2 8.6 9.4 10.9 12.2 14.7
20 1.7 4.3 5.3 6.2 7.4 8.1 9.5 10.7 12.9
ii i III i iii i li[ --
174
- _ ........
IIVLI.SMMCU FSD60cM
i
Depth A tea o] Field in L_'quare Centimetres

cm 0 20 35 50 80 I00 130 200 400
0 !00.0 100.0 I(R),O I00.0 100.0 100.0 1000 l_aO 100.0

I 81.4 95.6 97.6 98.6 100.2 101.0 102.1 102.8 103.3
2 66.0 85.8 89.6 91.5 94.2 95.2 97.1 98.3 100.4
3 53.7 75.0 79.7 82.6 86.3 88.1 90.7 92.4 95.6
4 44.0 64.6 69.7 72.9 77.5 79.6 82.6 84.7 88.7
5 36. i 55.2 60.2 63.8 68.4 70.5 73.8 76.1 80.9
6 29.4 47.1 51.7 55.3 60.0 62.6 66.0 68.5 73.5

7 24.2 40.1 44.7 47.8 52.5 54.9 58.2 60.9 66.6
8 !9.7 33.8 38.1 4 i. 1 45.9 47.8 51.2 53.8 60. I
9 16.1 28.6 32.5 35.3 39.8 41.5 45.1 47.6 53.7
10 13.1 24.2 27.8 30.4 34.3 36.1 39.6 41.7 47.9
11 10.8 20.5 23.7 26.0 29.7 31.2 34.5 36.6 42.4

12 8.8 17.4 20.2 22.3 25.6 27.0 30.1 32.0 37.4
13 7.2 14.6 17.2 19.1 22.1 23.4 26.3 28.0 33.1
14 5.9 12.3 14.6 16.4 19.0 20.4 22.9 24.6 29.1
15 4.9 10.5 12.4 14.0 16.4 17.5 19.9 21.6 25.7
16 4.0 8.8 10.7 12.0 14.1 15.2 17.4 19.0 22.6

17 3.4 7.5 9.1 10.3 12.3 13.1 15.1 16.6 19.9
18 2.8 6.3 7.7 8.8 10.6 11.3 13.2 14.6 17.5
19 2.3 5.3 6.6 7.6 9.1 9.8 11.5 12.8 15.4
20 1.9 4.5 5.6 6.5 7.8 8.5 10.0 11.3 13.6
Depth Area o/ Field in Square Centimetres

cm 0 20 35 50 80 100 150 200 400
0 100.0 100.0 100.0 !00.0 100.0 I00.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1 82.3 96.3 98.3 99.3 100.9 101.7 102.7 103.4 103.8
2 67.2 87.1 90.9 92.8 95.4 96.4 98.1 99.3 101.5
3 54.9 76.7 81.4 84.3 88.0 89.8 92.4 94.0 97.2
4 45.4 66.4 71.5 74.9 79.4 81.4 84.6 86.6 90.7
5 37.5 57.0 62.1 65.7 70.5 72.5 75.0 78.2 83.0
6 30.8 48.9 53.6 57.2 62.1 64.8 68.2 70.8 75.8

7 25.5 41.7 46.5 49.7 54.6 57.0 60.4 63.1 69.1
8 20.9 35.4 39.8 42.9 47.9 49.8 53.3 56.0 62.5
9 17.2 29.9 34.1 36.9 41.7 43.3 47.1 49.7 56.0
10 14.1 25.4 29.2 31.9 36.0 37.8 41.5 43.7 50.1
11 11.8 21.6 25.0 27.3 31.3 32.7 36.2 38.4 44.5

12 9.6 18.4 21.3 23.5 27.0 28.5 31.6 33.7 39.4
13 7.9 15.5 18.2 20.2 23.3 24.8 27.7 29.6 34.9
14 6.6 13.1 15.5 17.4 20.1 21.5 24.2 26.0 30.7
15 5.4 11.2 13.2 14.9 17.4 18.6 21.0 22.9 27.2
16 4.5 9.5 11.4 12.8 15.0 16.1 18.4 20.1 24.0

17 3.7 8.0 9.7 11.0 13.1 14.0 16.1 17.6 21.1
18 3.1 6.8 8.3 9.4 11.3 12.1 14.1 15.6 18.7
i:9 2.6 5.7 7.1 8.1 9.7 10.5 12.3 13.7 16.5
20 2.2 4.9 6.0 7.0 8.4 9.1 10.7 12.1 14.5
175
|[VL 2.0 MM CU FSD 50 CM
=,,=
Depth A tea of Field in Square Centimetres

in rm 0 20 35 ._0 80 HN7 150 2_) 400
0 i 00.0 1O0.0 !00.0 i 00.0 1(X).O !00.0 i (S).O IOQ.O 100.0

I 81.4 95.0 96.9 97.9 99.4 9_).9 lOl.O 101.6 102.4
2 66.5 85.5 88.5 90.3 92.7 93.8 95.4 96.6 99.0
$ 54.0 74.3 78.6 81.3 84.8 86.5 88.8 90.5 93.7
4 44.2 63.9 68.7 7 i.8 75.8 77.6 80.7 82.8 87.0
5 36.2 54.9 59.5 62.8 67.0 68.8 7 i .9 74.2 79.2
6 29.6 46.5 51.2 54.5 58.8 6 i .0 64.2 66.5 71.8

7 24.3 39.6 44.0 47.2 51.5 55.4 57.0 59.2 64.8
8 19.9 $3.5 37.7 40.8 44.8 46.8 50.3 52.7 58.5
9 16.4 28.4 32.4 35.2 $9.2 40.9 44A 46.5 52A
10 13.4 24.0 27.7 30.5 35.9 35.7 _.9 41.3 46.7
11 11.1 20.4 23.7 26.0 29.4 31.0 34.0 36.5 41.6

!2 9. ! 17.2 20.2 22 .$ 25.4 27.0 29.7 $1.8 $6.9
13 7.5 14.7 17.3 19.2 21.9 23A 26.0 28.0 $2.7
14 6.2 12.5 14.8 16.5 19.0 20.3 22.8 24.7 28.9
15 5.1 10.6 12.6 14.1 16.4 17.7 19.9 21.7 25.5
16 42 8.9 10.8 12.1 142 15.3 17A 19.1 22.6

17 5.5 7.6 92 10.4 12.3 13.3 152 16.8 20.0
18 2.9 6.5 7.8 8.9 10.7 11.6 15.5 14.8 17.7
19 2.4 5.5 6.7 7.7 9.2 10.6 1i.6 13.6 15.$
20 2.0 4.7 5.7 6.6 7.9 8.7 102 ! IA 15.8
Depth Area of Field in Square Centimetres

in em 0 20 35 50 80 100 150 200 400
0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.6 100.0 100.0 100.6

1 82.0 95.5 97A 98.4 99.9 100A 101.5 102.1 102.9
2 67.3 86A 89.5 91.2 93.6 94.7 9GA 97.6 100.0
3 55.0 75.5 79.9 82.6 86.2 87.7 90.2 91.9 95.2
4 45.2 65.$ 70.1 73.3 773 79.2 82.$ 84.5 88.7
5 $7.5 56.$ 61.0 64.4 68.7 70.5 73.7 76.1 81.1
6 $0.7 47.9 52.6 56.0 60.4 62.5 65.9 68.2 73.7

7 25.3 40.9 45.4 48.7 53.1 55.0 58.7 61.0 66.6
8 20.9 34.7 39.0 42.2 46.3 48.$ 52.0 54A 60.2
9 17.3 293 33.5 $0.4 40.6 42.$ 46.0 48.1 54.0
10 14.2 25.0 28.7 31.4 352 $7.0 40.$ 42.7 48A
1i 11.8 21.2 24.6 27.0 30.5 32.3 $5.3 $7.6 43.1

12 9.7 18.1 21.0 23.2 26.4 28.1 $0.9 33.1 38.$
13 8.0 15A 18.0 20.0 22.9 24A 27.1 29.1 54.0
14 6.6 13.1 15.5 17.2 19.8 21.3 23.8 25.8 $0.1
15 5.5 11.1 13.2 14.8 17.1 18.5 20.8 22.7 26.6
16 4.6 9.4 ! 1.3 12.7 14.8 16.0 182 20.0 23.6

17 3.8 8.0 9.6 10.9 12.9 15.9 15.9 17.6 21.0
18 3.2 6.8 8.2 9A 112 12.1 15.9 15.5 18.6
19 2.6 5.8 7.0 8.1 9.7 10.5 12.2 153 16A
20 22 4.9 6.0 6.9 8A 9.1 10.7 12.0 143
l i It i i I i • I l I , I i l It l i II I l i
176
ltVL 2.0 MM CU FSD 80 CM
Depth Area o[ Field in ,_quare Centimetres

cm 0 20 35 50 ,qO l oo 150 200 400
0 100.0 100.0 100.0 !O0.0 1o0.0 100.0 1oo .0 !_0.0 ]O0.o

1 82.9 96.1 98.0 99.0 100.5 101.0 102.1 102.7 103.4
2 68.5 87.6 90.6 92.5 94.8 96.0 97.6 98.8 101.2
3 56.3 77.1 81.4 84.1 87.8 89. i 91.7 93.5 96.7
4 46.6 67. ! 7 !.9 75.2 79.2 8 i .0 84.2 86.4 90.7
5 38.7 58. i 62.9 66.3 70.7 72.6 75.8 78.2 83.2
6 32.1 49.7 54.5 58.0 62.6 64.8 68. I 70.6 76.0

7 26.7 42.6 47.3 50.6 55.2 57. i 60.9 63.2 69.1
8 22. i 36.3 40.7 44. ! 48.3 50.4 54.1 56.6 62.8
9 18.4 30.9 35.2 38.2 42.3 44.3 48.0 50.3 56.6
10 15.3 26.3 30.2 33.0 36.9 38.8 42.2 44.7 50.7
!1 12.8 22.5 26.0 28.5 32.1 33.9 37.1 39.6 45.3

12 10.6 19.1 22.3 24.5 27.9 29.6 32.5 34.8 40.4
13 8.8 16.3 19.1 21.2 24.1 25.8 28.6 30.8 35.9
14 7.3 13.9 i 6.4 18.3 21.0 22.5 25.2 27.3 31.8
15 6.1 11.8 14.0 15.7 18.2 19.6 22.0 24.0 28.2
16 5.1 10.1 12.1 13.5 15.8 17.0 19.4 21.3 25.1

17 4.3 8.6 10.3 1i .7 13.7 14.9 17.0 18.8 22.3
18 3.6 7.3 8.8 10.1 12.0 13.0 14.9 16.6 19.8
19 3.0 6.3 7.6 8.7 10.3 11.3 13.1 14.6 17.5
20 2.5 5.3 6.5 7.4 9.0 9.8 11.5 12,9 15.6
Depth Area of Field in Square Centimetres

cm 0 20 35 50 80 100 150 200 400
0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1 83.1 96.6 98.5 99.5 101.0 101.4 102.5 103.1 103.8
2 69.2 88.4 91.4 93.2 95.6 96.6 98.3 99.5 101.9
3 57.2 78.2 82.4 85.1 88.7 90.2 92.8 94.5 97.7
4 47.7 68.2 73.1 76.3 80.3 82.2 85.4 87.5 91.9
5 39.7 59.3 64.1 67.5 72.0 73.8 77.1 79.5 84.6
6 33.0 50.9 55.9 59.3 63.9 66.2 69.5 72.0 77.5

7 27.6 43.8 48.4 51.9 56.5 58.5 62.4 64.7 70.7
8 23.0 37.4 41.9 45.3 49.6 51.8 55.6 58.0 '64.4
9 19.2 32.0 36.4 39.4 43.8 45.6 49.5 51.7 58.2
10 15.9 27.3 31.3 34.2 38.1 40.1 43.6 46.2 52.3
11 13.4 23.4 27.0 29.5 33.3 35.1 38.4 40.9 46.8

12 11.1 19.8 23.2 25.5 29.0 30.7 33.7 36.1 41.8
13 9.3 17.0 20.0 22.1 25.1 26.8 29.7 32.0 37.2
14 7.8 14.5 17.2 19.1 21.9 23.4 26.2 28.4 33.1
15 6.5 12.5 14.7 16.4 19.0 20.5 23.0 25.0 29.4
16 5.4 10.6 12.7 14.2 16.6 17.8 20.2 22.1 26.1

17 4.6 9.0 10.8 12.3 14.4 15.6 17.7 19.6 23.3
18 3.8 7.7 9.3 10.6 12.6 13.6 15.6 17.3 20.7
19 3.2 6.6 8.0 9.1 10.9 11.8 13.7 15.3 18.3
20 2.7 5.7 6.9 7.8 9.5 10.3 12.1 13.5 16.3
i
177
HVL3.0MMCU FSD50cM
J
Depth A tea o] Field in Square Centimetres

it, ¢m 0 20 35 50 80 100 I SO 200 400
0 i 00.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 i 00.0 i 00.0 i00.0 100.0 i O0 0

1 _2.3 94.7 96.5 97.4 98.6 99.0 100.0 i 00.5 10 i .4
2 68.0 85.8 88.2 89.8 9 i .7 92.7 94.3 95.4 97.6
3 56.2 75.0 78.8 8 i .0 84.1 85.4 87.5 89.2 92.4
4 46.4 64.8 69. ! 71.8 75.4 77.0 79.8 81.8 85.9
5 38.6 56.0 60.0 63.0 66.8 68.6 71.6 73.9 78.4
6 32.0 47.7 52.0 54.9 58.8 60.9 64.0 66.4 71.0

7 26.5 40.8 44.8 47.8 5,1.8 54.0 56.9 59.4 64.4
8 22.0 34.9 38.7 41.5 45.5 47.6 50.4 53.0 58.2
9 18.4 29.7 33.3 36.0 39.8 41.7 44.6 47.2 52.2
10 15.4 25.3 28.6 31.1 34.7 36.6 39.5 41.8 46.8
1! i 2.8 21.7 24.6 26.9 30.3 32.0 34.8 37.2 4 i .9

12 !0.7 18.5 21.1 23.2 26.4 27.9 30.6 32.7 37.3
13 9.0 15.7 18.2 20.0 22.9 24.4 26.9 28.8 33.3
14 7.5 13.4 15.7 17.3 19.9 21'.2 23.6 25.4 29.5
15 6.3 11.5 13.4 15.0 17.3 18.5 20.7 22.4 26/3
16 5.3 9.8 11.5 12.9 15.0 16.1 18.2 19.7 23.4
17 4.5 8.4 9.9 11.2 13.1 14.0 15.9 17.4 20.8
18 3.7 7.2 8.5 9.6 11.4 12.2 14.0 15.4 18.5
19 3.1 6.1 7.3 8.3 9.9 10.7 12.3 13.6 16.5
20 2.6 5.2 6.3 7.2 8.6 9.3 10.8 11.9 14.6
HVL 3.0 MM Cu FSD 60 CM
Depth Area o] Field in Square Centimetres

in cm 0 20 35 50 80 100 150 200 400
0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 I00.0 100.0 •

1 82.9 95.3 97.1 98.0 99.2 99.5 100.6 101.1 102.0
2 68.8 86.7 89.2 90.8 92.7 93.7 95.3 96.4 98.7
3 57.3 76.2 80.1 82.3 85.4 86.8 88.9 90.6 93.9
4 47.5 66.1 70.5 73.2 76.8 78.5 81.3 83.3 87.4
5 39.8 57.5 61.4 64.5 68.3 70.2 73.2 75.5 80.1
6 33.2 49.1 53.4 56.4 60.3 62.5 65.6 68. I 72.8

7 27.6 42.2 46.2 49.3 53.3 55.6 58.6 61.1 66.2
8 23.1 36.2 40.0 42.9 47.0 49.1 52.0 54.7 60.0
9 i 9.4 30.9 34.6 37.3 41.2 43.2 46.2 48.9 54.0
10 16.3 26.4 29.8 32.3 36.1 38.0 41.0 43.3 48.5
11 13.6 22.7 25.7 28.0 31.5 33.3 36.2 38.6 43.4

12 11.4 19.4 22.1 24.2 27.5 29.1 31.9 34.1 38.8
13 9.6 16.5 19.1 20.9 24.0 25.5 28.1 30.1 34.8
14 8.1 14.2 16.5 18.1 20.9 22.2 24.7 26.6 30.9
15 6.8 12.2 14.2 15.7 18.2 19.5 21.8 23.6 27.6
16 5.8 10.4 12.2 13.6 15.8 17.0 19.2 20.8 24.6

17 4.9 8.9 10.5 11.8 13.9 14.8 16.8 18A 21.9
18 4.1 7.6 9.1 10.2 12.1 12.9 14.8 16.3 19.6
19 3.5 6.5 7.9 8.9 10.5 11.4 13.1 14.4 17.5
20 2.9 5.6 6.8 7.7 9.2 9.9 I 1.5 12.7 15.6
178
IIVL3.0MMCu I'5D80cM
Dept h Area of Field in Square C,en t imetres

cm 0 20 35 .50 80 I00 i _0 200 400
0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1')(i.O 1O0 0

1 83.8 95.9 97.8 98.6 99.7 100. i 101.1 I0 i .6 102.5
2 71).1) 88.0 90.3 92.0 93.9 94.8 96.5 97.6 99.7
3 58.6 77.9 81.7 83.8 86.9 88.2 90.4 92.1 95.4
4 49.0 68. i 72.3 75.2 78.7 80.4 83.3 85.3 89.5
5 41.3 59.5 63.4 66.5 70.4 72.3 75.3 77.7 82.3
6 34.7 5 i. I 55.5 58.6 62.6 64.8 68.0 70.5 75.1

7 29.2 44. i 48.3 51.4 55.5 57.8 -60.9 63.6 68.9
8 24.5 38.1 42.0 44.9 49.1 51.4 54.4 57.1 62.6
9 20.7 32.7 36.5 39.2 43.3 45.3 48.4 51.2 56.4
10 17.5 28.1 31.5 34.1 38.0 40.0 43.1 45.7 50.9
11 14.7 24.2 27.3 29.7 33.4 35.2 38.2 40.7 45.8

12 12.5 20.8 23.6 25.8 29.2 30.9 33.8 36.1 4 i .0
13 10.5 17.8 20.4 22.2 25.5 27.1 29.9 31.9 36.8
14 8.9 15.3 17.7 19.4 22.3 23.7 26.3 28.2 32.8
15 7.6 13.2 15.2 16.9 19.4 20-.8 23.2 25.0 29.4
16 6.4 11.3 13.2 14.7 17.0 18.2 20.5 22.1 26.3

17 5.4 9.7 11.4 12.8 14.9 15.9 18.1 19.7 23.5
18 4.6 8.3 9.9 11.1 13.0 13.9 15.9 17.5 21.0
19 3.9 7.2 8.5 9.6 11.4 12.3 14.1 15.5 18.8
20 3.3 6.2 7.4 8.4 9.9 10.7 12.4 13.7 16.7
HVL3.0MMCU FSD IOOCM

on 0 20 35 50 80 100 150 200 400
0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1 84.0 96.4 98.1 99.0 lO0.1 100.5 lO1.5 lO1.9 102.8
2 70.7 88.8 91.1 92.7 94.5 95.5 97.0 98.2 100.3
3 59.6 79.0 82.7 84.8 87.9 89.2 91.4 93.0 96.3
4 50.1 69.3 73.5 76.3 79.8 81.5 84.4 86.4 90.6
5 42.4 60.8 64.7 67.8 71.7 73.6 76.7 79.1 83.7
6 35.7 52.4 56.8 59.9 63.9 66.1 69.3 71.8 76.6

7 30.1 45.5 49.6 52.8 56.9 59.3 62.3 65.0 70.3
8 25.4 39.3 43.4 46.3 50.6 52.8 55.8 58.6 64.1
9 21.6 33.9 37.7 40.6 44.7 46.7 49.8 52.6 58.0
10 18.3 29.2 32.7 35.4 39.3 41.4 44.5 47.0 52.4
11 15.4 25.2 28.4 30.9 34.6 36.5 39.5 42.1 47.3

12 13.1 21.7 24.6 26.9 30.4 32.1 35.0 37.4 42.4
13 11.1 18.6 _1.3 23.4 26.6 28.2 31.0 33.1 38.0
14 9.5 16.1 18.5 20.4 23.3 24.7 27.4 29.4 34.0
15 8.1 13.8 16.0 17.8 20.4 21.7 24.2 26.1 30.5
16 6.9 11.9 13.9 15.4 ! 7.8 19.0 21.4 23.1 27.3

17 5.8 10.3 12.1 13.5 15.6 16.7 18.9 20.5 24.4
18 5.0 8.9 10.5 1! .7 13.7 14.6 16.7 18.2 21.9
19 4.2 7.6 9.2 10.2 12.0 12.9 14.7 16.2 19.6
20 3.6 6.6 7.9 8.9 10.5 11.3 13.0 14.3 17.5
179
HVL 4.0 _IM Cu FSD 50 c_,f

in cm 0 20 35 50 80 100 150 200 400
0 100.0 1oo,0 109.0 100.0 100.0 !_o.0 l (,q_.O 1o0.o 10o.o

1 83.1 9-t.4 96.0 96.8 (.17.7 9_0 ?::_.8 99.3 io_;.i;
2 69.3 85.9 87.8 89.1 90.8 91.6 93.0 93.9 9tJ.0
3 57.8 75.6 78.8 80.7 83.3 84.3 86.2 87.6 90.1
4 48.2 65.5 69.5 7 i .8 75.0 76.4 78.9 80.5 84.2
5 40.7 56.6 60.4 63.2 66.6 68.2 71.2 73.4 77.1
6 34.3 48.5 52.7 55.5 58.9 60.8 63.8 66.1 70.2

7 28.9 41.6 45.6 48.4 51.8 53.7 56.8 59.4 63.8
8 24.4 35.7 39.5 42.0 45.5 47.3 50.5 53.1 , 57.8
9 20.5 30.6 34.0 36.5 39.8 41.6 44.8 47.3 51.8
10 17.3 26.3 29.4 3 i .6 35.0 36.7 39.7 42.0 46.6
Ii 14.6 22.6 25.4 27.4 30.6 32.3 35.1 37.4 41.8

12 i 2.4 19.4 21.9 23.7 26.8 28.4 30.9 33.1 37.5
!3 i 0.5 16.7 19.0 20.6 23.4 24.9 27.3 29.2 33.6
!4 8,9 14.3 16.4 17.9 20.4 21.8 24.1 25.8 30.O
!5 7.5 12.3 14.1 15.5 17.8 19.0 21.2 22.8 26.7
16 6.4 10.6 12.2 13.5 15.6 16.7 18.7 20.1 23.8

17 5.4 9..1 10.6 11.7 13.6 14.6 16.4 17.7 21.2
18 4.6 7.8 9.1 10.2 11.8 12.8 14.4 15.7 18.9
19 4.0 6.7 7.9 8.8 10.3 1i .2 12.6 13.8 16.9
20 3.4 5.8 6.8 7.7 9.0 9.7 11.1 12.2 15.1
HVL 4.0 MM Co FSD 80 CM

in cm 0 20 35 50 80 100 150 200 400
0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 I00.0 100.0 100.0 100.0. 100.0

1 84.6 95.6 97.2 97.9 98.8 99.1 99.8 100.3 101.0
2 71.4 88.0 89.7 91.1 92.8 93.6 95.0 95.9 97.9
3 60.2 78.5 81.5 83.4 86.0 87.0 88.9 90.4 93.2
4 50.9 68.8 72.7 75.0 78.2 79.7 82.2 83.9 87.5
5 43.5 60.2 63.9 66.7 70.2 71.9 74.9 77.1 80.9
6 37.2 52.2 56.3 59.2 62.7 64.8 67.8 70.1 74.2

7 31.7 45.3 49.2 52.1 55.7 57.8 60.9 63.6 67.9
8 27.1 39.3 43.1 45.7 49.4 51.3 54.6 57.3 62. I
•9 23.1 34.0 37.5 40.1 43.6 45.4 48.8 51.5 56.0
10 19.7 29.5 32.7 35.0 38.6 40.4 43.6 46.1 50.8
!1 16.8 25.6 28.5 30.6 34.0 35.8 38.8 41.3 45.9

12 14.4 22.2 24.8 26.7 29.9 31.6 34.4 36.8 41.4
!3 12.3 19.3 21.6 23.4 26.4 27.9 30.6 32.7 37.4
14 i 0.5 16.6 18.8 20.4 23.1 24.7 27.2 29.1 33.6
i5 9.0 14.4 16.3 17.8 20.3 21.6 24.0 25.9 30.1
16 7.7 12.5 14.2 15.6 17.8 19.1 21.3 23.0 27.0

17 6.6 10.8 12.4 13.7 15.7 16.8 18.9 20.3 24.2
18 5.7 9.4 10.8 12.0 13.8 14.8 16.7 18.1 21.7
19 4.9 8.1 9.4 10.5 12.1 13.1 14.8 16.1 19.5
20 4.2 7.0 8.2 9.1 10.6 11.5 13.1 14.3 17.6
180
COBAI.T 60 [_ADIATION
AVENGE eJtOTONENERGY1.25 MEV HVL 11 MM Pb SSD 50 cM

i , ,,, ,, , ii
Dcplh Area ol Field in Square Ce.timetres

in cm 0 20 50 100 200 400
0.5 i 00.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1 94.6 96.2 97.0 97.5 97.6 97.7
2 85.2 89.2 90.6 91.4 91.8 92.1
$ 76.8 82.3 84.2 85.4 86.1 86.8
4 69.3 75.7 78.2 79.6 80.6 81.6
5 62.6 69.5 72.4 74.0 75.3 76.6
6 56.4 63.7 66.8 68.6 70.2 71.8

7 5 i .0 58.3 61.4 63.4 65.3 67.1
8 46.1 53.3 56.4 58.6 60.7 62.7
9 41.7 48.7 51.7 53.9 56.2 58.6
10 37.8 44.5 47.4 49.7 52.2 54.9
I
1! 34.3 40.6 43.5 45.8 48.4 51.2

• 12 31.1 37.1 40.0 42.2 45.0 47.8
!$ 28.2 33.9 36.7 39.0 41.7 44.7
!4 25.6 3 i .0 33.7 36.0 38.7 41.7
15 23.3 28.4 30.9 33.2 36.0 39.0
16 21.1 26.0 28.4 30.6 33.4 36.5

17 19.3 23.8 26.1 28.3 31.1 34.2
18 17.5 21.8 24.0 26.2 28.9 32.0
19 15.9 19.9 22.2 24.2 26.9 29.9
20 14.5 18.2 20.3 22.4 25.0 28.1
COBALT60 SSD 60 CM
Depth A tea o/Field in Square CenZimetres

in cm 0 20 50 100 200 400
0.5 I00.0 I00.0 I00.0 I00.0 I00.0 I00.0

1 95.0 96.7 97.1 97.8 97.9 98. I
2 86.0 90.1 91.2 92.2 92.6 93.0
$ 77.9 83.7 85.4 86.6 87.4 88.0
4 70.7 77.6 79.7 81.2 82 .._ 83.2
5 64.2 71.7 74.2 75.9 77.3 78.4
6 58.3 66. i 68.9 70.7 72.4 73.7

7 53.0 60.8 63.7 65.7 67.6 69.2
8 48.2 55.8 58.8 60.9 63.0 65.0
9 43.9 51.2 54.2 56.4 58.6 60.9
10 39.9 46.9 49.9 52.2 54.5 57.1
!1 36.3 43.0 46.0 48.3 50.7 53.4

12 33.1 39.4 42.4 44.7 47.2 50.0
13 30.2 36.1 39.1 41.4 44.0 47.0
14 27.5 33.1 36.0 38.3 41.0 44.0
15 25.1 30.4 33.2 35.5 38.2 41.2
16 22.9 27.9 30.6 32.9 35.6 38.6

17 20.9 25.7 28.2 30.5 33.2 36.2
i8 19.1 23.7 26.0 28.3 31.0 34.1
19 17.4 21.8 24.0 26.2 28.9 32.0
20 15.9 20.0 22.1 24.2 27.0 30.0
........ ,i i J
181
COBALT60 SSI) 80 C,'_
Depth ,4 rea o[ Field in Square Centimetres

in cm 0 20 50 I00 200 400
0.5 i 00.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1o_).0 10o.0

i 95.4 97.0 97.7 98.2 98 .,I 98.5
2 87.1 91.0 92.5 93.4 93.7 9-1.0
3 79.5 85.3 87.2 88.4 89.0 89.6
4 72.7 79.6 82.0 83.4 84.4 85.2
5 66.5 74.1 76.9 78.5 79.9 80.8
6 60.8 68.9 71.8 73.7 75.2 76.4

7 55.6 63.8 66.8 68.9 70.7 72.1
8 50.9 58.9 62.1 64.2 66.3 68.0
9 46.6 54.3 57.5 59.8 62.1 64.1
!0 42.7 50.1 53.3 55.7 58.1 60.3
!I 39.2 46.2 49.4 51.8 54.3 56.7

12 35.9 42.6 45.8 48.2 50.8 53.3
13 32.9 39.3 42.4 44.9 47.6 50.1
14 30.2 36.3 39.3 41.8 44.5 47.1
15 27.7 33.5 36.4 38.9 41.8 44.3
16 25.4 31.0 33.8 36.2 39.0 41.7

17 23.3 28.7 31.3 33.8 36.5 39.2
18 21.4 26.5 29.0 31.4 34.2 36.9
19 19.6 24.5 27.0 29.3 32.0 34.7
• 20 18.0 22.6 25.0 27.3 30.0 32.7'
COBALT60 SSD 100 CM
Depth Area o! Field in Square Centimetres

in cm 0 20 50 I00 200 400
0.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1 95.9 97.2 97.9 98.6 98.8 98.8
2 87.9 91.7 93.0 94.0 94.5 94.6
3 80.7 86.3 ,88.1 89.4 90.1 90.5
4 73.8 81.0 83.2 84.8 85.7 86.4
5 67.8 75.7 78.4 80.2 81.3 82.3
6 62.3 70.6 73.6 75.6 76.9 78.2

7 57.3 65.7 68.8 71.0 72.5 74.1
8 52.7 61.0 64.2 66.5 68.3 70.1
9 48.5 56.5 59.7 62.1 64.2 66.2
10 44.7 52.3 55.5 57.9 60.3 62.5
!1 4 i .2 48.4 51.6 54.0 56.6 58.8

12 38.0 44.8 48.0 50.4 53.1 55.4
13 35.0 41.5 44.6 47.1 49.8 52.2
14 32.2 38.5 41.5 44.0 46.7 49.2
15 29.6 35.7 38.6 41.1 43.8 46.4
16 27.2 33.1 35.9 38.4 41.1 43.7

17 25.0 30.7 33.4 35.9 38.6 41.2
18 23.0 28.5 31.1 33.6 36.3 38.8
19 21.2 26.4 29.0 31.4 34.1 36.6
20 19.5 ..... 24.4 ....... 27.0 29.2 32.0 34.5
182
..... _-_ :-___

DEI'TH DOSE IN "t.VA'I'ER I.OR LINEAR ACCFI.ERATOR FOR 10O_f o AT ]_EAK

4.2 ,M,_v I:5D 100 CM IIVL 15.7 ,X1MCu
Courtesy of M. J. Day and F. T. Farmer: Brit. J. lt.diol.
Field Zero
Size Area 2X2 4X4 6×6 8X8 10×i0 12X!2 14X11 16><16 18Xi8 20X20
F.quitp dia £tn c n| ctn ct?l cnI cl_! c ni clPI cttl _ ?n

0 2.2 4.5 6.7 9.0 11.2 13.4 15.6 17.8 20.0 22.1
DepH, cm
! 100.0 i 00.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 i 00.0 i 00.0 i 00.0 i00.0 100.0
i .35 99.0 99.0 99.1 99. ! 99.2 99.2 99.3 99.3 99.3 99.4 99.5
1.5 97.9 98.0 98.0 98.1 98.3 98.5 98.7 98.8 99.0 99.2 99.3
2 93.9 94.6 95.2 96.0 96.4 96.7 97.0 97.2 97.4 97.7 97.9
4 80.2 82.9 85.0 86.6 87.5 88. i 88.6 89.0 89.3 89.7 90. i
6 68.6 7 i .9 74.6 76.8 78.0 78.9 79.5 80.0 80.6 8 i .2 81.6
8 59. ! 61.9 65.0 67.7 69.3 70.5 7 i .3 72. ! 72.7 73.3 73.7
!0 50.9 53.6 56.7 59.6 61.5 62.9 63.9 65.0 65.7 66.5 67. i
12 44.2 46.4 49.3 52. i 54.3 55.8 57.0 57.9 59.0 59.8 60.5
14 38.2 40.2 42.8 45.5 47.4 49.0 50.2 51.3 52.3 53.3 54.0
i6 33.4 35.3 37.6 39.9 41.5 43.5 44.8 45.9 47.0 47.9 48.7
18 29.2 30.7 32.7 34.8 36.8 38.4 39.6 40.8 41.8 42.8 43.5
20 25.5 26.8 28.6 30.6 32.6 34.0 35.3 36.4 37.4 38.3 39.2
22 22.3 23.4 25.2 26.9 28.5 30.0 3! .3 32.3 33,2 34.2 34.9
24 i 9.5 20.6 22.0 23.6 25.2 26.5 27.6 28.6 29.5 30.5 31.2
26 17.1 18.0 19.5 20.8 22.3 23.4 24.4 25.3 26.2 27.0 27.8
28 14.9 15.8 17.0 18.4 19.6 20.7 21.6 22.4 23 .S 24. i 24.7
30 13.1 14.0 15.1 16.3 17.3 18.3 19.1 19.8 20.7 21.4 22.0
22 MEV BETATRON RADIATION WITH COPPEIt COMPENI;ATING FILTer

i i ill
Depth FSD -- 70 cm FSD -- 100 cm
0.0 20 19
0.5 51.0 50.0
i .0 71.0 70.0
2.o 92.8 90.1
3.0 99.2 98.0
4.0 100.0 I00.0
5.0 98.2 99.5
6.0 93.3 96.6

7.0 89.0 93.0
8.0 84.9 89.1
9.O 81.0 85.3
10.0 77.1 81.9
11.0 73.5 78.5

12.0 70.0 75.5
13.0 66.7 72.5
i 4.0 63.6 69.6
15.0 60.5 67.0
16.0 57.7 64.2

17.0 55.0 61.6
18.0 52.4 59. i
19.0 49.9 56.8
20.0 47.5 54.5
i i i i i i i
183
RECTANGULAR
|:IEI.DS HVI, 0.5 MM CU FSD ,_0CM
RECTANGULAR FiEI.DS IN CM X CM
E I ] [ ] II
Depth
incm 4X4 4X6 4x8 4XlO 4x15 4x20 6><,6 6×8 6XlO 6xi5 6×20
* !21.4 i 24.4 126.1 127.2 i 28.5 i 29.2 128.3 i 30.6 132. ! 134.0 135.0
0 100.0 100.0 100.0 I(X).0 100.0 100.0 i(g).0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
! 9 ! .4 92.7 93.3 93.8 94.3 94.4 94.2 95. I 95.6 96.3 96.5
2 77.6 79.7 80.9 8i .6 82.5 82.8 82.4 83.9 84.9 86.0 86.4
3 64.4 66.9 68.4 69.4 70.5 7!. ! 70.2 72.2 73.3 74.8 75.5
4 52.6 55.4 57.1 58.2 59.5 60.1 59.0 6 i .3 62.6 64.3 65.2
5 42.9 45.7 47.4 48.6 50.0 50.7 49.3 51.6 53.0 54.9 55.8
6 35.0 37.7 39.4 40.4 4 i .9 42.6 41.1 43.3 44.6 46.6 47.6
7 28.5 3 i .0 32.6 33.5 35.0 35.7 34.2 36.2 37.4 39.4 40.4
8 23.5 25.6 27.0 27.9 29.3 30.0 28.4 30.2 31.4 33.3 34.2
9 19.4 2 i .2 22.4 23.2 24.6 25.2 23.6 25.1 26.3 28.1 29.0
10 16.0 17.5 18.6 19.3 20.6 21.1 19.6 21.0 22.0 23.7 24.6
11 13.1 14.5 15.5 ! 6.1 17.2 17.8 16.3 17.6 18.5 20.0 20.9
12 10.7 12.0 12.9 13.5 14.4 15.0 13.6 14.8 15.6 16.9 17.7
13 8.8 9.9 10.7 11.3 12.1 12.6 11.3 12.4 13.1 14.3 15.0
14 7.3 8.2 8.9 9.4 10.1 10.6 9.4 10.3 11.0 12.1 12.8
15 6.0 6.8 7.4 7.8 8.5 8.9 7.8 8.6 9.2 10.2 10.7
ifi 5.0 5.6 6.1 6.5 7.1 7.5 6.5 7.2 7.7 8.6 9.1
17 4.1 4.7 5.1 5.4 5.9 6.3 5.4 6.0 6.4 7.2 7.7
18 3.3 3.9 4.2 4.5 5.0 5.3 4.5 5.0 5.4 6.1 6.5
19 2.7 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.2 4.5 3.8 4.2 4.6 5.2 5..5
20 2.2 2.6 2.9 3.1 3.5 3.7 3.1 3.5 3.8 4.$ 4.7
Depth
lnem 8X8 8XiO 8×15 8×20 lOXlO 10×15 10×20 15Xl_ 15X20 20×20
* 133.4 135.2 137.6 139.0 137.3 140.1 141.8 143.9 146.2 148.9
0 100.0 100.0 100.0 I00.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 i00.0
1 96.1 96.7 97.6 97.8 97.5 98.4 98.6 99.4 99.6 99.8
2 85.8 86.7 88.1 88.6 87.9 89.5 90.1 91.3 92.0 92.9
3 74.3 75.7 77.6 78.5 77.3 79.4 80.4 81.9 83.2 84.7
4 63.8 65.3 67.4 68.5 67.1 69.5 70.7 72.4 73.9 75.7
5 54.2 55.8 58.1 59.2 57.7 60.3 61.6 63.5 65.1 66.9
6 45.8 47.4 49.8 51.0 49.2 52.0 53.4 55.4 57.0 58.9
7 38.6 40.1 42.5 43.7 41.8 44.6 46.0 48.0 49.7 5i .6
8 32.3 33.8 36.1 37.3 35.4 38.1 39.5 41.4 43.1 45.0
9 27.0 28.4 30.6 31.8 30.0 32.5 33.8 35.6 37.3 39.2
10 22.7 24.0 26.0 27.1 25.4 27.7 29.0 30.6 32.3 34.1
11 19.1 20.3 22.0 23. I 21.5 23.6 24.8 26.3 27.8 29.6
12 16.1 17.1 18.7 19.7 18.3 20.1 21.2 22.5 24.0 25.7
13 13.6 i 4.5 15.9 !6.8 15.5 i 7.2 18.2 19.3 20.7 22.2
14 11.4 12.2 13.5 14.3 13.1 14.7 15.6 16.6 17.8 19.2
15 9.5 10.2 1i .4 12.2 i i .0 i 2.5 13.3 14.2 15.3 16.6
16 8.0 8.5 9.0 !0.4 9.3 i 0.6 i i .4 12.2 13.2 14.4

17 6.7 7.2 8.2 8.8 7.9 9.0 9.7 10.5 11.4 12.4
18 5.6 6.1 7.0 7.5 6.7 7.7 8.3 9.0 9.8 10.7
19 "t.7 5.2 6.0 6.4 5.7 6.6 7.1 7.7 8.5 9.3
"20 4.0 4.3 5.0 5.4 4.8 5.6 6.1 6.6 7.3 8.0
II
*The first line gives the surface dose for 100 r of primary.
184
RECTANGULAR
FIELDS IIVL |.0 MMCU FSD 50 CM
RECTANGULAR
FIEI.DSIN CM X CM
Depth
em 4X4 4X6 4X8 4×!0 4×15 4X20 6×6 6X8 6XIO 6XlS 6X20
* 118.0 121.i 123.0 124.3 125.8 126.6 125.2 127.9 129.7 131.8 133.0
0 IO0.0 IO0.0 !O0.0 100.0 !O0.0 i O0.0 1O0.0 i 00.0 100.0 i 00.0 i O0.0
i 92.9 94.7 95.5 96.0 96.6 96.8 96.9 97.9 98.5 99.3 99.5
2 81.3 84.3 85.7 86.5 87.4 87.7 87.9 89.6 90.6 91.7 92.1
3 70.3 73.5 75.3 76.5 77.8 78.3 77.4 79.8 81.3 82.9 8._.6
4 60.0 6 _;.2 65.1 66.4 68.0 68.7 67.2 69.7 71.3 73.4 74.4
5 50.7 53.8 55.8 57.1 58.7 59.5 57.7 60.2 61.9 64.2 65.2
6 42.7 45.5 47.4 48.8 50.4 51.3 49.2 51.6 53.4 55.7 56.8
7 35.8 38.3 40.1 41.5 43.1 44.0 41.7 44.1 45.8 48.1 49.2
29.9 32.2 33.9 35.2 36.8 37.7 35.3 37.6 39.2 41.4 42.5
9 25.0 27.1 28.7 29.8 31.4 32.2 29.9 32.0 33.5 35.6 36.7
I0 20.9 22.8 24.2 25.2 26.7 27.5 25.3 27.2 28.6 30.6 3 i .6
1i 17.4 19.2 20.4 21.3 22.7 23.5 21.4 23.1 24.3 26.2 27.2
12 14.6 16.2 17.3 18.1 19.4 20.1 18.1 19.6 20.7 22.5 23.4
13 12.2 13.6 14.6 15.4 16.5 17.1 15.3 16.6 17.6 19.3 20.1
14 10.2 il.4 12.3 13.0 14.0 14.6 12.9 14.1 15.0 16.5 17.2
15 8.6 9.6 10.4 11.0 11.9 12.5 10.9 12.0 12.8 14.1 14.8
16 7.2 8.1 8.7 9.3 10.1 10.7 9.2 10.2 10.9 12.0 12.7
17 6.0 6.8 7.3 7.8 8.6 9.1 7.8 8.6 9.2 10.3 10.9
18 5.0 5.7 6.2 6.6 7.3 7.7 6.6 7.3 7.8 8.8 9.4
19 4.2 4.8 5.2 5.6 6.2 6.6 5.6 6.2 6.7 7.5 8.1
20 3.5 4.0 4.4 4.8 5.3 5.6 4.7 5.3 5.7 6.4 6.9
Depth
cm 8x8 8XlO 8x15 8x20 lOXlO lOX15 10x20 15x15 15×20 20×20
* 131.1 133.3 136.0 137.5 135.7 138.9 140.7 143.0 145.6 148.7
0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 !00.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1 99.1 99.8 100.7 100.9 100.6 101.5 101.8 102.6 102.8 103.0
2 91.6 92.8 94.0 94.5 94.0 95.4 95.9 97.0 97.6 98.4
3 82.5 84.2 86.2 87.0 86.1 88.3 89.2 90.9 92.0 93.4
4 72.6 74.5 77.0 78.1 76.6 79.4 80.7 82.8 84.4 86.1
5 63.2 65.2 67.8 69.1 67.3 70.3 71.8 74.0 75.8 77.8
6 54.6 56.6 59.4 60.6 58.8 61.9 63.4 65.6 67.5 69.7
7 46.9 48.9 51.7 52.9 51.1 54.2 55.7 57.9 59.9 62.2
8 40.2 42.1 44.8 46.1 44.2 47.2 48.8 50.9 53.0 55.3
9 34.4 36.2 38.7 40.1 38.2 41.1 42.6 44.6 46.7 49. !
10 29.4 3 i. 1 33.4 34.8 32.9 35.6 37.1 39.0 41.0 43.4
11 25.1 26.6 28.8 30.2 28.3 30.8 32.3 34.0 35.9 38.2
12 21.4 22.7 24.9 26.1 24.3 26.6 28.1 29.6 31.4 33.5
!3 18.3 19.4 21.4 22.5 20.8 2 s;.0 24.3 25.8 27.4 29.3
i4 i 5.6 16.6 18.4 !9.4 17.8 19.8 21.0 22.4 23.9 25.7
15 13.2 14.2 15.8 16.7 15.3 17.1 18.2 19.4 20.8 22.5
16 11.2 12.1 13.5 14.4 13.1 14.8 15.8 16.9 18.2 19.7
17 9.5 10.3 11.6 12.4 11.2 12.7 13.7 14.7 15.9 17.2
18 8.1 8.8 10.0 10.7 9.6 10.9 11.8 12.7 13.8 15.1
19 7.0 7.6 8.6 9.3 8.3 9.4 10.2 11.0 12.0 13.2
20 6.0 6.5 7.4 8.0 7.1 8.1 8.8 9.5 10.4 11.5
II
* the first line gives the surface dose for 100 r of primary.
185
DEPTH DOSK--Continued
RECrANe,U[,AP,
|:IELDS HVL 1.5MM CU I"SD50 CM
RECTANGULAR FIE[.OS IN CM X CM
• ,,m
Depth
incm 4X4 4x6 4x8 4XlO 4,'<15 4x20 6x6 6x8 6XlO 6Y15 6x20
* 116.6 119.3 121.0 122.2 123.7 124.5 123.0 125.3 126.9 129.1 130.3
0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 I00.0 I00.0 I00.0 I00.0
1 94.0 95.3 96.0 96.4 97.0 97.2 97.0 97.8 98.4 99.1 99.4
2 83.2 85.5 86.8 87.5 88.4 88.8 88.5 90.0 91.0 92.1 92.6
3 72.0 74.9 76.6 77.6 78.8 79.3 78.5 80.8 82.1 83.8 84.5
4 61.3 64.4 66.3 67.6 69.0 69.7 68.2 70.8 72.4 74.4 75.3
5 52.2 55.1 57.1 58.4 60.0 60.8 58.9 61.5 63.2 65.4 66.4
6 44.2 47.0 48.9 50.2 52.0 52.8 50.6 53.2 54.9 57.2 58.3
7 37.3 40.0 41.8 43.1 44.8 45.7 43.4 45.8 47.5 49.8 51.0
8 31.4 33.9 35.6 36.8 38.5 39.4 37.0 39.3 40.9 43.2 44A
9 26.4 28.6 30.2 31.4 33.0 33.9 31.5 33.6 35.2 37.4 38.6
10 22.3 24.2 25.6 26.7 28.2 29.1 26.9 28.8 30.2 32.3 33.5
11 18.8 20.5 21.8 22.8 24.2 25.0 22.9 24.6 25.9 27.8 29.0
12 15.8 17.4 18.5 19.4 20.7 21.5 19.5 21.0 22.2 24.0 25.1
13 13.3 14.7 15.7 16.5 17.7 18.5 16.6 17.9 19.0 20.7 21.7
14 11.2 12.4 13.4 14.1 15.2 15.9 14.1 15.3 16.3 17.8 18.7
15 9.4 10.5 11.4 12.0 13.1 13.6 12.0 13.1 14.0 15A 16.2
16 7.9 8.9 9.6 10.2 11.2 11.7 10.2 11.2 12.0 13.3 14.0
17 6.7 7.5 8.2 8.7 9.6 10.1 8.7 9.6 10.3 11.5 12.1
18 5.7 6.4 7.0 7.4 8.2 8.7 7.4 8.2 8.9 10.0 10.5
19 4.8 5.4 5.9 6.3 7.1 7.5 6.3 7.0 7.6 8.6 9.1
20 4.0 4.6 5.0 5.4 6.1 6.5 5.3 6.0 6.5 7.4 7.9
Depth
• ln cm 8X8 8×10 8XI5 8X20 lOXlO 10X15 lOX20 15X15 15×20 20X20
* 128.2 130.2 133.0 134.5 132.4 135.7 137.6 140.0 142.6 145.7
0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1 98.8 99.5 100.3 100.6 100.2 101.2 101.5 102.3 102.5 102.7
2 91.8 92.9 94.3 94.9 94.1 95.6 96.3 97.4 98.3 99.3
3 83.2 84.8 86.8 87.7 86.6 88.8 89.8 91.4 92.7 94.2
4 73.7 75.6 78.0 79.0 77.7 80.4 81.6 83.5 85.1 86.9
5 64.5 66.5 69.1 70.3 68.7 71.7 73.1 75.3 77.1 79.2
6 56.1 58. I 60.9 62.2 60.4 63.5 65.0 67.3 69.3 71.7
7 48.6 50.6 53.4 54.8 52.9 56.0 57.7 59.9 62.0 64.6
8 42.0 43.9 46.6 48.1 46.1 49.2 50.9 53.0 55.3 57.9
9 36.2 38.0 40.6 42.1 40.1 43. I 44.8 46.8 49.1 51.7
10 31.1 32.8 35.3 36.7 34.7 37.6 39.2 41.2 43.4 45.9
11 26.7 28.3 30.6 32.0 30.0 32.7 34.3 36. I 38.2 40.6
12 22.9 24.3 26.5 27.8 25.9 28.4 30.0 31.6 33.6 35.8
13 19.7 20.9 22.9 24.1 22.4 24.7 26.1 27.6 29.4 31.5
14 16.9 18.0 19.8 21.0 19.4 21.5 22.8 24.2 25.8 27.7
15 14.5 15.5 17.2 18.3 16.8 18.7 19.9 21.2 22.7 24.3
16 12.4 13.4 14,9 15.9 14.5 16.3 17.4 18.6 19.9 21A
17 10.7 I 1.6 13.0 13.9 12.5 14.2 15.2 16.4 17.5 18.8
18 9.2 I0.0 11.3 12.1 10.8 12.4 13.3 14.4 15.4 16.6
19 7.9 8.6 9.8 10.5 9.3 10.8 11.6 12.6 13.6 14.6
20 6.7 7.4 8.5 9.1 8.1 9.4 I0.1 11.0 11.9 12.8
186
RECIANGULARI:iELDS 1|.VL 2.0 MM (:I, FS|) .5(JCbi

RFCTANGULARF|E[.D$ IN CM X CM
Depth
incm 4)¢t 4x6 4x,_ 4XlO 4)<15 ,tX20 6"/6 6x8 6XiO 6>fi$ 6,'<,20
* 114.4 i 16.9 118.4 119.4 120.8 121.6 120.1 122.2 123.7 125.7 126.9
0 100.0 i 00.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 i 00.0
i 93.8 95.2 95.8 96.2 96.7 96.9 96.8 97.7 98.2 98.8 99.0
2 83.9 85.9 87.0 87.7 88.5 88.9 88.4 89.8 90.7 91.8 92.3
3 72.5 75.2 76.7 77.7 78.9 79.4 78.6 80.6 81.9 83.5 84.2
4 62. I 65.0 66.7 67.9 69.4 70.0 68.7 71.0 72.5 74.5 75.4
5 52.9 55.7 57.6 58.8 60.5 61.2 59.5 61.9 63.5 65.6 66.6
6 44.9 47.6 49.5 50.7 52.4 53.2 51.3 53.7 55.3 57.5 58.6
7 38.0 40.6 42.4 43.6 45.3 46.1 44.1 46.4 48.0 50.3 51.4
8 32.1 34.6 36.3 37.4 39.1 39.9 37.8 40.1 41.6 43.8 45.0
9 27.1 29.4 31.0 32.1 33.7 34.5 32.4 34;5 36.0 38.1 39.3
10 22.9 25.0 26.5 27.5 29.0 29.8 27.7 29.7 3 I. 1 33.1 34.2
11 19.4 21.3 22.6 23.6 25.0 25.8 23.6 25.5 26.8 28.7 29.8
12 16.5 18.1 19.3 20.2 21.5 22.3 20.2 21.9 23.1 24.9 25.9
13 14.0 15.4 16.5 17.3 18.5 i9.3 17.3 18.8 19.9 21.6 22.5
14 11.9 13.1 14.1 14.8 15.9 16.7 14.8 16.1 17.1 18.7 19.6
15 10.1 11.2 12.1 12.7 13.7 14.4 12.7 13.8 14.7 16.2 17.0
16 8.5 9.5 10.3 10.9 11.8 12.4 10.9 11.8 12.6 14.0 14.8
17 7.2 8.1 8.8 9.3 10.2 10.7 9.3 10.1 10.9 12.1 12.9
18 6.1 6.9 7.5 8.0 8.8 9.3 7.9 8.7 9.4 10.5 11.2
19 5.2 5.9 6.4 6.8 7.6 8.0 6.7 7.5 8.1 9.1 9.7
20 4.4 4.9 5.4 5.8 6.5 6.9 5.7 6.4 6.9 7.9 8.4
Depth
cm 8×8 8×10 8×15 8×20 10×10 10×15 10×20 15×15 15×20 20x20
* 124.8 126.5 129.2 130.7 128.6 131.7 133.5 135.8 138.4 141.5
0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1 98.6 99.3 100.0 100.3 99.9 100.8 101.0 101.7 102.0 102.4
2 91.4 92.5 93.8 94.4 93.6 95.1 95.8 96.9 97.8 98.9
3 83.0 84.5 86.4 87.3 86. ! 88.3 89.3 90.9 92. I 93.6
4 73.6 75.4 77.8 78.9 77.4 80.1 81.4 83.4 85.0 86.8
5 64.7 66.6 69.1 70.4 68.7 71.6 73.0 75.1 77.0 79.1
6 56.5 58.5 61.1 62.5 60.6 63.6 65.2 67.3 69.8 71.6
7 49.2 51.1 53.8 55.3 53.2 56.3 57.9 60.1 62.2 64.6
8 42.7 44.5 47.2 48.7 46.6 49.7 51.3 53.5 55.6 58.1
9 37.0 38.7 4 !.4 42.8 40.7 43.8 45.3 47.5 49.6 52.1
10 32.0 33.6 36.2 37.5 35.5 38.4 40.0 42.0 44.1 46.5
11 27.6 29.1 31.6 32.8 30.9 33.6 35.2 37.1 39.1 41.4
12 23.8 25.2 27.5 28.7 26.9 29.4 30.9 32.7 34.6 36.7
13 20.5 21.8 23.9 25. i 23.4 25.7 27. I 28.7 30.5 32.5
14 i 7.6 18.9 20.8 21.9 20.3 22.4 23.8 25.2 26.9 28.7
15 15.2 16.3 18.1 19.1 17.6 19.6 20.8 22.2 23.7 25.4
16 13.1 14.1 15.7 16.7 15.2 17.1 18.2 19.5 20.9 22.5
17 11.3 12.2 13.7 14.6 13.2 15.0 16.0 17.2 18.4 19.9
18 9.8 10.5 12.0 12.8 11.5 13.2 14.0 15.2 16.3 17.6
19 8.4 9.1 10.5 11.2 10.0 I 1.5 12.3 13.4 14.4 15.6
20 7.2 7.9 9.1 9.7 8.7 10.0 10.8 11.7 12.7 13.7
......... !!,
* Fhe first line gives the surface close for 100 r of primary.
187
Ri'.cran(,ul.Ar l:'t;.a.Ds I[VL 3.0 mM Cu FSD 50 c_t

RV(71ANGIJI.AI_ ];'II"I.D$ IN CM X CM
Depth
incm 4x4 4x6 ,4x8 4><,10 4>(1.5 4x20 6×6 63<8 6"<.10 6Xl_ 6x2o
, 111.6 113.7 114.9 115.8 117.0 117.6 116.4 It8.2 119.4 121.1 122.1
0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 i 00.0 100.0 100.0
1 93.9 95.1 95.6 95.9 96.3 96.5 96.5 97.1 97.5 98.1 98.3
2 84.6 86.2 87.1 87.6 88.4 88.7 88.3 89.4 90.1 91.2 91.5
3 73.7 76.0 77.3 78.1 79.2 79.7 78.8 80.5 81.6 83.1 83.6
4 63. i 65.8 67.4 68.4 69.6 70.3 69.0 71.0 72.4 74.1 75.0
5 54.2 56.7 58.4 59.5 60.9 61.6 60.1 62.2 63.7 65.6 66.6
6 46.3 48.7 50.4 51.5 53.1 53.8 52.0' 54.2 55.7 57.8 58.8
7 39.3 41.7 43.4 44.5 46.1 46.8 44.9 47.1 48.6 50.8 51.8
8 33.4 35.7 37.3 38.5 40.0 40.7 38.7 40.9 42.4 44.5 45.6
9 28.5 30.6 32.1 33.2 34.7 35.4 33.4 35.4 36.9 38.9 40.0
10 24.8 26.2 27.6 28.6 30.0 30.8 28.7 30.6 32.0 34.0 35.0
11 20.7 22.4 23.7 24.6 26.0 26.7 24.7 26.4 27.7 29.6 30.6
12 17.6 19.1 20.4 21.2 22.5 23.1 21.2 22.8 24.0 25.7 26.7
13 15.1 16.3 17.5 18.3 19.5 20.0 18.2 19.7 20.8 22.4 23.3
14 12.9 14.0 15.0 15.'/ 16.9 17.4 15.7 17.0 18.0 19.5 20.3
15 11.0 12.0 12.8 13.5 14.6 15.1 13.5 14.6 15.5 17.0 17.7
16 9.4 10.3 11.0 11.6 12.6 13.1 11.6 12.6 13.4 14.8 15.5
17 8.0 8.8 9.4 10.0 10.9 11.4 10.0 10.9 11.6 12.9 13.5
18 6.8 7.5 8.1 8.6 9.4 9.9 8.6 9.4 10.0 11.2 11.8
19 5;8 6.4 7.0 7.4 8.1 8.6 7.4 8.1 8.7 9.8 10.3
20 4.9 5.5 6.0 6.4 7.1 7.5 6.3 7.0 7.6 8.5 9.0
Depth
inem 8X8 8X10 8x15 8x20 10×10 lOX15 10×20 153<15 15x20 20x20
* 120.4 121.9 124.1 125.3 123.7 126.2 127.7 129.6 131.5 133.7
0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1 97.9 98.3 99.1 99.3 98.9 99.7 100.0 100.6 101.0 101.4
2 90.7 91.6 92.8 93.3 92.6 93.9 94.5 95.6 96.2 96,.8
3 82.4 83.7 85.4 86.3 85.1 87.0 88.1 89.5 90.8 92.3
4 73.4 74.9 77.1 78.1 76.7 79.1 80.3 82.1 83.8 85.7
5 64.8 66.5 68.8 70.0 68.4 71.1 72.5 74.5 76.2 78.3
6 56.8 58.6 61.1 62.3 60.6 63.5 65.0 67.0 68.9 71.3
7 49.7 51.5 54.1 55.3 53.6 56.5 58.1 60.1 62.0 64.2
8 43.4 45.2 47.7 49.0 47.2 50.1 51.7 53.7 55.6 57.9
9 37.8 39.6 42.0 43.3 41.5 44.3 45.9 47.9 49.8 52.0
lO 32.8 34.5 36.9 38.1 36.3 39.1 40.6 42.6 44.5 46.7
11 28.5 30.0 32.3 33.5 31.7 34.4 35.8 37.7 39.6 41.7
12 24.8 26.1 28.3 29.4 27.7 30.3 31.5 33.3 35.1 37.2
1$ 21.5 22.7 24.7 25.8 24.2 26.6 27.8 29.4 31.1 33.1
14 18.6 19.7 21.6 22.6 2i. 1 23.3 24.5 25.9 27.5 29.4
15 16.1 17.1 18.9 19.8 18.4 20.4 21.6 22.9 24.4 26.2
16 13.9 14.9 16.5 17.4 16.0 17.9 19.0 20.2 21.6 23.2
17 12.0 13.0 14.4 15.3 13.9 15.7 16.7 17.8 19.1 20.7
18 10.4 11.3 12.6 13.4 12.2 13.8 14.7 15.7 16.9 18.5
19 9.0 9.8 11.1 11.8 10.7 12.1 I3.0 13.9 15.0 16.4
20 7.8 8.5 9.7 10.3 9.3 10.6 11.4 12.3 13.3 14.5
188
_i_C'I'AN(;UI.AR FIIiI.D_ (.:OILP' J,T (';0 ].-_[) ,v_) CM
RECrANGUI.AR FIELDS IN CM X (:M
DeplJ,
incm 4v, t 4Y6 4×8 43(I0 4:,:15 4Y20 6X6 6Yg 6×tO 6XI5 6X20
* I01.1 101.3 101.5 101.6 101.8 10i.9 I0i.6 i01.8 102.0 102.3 102.5
0 Surface dose 30 to 50% depending upon collimator

0.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1 96.0 96.3 96.5 96.6 96.6 96.6 96.7 96.9 97.0 97.1 97.1
2 88.7 89.3 89.6 89.8 89.9 89.9 90.1 90.5 90.6 90.8 90.9
3 8 i .6 82.5 82.9 83.1 83.3 83.4 83.6 84.1 84.4 84.7 84.8
4 75.0 76.0 76.5 76.7 77.0 77.1 77.3 77.9 78..3 78.7 78.9
5 6_8 70.0 70.4 70.7 71.1 71.2 71.3 72.0 72.5 73.0 73.2
6 63.0 64. I 64.7 65.1 65.5 65.6 65.6 66.4 66.9 67.5 67.8
7 57.6 58.7 59.4 59.8 60.2 60.4 60.2 61.1 61.6 62.2 62.6
8 52.6 53.7 54.4 54.8 55.3 55.5 55.2 56.1 56.6 57.3 57.7
9 48.0 49.1 49.8 50.1 50.7 51.0 50.5 51.4 52.0 52.7 53.2
I0 43.8 44.9 45.5 45.9 46.5 46.8 46.2 47.1 47.7 48.5 4'9.0
11 40.0 41.0 41.6 42.0 42.6 43.0 42.3 43.2 43.8 44.7 45.1
12 36.5 37.5 38.1 38.5 39.1 39.5 38.8 39.7 40.2 41.1 41.6
13 33.3 34.3 34.9 35.3 35.9 36.3 35.6 36.4 37.0 37.9 38.4
14 30.5 31.4 32.0 32.4 33.0 33.4 32.6 33.4 34.0 34.9 $5.4
15 27.9 28.7 29.3 29.7 30.3 30.7 29.9 30.6 31.2 $2. l $2.7
16 25.5 26.2 26.8 27.2 27.9 28.2 27.4 28.1 28.7 29.6 30.2
17 23.3 24.0 24.6 24.9 25.6 26.0 25.1 25.8 26.4 27.3 27.9
18 21.3 22.0 22.6 22.9 23.5 24.0 23.0 23.7 24.3 25.2 25.8
19 19.5 20.2 20.7 21.0 21.6 22.1 21.1 21.8 22.4 23.3 23.8
20 17.8 t8.5 19.0 19.3 19.9 20.3 • 19.4 20.0 20.6 21.5 22.0
Depth
cm 8×8 8×10 8x15 8×20 10X10 10X15 10×20 15×15 15×20 20X20
* 102.1 102.3 102.7 103.0 102.5 103.0 103.4 103.7 104.1 104.6

0.5 I00.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1 97.1 97.3 97.4 97.4 97.5 97.6 97.6 97.7 97.7 97.7
2 90.9 91.1 91.3 91.4 91.4 91.6 91.7 91.9 92.0 92.1
3 84.7 85.0 85.4 85.5 85.4 85.8 86.0 86.2 86.5 86.7
4 78.7 79.1 79.6 79.8 79.6 80.1 80.4 80.7 81.1 81.5
5 72.9 73.4 74.0 74.3 74.0 74.6 75.0 75.4 75.9 76.4
6 67.4 67.9 68.6 69.0 68.6 69.4 69.8 70.3 70.9 71.6
7 62.1 62.7 63.5 64.0 63.4 64.4 64.9 65.5 66.2 67.0
8 57.1 57.7 58.6 59.2 58.5 59.6 60.2 60.9 61.7 62.6
9 52.4 53.1 54.1 54.7 53.9 55.1 55.8 56.6 57.5 58.5
10 48.1 48.8 49.9 50.5 49.7 50.9 51.7 52.5 53.6 54.7
11 44.2 44.9 46.0 46.7 45.8 47.1 47.9 48.7 49.9 51.1
12 40.7 41.4 42.5 43.2 42.2 43.6 44.4 45.2 46.4 47.7
13 37.4 38.1 39.2 39.9 39.0 40.3 41.1 42.0 43.2 44.5
14 34.4 35.1 36.2 36.9 36.0 37.3 38. I 39.0 40.2 41.6
15 31.6 32.3 33.4 34.1 33.2 34.5 35.3 36.3 37.5 38.8
16 29.1 29.7 30.9 31.6 30.6 32.0 32.8 33.8 35.0 36.3
17 26.8 27.4 28.6 29.3 28.2 29.7 30.5 31.5 32.7 34.0
18 24.7 25.3 26.5 27.2 26.1 27.5 28.3 29.3 30.5 31.8
19 22.7 23.4 24.5 25.2 24.1 25.5 26.3 27.3 28.5 29.8
20 20.9 21.6 22.7 23.3 22.2 23.7 24.4 25.4 26.6 27.9
*The first line gives the dose at the maximum for 100 r of primary.
189
RECTAN(;IT[ARI:II'i.DS COBAI.r 60 FSi) 6[) _:r_l

_J:C|'ANf;UI.AR FIELDS IN CM x CM
Depth
iP! ¢tt! 4X4 4X6 4X8 4XIO 4)<15 4X20 6X6 6,'<8 6XiO 6XI_ 6Y20
* 101.0 101.3 101.4 101.5 101.7 101.9 101.6 101.8 102.0 J02.3 102.5
0 Surface (lose 30 to 50% depending upon collimator
0.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 I00.0 100.0 100.0
! 96.5 96.7 96.8 96.9 97.0 97.0 97.0 97.2 97.3 .97.4 07.4
2 89.7 90.2 90.5 90.7 90.8 90.8 90.8 9 !.2 91.4 91.6 91.7
3 83.2 83.9 84.3 84.6 84.8 84.8 84.8 85.3 85.6 85.9 86.1
4 77.0 77.8 78.3 78.6 78.9 79.0 78.9 79.6 80.0 80.3 80.5
5 71.0 71.9 72.5 72.8 73.1 73.4 73.2 74.0 74.5 7_.8 75. i
6 65 .-t 66.4 67.0 67.3 67.7 68.0 67.7 68.6 69.1 69.6 69.9
7 60.1 61.2 61.8 62.1 62.6 62.8 62.5 63.4 63.9 64.5 6't .9
8 55.1 56.2 56.8 57.2 57.7 57.9 57.6 58.4 59.0 59.7 60.1
9 50.4 51.5 52.1 52.6 53.1 53.4 53.0 53.8 54.4 55.1 55.6
10 46.1 47.2 47.8 48.3 48.8 49.2 48.7 49.5 50. l 50.9 51.4
iI 42.2 43.3 43.9 44.4 44.9 45.3 44.8 45.6 46.2 47.0 47.5
12 38.7 39.8 40.4 40.9 41.4 41.8 41.2 42.0 42.6 43.4 44.0
13 35.5 36.5 37.2 37.6 38.2 38.5 37.9 38.7 39.3 40.1 40.7
14 32.5 33.5 34.2 34.6 35.2 35.5 34.8 35.7 36.3 37.1 37.7
15 29.8 30.8 31.4 31.8 32.4 32.8 32.0 32.9 33.5 $4.3 34.9
16 27.4 28.3 28.9 29.3 29.9 30.3 29.4 30.3 30.9 31.7 82.8
i7 25.2 26.1 26.6 27.0 27.6 28.0 27.1 28.0 28.5 29.3 29.9
18 23.2 24.0 24.5 24.9 25.5 25.9 25.0 25.8 26.3 • 27.2 27.8
19 21.3 22. I 22.6 22.9 23.6 23.9 23.0 23.8 24.3 25.2 25.8
20 19.5 20.3 20.8 2 i .0 21.8 22.0 21. i 21.9 22.4 25.$ 93.9
o
Depth
in cm 8X8 8XlO 8X15 8X20 lOXlO lOXI5 lOX20 15X15 15X20 20X20
* 102.1 102.3 102.7 102.9 102.5 103.0 103.3 103.6 104.1 104.6

0.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1 97.4 97.5 97.7 97.7 97.7 97.8 97.9 98.0 98.0 98.1
2 91.7 91.9 92. l 92.2 92.1 92.4 92.5 92.7 92.8 93.0
3 86.0 86.3 86.6 86.8 86.6 87.1 87.2 87.5 87.7 88.0
4 80.3 80.7 81.2 81.4 81.2 81.8 82.0 82.4 82.7 83.1
5 74.8 75.3 75.9 76.2 75.9 76.6 76.9 77.4 77.8 78.3
6 69.5 70.0 70.7 71.1 70.7 71.5 71.9 72.5 73.0 73.7
7 64.4 64.9 65.7 66.2 65.6 66.6 67.0 67.8 68.4 69.2
8 59.5 60.1 61.0 61.5 60.8 61.9 62.4 63.3 64.0 64.9
9 54.9 55.6 56.6 57.1 56.3 57.5 58.1 59.0 59.8 60.9
i0 50.6 51.3 52.4 52.9 52.1 53.4 54.0 54.9 55.8 57.0
11 46.7 47.4 48.5 49,1 48.2 49.5 50.2 51.1 52.1 53.4
12 43.1 43.8 44.9 45.6 44.6 45.9 46.7 47.6 48.7 50.0
13 39.8 40.5 41.6 42.3 41.3 42,6 43.4 44.4 45.5 46.9
14 36,7 37.5 38.5 39.2 38.2 39.6 40.4 41.4 42.5 43.9
15 33.9 34.6 35.7 36.4 35.4 36.8 37.6 38.6 39.7 41.1
16 31.3 32.0 33.1 33.8 32.8 34.2 35.0 36.0 37.1 38.5
17 28.9 29.6 30.7 31.4 30.4 31.8 32.6 33.6 34.8 36.1
18 26.7 27.4 28.5 29.2 28.2 29.6 30.4 31.4 32.6 33.9
19 24.7 25.4 26.5 27.2 _,6.2 27.5 28.4 29.3 30.5 $1.8
20 22.8 23.4 24,6 25.3 24.2 25.5 26.4 27.3 28.5 29.8
*The first line gives the dose at the maximum for 100 r of primary.
190
}(I-:CrANCtYi.AR|:ll.:l,l_s C()}_AI;I"
60 i:,":[) 80 CM
I/_I:_Ci'AN(;UI.AR FIEI,DSIN CM X GM
Depth
in6m 4×4 4X6 4X8 4XIO 4X15 4X20 6X6 6><8 6,",10 6X15 6X20
* 101.1 101.3 !01.5 101.6 101.8 101.9 101.6 101.8 102.0 102.3 102.5
0 Surface dose 30 to 50% depcnding upon collimator

0.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
I 96.8 97.0 97.2 97.3 97.4 97.4 97.4 97.6 97.7 97.8 97.8
2 90.6 91.2 91.5 91.6 91.8 91.8 91.9 92.2 92.5 9'2.7 92.8
3 84.7 85.5 85.9 86.1 86.4 86.4 86.5 86.9 87.3 87.6 87.7
4 79.0 79.9 80.4 80.6 81.0 81.1 81.1 81.7 82.1 82.5 82.7
5 73.5 74.5 75.1 75.3 75.7 75.9 75.9 76.6 77.0 77.5 77.7
6 68.1 69.2 69.9 70.1 70.5 70.7 70.7 71.5 71.9 72.5 72.7
7 62.9 64.1 64.8 65.1 65.5 65.7 65.7 66.5 67.0 67.6 67.9
8 58.0 59.2 59.9 60.3 60.8 61.0 60.8 61.7 62.2 62.9 63.3
9 53.5 54.7 55.3 55.8 56_ 56.6 56.2 57.1 57.7 58.5 58.9
I0 49.3 50.5 51.1 51.6 52.2 52.5 52.0 52.9 53.5 54.4 54.8
11 45.5 46.6 47.3 47.8 48.4 48.6 48.1 49.0 49.6 50.5 51-0
12 41.9 43.0 43.7 44.2 44.8 45.1 44.5 45.4 46.0 46.9 47.4
13 38.6 39.7 40.4 40.9 41.4 41.8 41.1 42.0 42.7 43.6 44.1
14 35.6 36.6 37.3 37.8 38.4 38.7 38.0 38.9 39.6 40.5 41.0
15 32.9 33.8 34.5 35.0 35.6 35.9 35.2 36.1 36.7 37.6 38.1
16 30.4 31.3 32.0 32.4 33.1 33.4 32.6 33.5 34.1 35.0 35.5
17 28.1 29.0 29.6 30.0 30.7 31.0 .30.2 31.1 31.6 32.6 33.1
!8 26.0 26.9 27.4 27.9 28.5 28.8 28.0 28.8 29.4 30.3 30.8
19 24.0 24.9 25.4 25.9 26.5 26.8 26.0- 26.7 27.4 28.2 28.7
20 22.1 22.9 23.5 23.9 24.5 24.8 24 -0 24.8 25.4 26.2 26.8
Depth
incm 8×8 8XlO 8x15 8×20 lOXlO 10×15 10×20 15×15 15x20 20x20
* 102.1 102.3 102.7 102.9 102.5 103.0 103.3 103.6 104.1 104.6
0 _urface dose 30 to 50% depending upon collimator
0.5 100.0 100.O 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1 97.8 98.0 98.1 98.1 98.2 98.3 98.3 98.4 98.4 98.4
2 92.7 93.0 93.2 93.3 93.3 93.6 93.6 93.9 93.9 94.0
3 87.6 87.9 88.3 88.5 88.3 88.8 88.9 89.3 89.4 89.6
4 82.5 82.9 83.4 83.6 83.4 84.0 84.2 84.7 84.9 85.2
5 77.4 77.9 78.5 78.8 78.5 79.2 79.5 80.1 80.4 80.8
6 72.4 73.0 73.7 74.0 73.6 74.4 74.7 75.4 75.8 76.4
7 67.5 68.1 68.9 69.2 68.8 69.8 70.1 70.8 71.4 72.1
8 62.7 63.4 64.3 64.7 64.1 65.2 65.7 66.5 67.2 68.0
9 58.2 58.9 59.9 60.4 59.7 60.9 61.4 62.3 63. I 64.0
10 54.0 54.8 55.8 56.3 55.6 56.9 57.4 58.4 59.2 60.2
I1 50.1 50.9 52.0 52.5 51.7 53.1 53.7 54.7 55.6 56.6
12 46.5 47.3 48.4 49.0 48.1 49.5 50.2 51.2 52.1 53.2
13 43.2 44 -0 45.1 45.7 44.8 46.2 46.9 47,9 48.8 50 -0
14 40.1 40.9 42.0 42.6 41.8 43.1 43.9 44.9 45.8 47.0
15 37.2 38.0 39.2 39.8 38.9 40.3 41.0 42.0 43.0 44.2
16 34.5 35.3 36.5 37.1 36.2 37.6 38.3 39.3 40.3 41.5
17 32. I 32.8 34.0 34.6 33.7 35.1 35.8 36.8 37.8 39.0
18 29.8 30.5 31.7 32.3 31.4 32.8 33.5 34.5 35.5 36.7
19 27.7 28.4 29.6 30.2 29.2 30.7 31.4 32.3 33.4 34.6
20 25.7 26.4 27.6 28.2 27.2 28.6 29.4 30.3 31.4 32.6
The first line gives the dose at the maximum for 100 r of primary.
191
RrC'rANGI_L.&gFIEI.DS COi*î_T60 IrsD 100 CM

REGTANf;ULARFIELDSIN CM X CM
Depti,
in cm 4X4 4X6 4X8 4><10 4X15 4X20 6X6 6X8 6XlO 6x15 6X20
_, 101.1 101.3 101.5 101.6 101.8 101.9 101.6 101.8 102.0 102.3 102.5

0.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 !00.0 i00.0 100.0
1 97.1 97.3 97.5 97.6 97.7 97.7 97.7 97.9 98.0 98.2 98.2
2 91.4 91.9 92.2 92.4 92.5 92.6 92.6 92.9 93.1 93.4 93.4
3 85.8 86.5 86.9 87.2 87.3 87.5 87.5 87.9 88.2 88.6 88.6
4 80.2 81.2 81.7 82.0 82.2 82.4 82.4 83.0 83.4 83.8 83.9
5 74.8 76.0 76.6 76.9 77.2 77.4 77.3 78.1 78.6 79.0 79.2
6 69.7 70.9 7 !.6 71.9 72.3 72.5 72.4 73.2 73.8 74.3 74.5
7 64.8 66.0 66.7 67.1 67.5 67.7 67.6 68.4 69.0 69.6 69.9
8 60.1 61.3 62.0 62.4 62.9 63.1 62.9 63.8 64.4 65.1 65.4
9 55.7 56.9 57.6 58.0 58.5 58.8 58.4 59.4 60.0 60.7 61 .I
10 51.5 52.7 53.4 53.8 54.4 54.7 54.2 55.2 55.8 56.6 57.0
I1 47.7 48.8 49.5 49.9 50.5 50.8 50.3 51.3 51.9 52.7 53.2
12 44.1 45.2 45.9 46.3 46.9 47.2 46.7 47.7 48.2 49.1 49.6
13 40.8 41.9 42.6 43.0 43.6 43.9 43.3 44.3 44.9 45.8 46.3
14 37.8 38.9 39.5 40.0 40.6 40.9 40.2 41.2 41.8 42.7 43.2
15 35.0 36.1 36.7 37.2 37.8 38.1 37.4 38.3 38.9 39.9 40.3
16 32.5 33.5 34.1 34.5 35.2 35.5 34.8 35.6 36.3 37.2 37.7
17 30.1 31.1 31.7 32. I 32.8 33.1 32.3 33.1 33.8 34.7 35.2
, 18 27.9 28.8 29.4 29.8 30.5 30.8 30.0 30.8 31.5 32.4 32.9
19 25.8 26.7 27.3 27.7 28.4 28.7 27.9 28.7 29.3 30.2 30.7
20 23.8 24.7 25.3 25.7 26.4 26.7 25.9 26.7 27.3 28.2 28.7
Depth
incm 8X8 8XlO 8X15 8x20 lOXlO 10X15 10x20 15×15 15×20 20×20
* 102.1 102.3 102.7 103.0 102.5 103.0 103.4 103.7 104.1 104.6

0.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1 98.1 98.3 98.5 98.5 98.6 98.8 98.8 99.0 98.9 98.9
2 93.3 93.6 93.9 93.9 93.9 94.3 94.3 94.6 94.6 94.7
3 88.5 88.9 89.3 89.3 89.3 89.8 89.8 90.2 90.3 90.5
4 83.7 84.2 84.7 84.8 84.7 85.3 85.4 85.9 86.1 86.3
5 78.9 79.6 80.1 80.3 80.1 80.8 81.0 81.6 81.9 82.2
6 74.2 74.9 75.6 75.8 75.5 76.3 76.6 77.3 77.7 78.1
7 69.5 70.2 71.0 71.3 70.9 71.8 72.2 73.0 73.5 74.0
8 64.9 65.6 66.5 66.9 66.4 67.4 67.9 68.7 69.3 70.0
9 60.5 61.2 62.1 62.6 62.0 63.1 63.7 64.5 65.2 66.1
10 56.3 57.0 58.0 58.6 57.8 59.0 59.7 60.6 61.3 62.3
11 52.4 53.1 54.2 54.8 53.9 55.2 55.9 56.9 57.7 58.7
12 48.7 49.5 50.7 51.2 50.3 51.7 52.4 53.4 54.3 55.3
13 45.4 46.1 47.3 47.9 47.0 48 A 49.1 50.2 51.1 52.1
14 42.3 43.0 44.2 44.8 43.9 45.3 46.0 47.1 48.1 49.1
15 39.4 40.1 41.3 41.9 41.0 42.4 43.1 44.2 45.2 46.2
16 36.7 37.4 38.6 39.2 38.3 39.7 40.4 41.5 42.5 43.5
17 34.2 34.9 36.1 36.7 35.8 37.2 37.9 39.0 40.0 41.0
!8 31.9 32.6 33.8 34.4 33.5 34.9 35.6 36.7 37.6 38.6
19 29.7 30.5 31.6 32.3 31.3 32.7 33.4 34.5 35.4 36.4
20 27.7 28.5 29.6 30.2 29.3 30.6 31.3 32.4 33.3 34.4
* The first line gives the dose at the maximum for 100 r of primary.
192
Characteristics of some important (or, n) sources
Maximum Average
Sources Half-life neutron neutron Yield Remarks
energy energy
nlsec×lO--e
Mev Mev curie
POIO-Li ......... 138.40d 1.32 ......... O. 48 .06..........
PoSl0-Be ......... 138.40d 10.87 ........ 4. 2 2.5 ..........
RaDEF-Be ..... 19.4y 10.87 ........ 4. 5 2.5 .......... Po-Be with a long
half-life.
Ra-Be ........... 1622y 13.08 ........ • 3. 9 16...........
Emm-Be ....... 3.826d 13.08 .................. 15...........
Pure-Be ......... 24,400y 10.74 ......... 4. 6 0.064 (per g).
Acre-Be ......... 21.8y 12.79 ........ 4. 6 .............. Made by lrradiat.
tug radium in
reactor.
PoZeS-Be......... 2.93y 10.71 .................................
RaBeF4 ......... 1622y 13.08 ................... 2.53 ......... Proposed std

source.
Po21o-B.......... 138.40d Bl0 6.29, B" .......... 0.6 .......... Relatively mono-
4.48. energetic.
Ra-B ............ 1622y ]3108.58, Bn .......... 7............
7.26.
Po_:0-F .......... 138.40d 2.8 .......... I. 4 0.2 ..........
pom0-Na ......... 138.40d 4.45................... 0.04 .........

AmULBe ........ 462y ....................................... Suggested for sto-
lchiometric std
source.
Cram-Be ........ 102.5d ......................................
Mock fission b... 138.40d 10.87 ........ 1.6 0.4 ..........
Characteristics of some important (7,n) sources
Stand- Actual
Sources Half-life E_ E, ard source
yield • yield b
Mee Mtv
NaU-l-Be ........ 14.8h 2.76....................... 0.83......... 13
N'au-l-D20 ...... 14. 8h 2.76 ....................... 0.22......... 27
{3an-l-Be ........ i 14. lh 1.87, 2.21, 2.61............. (0.78) ........ 6
Y"-I-Be ......... 87d 1.9, 2.8.................... 0.158-4-0.005.. 10
[size-I-Be ........ Mm 1.8, 2.1.................... 0.30......... 0.82
Sbn4+Be ........ 60d 1.7........................ 0.024-4-0.003_. 19 1. (

La_,0+Be I 40d 2.50 ....................... 0.62......... 0. 3
RdTh-I-I)'=O.'.-_'- 1.90y 2.62 (ThC") ............... 0.1974-0.010_. 9.5 • 1._
MaTh+Be ...... 6. 7y 1.80, 2.62.................. 0.827-4-0.030.. 3. 5
MsTH+DsO. __ 6. 7y 2.62 (ThC'') ............... 0.197-4-0.010.. 9. 6 • 1.
Ra-I-Be ......... 1622y 1.69, 1.75, 1.82, 2.09, 2.20, 0.7 max ............... 1._
2.42.
• This is the neutron yield x 10"a for a 1-curie gamma source with 1 g of target material
placed 1 cm away from the gamma source.
b l0 e n/see-curie.
• Ms-Th and Rd-Th sources emit some neutrons through (u,n) reactions with light
elements in the carrier and container walls.
NOTE: All photoneutron sources possess intense gamma-ray backgrounds of at least 10 3

gamma rays per neutron.
Characteristics of some important spontaneous fission neutron

_ourc_
Half-life Half-life Neutrons: Neutrons

N'uclide (SF) (a decay) Alphas per fission • per per
fission g see
[1.1X1On
um ....... 8XlOny ....... 74y ............ _6.6X10n, after aging.
{with 1.9 yr half-life
pu-e ...... 3.6X10ty ...... 2.7y ........... 1.3X10 t .................. 1.9 3.1X104
Um ....... 8.3X1OISy ...... 4.51XlOly ..... 1.SX10e
puns ...... 4.9X 1010y...... 89.6y .......... 5.6X10s .................. 2.0 2.3X10a
Pu uo ...... 1.3X10"y ...... 6600y .......... 1.9X107 .................. 2.1 7.0X10 z
PuJi2 ...... ; 7.2X1010y ...... 3.8X10ey ...... 1.gx10s .................. 2.3

Cmm i 7.2X106y ...... 162.5d ......... 1.6X107 .................. 2.3 I.SXlO I
Om2-__-_'[ 1.4X10Yy ...... 18.4y .......... 7.6X10_ .................. 2.6 1.0XI0 T
Cf=n....... [66y ............ 2.2y ........... 30.................................. 2.6Xl01Z
Cfm ....... 60d ............ 60d ............ ,,-4)...................... 3.6
• The number of alphas/fission is an inverse "figure of merit." A source with a low

number of alphas per fission has relatively many fissions and the neutron spectrum is not
likely to be contaml-ated with ( _ ,n) neutrons.
Data for tables from NBS Handbook No. 72.

193
RULES OF THUMB
Alpha Particles
i. It requires an alpha particle of at least 7.5 MeV to penetrate the protective

layer of the skin, 0.07 mm thick.
2. With 2_ geometry, the surface of a thick source of tuballoy will give about
2,400 alpha cpm/cmZ; plutonium will give about 70,000 alpha cpm/_g; 16.2 g of
_3SPu has an activity of I Ci.
Beta Particles
14 When working with ZSSAu, experience has shown that under certain conditions,
the beta dose will be five times the gamma value. Therefore, only z/s of the
total dose will be recorded by gamma dosimeters.
2. It requires a beta particle of at least 70 keV to penetrate the protective

layer of the skin, 0.07 mm thick.
3. The range (R) of beta particles in g/cm z (thickness in cm multiplied by the

density in g/cm 3) is approximately equal to the maximum energy (E) in MeV
divided by 2 (i.e., R _ E/2).
4. The range of beta particles in air is about 12 ft per MeV; for example, a
3 MeV beta has a range of about 36 ft in air.
5. A chamber wall thickness of 30 mg/cm _ will reduce a flux of I MeV (max.)

betas by 30% and a flux of 0.4 MeV betas by a factor of 4 or 5.
6. The intensity of bremsstrahlung increases approximately with the energy of

the beta particle and about the square of the atomic number of the absorbing
material.
7. When betas of I to 2 MeV pass through light materials such as water, alumi-
num, or glass, less than 1% of their energy is dissipated as bremsstrahlung.
8. The bremsstrahlung from i Ci 3Zp aqueous solution in a glass bottle is about
I mR/hr at I meter.
9. When the beta particles from a i Ci source of S°Sr_°Y are absorbed, the
bremsstrahlung hazard is approximately equal to that presented by the gamma
from 12 mg of radium. The average energy of the bremsstrahlung is about
300 keV.
I0. For a point source of beta radiation (neglecting self- and air-absorption)
of strength Ci curies, the dose rate at I ft is approximately equal to 300 Ci
rads/hr. The variation with energy is small over a wide range.
Ii. Beta-ray surface dose rates with 7 mg/cm z filter:
Source mrads/hr
U slug ............................. 233
UOe (brown oxide) ....................... 207
UF4 (green salt) ........................ 179
UO2 (NO3) 2"6H_O (yellow uranyl nitrate hexahydrate)... , . . . iii
UO s (orange oxide) ....................... 204
UsOs (black oxide) ....................... 203
UOmF 2 (cliptite or uranyl fluoride) .............. 176
Na_UeO v (soda salt or sodium diuranate) ............ 167
2D4
Gamma Rays
I. The air-scattered radiation (sky-shine) from a I00 Ci 6°Co source place 1 ft
behind a 4-ft-high shield is about I00 mrads/hr at 6 ft from the outside of
the shield.
2. Within ±20% for point source gamma emitters with energies between 0.07 and
4 MeV, the exposure rate (R/hr) at i ft is 6CE, where C is the number of
curies and E the energy in MeV.
Neutrons
i. An approximate HVL for I-MeV neutrons is 1.26 in. (3.2 cm) of paraffin;
2.72 in. (6.93 cm) for 5-MeV neutrons.
Miscellaneous
I. The activity of any radionuclide is reduced to less than 1% after 7 half-

lives (i.e., 2-7 = 0.87°).
2. For material with a half-life greater than six days, the change in activity
in 24 hours will be less than I0_.
3. For 9°Sr_°Y in equilibrium, 5,000 cpm is equal to I mrem/hr when using a

beta-gamma probe with a 30 mg/cm s tube.
4. There is 0.64 mma of radon gas in transient equilibrium with I Ci of radium.
5. The exposure rate from fission products at any time (t) can be represented
by: R/unit time = l't -z'2, where I is the exposure rate at unit time, and t
is in the same time units.
Taken from: Los Alamos Handbook of Radiation Monitoring, LA-1835 (3rd ed.);
Health Physics Handbook - General Dynamics, OSP-379 (April 1963);
and AERE, HP/L23.
205
Maximum psrmissiMe body burdens and mo_mum permissible concentrations of radionuclides in air and m
wager for occupational exposure
2,,
Maximum permissible concentrations

Maximum
Organ of reference permissible
Radionuclide and type of (critical organ in burden in For 40 hour week For 168 hour week**
decay boldface) total body
q(_c)
(MPC). (MPC) o (MPC). (MPC) o
_c/cc _c/cc _c/cc _c/cc
fBody Tissue ....... 10s 0.I 5X 10-e 0.03 2X I0 -a

_HS(HTOor H]O)(#-) (Sol) Total Body ........ 2 X I Ot 0.2 8 X 10-6 0.05 3 X 10 -6
(Hi) (Immersion) Skin .................................. 2 X 10-* .......... 4 X 10-'
.CI'(CO2) (_") 'Fat ................ 300 0.02 4 X 10- 6 8X 10 -_ i0-e

(Sol) Total Body ......... 400 0.03 5X 10 -6 0.01 2X 10-e
Bone ............... 400 0.04 6Y 10 -6 0.01 2X 10-e
(Immersion) Total Body ............................... 5X 10-s ........... 10-6
laps_ (fro 'Bone ............... 6 5X 10-' 7X 10-8 2× I0-' 2X 10-8

Total Body ......... 30 3X I0 -s 4X 10-7 _X I0-' 10 -7
(Sol) GI (LLI) ...................... 3X 10 -3 6>( 10-T 9X 10 -_ 2X 10-7
Liver .............. 50 5X 10-* 6X10 -7 2X10 -3 2X10 -7
Brain .............. 300 0.02 3)<10 -6 8X10 -s 10 -6
'Lung ....................... ............. 8)( 10-s ......... 3X 10-8
(Insol) GI (LLI) ...................... 7 X 10-' 10-7 2 X 10-' 4 X 10-8
20Ca'8 (0-) (Sol) Bone ...............

_Total Body ......... 30
200 3X
2X1010-_
-s 3)(
3X1010-s
-7 9X
7X1010 -s -4 10 -s -8
9X10
{GI (LLI) ........... I .......... 0.01 3 X 10-s 4 X 10 -3 10 -8
flung ............... I .......... 10-7 ........... 4 × 10-8
(Insol) _GI(LLI) ........... I .......... _i6--;--- 9X10 -7 2X10 -3 3XI0 -7
,4Cru (e, _,) GI (LLI)=_ ........... r.-= ...... 0.05 10-s 0.02 4XI0 -e
Total Body ........ _ut) 0.6 10- 5 0.2 4 X I0 -s
(Sol) Lung ............. lot 21 2X
3X 10-6 0.4 8X
Prostate ........... 2X lot 10-s 0.5 10 -510-8
Thyroid ............ 4X l0 t 3 6X 10-6 1 2)< 10-s
Kidney ............. 8X lot 6 10-4 2 4X 10-s
(Insol) ,fLung ................................... 2X 10-e ........... 8X 10-7
),GI (LLI) ...................... 0.05 8)< 10-6 0.02 3)< 10-s
27Co6° (if', _) I(GI (LLI) ............. ;_......... 10-* 3X10- 7 5×10-' 10-7
[|Total Body ......... iu 4X 10 -s 4X 10-7 10 -3 10 -7
[)Pancreas ........... 70 0. 02 2X 10-6 7X 10-a 6)( 10-7
(SOl) l/Liver .............. 90 0. 03 10-6 OX 10-s 5X 10-7
HSp.leen ............. 200 0. 05 4X 10-s 0. 02 2X 10-s
IkKidney ............. 200 0. 07 6X 10-s 0. 03 2× 10-6
(Insol) flung (LLI)-_..........
=_GI ............... I, ...........
............ i()2_ .... 9X 10-'-7
2X10 ...........
3>(10 -4 3X10- -s_
6X10
_eZnSS(0+,e, "_) Total Body___ ....... 60 3X 10-_ 10 -7 10-_ 4X 10-s

Prostate ............ 70 4X 10-_ 10 -7 10-_ 4X 10-*
Liver ............... 80 4X 10-_ 10 -7 I0 -s 5X 10-8
Kidney ............. 100 6X I0-_ 2XI0 -7 2X I0-_ 7X I0-'
(Sol) GI (LLI) ............
Pancreas ....................... 200 6X 10
7X I0-_
-a 10 -810-7
3X 2X 10-a
3X I0-* 4X 10-s
9X 10-7
Muscle ............. 200 0.01 4X 10-7 4X 10 -a 10 -7
Ovary .............. 300 0.01 5X10 -7 4X10 -_ 2X10 -_
Testis ....... 400 0.02 6 × 10 -7 6 × 10-a 2 × 10-7
Bone ............... 700 0.04 10-8 0.01 4X 10-:
Lung ................ , ........... , ......... 6X 10 -8 ....... 2× 10-s
(Insol) .GI (LLI) ............ I ........... I 5XI0-' 9X10-7 2Xl0-a--" 3"<10-7
I I
33As;e (a-, _/) IGI (LLI) ........... ] ........... ] 6X 10-4 10-7 2X 10-_ 4X 10-8
_Total Body ......... [ 20 [ 0.4 5X 10 -8 0.1 2X 10-6
(Sol) IKidney ............. [ 20 ] 0.6 8X10 -6 0.2 3_10 -e
LLiver............. ,] 40 ] 1 10-s 0.4 5X10 -8
(Insol) _GI (LLI) ........... [ ........... ] 6XI0 -_ 10- _ 2XI0 -_ 3XI0 -8
_Lung .............. I ........... I ......... 6X 10 -7 ........... 2X 10 -7
*TheabbreviationsOI, 8, 8I, ULI,and LLI referto gastrointestinal tract,stomach,smallintestines upperlargeintestine, and lower largeintestine,
res*_*I_Vwe_l
be notedthat the MPCvaluesforthe 168-hour weekarenotalwayspreciselythesamemultiplesoftheMPCforthe40-hour week. Partofthisis.
eansedby roundingoffthe calculatedvaluesto onedigit,but in someinstancesit is dueto technicaldifferences discussedin the ICRp reI_rt- _ecauseot
theuncertaintiespresentinmuchofthe
forthe 40-hourweekareto biological
be considered dataand because
as basicforoccupational ofindividual
exposure, and vthevaluesforthe
ariations,thedifferences aweekarebasicforcontinuous
renot considereasignificant. eTheMt'u
168-hour xposureas _at_
n t ee
easeofthe povulationat large.
206
Maximum permissible body burd6ns and maximum permissible concentrations of radionuclides in air and in
water for occuvational exposure--Continued

Maximum
q(zc)
(MPC) w (MPC) a (MPC) w (MPC) a
_c/ce _c/cc _c/cc _c/cc
3sSrs' (0-) Bone .............. 4 3Y 10 -4 3)< 10 -8 10 -4 10 -8

(Sol) GI (LLI) 10 -3 3X 10 -7 4X 10 -4 9> 10 -8
Total Body ........ 40 2 X 10 -3 2 X 10 -7 7 X 10 -4 6 X 10 -8
(Insol) [Lung_ 4X 10 -8 .......... l0 -8
_GI (LLI) _ s y 10-4 10-7 3 X 10 -4 5 X 10 -8
ssSr _ ($-) 2 4 ><l0 -6 3 X 10 -l° 10 -8 10 -l°

(Sol) Total Body_ , 20 10 -5 9X 10 -1° 4X 10 -8 3 X l0 -'°
.GI (LLI) _10-3 3 X 10 -7 5X 10-* l0 -7
(Insol) fLung 5X 10 -9 ......... 2X10 -9
_GI (LLI) 10 -3 2X10 -7 4X10 -4 6X10 -8
,0Zr u (0-, v, e-) (LLI) 2X 10 -3 4X 10 -`7 6X l0 -4 10-"

Total Body ........ 20 3 10 -7 1 4 X 10 -s
Bone .............. 30 4 2)< 10 -7 2 6X 10 -8
(Sol) Kidney ............ 30 4 2X 10 -7 2 6)< 10 -8
Liver............. 40 6 3X 10-7 2 9X I0-_
,Spleen............ 40 7 3 X 10-7 2 l0-7
fLung ............... 10-_
(Insol) _GI (LLI) ............ _._i0_ ____ 3)<10-7
3)< 10 .8 6_i0-{---10-7
atNb 's (t3-, v) (LLI) ........... 3X 10 -3 6X 10 -7 10 -3 2)< 10 -7

Total Body_ 40 10 5X 10 -7 4 2X 10 -7
Liver_ 60 20 7X 10 -7 6 3X 10 -7
(Sol) Kidney 60 20 8X l0 -7 6 3X 10 -7
Bone__ 80 20 9X l0 -7 7 3X 10 -7
,Spleen _ 80 20 l0 -6 7 3 _<10 -7
10 -7 ........ 3 X 10 -s
(Insol) GI (LLI) --3Xi_} -_-- 5X10 -7 10-3 2X10-7
,4Ru 1o6 (/_t", 3') GI (LLI) ........... 4XlO -4 8)<10-8 10-4 3X10-8
r............. 3 0.01 10 -7 4X 10 -3 5X 10 -8
(Sol) Bone ............... 10 0.04 5)< 10 -7 0.01 2X 10 -7
Total Body ......... 10 0.06 7X 10 -7 0.02 3X 10 -7
(Insol) )'Lung
I.Gl (LLI) -3Xi0 -_---- 6X 10 -8
6X10-9 10 -4
.......... 2X 10 -8
2X10-9
_I TM (_--,_,e-) Thyroid ............ 0. 7 6X10 -5 9)<10 -9 2X 10-_ 3X10-9

(Sol) Total Body 50 5)<10 -3 8X1077 2X10 -3 3X 10-7
GI (LLI). 0.03 7X 10 :-8 0. 01 2X 10 -6
(Insol) fGI (LLI)_ 2X l0 -3 3)< 10 -7 6X 10 -4 10 -7
I Lung ........... 3 X 10 -7 ............ 10-7
ssCs n7 ($-, 7, e-) Total Body .... 30 4X 10 -_ 6X 10 -s 2X 10 -4 2)< 10 -_

Liver _ 40 5 X 10 -4 8 X 10 -8 2 X 10 -4 3 X 10 -8
Spleen ..... _....... 50 6X10 -_ 9X10 -8 2X 10-4 3X 10-8
(Sol) Muscle ............
Bone .............. 50
100 7 ×-s10 -4
10 210X-710 -7 52 X× 1010 -4
-4 74 X
× 10
10 -8
-8
Kidney ............. i 100 10 -3 2)< 10-7 5_710-4 8_: 10-8
Lung ............. 300 5 X 10 -s 6 X 10 -7 2 X 10 -a 2 X 10 -7
,GI (SI) 0.02 5×10 -6 8×10 -3 2× 10-6
.(Lung ................ 10-8 ............ 5X 10-9
(Insol) _GI (LLI)_ "............ i05_ .... 2X10-7 4X10-4 8_10-8
_sCe 144(a, 0-, *y) (LLI) 3 X 10 -4 8 X 10 -s 10 -4 3 X 10 -8

_............ 5 0.2 10 -8 0.08 _IX 10-'
(Sol) Liver: 6 0.3 10 -s 0.1 iX 10-0
Kidney ............. 10 0.5 2)< 10 -8 0.2 7)< 10 -_
Total Body .... 20 0.7 3 >( 10 -s 0.3 10 -8
(Insol) fLung (LLI)
1Gl .............
3X 10-' 6X 10
6X 10-_
-s ..........
10 -4 2X 10
2)< 10-'"8
e,PmUT(a, 0-) fGI (LLI) _ 6X 10 -3 10 -e 2X 10 -3 5 X 10 -7

!Bone ..... 60 1 6X 10 -8 0.5 2X 10 -8
(Sol) Kidney 200 4 2 X 10 -7 2 7 X 10 -8
Total Body ......... 300 7 3X 10 -7 2 10 -7
Liver .............. 300 8 4 X 10 -7 3 10 _7
(Insol) /Lung 10-7 .......... 3X 10-8
_,GI (LLI) 6X 10 -a 10 -6 2X 10 -3 4X 10 -7
207
Maximum permissible body burdens and maximum permissible concentrations for radionuclides in air and in
water for occupational ez_osure---Contimd

Maximum
q(_c)
(MPC), (MPC), (MPC), (MPC) o
_c/cc .c/cc _c/cc _c/cc
73Tals_ (5-, 7) _GI (LLI) ............. _........ 10-s 3X 10-7 4X 10-4 9X 10 -s

iLiver .............. 7 0.9 4 Y 10-8 0.3 10-s
Kidney .............. 20 2 8X 10-s 0.7 3X 10 -s
(Sol) Total Body ......... 20 2 9X 10-8 0.7 3X 10 -8
Spleen ............. 30 4 10 -7 1 5X 10 -s
Bone ............... 50 6 3X 10-7 2 9X 10 -8
(Insol) Lung(LLI)
GI ......................................
........... I.......... 10- s 2X 10-7
10-s ..........
4X 10- 4 7X10-
7X 10 -s0
77Ir1°_(_-, 30 'GI (LLI) ..................... 10-3 3 X 10-7 4 X 10-4 9 X 10-s

Kidney ............. 6 4X 10 -3 l0 -7 10 -3 4X 10- 8
(Sol) Spleen ............. 7 4X 10-3 10-7 10 -3 5X 10-s
Liver .............. 8 5X 10-3 2X 10-7 2X 10-3 6X 10-s
Total Body ......... 20 0.01 4X 10-7 4X1.0 -3 10-7
(Insol_ /Lung ............... ,....................... 3X10-
2X10 -7s ........... 9X10-'
[GI (LLI)_ =......... I........... 10-a 4X 10-4 6X 10-s
7,Aul*s (_-, _) 'GI (LLI) ........................ 2X10- a 3X10-7 5X10--' 10- 7

Kidney ............. 20 0.07 3 X 10-e 0.02 9 X 10-7
(Sol) Total Body ....... 30 0.1 4X 10-e 0.04 2X 10-e
Spleen .............. 60 0.2 8X 10-e 0.07 3X 10-e
Liver ................ 80 0.3 "10-6 0.1 4X 10-e
SGI (LLI) ......................... 10 -a 2X 10- 7 5X 10-* 8X 10-s
(Insol) ].Lung ............... ..................... 6X 10-7 ........... 2X 10-7
seRn222t(a, 0, 3') Lung ....................................... 3X I0 -s ........... 10-s
fBone ............... 0.1 4X10 -7 3XI0 -tl 10-7 10-zl

ssRa_e (a, _-, "t) (Sol) {Total Body ......... 0.2 6X10 -7 5X10 -11 2X10 -7 2X10 -It
|GI (LLI)_, ..................... 10-3 3X 10-7 . 5X 10-4 10-7
(Insol) .[Lung ............... , ........................ 5 x 10-11 ........... 2X 10-:'
].GI (LLI) ........... I........... 9X10- 4 2X10 -7 3XI0 -4 tiXl0 -s
9_U_u (a, _-, _) GI (LLI) ....................... 8X 10-4 2X 10-7 3X 10-' 6X 10 -s

Kidney ............ 0.03 0.01 5X 10- to 4X I0 -s 2X I0 -l°
(SOl) Bone .............. 0.06 0.01 6X I0_?° 5X I0 -s 2X 10-1°
Total Body ........ 0.4 0.04 2X I0-' 0.01 6X 10-1°
(Insol) /Lung ............... , ...................... 10-1o ........... 4X 10-11
].GI (LLI) ........... I........... 8XI0 -4 10 -7 3X 10-' 5X10 -8
,,U _ss (a, 3', e-) GI (LLI) .............. _L;_-_-- 10-s 2X 10 -7 4X 10-' 8X 10 -s
(Sol) Kidney ............ o ^ _v- 2X 10-s 7X 10 -n 6X 10-4 3X 10 -It
Bone ............... 0.06 0.01 6X10 -10 5X10 -s 2X10 -_o
Total Body ......... 0.5 0.04 2X I0" 0.01 6X 10-1°
(Insol) Lung
GI ....................................
(LLI) ............ I.......... 10-s 10-1o
2X 10 -7 ...........
4X 10-4 5X 10-'
6X 10-u
,4Pu_' (a, _,) I fBone .............. 0.04 10 -4 2X I0 -n 5X I0 -_ 6X I0 -_s

I|Liver ............. 0.4 5X 10-4 7× 10-n 2X 10 -4 2X 10-n
(Sol) I{Kidney ............ 0.5 7X 10-* 9X 10-n 2X 10 -4 3X 10-n
[|GI (LLI) ........... , ........... 8X 10-_ 2X 10-_ 3X 10-4 6X 10-s
I _,Total Body ......... [ 0.4 10 -_ 10 -st 3X 10 -4 5_ 10-n
(Insol) I{ GI (LLI)
Lung ...................... I......................
............... 8X 10-' 2X10 -7
4X 10-" 3XI0 -4
........... 5X10
10-" -_
I
_Thedaughterisotopesof Rn_=0 and Rnmare assumedpresentto the extentthey occurin unfilteredair. Forall otherisotopesthe daughterelements
arenot consideredas partofthe intakeandif present must be consideredonthe basisofthe rulesformixtures.
208
Maximum permissible concentration of unidentified radionuclides in water, (MPCU)w values*, for
continuous occupational exposure
ftc/cm 3
Limitations ofwater**
If no one of the radionuclides Sr_°, I'2s, 1129,1131, Pb 21°, Po 21°, At 211, Ra 223, Ra 224, Ra 226, Ra 22s, Ac 227, Th 23°, Pa 231,
Th =2, and Th-nat is present, then the (MPCU)w is .................................................................................... 3)<10-5
If no one of the radionuclides Sr9°, 1129, Pb 21°, P0 21°, Ra 223, Ra 22s, Ra 22s, Pa 231, and Th-nat is present, then the
(MPCU)w is ....................................................................................................................................... 2)<10-5
If no one of the radionuclides Sr9°, 1Is9,Pb21°,Ra 22e,and Ra22sis present, then the (MPCU)w is .............................. 7)<10-8
If neither Ra226nor Ra22sis present, then the (MPCU)_ is .............................................................................. 10 -e
If no analysis of the water is made, then the (MPCU)w is........................................................................... 10 -7
*Each (MPCU)w value is the smallest value of (MPC),_in table I for radionuclides other than those listed opposite the value. Thus these (MPCU). values are permis-
sible levels for continuous occupational exposure (168 hr/wk) for any radionuclide or mixture of radionuclides where the indicated isotopes are not present (i.e., where the
concentration of the radionuclide in water is small compared with the (MPC)_ value for this radionuclide). The (MPCU). may be much smaller than the more exact
maximum permissible concentration of the material, but the determination of this (MPC)w requires identification of the radionuclides present and the concentration
of mch.
**Use one-tenth of these values for interim application in the neighborhood of a controlled exposure area.
Maximum permissible concentration of unidentified radionuclides in air, (MPCU)a values*, fw

continuous occupational exposure
/_/cm 3
Limitations of air**
If there are no a-emitting radionuclides and if no one of the fi-emitting radionuclides Sr_°, 1129, Vb 21°, Ac 227, Ra 22s,
Pa z_°,Pu241,and Bk 24sis present, then the (MPCU)a is .................................................................................... 10 -s
If there are no a-emitting radionuclides and if no one of the fi-emitting radionuclides Pb 21°, Ac 227, Ra 22s, and Pu241
is present, then the (MPCU)a is ............................................................................................................... 10-1°
If there are no a-emitting radionuclides and if the fl-emitting radionuclide Ac227is not present, then the
(MPCU)Q is .......................................................................................................................................... 10-1'
If no one of the radionuclides Ac_27,Ths3°,Pa 231, Th 232 , Th-nat, Pu 23s,Pu 23s, Vu 24s, Pu 242, and Cf24sis present, then the
(MPCU)a i8 ............................................................................................................................................. 10 -12
If no one of the radionuclides Pa _3_,Th-nat, Pu23s,Pu24°,Pu 242, and Cf 2_sis present, the_ the (MPCU)a is .............. 7x10 -13
If no analysis of the air is made, then the (MPCU)_ is .................................................................................... 4)<10-13
*Each (MPCU)o value is the smllest value d (MPC). in table 1 for radionuclides other than those listed opposite the value. Thus these (MPCU). values are permis-
sible levels for continuous occupational exposure (168 hr/wk) for any radionuclide or mixture of radionuclides where the indicated isotopes are not present (i.e., where
the concentration of the radionuclide in air is small compared with the (MPC). value for this radionuclide). The (MPCU). value may be much smaller than the more
exact maximum permissible concentration of the material, but the determination of this (MPC)orequires identification of the radionuclides present and the concentration
of mch.
**Use one-tenth of these values for interim application in the neighborhood of a controlled exposure area.
*These radionuclides were selected from National Bureau of Standards Handbook 69 (for sale by U. S. Government
Printing Offices Washington 25. D. C.). This publicationlists (for aU radionuclides) the recommendations of the
National Committee on Radiation Protection and Measurements for Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum
Permissible Concentrations in Air and Water for Occupational Exposure. The handbook should be consulted for MPC
_nd MPBB values of other nuclides or for information on derivation and limitations of these values.
209
RADIATION PROTECTION GUIDES
Type of Exposure Condition Dose (rem)
Radiation worker:
(a) Whole body, head and trunk, Accumulated dose 5 times number of years
active blood-forming organs, beyond age 18
gonads, or lens of eye 13 weeks 3
(b) Skin of whole body and Year 30

thyroid 13 weeks i0
(c) Hands and forearms, feet Year 75
and ankles 13 weeks 25
(d) Bone Body burden 0.i _Ci of 2_6Ra or its

biological equivalent
(e) Other organs Year 15
13 weeks 5
Population:
(a) Individual Year 0.5

(whole body)
(b) Average 30 years 5
(gonads)
NOTE: See FRC Report No. i, May 1960, for details.
QUALITY FACTOR VALUES
Radiation QF
Gamma rays from radium in

equilibrium (0.5 mm
QUALITY FACTOR vs. platinum filter I
LINEAR ENERGY TRANSFER X Rays I
Beta rays and electrons;
LET > 0.03 MeV I
(keV/micrometer in water) QF Beta rays and electrons;
< 0.03 MeV 1.7
3.5 or less i Thermal neutrons 3
3.5-.7.0 i- 2 Fast neutrons i0
7.0-23 2- 5 Protons I0
23-53 5-10 Alpha rays i0
53-175 10-20 Heavy ions 20
210
STANDARD MAN
The information on pages 212, 213, and 214 is from data supplied
by Dr. Isabel H. Tipton, University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
The data on pages 215, 216, and 217 is taken from sources too
numerous to reference. Inquiries regarding specific details should
be addressed to the Radiological Health Handbook Committee.
NOTE: Numbers may differ from ICRP Committee II Report. Those using
this information on Standard Man should be aware of the ef-
forts of the ICRP Subcommittee on Standard Man. Reports of
this Committee should be noted and pen and ink changes made
on pages 212 through 217, as necessary.
211
WEIGHTS OF ORGANS AND TISS49ES-OF STANDARD MAN
Mass Total Body

Tissue or Organ (grams) (_)
Adipose tissue 15000 • 21

Subcutaneous* 7500 Ii
Other separable* 5000 7.1
Interstitial 800 i.i
Yellow marrow (added with skeleton) 1700 2.4
Adrenals (2)* 14 0.02
Aorta* I00 0.14
Contents (blood)* 190 0.27
Blood 5500 7.8
Plasma 3200 4.6
Erythrocytes 2300 3.2
Blood vessels*
(not including aorta and pulmonary) 200 0.29
Cartilage 2000 2.9

Skeletal cartilage 1700 2.4
Non-skeletal cartilage* 300 0.43
Dense connective tissue 4000 5.7
Tendons and ligaments* 2000 2.9
Other connective tissue 2000 2.9
Eyes (2)* 15 0.02

Lenses (2) 0.5 --
Gall bladder* I0 0.01
Contents (bile)* 63 0.09
G.I. tract* 1200 1.7
Esophagus 50 0.07
Stomach 150 0.21
Intestine I000 1.4
Small 500 0.71
Upper large 250 0.36
Lower large 250 0.36
Contents of G.I. tract*
(food plus digestive fluids) I000 1.4
Hair* 20 0.03
Heart* 300 0.50

Kidneys (2)* 310 0.44
Larynx* 15 0.02
Liver* 1800 2.6
Lungs (2)* i000 1.4

Parenchyma 580 0.83
Pulmonary blood 480 0.61
Lymph nodes* 250 0.36
212
WEIGHT OF ORGANS AND TISSUES OF STANDARD MAN--Continued
Mass Total Body

Tissue or Organ (grams) (%)
Miscellaneous* (by difference) 590 0.84

Soft tissue (nasopharynx, etc.) 240 0.34
Fluids (synovial, pleural, etc.) 350 0.50
Muscle (skeletal)* 28000 40.0
Nails* I0 0.01
Nervous system - central

Brain* 1400 2.0
Spinal cord* 30 0.04
Contents - cerebrospinal fluid* 120 0.17
Pancreas* i00 0.14
Parathyroids (4)* 0.12 --

Pineal* 0.2 --
Pituitary* 0.6 --
Prostate* 16 0.023
Salivary glands (6)* 85 0.12

Skeleton* i0000 14
Bone 5000 7.2
Cortical 4000 5.7
Trabecular i000 i .4
Red marrow 1300 1.9
Yellow marrow 1700 2.4
Cartilage 1700 2.4
Blood 300 0.43
Skin* 4900 7.0

Epidermis 500 0.71
Dermis 4400 6.3
Hypodermis (see adipose tissue) 7500 --
Spleen* 180 0.26

Teeth* 46 0. 065
Testes (2)* 60 0.085
Thymus* 20 0. 028
Thyroid* 16 0.023
Tongue 70 0. i0
Tonsils (2)* 4 0.006

Trachea* 15 0. 021
Ureters (2)* 16 0.023

Urethra* 2 0. 003
Urinary bladder* 45 0.064

Contents (urine)* 102 0.14
Total Body 70000 i00
*Sum = total body (including the second column figures under "Mass" and "Total
Body") . 213
STANDARD MAN: TOTAL BODY CONTENT F0_ _0ME ELB_NT_
Element Amount (grams) Percent of

Total Body Element Amount (grams) Percent of
Total Body
Oxygen 43000 61 Bromine 0.20 0.00029
Carbon 16000 23 Lead 0.12 0.00017
Hydrogen 7000 i0 Copper 0.072 0.00010

Nitrogen 1800 2.6 Aluminum 0.061 0.00009
Calcium I000 1.4 Cadmium 0.050 0.00007
Phosphorus 720 1.0 Boron <0.048 0.00007
Sulfur 140 0.20 Barium 0.022 0.00003
Potassium 140 0.20 Tin <0.017 0.00002
Sodium I00 0.14 Manganese 0.012 0.00002

Chlorine 95 0.12 Nickel 0.010 0.00001
Magnesium 19 0.027 Gold <0.010 0.00001
Silicon 18 0.026 Molybdenum <0.Q093 0.00001

Iron 4.2 0.006 Chromium <0.0066 0.000009
Fluorine 2.6 0.0037 Cesium 0.0015 0.000002
Zinc 2.3 0.0033 Cobalt 0.0015 0.000002
Rubidium 0.32 0.00046 Uranium 0.0007 0.000001
Strontium 0.32 0.00046 Beryllium 0.000036 ....

Radium 3.1XIO -ll
,
214
SPECIFICATIONS FOR STANDARD MAN
Adult Adult Child Infant

Newborn
Man Woman I0 years I year
Weight (kg) 70 58 .... 3.4
Length (cm) 170 160 .... 50

Surface Area (cmm) 18000 16000 .... 2200
Specific Gravity 1.07 1.04 ......
Total Body Water (ml/kgW) 600 500 ......

Extracellular Water 260 200 ......
Intracel lular 340 300 ......
Total Blood Volume (ml) 5200 3900 ......

Red Cell Volume (ml) 2200 1350 ......
Plasma Volume (ml) 3050 2500 ......
Total Blood Weight (g) 5500 4100 ......

Red Cell Weight (g) 2400 1500 ......
Plasma Weight (g) 3100 2600 ......
Total Adipose Tissue (kg) 15 19 ......

Subcutaneous 7.5 13 ......
Sparable 5.0 4 ......
Yellow Marrow i. 7 1.4 ......
Interstitial 0.8 0.6 ......
Total Connective Tissue (g) 5100 4100 ......

Cartilage 2500 2000 ......
Tendons and Fascia 850 700 ......
Other 1700 1400 ......
Total Fat (kg) 13.5 15 ......

Nonessential 12 13.8 ......
Essential 1.5 1.2 ......
Hair (g) 20 300 ......
Nails (g) 3 3 ......
Skeletal Muscle (kg) 28 17 -- "- --
Total Skin (g) 4900 3500 ......

Epidermis 500 400 ......
Dermis 4400 3100 ......
Hypodermi s 7500 13000 ......
Resting Metabolic Rate 17 16 25 35 --

(cal/min-kg)
Oxygen Inhaled (g) 920 640 ......

Carbon Dioxide Exhaled (g) i000 700 ......
Total Lung Capacity (liters) 5.6 4.4 ......

Functional Residual 2.2 1.8 ......
Vital 4.3 3.3 ......
Dead Space 0.160 0.130 ......
Minute Volume (liters/min)
Resting 7.5 6.0 4.8 1.5 0.5
Light Activity 20 19 13 4.2 1.5
215
SPECIFICATIONS FOR STANDARD MAN--Continued

Newborn
Man Woman I0 years 1 year
Total Air Breathed (liters) 22800 21120 14784 4700 780

8 hr. working (light) 9600 9120 6240 3500 90
(10 hr) (1 hr)
8 hr. nonoccupational 9600 9120 6240 ....
8 hr. resting 3600 2880 2304 1200 690
(14 hr) (23 hr)
Dietary Intake (g)
Protein 95 66 ......
Carbohydrate 390 270 ......
Fat 120 85 ......
Water in Diet i000 700 ......
Water in Fluid 1700 1200 ......
Water in Oxidation 300 200 ......
Elements
Carbon 300 210 200 ....
Hydrogen 350 245 230 ....
Nitrogen 15 i0 i0 ....
Oxygen 2600 1800 1700 ....
Milk Consumption (ml/day) 300 200 ~470 ~i000 --
Fecal Components (g)

Weight 135 -- 85 24 --
Water 105 -- 66 19 --
Solids 30 -- 19 5 --
Ash 17 -- 6 I --
Fats 5 -- 4 3 --
Nitrogen 1.5 -- i 0.3 --
Other Substances 6.5 -- 8 0.7 --
Elements
Carbon 6.7 -- 4.2 1.2 --
Hydrogen 13 -- 8.6 2.5 --
Nitrogen 1.5 -- 1.0 0.3 --
Oxygen 98 -- 62 17 --
Urine (g)
Volume (ml) 1400 -- i000 450 --
Specific Gravity 1.001 ..... 1.002- --
1.030 1.019
Solids 60 -- 47 19 19
Urea 22 ........
"Sugars" I ........
Carbonates 2 ........
Elements
Nitrogen 15 -- II 5 --
Hydrogen 160 -- Ii0 50 --
Oxygen 1300 -- 970 420 --
Carbon 5 -- 3 0.5 --
216
SPECIFICATIONS FOR STANDARD MAN--Continued

Newborn
Man Woman i0 years 1 year
Water Balance (ml/day)

Total Gains 3000 2100 2000 ....
Fluid Intake 1950 1400 1400 ....
Milk 300 200 450 ....
Tap Water 150 i00 200 ....
Others 1500 Ii00 750 ....
In Food 700 450 400 ....
By Oxidation in Food 350 250 200 ....
Total Losses (ml/day) 3000 2100 2000 ....

Urine 1400 i000 i000 ....
Feces i00 80 70 ....
Insensible Loss 850 600 580 ....
Sweat 650 420 350 ....
217
SECTION IV
ELEMENTS IN _TABLE OF ISOTOPES"

(The numbers in parentheses refer to the Decay Scheme pages)
Element Sym. Z Page Element Sym. Z Page
Actinium Ac 89 ........ 365 Mercury Hg 80 ........ 347 (404)

Aluminum AI 13 ........ 237 Molybdenum Mo 42 ........ 272 (394)
Americium Am 95 ........ 373 Neodymium Nd 60 ........ 310
Antimony Sb 51 ........ 290 Neon Ne I0 ........ 235
Argon Ar 18 ........ 241 (384) Neptunium Np 93 ........ 371
Arsenic As 33 ........ 256 Neutron n 0 ........ 231
Astatine At 85 ........ 359 Nickel Ni 28 ........ 250 (389)
Barium Ba 56 ........ 303 (400) Niobium Nb 41 ........ 270 (393)
Berkelium Bk 97 ........ 376 Nitrogen N 7 ........ 233
Beryllium Be 4 ........ 232 Nobelium No 102 ........ 379
Bismuth Bi 83 ........ 354 (406) Osmium Os 76 ........ 339
Boron B 5 ........ 232 Oxygen O 8 ........ 234
Bromine Br 35 ........ 259 Palladium Pd 46 ........ 279
Cadmium Cd 48 ........ 283 Phosphorus P 15 ........ 238 (383)
Calcium Ca 20 ........ 243 (385) Platinum Pt 78 ........ 343
Californium Cf 98 ........ 376 Plutonium Pun 94 ........ 372 (409)
Carbon C 6 ........ 233 (382) Polonium Po 84 ........ 356 (406)
Cerium Ce 58 ........ 307 (401) Potassium K 19 ........ 241 (384)
Cesium Cs 55 ........ 301 (399) Praseodymium Pr 59 ........ 309 (402)
Chlorine CI 17 ........ 240 Promethium Pm 61 ........ 312
Chromium Cr 24 ........ 246 (386) Protactinium Pa 91 ........ 368 (408)
Cobalt Co 27 ........ 249 (388) Radium Ra 88 ........ 364 (406)
Copper Cu 29 ........ 251 (390) Radon Rn 86 ........ 361 (406)
Curium Cm 96 ........ 374 Rhenium Re 75 ........ 337
Dysprosium Dy 66 ........ 321 Rhodium Rh 45 ........ 277
Einsteinium Es 99 ........ 377 Rubidium Rb 37 ........ 263 (391)
Erbium Er 68 ........ 325 Ruthenium Ru 44 ........ 276 (395)
Europium Eu 63 ...... .. 315 Samarium Sm 62 ........ 313
Fermium Fm i00 ........ 378 Scandium Sc 21 ........ 244
Fluorine F 9 ........ 235 Selenium Se 34 ........ 257
Francium Fr 87 ........ 363 Silicon Si 14 ........ 238
Gadolinium Gd 64 ........ 317 Silver Ag 47 ........ 281
Gallium Ga 31 ......... 253 Sodium Na ii ........ 236 (382)
Germanium Ge 32 ........ 254 Strontium Sr 38 ........ 265 (392)
Gold Au 79 ........ 345 (405) Sulfur S 16 ........ 239 (384)
Hafnium Hf 72 ........ 332 Tantalum Ta 73.. ...... 334
Helium He 2 ........ 231 Technetium Tc 43 ........ 274
Holmium Ho 67 ........ 322 Tellurium Te 52 ........ 293
Hydrogen H i ........ 231 (382) Terbium Tb 65 ........ 318
Indium In 49 ........ 285 (396) Thallium TI 81 ........ 350
Iodine I 53 ........ 297 (396) Thorium Th 90 ........ 366 (408)
Iridium Ir 77 ........ 340 (403) Thulium Tm 69 ........ 326
Iron Fe 26 ........ 248 (386) Tin Sn 50 ......... 288
Krypton Kr 36 ........ 261 (391) Titanium Ti 22 ........ 245
Kurchatovlum* Ku 104 ........ 380 Uranium U 92 ........ 369 (407)
Lanthanum La 57 ........ 306 (400) Vanadium V 23 ........ 245
Lawrencium Lr 103 ........ 380 Wol framt W 74 ........ 335
Lead Pb 82 ........ 352 (406) Xenon Xe 54 ......... 299 (398)
Lithium Li 3 ........ 231 Ytterbium Yb 70 ........ 328
Luteclum Lu 71 ........ 330 Yttrium Y 39 ........ 267 (392)
Magnesium Mg 12 ........ 236 Zinc Zn 30 ........ 252 (390)
Manganese Mn 25 ........ 247 (386) Zirconium Zr 40 ........ 269 (393)
Mendelevium Md I01 ........ 379
* Suggested name.
t Also called tungsten.
Table of Isotopes
The material in this section is taken from the book,

"Table of Isotopes," by C. M. Lederer, J. M. Hollander,
and I. Perlman, 6th edition, published by John Wiley and
Sons, Inc., New York, 1967.
Table I is an exact reproduction of Table I of the

above publication. The bibliography referred to is not
reproduced here.
Table II, as presented here, consists of specially

selected decay schemes.
Permission to reproduce this material was given to the

U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare by the
authors and the publishers, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
This permission is gratefully acknowledged. Further
reproduction without permission of the authors and/6r
publishers is prohibited.
(
t
Introduction
TABLE I. RADIOISOTOPE DATA
This table displays all radioactive and stable nuclei An exception is made for those heavy nuclei that
arranged according to atomic number with increasing have measurable spontaneous-fission rates. The appro-
mass number for each element. The criterion for the priate spontaneous-fission half-life is listed in Column
selection of data on each radioactive isotope has been 2 and designated by the symbol tl/z(SF). In a number
that of identifying it in terms of its rate and mode of of cases no radioactivity has been observed, although
decay, principal radiations, and how it is prepared, sought, and the lower limit of the half-life is listed
The data are arranged in six columns, each of which for the mode of decay looked for (/3 _/3 decay,/3/3
receives comment below. _ simultaneous emission of two /3 particles, EC
electron capture, a _ _ decay).
Note on references. References to the original pub- If there is no special designation after the listed
lications are coded according to the first author and half-life, it may be assumed that the determination
the year of publication. Example: the symbol AagP57 was made by direct decay measurement. (For the very
permits the appropriate journal reference to be found short lifetimes the timing is done electronically rather
readily in the alphabetical listing in the bibliography, than mechanically.) For indirect half-life determina-
If the reader is already familiar with the work, he will tions, the methods are described by the following
recognize this symbol as referring to a 1957 paper of symbols:
P. Aagard and co-workers, sp act (+ mass spect) Determination of disintegration
rate of a sample containing a known weight of the
Column 1-Isotope. The symbols here give the iso- active substance (mass spectographic analysis of the
topic assignments in usual form. Stable or long-lived sample to correct for other isotopes present).
naturally occurring isotopes are indicated by under- genet Decay of parent substance, followed by the periodic
lining. The superscript m following the mass number removal of a decay product which can be measured.
refers to a metastable, or isomeric, state which has a (genet _ genetic relation).
sufficiently long half-life to be investigated indepen- yield Measurement of radioactivity from a sample eon-
dently from its ground state. Likewise, the designa- taining a number of atoms calculated according to
tions ml and m._,refer to several metastable states of the expected yield of the reaction by which it was
a nucleus. When it is not established which of several produced.
est In a few instances (a emitters) the half-lives are esti-
isomers is the ground state, each isomer is referred to mated fi'om the energies of the measured radiations.
by the same symbol without the m; for example, Eu a_° delay coinc Several isotopes are short-lived products of
( 12.6 h ) and Eu 15°( _5 y ). longer lived parents. Those whose half-lives are in the
Generally, isomeric states are included in Table I millisecond range or shorter were measured by re-
if their half-lives exceed _1 s; exceptions are made cording the time-interval distribution between the
for a few chemically or genetically identified isomers emissions from the parent substance and the daugh-
of somewhat shorter half-life. The half-lives of many ter product.
short-lived excited states have been measured because Column 3-Type of decay. Because many classes of
of their importance to nuclear structure. They are not data are included in this column, the entry denoting
listed in Table I as isomeric states but can be found in type of decay is preceded by the special symbol for
Table II, under the listing of the ground state of the radiation, _" . When the mode of decay is enclosed
appropriate isotope, in square brackets, that mode is inferred or assumed,
The historical names for the naturally occurring ac- not directly measured. When independent modes of
tivities Th '-'a-",U 2'_5,U -03s,and their descendents are decay have been measured, the branching ratios are
given in Column 1 beneath the isotopic assignment, entered as percentages. Symbols used are
Column 2-Half-life. An attempt has been made to /3 Negative/3-particle (negatron) emission

list the most accurate value first, usually inferred from /3+ Positive/3-particle (positron) emission
the stated precision. Unless otherwise stated, the value EC Orbital electron capture
a Alpha-particle emission
listed is the total half-life, which is the entity measured IT Isomeric transition (decay from an excited recta-
when the decay is followed. When a nucleus has more stable state to a lower state)
than one mode of decay, the percentage of each mode SF Spontaneous fission. Listings are made here only if
is given in Column 3. the branching is about 1_ or more. For others the
222 TABLE I. RADIOISOTOPE DATA
partial half-lives for spontaneous fission are entered Our symbol _c refers to that part of the capture
in Column 2. reaction in which fission does not result. Unless other-
n Neutron emission from excited states promptly fol- wise stated, (re applies to the (n, ,/) reaction. For some
lowing /3 decay to those levels. Entry is made in light nuclei the principal reaction with thermal neu-
conjunction with the/3 emitter, trons may be (n, p) or some other reaction. Wherever
p Proton emission from excited states promptly fol- such a reaction is referred to, it is so indicated.
lowing /3 decay to those levels. Entry is made in
conjunction with the/3 emitter. Column 4-class; identification; genetic relationships.
Class. The degree of certainty of each isotopic assign-
Wherever experimenters have searched for and
ment is indicated by a letter according to the following
failed to find a particular mode of decay, the indica-
code:
tion is, for example, "no /3 limits are
given but no limits predicted from theory. Limits of A Element and mass number certain
detection in cases in which no radioactivity has been B Element certain and mass number probable
observed are listed in Column 2 in terms of a lower C Element probable and mass number certain or prob-
able
limit on the half-life. D Element certain but mass number not well established
Among the a emitters in the heavy element region E Element probable and mass number not well estab-
closed decay cycles may almost always be employed lished
to determine whether a nucleus is /3 stable without F Insufficient evidence
resort to specific experimental evidence. Those that G Probably in error.
are known to be/3 stable are designated by the entry These "'ratings" should not be read as levels of con-
t3 stable (cons energy) to indicate that the principle of fidence in the experiments but rather as an indication
conservation of energy underlies the calculations, of the limitations of the experiments as they relate
Percent abundance. The isotopic abundances listed isotopic assignments to the radioactive properties dis-
are on an "atom percent" basis and refer to the ele- cerned. In some instances a simple cross bombardment
ments as they exist in the earth's crust. Some of the (production of an isotope in two or more ways) results
light elements have variations in composition outside in an unambiguous assignment. In others much more
the accuracy of determination. For these elements elaborate experiments are insufficient. Among the fac-
ranges are given with references to the publications in tors that can limit the certainty of an assignment based
which the variations are discussed. Particular values on its means of production are targets of mixed iso-
are also given for some specific sources of the speci- topic composition, low cross sections, the possibility
mens analyzed, of isomerism, similarity of properties to other isotopes,
Isotopic mass. The atomic masses of all species and absence of knowledge of neighboring isotopes.
measured by mass spectrometry or calculated from Identification. The means by which the isotopic as-
reaction energies are entered in the form of the mass signments were established are tabulated next. In gen-
excess,/k (_M-A); the unified mass scale (/k (C 12) = eral, several references are combined, and among
0) is employed. It will be notecl that these mass excess them the first refers to the discovery of the isotope
values are in units of million electron volts. Most of (except for classical natural radioactivities). Indica-
the data were taken from the compilation of Mattauch, tion of the experimental methods used in making the
Theile, and Wapstra (MTW), which should be con- various assignments may be had from the following
sulted for the accuracy attached to them. The experi- symbols:
mental decay energies of radioactive species on which
many of their masses are based may be found as Q chem Chemical separations establishing the chemical
identity (atomic number) of the isotope.
values on the decay schemes in Table II. genet Established decay relationship (by chemical or
Cross sections. It is not possible to list all known other means) with another isotope whose mass as-
reaction cross sections in a table such as this, but values signment is known.
are given for the neutron-capture reaction (_) and excit Refers broadly to energy considerations in the pro-
for neutron-induced fission (crt) in units of 10 -24 cm 2 duction of the isotope, some of which are
(barns). Most of the cross sections shown are taken (1) excitation-function or yield experiments to estab-
from a compilation by D. T. Goldman and M.D. lish the nuclear reaction which produced the
Goldberg (GoldmDT64) and refer to neutrons with isotope;
velocity 2200 meters/see. The reader is cautioned to (2) limitation of products formed by limiting the
energy of bombarding particles;
note that many nuclei have strong resonances in the (3) making use of a calculated Q value;
epithermal region, and because "thermal" reactors con- (4) in a few instances use of fission-yield data to
tain epithermal neutrons in the irradiation positions limit mass assignments.
the effective cross sections for certain nuclei can be cross bomb Arrival at an assignment by producing the
larger than those indicated here. isotope in different ways.
J
TABLE I. RADIOISOTOPE DATA 223
n-capt Key evidence supplied by production with slow is also indicated. Thus the notation "/3- 1.176 max (7_),
neutrons from which it is usually inferred that the 0.514 max" means that there is a continuous spectrum
(n, 7)reaction was observed, with endpoint 1.176 MeV and 7_ intensity, but the
sep isotopes The use of target elements enriched or de- major portion of the/3- spectrum (which may be com-
pleted in a particular isotope.
mass spect Mass number determined by mass spectrom- posed of one or more beta groups) has an endpoint
etry. energy of 0.514 MeV. Decay products can often give
decay charac Identification of predicted decay properties rise to radiations that soon become prominent, and
such as decay energy or energy-level pattern, this is indicated by the notation "daughter radiations
genet energy levels Energy levels of daughter nucleus from..." so that the reader will look up the radiations
agree with those from decay of another isotope whose that arise from these sources. The data in this column
isotopic assignment and mode of decay are known are derived from the references listed in Table II.
or with levels observed in nuclear reactions. Quantities enclosed in square brackets are calculated
atomic level spacing Atomic number of decay product or inferred, not measured.
established by measuring
differences between the characteristic
internal-conversion electronenergy
lines The term "major radiations," as used here, requires
from a particular 7 transition converted in different some explanation. In each of the three general cate-
shells, gories of radiation, a particles, /3 particles and elec-
critical abs Identification of the atomic number of the trons, and 7 rays and X-rays, we have listed the most
decay product by critical absorption of X-rays accom- prominent radiations, even though they may be of
panying the decay process, relatively low intensity. For example, with an a emitter
may be listed a 7 ray of only 10-5_ intensity relative to
Genetic relationships. Below the designation of how the a intensity if that 7 ray is the most intense in its
the isotope was identified are listed specifically those energy range. Conversion electrons are listed accord-
genetic (or parent-daughter) relations established by ing to the actual energies of the electron lines and not
chemical or physical separation and radiochemical, in terms of the transitions that give rise to the lines.
characterization of the daughter atoms. Among other The intensities of radiations when expressed as per-
things, this list also gives the reader some warning that centages without other qualifications refer to percent-
radiations from decay products may be present with ages of the total decay events. Another way of ex-
those from the parent, pressing relative intensities is also sometimes employed.
A number following the dagger ( _ ) symbol is the rela-
Column 5-Major radiations. The purpose of this tive intensity for the particular mode of decay beside
list is to acquaint the reader at a glance with the prin- which the _ appears.
cipal radiations associated with each isotope. The ra- The terms "doublet" and "complex" are used to in-
diations shown will often be sufficient to identify the dicate 7 rays which would be unresolved or incom-
isotope. Because it is the purpose here to delineate pletely resolved by instruments of moderately low
what is actually seen when a particular isotope is resolving power such as scintillators. It is not indicated
encountered, the X-rays and annihilation radiation when an electron line is complex. Because of conver-
(0.511-MeV 7 rays from the annihilation of positrons, sion in different atomic shells and subshells, many of
designated by the symbol 7-+-), are indicated if they the electron lines listed in Column 5 are complex.
are prominent in the electromagnetic spectrum. If The reader is referred to Table II for a more de-
essentially all the decays proceed by positron emission, tailed account of radiations accompanying the decay
the notation 0.511 (200_, 7-+-) will appear. (Several of each isotope and for references to the original liter-
per cent of the positrons annihilate in flight, which ature.
means that a corresponding number of photons will
not have 0.511 MeV energy.) The notation "L X-rays" Column 6-principal means of production. The
is used only when K X-rays are absent or very weak. methods for producing each isotope selected for in-
Similarly, conversion electrons are listed, if they are clusion here are those that have given the highest yield
prominent in the electron spectrum. Auger electrons and those that permit greatest isotopic purity. These
(electrons emitted in the de-excitation of atomic levels) listings will serve principally as references to the orig-
are not listed explicitly; they will always accompany ina] literature in which important aspects of the prep-
the emission of X-rays. Continuous /3- or /3+ spectra arations such as experimental conditions, yields, and
are usually represented by the endpoint of the highest purity of product are discussed.
energy beta group followed by the notation "max." The methods fall into three main categories. For
When the highest energy group is of low intensity, so ordinary nuclear reactions in which a target isotope is
that a spectrometer of low resolving power (such as a bombarded with charged particles or neutrons the
scintillator) would also detect the presence of a con- usual system of abbreviations is employed. For exam-
tinuous spectrum with a lower endpoint energy, this pie, to make Pu 23r,the reaction Np 23r (d, 2n) appears;
22i, TABLE II. DETAILED NUCLEAR LEVEL PROPERTIES
this means that Np 23Tis the target, deuterons (d) are ent. Such an isotope is indicated as the daughter of
the projectiles, and two neutrons (2n) are emitted, another. Finally, with the advent of very high fluxes
When the target material is not isotopically pure, the of neutrons it has become possible to prepare isotopes
experimenter must be concerned with radioactive sub- by the successive capture of neutrons (with interven-
stances produced from other components of the target, ing/3- decay in some cases). Such preparations have
A second category of production consists of the separa- been designated by "multiple n-capt from -," where
tion of the isotope in question from a radioactive par- the dash refers to the starting material.
TABLE II. DETAILED NUCLEAR LEVEL PROPERTIES
This section gives the type of information on nuclear that is entered. Stable or long-lived naturally occurring
states and transitions between these states familiar to isotopes are indicated by underlining, as in Table I.
nuclear spectroscopists. The tabulations are concerned Spins and moments. The line immediately below the
with measurements; the diagrams are interpretations designation of the isotope gives the spin and nuclear
in the form of the familiar decay schemes and energy moments of the ground state. Most of these values are
levels, taken from the recent compilation by I. Lindgren
The general policy adopted for the entries made on (Lindg164). A number of moments have been mea-
the decay schemes is that they be based on direct ex- sured for excited states and are given where the par-
perimental information. Spin and parity assignments ticular state is listed. The spins and parities of excited
based wholly, or in large part, on the expectations states deduced from detailed examination of decay
from nuclear models have been avoided. Unobserved processes and similar other information will be found
transitions that should be presenthave been omitted, on the decay schemes and not among these tabulated
A few exceptions to these conventions will be found; data.
for example, an obvious assignment of a state as a All magnetic dipole moments have been corrected
member of an otherwise well-characterized rotational for the diamagnetic effect. Unless otherwise stated, the
band may be entered, spectroscopic electric quadrupole moments have not
Similarly, information that can be calculated on the been corrected for polarization of the atomic electron
basis of a model has not been entered; for example, shells (Sternheimer effect). The use of "_" with the
intensities of competing _/rays. Some useful numbers magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments in-
that do not depend on models do appear; for example, dicates that the signs are unknown.
log ft values for/3 decay and hindrance factors for a The symbols used to designate spins and moments
decay. In some cases we have shown calculated values are the following:
for electron capture branching or 13+ branching when I Mechanical or spin moment in units of h'.
only one has been measured. The calculated mode t_ Magnetic dipole moment in units of nuclear magnetons
appears in square brackets. In general, brackets en-
close information that may be inferred or calculated e_/2Mpc
without recourse to detailed models, with the proton magnetic moment positive in sign.
The bulk of the information contained here (except q Electric quadrupole moment in units of 10 -_' cm2 with
for the lightest elements) comes from the study of usual convention of sign for prolate (+) and oblate
radioactive decay processes. Increasingly, however, in- ( - ) charge symmetry.
formation is arriving from direct "in-beam" experi- f_ Magnetic octupole moment in units of nuclear mag-
ments involving inelastic and elastic scattering, Cou- netons × 10 -_ cm _.
lomb excitation, and nuclear reactions generally. The Experimental methods are described as follows:
problem was how much of this information to include atomic spect Hyperfine structure of optical spectra (in-
in the present compilation. Rather arbitrarily it was cludes both line and band spectra).
decided to include only those levels at energies below atomic beam Atomic or molecular beam magnetic reso-
the decay energy of the observed neighboring isobars, nance (includes both the determination of hyperfine
structure and the direct determination of moments by
double resonance or other methods.
A. TABULATED DATA NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance.
ESR Electron spin resonance (includes electron-nuclear
Designation of state and its half-life. The isotopic double resonance).
designation appears at the heading for each entry with quad res Quadrupole resonance.
the total (measured) half-life for the ground state in microwave Microwave absorption.
parentheses. When separate entries are made for meta- rotation _/3/(#) Rotation of angular distribution pattern
stable (isomeric) states, it is the half-life of that state in a magnetic or electric field.
......... _ --
TABLE II. DETAILED NUCLEAR LEVEL PROPERTIES 225
nucl alignment Static (low-temperature) nuclear orienta- The absolute scale of intensities adopted considers
tion detected by anisotropy of the nuclear radiations, all primary decay events as 100_;. An entry such as
nucl induction Dynamic (resonance) nuclear orientation ),_ 0.067 (), 7_;) means that the transition of 0.067 MeV,
detected by anisotropy of the nuclear radiations, designated ),_ has seven unconverted photons for each
M6ssbauer M6ssbauer effect. 100 decay events of the parent. The symbol 3' preced-
opt pump Optical pumping, ing 7_ emphasizes that it is the photon of transition 7s
opt double res Optical double resonance, under consideration. The same form of symbolism may
Radiations emitted. The radiations are separated ac- be used for conversion electrons, which for the K and
cording to type: fl-, fl+, ),, a, p, n, SF. The emission Lz lines might read: 3'3 0.067 (K 0.8_) and 3,8 0.067
of protons (p) and neutrons (n), and in a few cases (L_0.4_). When conversion coefficients are known, we
particles, occurs not from the parent substance but have not used a separate symbol for photons and
follows promptly a fl-decay event. The relationship is electrons but rather have symbolized the definition;
shown on the decay scheme. The energies of the radia- for example, 7_ 0.067 (3' 7_;, eK/)' 0.11 ); or )'3 0.067 (3'
tions are shown in boldfaced characters. 7_;, eK/), 0.11, K/Lx2) to show also a particular subshell
fl groups. When there is more than one fl group, conversion ratio.
they are numbered with subscripts so that correspond- The symbol f is used to signal that the numbers
ing entries from different authors may be compared which follow in the same entry express relative inten-
directly. The intensities followed by the _ symbol are sities. (An entry begins with a line indented to the
absolute percentages of the total decay and should add left and ends with a reference or references. ) In many
to 100. In some instances in which branched decay cases we have renormalized the intensity scale used
occurs, or in which it is not certain that all of the fl in the original paper to give more convenient numbers
groups have been identified, intensities have been re- or to facilitate comparison of different measurements.
ported as relative values for the groups identified. Such A series of 3' rays may appear as follows: 71 0.669
entries are symbolized with a number preceded by a (tv9),),., 0.962 (_v7), "),_1.42 (iv0.9). This means that
dagger (_). In cases of branched decay the fraction the ratios of )'-ray (photon)intensities 3'x/),J3,3 have
going by each mode will be found on the decay the values 9/7/0.9. If a conversion coefficient is known,
schelne and in Table I. The symbols used to describe it is generally entered in the parentheses in which the
the experimental methods for determining fl energy relative intensity of the 3'ray appears.
and intensity are as follows: Relative intensities of conversion electrons, if on the
mag spect Magnetic deflection (magnetic spectrometer same scale as the 3' rays, are also entered with the
or a counter employing a magnetic field), appropriate dagger sign; for example, _K. When 3' rays
scint spect Pulse-height analysis with a solid or liquid and conversion electrons are not normalized to each
scintillation detector, other, a double dagger (_) is used for one of them.
semicond spect Pulse-height analysis with a semicon- For example, _/3 (_,/7), 3'_ (t_l), 3'_ (_A-10), 3'6 (*K5)
ductor detector, means that )'3 is seven times as intense as 3', and K(w)
ion ch Pulse-height analysis with an ionization chamber is twice as intense as K(,/6) but implies no relation be-
or proportional counter, tween the K-electron and )'-ray intensities.
abs Absorption methods. With deference to compactness, the methods by
cl ch Cloud chamber with magnetic deflection, which the -/-ray transition energies and intensities of
fl), coinc
form offl-spectrometer
and )'-coincidence
on one ormeasurement
both sides. with some radiations were determined have been grouped before
the author reference or references. Those familiar with
), rays. When there is branched decay and it is data and methods of nuclear spectroscopy will usually
known which )' rays accompany each mode, this is known how the indicated methods were employed.
stated. The ), rays are often numbered for convenience Certain coincidence methods used to establish se-
in comparing entries from different authors. The ener- quences of events necessary for deriving the decay
gies (listed in boldfaced characters) pertain to transi- schemes are also called to the attention of the reader.
tion energies, even though conversion electrons may Specific coincidence results are omitted from the data
have been measured. They are listed in ascending except when the coincidence relations implied are
order of energy, irrespective of how they may fit into not shown on the decay scheme. The symbols em-
the decay scheme, ployed have the following meanings:
A concise system for indicating intensities of radia-
tions involved in 7-ray transitions is difficult to arrive mag spect conv Measurement of internal conversion elec-
trons with a magnetic spectrometer or spectrograph.
at because most experiments are not directed toward mag spect Measurement of secondary (photo-, Compton)
absolute determination. The reader is urged to give electrons as above.
particular attention to the following description of the scint spect Pulse-height analysis with a solid or liquid
symbols employed: scintillation detector.
226 TABLE II. DETAILED NUCLEAR LEVEL PROPERTIES
scint spect conv Pulse-height analysis (conversion elec- mag spect Magnetic defection with photographic or
tron) with a solid or liquid scintillation detector, counter detection.
sum scint spect Measurement of scintillation spectrum at semicond spect Pulse-height analysis with a semiconduc-
close geometry to emphasize sums of coincident `/rays. tor detector.
3 cryst pair spect Pulse-height analysis employing a 3- ion ch Pulse-height analysis with an ionization chamber
crystal pair spectrometer with scintillation detectors, or proportional counter.
semicond spect Pulse-height analysis with a semicon- a3/coinc Coincidences between a particles and `/rays of
ductor detector, selected energy. Usually a-particle energies measured
semicond spect conv Pulse-height analysis (conversion with semiconductor counters (similar entries are
electron) with a semiconductor detector, made for coincidences with conversion electrons).
3/3/sum coinc Measurement of the coincidence spectrum range emuls Measurement of the length of an a-particle
of two 3/rays whose total energy is a fixed sum. track in a photographic emulsion.
tryst spect Measurement by diffraction with a bent crys-
tal spectrometer. "Delayed" particles (p, n, a). In some cases these
coinc Study involving coincidences or absence of coin- particles are emitted promptly from an excited state
cidences (3/3/,/33/,3/e-, a3/, etc.) with counters and, in of a nucleus following/3 decay to that state. In cer-
some cases, spectrometers, tain light elements /3 decay leads to excited states
3/3/+-coinc Coincidence measurement between a-/-ray and in which a particles are unbound and are emitted
annihilation radiation (3/-+).Comparable symbols are
used for the measurement of other radiations in coin- promptly. Entries are made under the nucleus that
cidence with annihilation photons, emits the/_ particles. An exception is made in the ease
coinc abs Coincidence study using absorption techniques, of "long range a-particles" from the excited levels of
abs Absorption of,/rays. Po 21z and Po 214 following Bi 21_ and Bi 214 /3- decay.
abs conv Absorption of conversion electrons. These a groups are listed with the a data of the re-
abs sec Absorption of secondary electrons, spective polonium isotopes under the heading "long
cl ch recoil Observation of secondary electrons in a cloud range a's."
chamber with magnetic field. The methods of measuring the "delayed" protons
pair spect Magnetic analysis Of positron-electron pairs are similar to those used for a particles. For neutrons
produced in a thin radiator by 3/rays. the following are employed:
pair spect cony Magnetic analysis of positron-electron
pairs produced by internal pair conversion, p-recoil ion chamber Determination of neutron energies
Be (`/, n), D (`/, n), D (3/, p) Measurement of neutron or by measurement of the energies of elastically scattered
proton energies from these reactions, protons ha an ionization chamber.
time of fl Measurement of time-of-fight of neutrons in
A few rather specialized symbols are used occa- coincidence with fl particles.
recoil stint spect Measurement of scattered protons with
sionally with the 3/-ray data: e-+stands for pair conver- a scintillation detector.
sion, e,c conversion by emission of a positron with
simultaneous transfer of an electron into a vacant K Energies quoted for all particle radiations are those
orbit. _yr/_r is the ratio of two-quantum to single- of the emitted particles with no correction for the en-
quantum emission, ergy of the recoil nucleus.
a particles. Energies of a groups are given in bold- Angular distributions. Following the listing of radia-
faced characters, and in addition the group is desig- tions for each isotope is a list of references to measure-
nated by subscript according to the energy of the state ments of angular distributions between these radia-
(in kiloelectron volts) to which the a group leads, tions, denoted by the symbols /3_/ (0), a`/(O), 3'Y (0)
when known. For example, ao refers to the transition (includes gamma-gamma, gamma-conversion electron,
to theground state and a_l to a state at 51 keV. All a and conversion-conversion correlations), and so on.
energies are based on the Rytz standard, ao (Po 21°) = References to polarization measurements, for example,
5.305 MeV (RytA61a, RytA61, RytA60). This involves 3/`/pol_,.iz(0),/3-/po,_,.iz (0), are also given.
an upward adjustment of about 0.11g for most values Measured electron capture shell ratios and electron
from the Berkeley laboratory, as well as for all other capture/B + ratios are next listed for those nuclei that
values quoted before about 1961. For pure a emitters decay by electron capture (and positron emission).
intensities of the various groups are on an absolute The last listing for each isotope gives the half-lives
scale and are designated by the g sign. Intensities of and moments of excited states of that isotope. (When
a groups, when there is branched decay, are designated long-lived isomers of an isotope are listed as a sep-
with a f sign. In these cases the intensities are normal- arate entry half-lives and moments for short-lived
ized to a total a-particle intensity of 100. levels are listed along with the data for the ground
The methods for measuring energies and intensities state.) The means by which excited level moments
are as follows: were determined are included in the discussion under
TABLE II. DETAILED NUCLEAR LEVEL PROPERTIES 227
spins and moments. Methods of determining half-lives four units higher. If the , emitter is also /3 unstable,
are denoted as follows: the decay data pertinent to that mode will be found
delay coine Measurement of the time distribution interval on the diagram for the appropriate mass number.
between emissions of radiations which excite and de- Energy levels excited by nuclear scattering, strip-
excite a level, ping, or nuclear reactions generally are not dealt with
nucl res fluor Determination of a -/-ray half-life from the comprehensively in this compilation. In the first place,
resonant scattering cross section, a rather arbitrary cut-off was made in confining our
Coulomb excit Determination of a ,/-ray half-life from attention to states that lie at energies that could be
Coulomb excitation cross section, reached by/3 decay of the isobars. The rationale (such
Doppler broadening Determination of the half-life of a as it is) lies in emphasizing radioactive decay data in
y ray emitted from a moving nucleus by measuring this compilation but also in the presently valid gener-
the broadening or shifting of the y-ray line due to the alization that high-lying states have not had the same
Doppler
nuclear recoil effect,
Determination of the half-life of a radia- type of theoretical scrutiny as the states closer to the
tion emitted from a moving nucleus by measuring the ground state. (This generalization must be applied to
distance the nucleus moves before emitting the radia- a somewhat elastic energy scale which expands toward
tion (includes electrostatic method for determining lighter elements.) An omission more important than
the distance the recoil nucleus traveled), the energy cut-off is an explanation of how these states
hf deflection Determination of the delay between two were excited and de-excited and the relevance to the
conversion electron transitions by accelerating one or spins and/or parities assigned. In view of the rapid
both of the electrons in a high-frequency electric field evolution of the means and methods for doing nuclear
and measuring the resulting energy shifts, detecting spectroscopy by means of nuclear reactions, the in-
the two radiations in coincidence (see BlauA59, corporation of such data into "decay schemes" is
GerhT56a). rapidly becoming mandatory if they are to serve the
electron scattering Determination of a y-ray half-life
needs of nuclear spectroscopists.
fi'om the cross section for inelastic scattering of elec-
trons (Coulomb excitation with electrons). Levels excited by nuclear reactions. The limitations
in the entry of these levels have been mentioned in the
A few entries in Table II, which represent selection, preceding discussion. Such states may be found in the
normalization, and averaging of data from numerous level diagrams by noting that we have omitted 3' rays
papers on the same subject, have been designated which de-excite these levels, even though it is often
"compiled from (references) ... by LHP." As implied the _ transitions that establish the position and nature
by the reference, we are responsible for any abuse of of the states. In the present format this obvious deft-
the original data. ciency is compensated by the relatively greater ease
of seeing the data on radioactivity that still predom-
inate. The inset of references on each decay scheme
B. DECAY SCHEMES contains those in which the full details of the popula-
tion and interpretation of these levels will be found,
Note on re[erences. It is not possible to place on and in many cases the groupings of certain states with
each decay scheme references to all of the publications their spins and parities will permit the knowledgeable
that contributed data. The few references entered are reader to determine how the assignments were made
to those publications that either provided the decay without consulting the original work.
scheme in the form shown or supplemented an estab- Ground states. Ground states are indicated by a
lished series of levels and transitions with some new heavy line immediately above the isotopic assignment
ones. The reference NDS stands for Nuclear Data (in large characters). A somewhat lighter line is used
Sheets issued by Nuclear Data Group, Oak Ridge Na- to indicate those isomeric states for which there is a
tional Laboratory. No mention is made in the refer- separate entry in Tables I and II. Those ground states
ences that we have done some editing and piecing that are radioactive have their half-lives indicated near
together of data in almost' all of the decay schemes the line; the abbreviation for a unit of time makes un-
shown. In particular, information that the original necessary their placement in some standard position.
authors considered uncertain has been eliminated to An isotope that undergoes branched decay generally
give clarity to the remainder, has the percent of branching shown for each mode,
Scope of information. Each figure pertains to the but other decay information is given only for the mode
energy levels for a particular mass number. For /3- or modes pertinent to the mass number under con-
decay processes all data fit into the scheme in a natural sideration.
way because the mass number does not change. En- Energy levels in general. The horizontal lines that
ergy levels populated by a decay will, of course, be represent energy levels have the energies of excitation
conneCted with the a emitter which has a mass number entered above them in boldfaced characters near the
228 TABLE II. DETAILED NUCLEAR LEVEL PROPERTIES
right-hand extremity. Energies are in units of million shown on this diagram as a line above its isotopic
electron volts. The spins and parities are in similar assignment (in smaller characters than those used for
characters and similarly placed on the left. We have the mass A isotopes); a transitions are indicated by
not entered other descriptive quantum numbers even double-line arrows. The intensities are given as per-
when they have been well established, but members centages of the total a-decay events. Adjacent to the
of different rotational bands (for nuclei in the major intensity values are "hindrance factors" (italic char-
regions of nuclear deformation) are slightly displaced acters). Because the meaning of this term may not be
horizontally. Assignments appearing within paren- widely known, it is explained here. By means of a
theses are consistent with available information but single normalizing lifetime the half-life for the ground-
not determined uniquely. Sometimes when only two state transition of any even-even a emitter may be
choices are possible both are entered. Uncertain levels calculated rather accurately by using simple one-body
and transitions are indicated by dashed lines, s-decay theory. The hindrance factor for such a transi-
Half-lives of excited states are entered at either end tion is defined as unity. Almost all other transitions
of the level or, in a few cases, on the level, in large have half-lives longer than those given by this cal-
characters. The abbreviations have the following culation. The factor by which the actual half-life ex-
meanings: ms -- 10 -3 sec,/_s -- 10-6 sec, ns = 10 -9 sec, ceeds that calculated is termed the "hindrance factor."
ps = 10-12 sec. All hindrance factors given on the decay schemes were
Beta-decay processes. Q values for/3-decay modes calculated by Helen Michel (MicH66) from the one-
are entered where convenient below the isotopic sym- body spin-independent equations of Preston (PresM47);
bol. Those for /3 decay are designated Q__, whereas the reader is referred to these papers for details. They
for both positron decay and orbital electron capture serve a function similar to that of the log ft value for
they are given as Q_c. The latter designation elim- /3 decay in that further demands are placed on the
inates the ambiguity as to whether two electron masses theory to explain the relative retardation from some
have been added to the endpoint energy of the posi- adopted standard.
tron spectrum. Thus all Q values have their exact deft- Gamma-ray transitions. Special note should be taken
nition as the energy difference between the ground of the system employed for indicating intensities of
states of parent and daughter systems. Values given y-ray transitions (vertical lines). Because the array of
without other designation are based on decay data. Q energy levels will be populated differently by the dif-
values followed by the abbreviation calc were calcu- ferent radioactive modes that feed them, it is cumber-
lated from (a)masses established in a variety of ways, some to give intensities on a single diagram which
(b) closed decay cycles or decay-reaction cycles, or relate to decay events of each parent substance. The
(c) ratios of electron capture from different shells for intensities shown (numbers printed diagonally in light
EC decay or EC//3 + ratios. Those values followed by characters) are'relative values for the ,/-ray (photon)
the symbol est were estimated from theoretical con- de-excitation of the particular level above which they
siderations of a or/3 systematics, appear and sum to _100 for each level. Occasionally
The intensities of/3-,/3 electron-capture groups such numbers are calculated from conversion-electron
indicated near the arrows showing the transitions are intensities, which is then indicated by placing them
given as percentages of total transitions ($) or as rela- in parentheses. Absolute photon intensities of some
tive intensities ( _). To the right of the intensities are y rays in nuclei that can be fed only by one radioactive
shown the log ft values (italic characters). Tie lines parent are given to the left of the transition arrow with
to the transition arrows are used for clarity./3 branch- a $ sign. Intensities of y rays and conversion electrons
ings given are not necessarily directly measured. In expressed in other ways will be found in conjunction
fact, in a majority of cases they are inferred from y-ray with the parent substance in the tabular data accom-
and conversion-electron data. panying the decay schemes. Multipolarities of the
In some cases close-lying states are populated by/3 transitions are entered on the vertical to the left of
groups that cannot be resolved; the arrow then ter- the transition arrow or above the arrow, following the
minates at a bracket spanning these levels. An arrow energy.
that terminates away from all levels indicates that The energies of the y transitions are given in bold-
information is not available on the primary states faced characters beside the intensities or immediately
populated, above the arrows when no intensity data are listed.
Alpha decay. Q values represent the total a-decay Energies of the first excited state to ground-state tran-
energy which includes the recoil energy. The symbols sition are omitted. An asterisk following the energy of
calc and est have the same meaning as they have when a ,/ray signifies that coincidence work (usually) has
applied to/3 decay, k shown the existence of more than one ,/ ray of ap-
The decay scheme for an a emitter of mass A + 4 is proximately the same energy. Consequently, the reader
given along with the level diagram for mass A which should search for other ,/rays of that energy in the
includes the _ daughter. The a-emitting parent is level diagram.
Table I
Radioisotope data
Half-life - type of decay - isotopic abundance - atomic mass - neutron cross-
section (capture and fission) - class (assignment rating) - means of identifica-
tion - genetic relationships - major radiations - means of production
231
i
Typeof decay(_); Majorradiations: Principalmeans
%abun_lance; Massexcess Class;Identification; approximate
energies(MeV)
Isotope Half-life (_aM-A), MeV (C':=0); Genetic relationships of production
Z A Thermal neutron and intensities
cross section (O'), barns
I _i (ChadJ35, SneA50) A! recoil nuclei, conservation _ i 0.78 rnax fission, H3(d,¢),

On 11.7 m (SosA59, 15-
SosA58,
ProkY62) SosA59a, A i 8.0714 (MTW) ]] observation
of momentum of (n,(ChadJ32)
a) reaction i Be9(a'n)'
Be_(_/, H2(d'He3)
n) (photons from
IZrn (HameM56a) ]parent H I (SneAS0, RobsJS0) i electron generator)

12.8 rn (Robs351) ! i (FeaN32, HarkW33)
others (SneAS0) _ i
i
IHl _'i99.9852
i ; 99.9842Micbisan
water) (L_ke to
i 99.9877 (other sources i i
99.9849 to 99.9861
i (Kirl51)
&] i 7.2890 (MTW)
(BegF59a) i ii
' i
Crcl 0.332 (GoldmDT64) i i
Hz %i0.0148 (L_ke Michigan i ii

! water) ; 0.0123 to
0.0139 to 0.0151 (KirI51)

i (BegF59a)
4113.1359 (MTw)
Crci 0.0005
o oe,oo oo,,i
(GoldmDT64)
i i
H3 12.262 y genet _] _- (AIvL39, AIvLA0) Ai chern, sep isotopes, excit _ i 0.0186 max Li6(n, a) (ONeaR40)
(3onWM55) A 1 14.9500 (MTW) i (AIvL39, AIvL40) i a....0.0057ge _-calorimetric
energy: (PilW61)
12.46 y genet (JenkGS0) i ] 0.0055 calorimetric (PopM58)
12.6 y (PopM58) _rci <6.7 x 10 -6 (GoldmDTb4) i
others (JonWM51, _(absorption not possible) i others (GregD58)
NoviA47, AIvL39, i _/i no _/
AIvLA0, HugD48a, i
ONeaR40, CornR41) i ]i i H3(_ -)

%! 1.3 x 10 -4 (atmosphere) i !
i0 -5
1.7 x (wells) i
i (AIdLA6' C°°n349) i
41 14.9313 (MTW) i I
u_ %1.100
_r i (n' P) 5330 (G°IdrnDT64) !i :i ]
A 12.4248 (MTW) ]
_c] (total absorption) 0 i i
i
: (GoldrnDT 64) i ]
He 6 0.797 s (BieJ62) *t I _- (BjeT36b) A]. chem (BjeT36, BjeT36a) _-i 3.508 max Be9(n,BjeT36,a)(RusB55,PolA37,
0.799 s (K1iR54) A_ 17.598 (MTW) _/ ! no ¥
0.85 s (BornG62, (SomH46) SomH46, KnoW48,
VeeN56)
0.83 s (HerrmW58, i i PerezVS0) (ShelR52a)
LiT(¥,p)
A.IIeJS 59) !
0.86 s (MalmS62) i
0.82 s (HolrnZ49) ! i Cross bomb, excit, chern i!
others (SomH46, i i i
VenG52,
RusB55, ShelRSZa,
BattM 53, i !
PolA37, Dew352) !
i
He 8 0.122 s (PosA65a) _i J3- I00%, n 12% (PosA65a) BI chem, excit, cross bomb _. [9.7 max] protons on C, O
0.03 s (NefB63a) A 1 31.7 (Cer366a) j (PosA65) Y i 0.98 (88%) (PosA65a)

] daughter radiations from Li 8
i OrdKSS) i
i 7.29-7.42 (CamAE55) i
"i z4.o88 (MTw) : i
o" (n,a) 953 (GoldmDT64) i i
%i92.58(Om_58,Hi_55, ! :
OrdK55) _ i
A i 14.907 (MTW)
!92.58-92._1
erci 0.037 (Cam_-55) i
(GoldrnDT641
|
!
i i
232
Type of decay (_);
% abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; Major radiations: PrinCiffal means

Isotope Half-life (Z_-M-A), MeV (C':=0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV)
Z A I Thermal neutron and intensities of production
cross section (u), barns
i i _ "
3Li 8 0.841 s (KIiR54) %'i _-, 2a (LewisW37) AI excit (CranH35a) _-i 13 max Li7(n, ¥) (IrnhW59)
0.83 s (RalW51) :
0.88 s (BayD37, AI '20.946 (MTW) ! n-capt, sep isotopes,
(HugD47a) genet a i 1.6 (broad peak, with 2.90 level LiY(d,p) (CranH35a,
OglW47, ConnD59) i i i of Be 8) DelL35, FowW37,
0.85 s (ShelR5Za) i
0.87 s (BretP53) i ! BayD37, LewisW37,
others (HugD47a, i i HornW50, YafL50)
WinnM 54, BunbD53, i
NefB53a) i i ii
Li 9 0.176 s (DosI65) %'_i_-, n, [2a] (GardWS1, A i excit, cross bomb (GardW51) _ 13.61 max Be9(n,p) (A/buD63a)
0.168 s (GardW51, i HoltR5Z) i genet energy levels i

0.170 s (HoltR52) A i 24.97 (MTW)
a [0.05 (with ground state of Be8)] SchoR65)
others ( AlbuD63a,
NefB63a, SchoR65,
ShelR 52a, BendP55) { i
1 ReaD53) i _
i (AlbuD63a) n i 0.76 Beg(d, 2p) (GardWSl,
4Be 6 =0.4 s (TyrH54) _i (TyrH54) GI excit (TyrH54) protons on Li, Be

A:: 18.37 (MTW) i nucleus is particle-unstable (TyrH54)
: (AjzF59)
Be 7 53.6 d {KraJJ53a) J_i EC (RuraL38) Ai chem, e.... bomb, excit _/i 0.477 (10.3%) Li6(d,n) (RuraL38,
52.9 d (SegE49a) A !15.769 (MTW) i (RuraL38) i RobeR38, Zlol4Z)
53.1 d (EnglJ65) : i
53.0 d (Robe J59, _ri (n, p) 54, 000 : i B10(p, a) (RobeR38,
53.5 d (WriH57) i clZ(He 3, Za) (EnglJ65)
Be9 BouR56, BouR47) %i i 100

(GoldmDT
(NierA37a)
64) i
:i i MaiH39)
_i 11.351(MTW) i !
_rci 0.009 (GoldrnDT64) i ]
i i
J
Be 10 12.5x
mass 106yspact+
spect _i_- (MMilE46) Aichem (MMilE46) _-i0.555ma x Beg(n,_) (HugD47,
(MMilE47) A 12.607 (MTW) i chem, mass spect AlbuDS0, BellPS0c)
ii2.9 x 106 y yield i i (PierAK46) ¥i n°¥ Beg(d, p)(MMilE_46,

LeviJ47)
(HugD47) :: i i
Be II 13.6 s (WilkD59, %" i_- (AlbuD58c, WilkD59)

'
i
A! exeit, genet energy levels
i
_5-i 11.5 max Bll(n, p) (WilkD59,
I 14.1 s (NurM58a)
NefB63a' AlbuD58c) A [ 20.18 (MTW) i (AlbuD58c, WilkD59) ¥ i2.14 (32%), 4.67 (2.1%), 5.85 AlbuD58c)
] : i (Z.4%), 6.79 (4.4%), 7.99
' :: i (1.7"/,)
i
Be 12 0.0114 s (PosA65) i%" ![_-], n (PosA65) Ci cross bomb (PosA65)
A i25 (PosA65, MTW) ii F19 Nag3 ' /%127' O16
i i (PosA65)
i protons on 018, N 15,
5B8 0.77 s (MattE64) %" i_+, 2a (AIvL50) Ai excit, cross bomb (AIvL50) _+i [14.0 max] Li6(He3, n) (DunnK58,
0.78 s (DunnK58)
others (ShelR5Za) A i22.923 (MTW) i a i 1.6 (broad peak, with 2.90 level MattE64)
of Be 8)
i i ¥ ii[0"511 (Z00%' ¥±)]

B 10
% i 19.6-19.8 (NewD59) i i
119.58 (ShiuV55)
ii 19.3
18.45-18.98
(BentP58) (ThodH48) i i
A i 12.052 (MTW)
• i (n, a) 3837 (GoldmDT64)
B 11
Z
% !80.2-80.4 (NewD59)
$
i
l !80.42 (ShiuV55) i
I i80.0 (LehW59) i i
!81.02-81.55 (ThodH48)
is 6677(MTW)
_c 10.005 (GoldmDT64)
i i81.7 (BentP58)
!
i i
B 12 0.0203 s (FishT63, %a i_-- (CranH35) A{excit (CranH35, FowW36) l_-i 13.37max Bll(d,p) (CranH35,
0.0202
SchaA61)
s (PeteRW63) 113 AlbuD63,
:: 100%, 3a CookCW57,
1.5% i !¥ i4.43
" (1.3%) FowW36, BrolJ51)
0.0189 s (KreW59) : CookCW58) i a i 0.195 (1.5%), broad distribution
others (NorE 56, i
BretP53, Je1348a, Ai13.370 (MTW) ! i to =3 MeV

BrolJ51, CookB 56, i i
CookB57) i
i
i
i
i
'
i
i
233
Type of decay (a_);

Major radiations:
% abundance; Massexcess Class; Identification; approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
Isotope Half-llfe (_!M-A), MeV (C'=0); Genetic relationships of production
5BI3 0.0186 s (MarqA62) _!, _- (MarqA62) Bi excit (HubbE53, NorE56) _-i 13.44 max Bll(t ,p) (MarqA62)
: no n, lira 0.390 (PosA65) excit, genet energy levels
: ¥ 3.68 (7%)
_i 16.562 (MTW) (MarqA62)
6 c9 0.127 s (HardJ65a) eti[_+], p, [2¢] (HardJ65a) Bi excit, cross bomb p 8.2 (6090), I.I (4090), both peaks B10(p, Zn) (HardJ65a)
A i 29.0 (Cer366) (HardJ65a) broad Bll(p, 3n) (HardJ65a)
¢ [0.05, 1.6 (broad peak, with 2.90
level of BeS)]
C 10 19.48 s (EarL62) _i _+ (SherrR491 A! chem, sep isotopes !_+." 1.87 max Bl0(p, n) (SherrR48,
19.3 s (BartiF63) i (SherrR48, SherrR49) ' SherrR49)
19.1 s (SherrR49) A 15.66 (MTW) r¥ 0.511 (200%, ¥±), 0.717 (100%),
i i.o23 (1.7%)
E
C 11 20.34 m (KavT04) _ _+ 99+%, EC(K) 0.19% AI excit (CranH34) i_+.'

I i 0.97 max Bll(p, n) (BarkW39)
20.4 m (FolK62, (ScoJ57a) i chem, excit (BarkW39) i i
SmiJ41) A 10.648 (MTW) *_Yi 0.511 (200%, ¥±) B10(p'Y)BarkW39)(CranH34a'
20.5m (SolA41,
PerlmM48, !, i Bl0(d,n) (CocJ35,
ChrlsD50) i i YosD35, FowW36)
20. I m (ArnS58) 1 i NI4(p,¢) (BarkW39)
?.0.3 m (MartiW52) ! i
others (KunD53,
PoolM52, SiegK44a, ! !
DicksJ51, PatJ65) ! !
CIZ % 98.89_ (limestone CO2)

(NierA50)
ffcl 0.0034 (GoldmDT64)
C 13 % 1 1.108 (limestone COz)

(NierAS0)
A !3.125 (MTW)
O'ci 0.0009 (GoldrnDT64)
C 14 5730y (GodH62) _tlJ3- (KameM40) A i chem, cross bomb, excit !_- 0.156 max_ Nl4(n,p) (RubeS41,
5745 y (HugE64, A i 3.0138 (MTW) (RubeS41) average {3 energy: LibWS5)
MannWB61) 0.045 calorimetric (JenkG52)
5680 y (O1si62) ¥ no ¥
5568 y (LibW55)
(all values by sp act)
others (WarD61,
EngeAS0, JonWM49,
MilIWW 50, IvlanoG 5I,
HawR4 9, ReidA46,
HawR48, NorL48,
YafL48a, CaswR54)
i
C 15 2.5 s (NeIJB64) _ i_- (HudES0) AI excit0 sep isotopes (HudE50) !_-' 9.82 max (32°70), 4.51 max (6890) cl4(d,p) (HudE50,
Z. Z5 s (DouR56) genet energy levels HudES0a, A1buD59a)
2.4 s (HudE50a) _i9.873 (MTW) (WarbE65) Y 5.299 (68%)
C 16 0.74 s (HinS61a) _i[_-], n (HinS61a) Ci excit, decay charac C14(t,p) (HinS61a)

A i13.69 (MTW) (HinS61a) i
i
7NI_ 0.01095 s (FishT631 _ [3+, 3¢ (AlvLSOI Ai excit, sep isotopes (AlvL49al 1(,.4 max C12(p,n) (A1vL49a,
0.0110 s (PeteRW63) _+ 100%, 3a 3.0% ' _enet energy levels (MayT6Z, y 0.51i (20030, ¥±), 4.43 (2.4%) AlvLS0)
0.0125 s (AlvL49a) (MayT62, GlasN63) WilkD63a, GlasN63, ' ' B10(He3, n) (PeteRW63)
PeteRW63) ¢ i 0.195 (3%), broad distribution
A 17.36 (MTW) i to =3 MeV
N 13 9.96m (EbrT65, _ 3+ (CranH34) A exeit (CuriI34, CranH34) _+i l. Z0max Bl0(a,n) (CuriI34,
ArnS58, DanlH58, ElliC35, RideL37a)
DaniH5Wo) _ 5.345 (MTW) _ 0.511 (Z00%, Y*) CIZ(d,n) (CranH34,
10.05 m (FolK6Z, HafL35, YosD35,
BormM65, ChurJ53) I FowW36, CocJ35)
10.08 m (WilkD55) cl3(p° n) (AdaRE50)
9,93 m (WardAG39a) ! cl2(p, ¥) (HalL35,

CocJ35)
r
N 14 % i.99.635 (NierAS0) ii
A i 2.8637 (MTW) i* i
_r i (n, p) 1.81 (GoldmDT64) i
, i
1 :
I i I i
234
Type of decay ( _,a ); t
% abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; Major radiations:

Isotope Half-life (/k---M-A), MeV (C"=0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
Z A Thermal neutron "and intensities of production
cross section (0"), barns
7N15 %i 0.365 (NierA50) i

-- i A i 0.100 (MTW) i :
I _ci 2.4 x 10 -5 {GoldmDT64) i i !

N 16 7.14 s (BieJ64) %'i [3- (LivM34a, FermE34) A:: excit (LivM34a, FermE34) _ 10.40 max {26%), 4.27 max iNl5(d, p) {AlbuD59a,
7.35 s (EIiiJ59, io.0.0006% (SegR61, i ¥i 2.75 (1%), 6.13 (69%), 7.11 (5%) FowW36)
7.16 s (GrayP65a) ::a0.0012% (KauW61} a! 1.7
BIeE47) i SegR61b) i O16{n, p) (ChanW37,
7.227"31
sS(
Pin162)(MalmS62} i 0.0003% (AlbuD6 i) _ !: BIeE47)
i others (MartiHC54, Ai 5.685 (MTW) : Fl9(n,u)
FermE34, {LivM34a,
NahM 36,
: :: } PolA37)
NelJB 64, SomH46, : i
CrePA65) i i ] Nl5(n' Y) (Pin162)
N 17 4.16 s (Dos165) %" _-, n (KnaK48) A I chem, cross bomb (AIvL49, [3-."
8.68 max (1.6%), 7.81 max Nl5(t,p) (SilM64)
4.14 s (KnaK48) : KnaK48, ChupW48) i (2.6_0), 4.1 max (95_0)
4.15 s (StepW51) A i 7.87 (MTW) cl4{a, p) (StepW51)
i Y::0.87 (3To), 2.19 (0.5%) ol7(n,p) (CharR49)
i nl 0.40 (45%), 1.21 (45%), 1.81
i :, (5_.)
N 18 0.63 s (ChasL64) %" _- (ChasL64) A i sep isotopes, genet energy [3 :;9.4 max ol8(n,p) (ChasL64)
A i 13.1 (ChasL64, MTW) : levels (ChasL64) ¥!i 0.82 (59%), 1.65 (59%), 1.98
i (I00% ), 2.47 (41%)
i i
8O13 0.0087 s (hdPheR65a) %_i[_+], p (MPheR65a) Ci excit, genet energy levels P !i6.40 (_ I00), 6.97 (_ 24) Nl4(p, 2n) (MPheR65a)
_1231<Cer_6) i (MPheR65a,
SartoR63) i
i
0 14 70.91 s (HendD61) %_i_ + (SherrR49) A I chem, excit {SherrR49) _+i 4.12 max (0.62o), 1.811 max Nl4{p,n) (SherrR49)
I 71.0 s (BardR62) ! genet energy levels
71.3 s {FrickG63) AI 8.0080 (MTW) i (99°/°)
others {BardR60, Y 0.511 (200_0, Y+), Z.31Z (99_o)
(SherrR53) i
GerhJ54, SherrR4 9, i
BromD57a, KuaH64a) : : i
i
I : "
0 15 123 s (NelJW63) ,._i_+ (LivM34) A:: chem, excit (LivM34, _+! I.74 max Nl4{d, n) (LivM34,
124 s (PenJ57, KIiR54,

FolK62) A i 2.860 (MTW) : excit
:: MMilE35a)
(FowW36, KinL39a) Y i' 0.511 (200°/o, ym) MMilE35a,
BrowH50) FowW36,
1125 s (CsiJ63a) : i :
! others (PerezV49, :: : Nl4(p, Y) {DubL38,
[ BashS 55, KisO57, : DuncD51)
! MMilE35a, BotW39, i i : O16(He3,_) {WarbE65)
DuncD51, VasiSS63a) i i ] cl2(=,n) (KinL39a,
i
! i :
i
i
! VasiSS63a)
°i---6
I %i99.759
(air
02)
: (NierA50) !i i
O 16/0 18 variation <4% i
i (ThodH4 9, Kam eM46) i i

A i-4.7366 (MTW) ::
i O-ci 0.00018 (GoldmDT64) :
O 17 °/oi0.037 (air O2) {

i : i
: (NierA50) !
zxi-o.8o8(MTW/
_i (n, a) 0.24 (GoldmDT64) i
i :
O18 %1 0.204 {air O2) i
I ! (NierA50)
[ i
zxi-0.7824(MTW) i : I
_rcl 0.00021 (GoldmDT64) ',
0 19 129.1 s (MalmS62) ,._

"ii_- (Mars J43) AI excit (NahM36) _-i 4.60 max O18(n, Y) (MarsJ43,
29.4 s (FulH44)
27.2 (BottoM65) A[ ,3.333 (MTW) ! n-capt
i {Mars J43) Y:: 0.197 (97%), 1.37 (59%) SerL47b, SerL46)
27.0 s (BleE47a) i ol8(d,p) (AlbuD59a)
0_° 148(S_haG60) °¢i[_-]

(S_h_G60) IBI_ep
isotop
......
it,
genet_-i
[2.75
max] O18(t,
p)(SchaG601
A i 3.80 (MTW) i (SchaG60) Y I 1.06 (100%)
i
: parent F 20 (SchaG60) i daughter radiations from F 20
" i
] i
i i
235
Type of decay (_);

approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
Isotope Half.life (A•M-A),
Thermal MeV (C'_=0);
neutron Genetic relationships of production
Z A [ [ and intensities
cross section (a), barns
] _ I i
_1_ 66.6.(^._.) v!¢ (_._) _!c.o••bomb
(Werl., !_!1.74
_a_ ol6(d,n)
(_o_5,
66 s (KoesL54, A i 1.957 (MTW) i ElliC34a) Y i 0.511 (200%, Y±) FowW36, PerezV50b)
WonCS4a) _ i chem, excit (NewH35, i N14(a, n) (WerL34,
otherSNewH35,(WarrJ54,PerexVS0b,
i i HaxO35, Dub138) i ElliC34a. Ride L37a)
Horsg52, PerlmM48, ! !
DubL38, HestR 58, i i

VaslSS6Zc} i ! i
F 18 109.7 m (Mah$64) _il3 + 97%. EC 3% (DreR56) A ii chem,

chem (SneA37a) _. 0.635 max : O18(p.n) (DubL38)
109.9 m (EbrT65) sep isotopes, excit
others (BendW58, A i 0.872 (MTW) (DubL38) _¥ i O X-rays, 0. 511 (194%, ¥±) O16(t, n) (MahJ64)
HofrnI64,
CarlC59, BegK63,
BlasJ49. ! i :i ol6(He3, 2n)p) (BormM65)
gl9(n. (MahJ64)
SarN55, BottoM65, i F19(d,t) (KriR41)
HubeO43,
PerlmM48, DubL38.
Krig41, i i Ne20(d ' a) (SneA37a)
Sne^37a) i i !
!
,.i100(A•tF20)
A ! -1.486
(MTW)
i i
"clO.OLO
(_l_OT.) i i ip
F 20 11.56 • (MaimS62) 'tl/3- (CranH35a) AI excit (CranH35, FowW36, 13-i 5.41 max FI9(n,Y) (SerLA7b,
11.4 • (GIiS63) i NahM36} [ ' GliS63, NahM36)
11.2 • (SchaG60) Ai-0.012 (MTW) [¥i 1.63 (100%) F19(d, p) ( CranH35a,
10.7 s (SnoSS0) i i daughter 020 (SchaG60) i
others (CranH35a, i i ] i: FowW36, •no•S0,
VasiSS59) I i Je1250, NemYS0)
i i
F 7-1 4.35 a (ForJ65) "t'il3- (KieP63) AI cross bomb (CamE52) 13 i 5.4 max [ O18(a,p) (ForJ65)
4.6 s (KieP63) Ai-0.05 (MTW) i genet energy levels (KieP63) ¥! 0.350 (f 100), 1.38 (r 13) [ glg(t,p) (KieP63,
5 • (CamES2) i i:i :i: ;I! HorvP64, HinS62,

SilM61a)
i i : i
F 22 4.0 s (VauF65a) "t i _- (VauF65a) B I sep isotopes, genet energy II3-i 11 max NeZZ(n, p)
'_ (VauF65a)
_i i4 (VauF65a, MTW_ ii levels (VauF65a) ¥ i1.28 (100%), 2.06 (67%)
i : i i i
10Ne 17 0.10 s (h4PheR64) *ti[13+], p (MPheR64, B! excit, genet .... gy levels pi4.59 Fl9(p, 3n) (MPheR64)
i BartoR63) i (MPheR64, BartoR63) i
A i 33.9 (MPheR64, MTW)
i : I ! i
Ne 17 0.69 s (DAurJ641 _i[O+], p (DAurJ64) Gi ..... bomb (DAurJ64) [ i i
i (EstR66) ! i i
i ! activity not observed I i !
] _i_ + (GowJ54) B iI excit, cross bomb (GowJ54) f_+ 3.42max i Fl9(p, 2n) (GowJ54)
Ne 18 1.5FrickG63)
• (ButlJW61a,
1.6 • (GowJ54) ZXi5.319 (MTW) ! ¥ i 0.511 (200°]0, Y±), 1.04 (7%) ol6(He3, n) (FrickG63)
i i ' : i
Ne 19 17.4 s (EarL62, _'il5 + (WhiM39) AI cross bomb, excit (WhiM39) il3+ 2.2Z max , F19(p,n) (WhiM39,
17.7
AlleJS59)
• (PenJ57) AI: 1.752 (MTW) !i ! ¥ i 0.511 (200%, _i) ,! BlasJ51b, SchrGS2)
18.6 s (Bla•JSlb) : i
18.5 ss (SchrG52) i ii i i
18.3 (AlfWP57)
18.2 s (SherrR49) i i :! 'I
others
NahM (W_._39,
54c, WalIR60, i i :
i i
;
VastSS64) i i
: I i I
Ne20 %1 90.92 (NierA50a) i t
variation• in Ne20/Ne 21 i
and
.e20/.e
22" i i I
i (WetG54) i i
_i-T°42(MTW) i
%i 0.257 (NierAS0a) 1 !
_i-5730(MTw) i i
%18.82 (NierAS0a) ,
_ci 0.04 (GoldmDT641 il

A i -8"025 (]_TW) i i '
: I : i
i i i i
i I ;
236
Tyofdey [ i
% abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; approximate energies (McV) ]
Isotope Half-life (Z_sM-A), MeV (C'_=0); Genetic relationships of production
Z A Thermal neutron Major radiations:
and intensities iI Principal means
cross section (0"), barns i
37.6 s (PenJ57) _i [5- (PolE40) A! excit (AmaE35) 13-i 4.38 max i Ne22(n' Y) (LancH65)
10Ne23 37.5 s (AlleJS59, A!-5.148 (MTW) i chem (BjeT37, PolA37) [ Yi 0.439 (33%), 1.64 (0.9%) ! Ne22(d,p) (PolE40,
38.0• (NurM58)
40.2
BurmRL59)
s (BrowH50a) i i I i INaZ3(n,p)
BrowH50a, (AmaE35,
PerezVS0a
others (HubeO44, ! i [ ! i NahM36, PolA37,

RidlB58, AmaE35, ! i J i i BjeT37, CarlT63)
BjeT37) i i I i I
Ne 24 3.38 m (Dron56) ¢i ! 15- (DroBS6) Bi i chem, genet (DroB56) /3- i 1.99 max i Ne22(t ' P) (DroB56)
[ Ai -5.95 (MTW) ancestor Na 24, parent Na 24m Yi 0.472 (100%, with Na24m), 0.88 I
daughter radiations from Na 24
' I _ 1
11Na 20 0.39 s (]viacfR64a, _! [5 (AlvL50, A! excit (AlvL50) I_ [11.4 max] Ne20(p,n) (AIvLS0)
BirgA52a) _ ShelR51) i excit, cross bomb Yi [0.511 (200%, ¥±), 1.63] CI2(BI0,2n),
0.23 s (ShelRSl) A 1 7.0 (PehR65b) (MacfR64a) : , CI2(B II 3n)
i (_ 21) (MacfRb4a)
0.25 s (AIvL50) i i daughter Mg 20 (MacfR64a) ! ai 2.14 (T I00), 2.49 (f 5) 4.44 .
i i i i
Na 21 23.0 s (ArnS58) *ttlp + (PolE40) Ai excit (CreEC40c) !_: 2.52 max Mg24(p,a) (BradHu48)
21.6 s (WalIR60) Ai--2.19 (MTW) i !¥! 0.350 (2.3%) 0.511 (200%, Y") Ne20(p,Y) (BrosK47)
23 s (CreEC40c) i Ne20(d, n) (PolE40)
22.8 s (SchrG52)
!
E
i
i
i
*
Na 22 2.62y (WyaE6l) _!f_+ 90.6%, EC 9.4% Ai chem, excit (FrieO35) ]0_ 1.820 max (0.05%), O. 545max Fl9(ct, n) (FrlsO35,
2.60 y (LasL49) _+ 90%, EC 10% i 1.275 (100%) ' Mg24(d, ct) (LasL37,
others (SahN39) (Koni558c, Sherrg54) i ] A1buD49)

_+89%, EC11%
(A11eR55, KreW54a, i I
z_i-5.182(MTW)
Na23 %1i 100HageH57)

(SamM36a, WhiF56) i i I
A i:-0.40
_ci 9. 528
(to (MTW)Na24rn
} i i
0.53 (to Na 24 + byproduction

production direct i
: i ]i
i via Na 24m) : i
! (GoldmDT64) i i
Na 24 14.96 h (CamP58) _il3- (LawE35) Ai chem, excit (FerrnE34, _-! 4.17max (0.003%), 1.389rnax Na23(n,Y) (ArosE35,
14.95 h (WolfG60) AI -8.418 (MTW) i LawE35) [ i (100%) SerLATb)
JozE61, MonaJ62) i descendant Ne 24 (DroB56) Y i 1.369 (I00%), 2.754 (I00%)

14.97 h (LocE53)
15.06 h (SreJ51)
15.10 h (Cob$50) i :
15.05
15.04 h
h (WyaE61,
(SolA50) i ii ii
o_er, (P0,_59, i! i :
LovG60, SinWSl,
WilsR49, ForS 52,
14.90 h (TobJ55) ! i i
WriH57) i i '! ii
Na 24m 0.0203 s (AlexKF63) *tl IT, 13- (DroB56) Ai genet (DroB56) _'i 6 max daughter Ne 24 (DroB56)
others
0.0199 s(G1agV61,
(SchaA61) A i -7.945 (LHP, MTW) i n-capt (FetP62a) ¥ i 0.472 Na23(n, Y) (CamE59,
AlexKF60, CamE59, i i daughter Ne 24 (DroBS6) AlexKF60)
GlagV59, VroB56) i !] Na23(d,p) (SchaA6l)
Na 25 60 s (RieW44, Iwe$55, _i _- (HubeO43b) AI excit (HubeO43b) [3- i 3.83 max Mg25(n, p) (HubeO43b,
NahM 56) ; BleE47a)
61 s (HubeO44) A -9.36 (MTW) ii genet energy levels (MaeD55) y i 0.39 (14%), 0.58 (14Y0), 0.98
62 s (PerlmM48, i ! i (15%), 1.61 (6%)

BaldG46)
Na 26 1.04 s (NurM58) _i_- (NurM58) BI excit (NurM58) 13-i 6.7 max MgZ6(n,p) (NurMS8,
1.03 s (RobiE61) A I -7.7 (lvITW) i genet(RobiE61)energy

levels Y i. 1.82 (I00%) RobiE61)
! i i
12 2g° 06. (ac 6,a, ( ao64., gene* i e20onA127
(Mac6.a,
A i 16pehgbSb)(MacfR64a, ]parent Na 20 (Macfl_64a) i
Mg 21 0.121 s (MPheR65)
z
_![13+], p (MPheR65,
i
C i excit, cross bomb (MPheR65,
i
p i 3.3, 3.8, 4.58, 6. I4 Na23(p, 3n) (MPheR65)
i BartoR63) _ BartoR63) !
A i 10"9 (MPheR65' MTW) i i
_, m. i • ._ •
237
Type of decay (aRe);
% abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; Maior radiations:

Isotope Half-life (/keM-A), MeV (C'_=0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
Z A Thermal neutron and intensities of production
cross section (09, barns
Mg zz 0.13 s (TyrH54) • _! gl excit (TyrH54) ! protons on Mg (TyrH54)

(o*_A1"31 A!-0.38(CerJ66a) i i
Mg 23 12.1 s (MihM58) %ai _ AI excit, cross bomb (WhiM39) _+_ 3.03 max Na23 (p, n) (WhiM39,
11.9 s (WallR60, AI-5.472 (MTW) Yi 0.44 (9%) 0.511 (200%, Y+) DubiA0a)
12.3 s (BolFSI) i
11.6 s (WhiM39)
Mg24 %178.60(WhU48) _
178.8(WhiFS6)
A i -13.933 (MTW) i i I
_r i (total absorption) 0.03 i i I

i (GoldmVT 64) : i
! ii
MgZ5 %1 10.11 (WhiJ48) : :i !
i10.2 (WhiF56) : [
/'i -n.191 (MTW) :i i
_r i (total absorption) 0.3 i i i
i (GoldmDT 64) i i ',
%i 11.29 (WhiJ48) i [
111.1,WhiF56) i ] i
_i-16214(MTW) ii : l
_rci0.027 (GoldmDT64) !
! : i
i I
1%4g27 9.46 m (PouA59) %ai [3- (HendM35) A! chem, excit (AmaE35, _-i 1.75 max Mg16(n, Y) (AmaE35,
9.51 m (DaniH53) : i HendM35) : SerL47b)
9.45 m (SazgB53) A i -14.583 (lVITW) i Y i 0.18 (0.7%), 0.84 (70%), 1.013
9.39m (LocE53) erc!<0.030 (GoldmDT64) { ] i (30%)
9.5m ( ElliJ59, i i ! I
BonaG64) I :: I
9.6m (EklS43, ForSSZ. i i ' i
SalS65) i ! [
others ( CriE39, i i
r
HendM 35)
J ! i
MgZ8 I : _i MgZ6(t, p) (IweJ53,

Zl.Z h (LindnM53) *#i [3- (LindnM53, ShelR53) A::chem, genet (Lindn/v153, _ ::0.46max I k4idR64b)
,?.1.3 h (ShelR53) A I -15.02 (MTW) ! ShelR53) le-i 0.030
2-1.8h (IweJ53) parent A128 (LindnM53, MgZ6(a, 2p) (WapA53c,
ZZ.l h (3onJW53) [ Y 0.031 (96070), 0.40 (30%) 0.95
Z0.8 h (MarqL53) i i ShelR53) L (30%), 1.35 (70%) ' I ShelR53, ShelR54)

21.4 h (WapA53c) daughter radiations from A128 i
13A123 0.13 s (TyrH54) _i

i Fi excit (TyrH54) i
' protons on Mg (TyrH54)
(or Mg 2Z) A i-0.38 (CerJ66a) :: i

' i i I
AlZ4 I Z, 10 s (GlasN53) _!13

i . =10-2%
=
AI excit, decay cbarac
:i 8.5 max , MgZ4(p,n) (BirgA52,
Z.0s (BrecS54) i (G1asN55) [ (BirgA52) IY" 0.511 (200°/o, ,+), 1.368, 2.754, [ BrecS54, GlasN53)
Z.3s (BirgASZ) Ai-0.1 (MTW) i 4.2, 5.3, 7.1
= !
7.1 s (ArnS58) Ai-8.93 (MTW) i (BradHu48) Y i0.511 (200%, Y+) ArnS58, MullT58a)
BradHu48)
7.3 s (WallR60, i i MgZS(p, n) (BradHu48)
7.6 s (HunS54a,
ChurJ53) i i
i I
A126 7.4x 105y spact %ai_ EC 15% AI chem, decay charac _+!i1.17 max Mg26(p,n) (HandT55a)
+ mass spect i (RigR59) [ (SimaJ54)
(RigR58) A]-IZ.Zll (MTW) i them, cross bomb, mass Y MgX-rays, 0.511 (170%, Y+), MgZ5(d,n) (RigR59,
8x 105y spaet i
: speot (RigR58) i 1.12 (4%), 1.81 (100°70) siZ8(d,
FergJ58)
a) (LaulV155)
others (RigR57) i {
spect {FishP58) i
A126m 6.37 s (FreeJ65, %_i _+ (FrisO34) AI exeit (FrisO34) _+i 3.21 max INa23(a, n) (FrisO34,
[ Free362a) Ai-11.98Z (LHP, MTW) i c .... bomb (HubeO43, MagC37)
6.28 s (MullT58a) Y i 0.511 (200%, Y_)
6.74 s (blihMS8) i i BradHu48)
6.5 s (KatzL51a, _ i
6.7 s (HunS54a, ! i
HasR54,
Chur353)
others ArnS 58)
(FrickG63, i i i
Whl/v139, AllaH48, ,! i
PerlmM48, WafH48) i :: :
; ; J !
238
Type of decay (a_);

Major radiations:
% abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
Isotope A
Z Half.life (_EM-A),
Thermal MeV (C"=0);
neutron Genetic relationships and intensities of production
cross section C0'), barns
13A127
i
% i 100 (BalK50, WhiF561
'
i
i
Ai -17.196(MTW) i i
Crci 0.235 (GoldmDT64) i
i i
A128 2.31 m (Eiii359, _i_-(MMilE35) A]ch. .... xcit (Curi134b, _'i 2.85 max AIZT(n,_/) (AmaE35,
MalmS62) A i -16.855 (MTW) i CurLI34a, _'ermE34) -_/ i 1.780 (100%) SerL47b, OrsA49,
2.27
2.30 mm (BarthR53b)
(EklS43) i i chem, cross bomb (ArosE35) :i HumVSl, MotH5Za)
other s ( CohAV56, [ ! daughter ME 28 (LindnM 53, : daughter Mg 28
SzaA48, IweJ53, i i ShelR53) i (LindnM53, ShelR53)
! F1orJ62) { i i
i
A129 6.6 m (SelL49) _i_-: (BetH39) A] excit, cross bomb (BetH39) _-i: 2.40 max Mg26(a, P) (EIIiC36,
6.7 m (BetH39) : : ' BetH39, HendW39,
6.4 m (HendW39) Ai--18.22 (MTW) i _/ 1.28 (94%) 2.43 (6%)
others
IweJ53)
(MeyA37,
E i i
i
' SelL49)
3 s (PeeE63) A! -17.2 (MTW)

ii (RobiE61b) 2.23
_ i[i.27(39%)(46%1], (61%), 3.51 PeeE63)
i
i i i
,
A130 72s (PeeE63) _!IT (?) (PeeE63) Cich ..... pisotopes (PeeE63) _/12.23,
i 3.51 Si30(n,p) (PeeE63)
i i
A i4.0 (MPheR65, MTW) I
i ! i
Si 26 2.1 s (FrickG63, *t i_ + (RobiE60, C i excit (RobiE60) _+i 3.83 max Mg 24 (He 3, n) (RobiE60,
RobiE60) i FrickG63) i ¥ i 0.511 (200%, ¥±), 0.82 (34%) FrickG63)
i daughter radiations from A126m

1.7 s (TyrH54) A i _7.13 (MTW) i
Si 27
4.14 s (MihM58, _ i0'
•
(MCreR40) A i
I excit (KueG39)
'
3.85 max A/27 p,e n)
MCreR40,
(KueG39,
BarkW40a,
4.22 s (Bub165) A -12.386 (MTW) "/ 10.511 (200%, ¥±) Cass351)
4.45 s (SureR53)
4. I s (Wa11R60,
Hurts 54, VasLS$60a)
others (ElliD4 la,
] Wafl-I48, BoIFSI) :i i
Si2,..8 % 192.18 (Reyn3"H53)

_92.27 (BaiK50)
i
_r i (total absorption) 0.08
A I -21.490 (MTW) i
i ( GoldmDT 64)
%i4.71 i
14.68 (BalK50) !
" _A ii (total
-21.894 absorption)
(MTW) 0.3 !
i (GoldrnDT64) i
(Reyn3H53) i
Si 30 i
% 13.12
_3.05
(Reyn3H53)
(BalKS0}
i
i
'
:l
i
_ i-24.439(MTW)
11 (GoldmDT64)
_ci°" i
Si 31 2.62h (CicJ38, _i_- (NewH352) Ain-capt (AmaE35) 3- I 1.48 max Si30(n,¥) (ArosE35,
chem, excit (NewH35a) SerLATo)
2.65WenASl'h
(MotH52)VVriLS2) A 1-22.96 (MTW) i: ¥ 11"26
i (0.07%)
i
!2. 59 h (LusE50) ; i
i others (NewH37, i i
i
E
i[ AlleW40, ForS 52) i: i "i

Si 32 =650 y yield (GeiD62) _ !_- (Lindnlv153) A i chem, genet (LindnM53, _-i 0.21 max Si30(t,p) (GeiD62)
!
=710 y yield
others (TurA53,(LindnM53)
RoyL57)
.on. i
TurA54, BrodR64)
¥ _no Y
daughter radiations from p32

.o,oo.
BrodR64)
15 p28 0.28 s (GlasN55) *_ i_ +, no a (GlasN55, B iexcit, decay charac _+i II.0 max sIZ8(p, n) (GlasN55,
0.29 s (BrecS54) : GlasN53, BrecS54) i (GlasN53, BrecS54) ¥ i0.511 (200%, _/±), 1.780 (75%), BrecS54, TyrH54)
0.27s (TyrH54) Ai-7.7 (MTW) i
6
] 2.6, 4.44 (I0%), 4.9, 6.1, 6.7,
i 7.0, 7.6 (5%)
i / i ,
_ _ -_ -- _ , . .... _-.
239
Type of decay (_); Major radiations:
Isotope Half-life (AiM-A), MeV (C'==0); Genetic relationships of production

Z A [ Thermal neutron and intensities
cross section (Or), barns
4.45 s (RoderH55, i! _+ (Whi}v141) A ii excit (WhiM41) _+i 3.95 max Si28(d, n) (RoderH55_
15P29 RoderH53) i -16.95 (MTW) :i genet energy levels Y 0.511 (200%, _,:k), 1.28 (0.8%),
4.2 (Wa11R60) (RoderH55)
4.655 (WhLM41) ] 2.43 (0.20/0)
abundance; Massexcess i Class; Identification; approximate energies (MeV) Principal means

• :
p30 2.50 m (MDonW63) _ i[5+ (CurLI34) A iexcit {CurLI34, FrisO34) [5 3.24 max A127(a, n) (FrisO34,
2.49m (EbrT65) A ;i-20.20 (MTW) ¥ 0.511 (2000/0, ¥±), 2.23 (0.50/0) CuriI34, RideL372)
2.51 m {ArnS58) $32(d, a) (VasiSS62c,
2.55 m (KoesL54) SagR36)
others {RideL37a,
VasiSS62c, FrickG63, Si29(p, ¥) (BotW39,
BaskK52, CicJ38) BaldG46, PerlmM48)
p3l 0/01100 (AstF20, ZerL54)

A i -24.438 (MTW)
_rc! 0.19
i {GoldmDT64)
p32 14.28 d {MaraP61) _ i[5- {LymE37) A i chem, n-capt {AmaE35) 1.710 max p31(n, ¥) {SerL4To)
14.22 d (AndeO57)
14.30 d (CacB38, A -24.303 (MTW) i daughter Si 32 (LindnM53, average [5 energy: (SagR36)
HovV62) (AmaE35)
14.58 d (RobeJ59) i 0.70 ion ch (CaswR52,
BayJS0) i TufA54, BrodR64) 0.69 calorimetric (ShimN56a, S32(n, P)
14.60 d (SinW51) i_ : [5-" BrabJ53) $34(d, a)
14.50d _LocE53_ :i I' I
14.35 d (KlemE48) : 1
others (MuldV40)
i (ShelRSla) _-:
p33 24.4 d (NicR54) _ i[5- (JensE52, ShelR51a) Ai chem, cross bomb i 0.248 max $33(n, p) (ShelR5la,
25.2 d (FogI60) A -26.335 (MTW) Jensg52, WestT52,
24.8 d (JensE52) Y i n° ¥ NicR54, FogI60)
ShelR51a)
25 d (WestT52, _ i C137(y, a) (Shelg51a)
p34 12.4
12.7 ss (BIeE46)
(CorkJ40a) "PIP- (ZunW45) B i'chem,
exclt (CorkJ40a)
excit, cross bomb l[3-i 5. I max C137(n,
HubeO45,a) (ZunW45,
BIeE46,
(B1eE46) ScaR58)
$34(n, p) (CorkJ40a,
12.5 s (ScaR58) A -24.8 (MTW) _/ 2.13 (25%), 4.0 (0.20/0)
I ZunW45, B1eE46)
16S 29 10.19 s (HardJ64) _ [_+], p (HardJ64) Ciexcit, cross bomb (HardJ64) p 3.73, 5.40 p31(p, 3n) (HardJ64)
A
-2.9 (HardJ64, MTW)
S 30 1.4 s (FrickG63, _ i[5+ (RobiE61a) C ! exclt, genet energy levels [5+i 5.09 max (20%), 4.42 max (80%) Si28(He 3, n) (RobiE61a,
RobiE61a) A i-14.09 (MTW) i (RobiE61a) _/ i0.511 (2000/0, _), 0.687 (80%) FrickG63)
J i daughter radiations from p30
S 31 2.72 s (MihM58) *_ i[5+ (WhLM41) A exclt, cross bomb (WhiM41, [5+14.42 max p31(p,n) (WhLM41)
2.66 s {HasR52) ElliD41a) y , Si28
2.61 s (LindeKH60) A -18.99 (MTW) 0.511 (200%, _:_) 1.27 (I.1%) (a,n) (ElliD41,
2.6 s (Wa11R60, ElliD41a, KinLA0)
NelJW63, MElhJ4 9)
2.4 s (HunS54)
other s { EIIID4 In,
WhiM4 I, BolF51,
VasiSS63)
S 32 0/0 !95.0 (BradP56)

95.018 (meteoritic
sulfur) (Macn,]'50a)
i terrestrial $32/834
variation S5% (TudA50)
$32/S 34 variation
(KUlJ56)
A -26.013 (MTW)
S 33 % 0.760 (BradP56)
0.750 {meteoritic
sulfur) {MacnJ50a)
A -26.583 (MTW)
S 34 0/014.22 (BradP56)
_4.215 {meteoritic
I sulhr) (MacnJ50a)
A ! -29. 934 (MTW)

l_rci 0.27 (GoldmDT641
I ,
240
Type of decay (a_);

Major radiations:
Isotope Half-life (/ksM-A), MeV (C_--0); Genetic relationships of production
cross section (0'), barns
" i i i
6S 35 87.9 d (FlyK65a) _i{3- (LibW39) A I chem, excit (AndeEB36a) {5- i 0.167 max S34(n,Y) (SerlAYb)
; 86.4 d (SelH58)
87.2 (CoopR59) A !-Z8.847 (MTW) i chem, cross bomb, excit i average 15- energy: C137(d, a) (KameM41)
89 d (WyaE61, CaliJ59) i sep isotopes (KameM42) i HovV64)

87 d
88 d (HendR43)
(LeviH40, Y i no
KameM41) i (KameM41) i
i 0.0488 calorimetric (ConnR 57,
others (SerlA?b, !
i :
CoolR39, MauW49, i
RudG52) i i
J
-- i0.017 (meteoritic
! sulfur) (MacnJ50a)
S 36 % i 0.014 (BradP56) ii i
A1-30.66(MTW)
"c i0.14
(GoldmDT64) i i
S375.045"07mm (BIeE46)(EIIiJ59) %_i_-

A (ZunW45)
1-27.0 (MTW) B I chem,(
ZunW45,excit'BleE46)cross
bomb [5 i 3.09
Y { 4.7 max (I0%),
(90%) 1.6 max (90%) $36(n, ¥)
C137(n, p) (BIeE46,
others (ScaR58) ! i i ZunW45, ScaR58)
S 38 Z.87h (NetD58) _i_- (NetD58) Bi them , genet (NetD58) _-i 3.0max (5%), l.lmax C137(a, 3p) (NetD58)
A i--Z6.8 (MTW) ! parent C138, not parent Y i 1.88 (95%)
i i C138m (NetD58) i daughter radiations from C138
17C132 0.306 s (GlasN53) %_!_+, a =0.01% (GlasN531 BI excit, genet energy levels 15+i 9.9max S32(p,n) (GlasN531
0.32 s (BrecS54) ' ! (GlasN53, GlasN55, '
0.28 s (TyrH54) AI-IZ 8 (MTW) i TyrH54) Y !I0.511 (7%),

_.Z9 (200%, 4.77
Y±), (14%)
Z.Z4 (70%),
others (LeiO56) i ]
C133 2.53 s (Mu11T58a) *ti_ + (WhLM41) Ai excit (HoaJ40, WhiM41) _+ 4.55 max S32(d,n) (HoaJ40,
2.9 s (Wa11R60) 1-21.01 (MTW) i Sche1A48)
2.4 s (WhiM41) A _10.511 (200%, ¥*), 2.9 (0.3%)
2.8 s (HoaJ40, i i ! $33(p, n) (WhiM41)
C134
others (VasiSS 62c,
BolF51, TyrH54)
1.56 s {FreeS65, _i_

i + (StahP53a, ArbW53) AI. genet (ArbW53, StahP53a) _+i 4.46 max daughter C134m
1.61 s (MihM58) A !-2445 (MTW) iexcit (FreeJ65) (ArbW53a)

JaneJ61) _/i 0.511 (200%, ¥±) p31(a,n) (JaneJ61)
1.53 s (KIiR54) idaughter C134m (ArbW53a)
ArbW 53a, ScaR58)
others (StahP53, i
C134m 31.99 m (EbrT65) %ai_+ ---50%,IT =5090 AI chem, excit (FrisO34, _+i 2.48 max p31(a,n) (FrisO34,
32.40
m (GreeD56) i (ArbW53,
StaheS3a) i SagR36) e-!
0.142 RideL37a,
BranH38)
33.2m (WafH48) A -Z4.31 (LHP, MTW) i parent C134 (ArbW53a) ¥i CiX-rays, 0.145 (4590), 0.511
33.0 m (PerlmM48) i (I00%, ¥±), 1.17 (12%), 2.12

others (ScaR58,
TohT60, SagR36, i (38%), 3.30 (12%)
BranH38) i daughter radiations from C134
CI 35
32.5 m (HinN52a) iii
% !75.53 (BoydA55) l E
C135/C137 variation
i <0.2%
i75"4 (NierA36)
(OweHS5) i
i 75.79 (ShieW6Z) i
A i -29.015 (MTW)
_rc i 44 (G°ldmDT 64) i i
C136 3.08 x 105 y sp act %*i_- 98.1%, EC I.990, A I chem, n-capt (GrahD41) _-i 0.714 max C135(n, ¥) (GrahD41,
+ mass spect i _+ 0.0012% (DreR55, i Y i S X-rays, 0.511 (0.003%, Y±) SerL47b)
(BarthR55) i DouP62a) i
2.6 x 105 y sp act, yield _+ i
(WriH57) i 0.002% (BereD62a) i
4"4 x 105y sP act Ai -29"520 (MTW) i i
(WuC49) _cl 100 (GoldrnDT64) i
C137 %i 24.47 (BoydA55)

24.6 (NierA36)
others {SerL47b) i
124.20 (ShieW62) i ii
i C135/C137 variation i i
i <0.2% (OweH55) i !
_rci0.4 (to C138)

Ai -31"765 (MTW) i i
(Golds DT 64 ) i i
i 0.005 (to C138m) i

i i
241
Type of decay (_Q);

Major radiations:
Isotope A
Z Half-life (A-M-A),
Thermal MeV (C'=0);
cross section (_7), barns
17CI 38 37.29 rn (CobJ50) ,.*i_- (KuriF36) A! chem, n-capt (AmaE35) _ - 4.91 max C137(n, Y) (AmaE35,
37.1 m (MonaJ62) A i-29.80 (MTW) chem, sep isotopes (KenJ40) y 1.60 (38%), 2.170 (47%) KenJ40, SerL47b,
others (VVooS36, daughter S 38 (NetD58) AkaH41)
HoleN46, HurD37,
MacqP55, CurrS40a,
SIaH45, MacqP54a)
C138m 0.74s (KieP62b) %'lIT (KieP62b) C n-capt, sepisotopes Y 0.66 (100%) C137{n,Y) (KieP6gb,
1.0 s (SchaG54) A::-29.13 (LHP, MTW) (SchaG54) e_ 0.66 SchaG54)
C139 55.5 m (HasR49) %" _- (HasR49) A i ehem {MilIDR48a) _ 3.45 max (7%), 2.18 max (8%), i Ar40(_, =p) (PenJ56)
others (RudG5Z, chem, excit (HasR49) 1.91 max
MilIDR48a) A -29.80 (MTW) i Ar40(y, p) (HasR49,
' Y 0.246 (44%), 1.27 (50%), 1.52 i HasRS0)
(42%) i
i
' i i
i - i
C140 1.4 m (MoriH56) %'i_ (MoriH56) B chern, genet energylevels _-' 7.5max Ar40(n,p) (GrayP65,
Ai-27.5 (MTW) (MoriH56) Y 1.46 (_ I00), 3.83 (_ 100), 3.10, MoriH56)
5.8
(Hard J65)
18At 33 0.18 s (l_eeP64, %" [_+], p (ReeP64, C excit, decay eharac (ReeP64) p 3.16 C135(p, 3n)
HardJ65) HardJ65) sSZ(He 3, 2n) (ReeP64)
A -9.5 (KeeP64, MTW) i
Ar 35 1.83 s (KisO56, %" _+ (EIIiD41, WhiM41) A:: excit (WhiM41, KinL40) _+i 4.94 max S3Z(_,n) (KinlA0,
AIIeJS59) A -23.05 (MTW) Y 0.511 (g00_0, "I±), 1.22 (5%), SchelA48)

1.76 s (NelJW63) 1.76 (2%) C135(p, n) (WhiM41)
1.88 s (EIIiD41)
1.84 s (SchelA48) ' '
1.8 s {WalIR60)
Ar 36 % 0.337 (NierA50)
iAr 36/Ar38 variations

i (WetG54, FleW53)
A ::-30.232 (MTW)
O-c::6: (GoldrnDT64)
Ar 37 35.1 d (StoeR65) "._ EC (WeimP44, Ai chem, cross bomb y C1 X-rays, continuous C137(p, n), C137(d, 2n),
34.3 d {KisR59) RodebG52) (WeimP41) bremsstrahlung to 0.81 (weak) S34(_,n), K39(d, _),
35.0 d (MiskJ52,
PerlmM53) A -30.951 (MTW) C137(d, 2n), Ca40(n, _)
34.1 d (WeimP44) (WeirnP44, WeimP41)
32 d (AndeC53) ' Ar36(n, Y)
At3_____
8 % 0.063 (NierA50)
Ar 36/Ar38 variations
(WetG54, FleW53)
A !-34.718 (MTW)
_ci 0.8 (GoldmDT64)
Ar 39 269 y sp act (StoeR65) "-" _- (BrosA50) Bi chem, excit (ZelH5Z) _-::0.565 max neutrons on KCI
(ZelH52)
=265 y sp act (ZelH52) A -3324 (MTW) Y no Y Ar38¢n" Y) (KatcS5Z)
i
i
Ar 40 %:: 99.600 (NierA50) :
mi-35038(MTW)
_ci 0.61 (GoldmDT64)
Ar 41 1.83 h (HalgW51, J" i_- (SneA36) A! chem, excit {SneA36) _-::2.49 max (0.8%), i.198 max Ar40(n, Y) (SneA36)
PauH64, KatcS52, A 1-33.061 (PauH64, mass spect {AndeG54) Y 1.293 (99%)
SneA36) i MariE65, MTW)
1.82 h (BleE46b) i
1.85 h (SchwaA56) _cl 0.5 (StoeR65)
Ar 42 33 y sp act (StoeR65) '-" [_-] (KatcS52) B i chem, genet (KatcS52) [daughter radiations from K 42] Ar40(n, Y) Ar41{n,Y)Ar 42
others (HonM 64, (KatcS 52)
KatcS 52) A -34.42 (MTW) parent K 42 (KatcS52) I Ar40(t, P) (JarN61)
a) (WallR60,
19K37 1.23 s (SchweF58) %" _+ (BolF51) C! excit (LangmR48) _+ 5.14 max Ca40(p,
1.25 s (KavR64a) ' SunC58, SchweF58,
others (SunC58, A -24.79 (KavR64a, MTW) Y 0.511 (200%, Y±), 2.79 (2.0%) KavR64a)
WallR60, BolF51,
LangrnR48, TyrH54)
242
Type of decay (_);

Major radiations:
ZIsotope A Half-life (/k-M-A),
Thermal MeV (C'==0);
9K38 I7.71 m (EbrT65) "_ i_+ (HurD37) A ichem, cross bomb (HurD37, [5+ 2.68 max C135(a, n) (HurD37,
I 17.7 m m (HurD37,
17.67 (BormM65) A" : -28.79 (MTW) i HendW37) Y i
' 0.511 (200%, Y±), 2.170 (I00%) RamsM47)
RideL37a, I-IendW37,
r RideL37a, GreeD56) i :i
others (RamsM47, : Ca40(d, a) (HurD3?}
PerlmM48, SalG63, i :
PhiE65a) i i
K 38m 0.95 s (JaneJ61, %" Ei_+(StahP53, StahP53b) Ciexcit (StahP53, StahP53b, _+i 5.0max C135(a,n) (LindKH60,
StahP53b) ino IT (GoldrnD6Z) i KliR54) JaneJ61)
0.94 s (LindKH60, i Y i 0.511 (200, Y±)
KliR54) Ai-28.66 (LHP, MTW) ! : K39(y,n) (StahP53b,
i KIiR 54, GoldrnD62)
0.97 s (MihM58) i i i Ca40(d, a) (Janea63,

i _ MicS65, HasY59)
K 39 % ::93.22 (KenB60) i i
::93.08 (NierA50) : i
::others (WhiF56, ReuC56, i
!i ReuC52, CookK43) i i
A i -33.803 (MTW) i i
_c i 2.0 (GoldmDT 64) i i
K 40 tl/2 1.26x 109y _ %'i_- 89%, EC 11%, A!chem (ThomJ05, CamN06) _-!i1.314 max
(_) i 43+ 0.0010% (MNaiA56, i chem, mass spect {SmyW37) 3+i 0.483 max
assuming tl/Z i EngeD62) i Y i Ar X-rays, 1.460 (11%)
= 1.42 x 109 y and {_5- 89.5%, EC I0.3%,
_-/(_- + gO) = 0.89 i _+ 0.00013% (LeuH65a) i
tl/z (_-) sp act: iothers (MNaiA55, ! i
1.415 x 109 y i IngM50b, GrafT51, i !
(LeuH65a) i SutA55, SpierF50, i
1.42 x 109 y (GIeL61) i SawG50,
FauWRh0, CecM50,
HouF50, ::
I 1.37 x 109 y i MousuA5g, ShilH54, i
(BrinGA65, KonoS55) i WasG55, AIdL56, i
I 1.45 x 109 y i WasG54, RusR53, i
(MNaiA56) i ShilH54a, WetG56) ii i
1.47 x 109y % i0.I18 (KenB60, i
i ReuC52, ReuC56, i i
] (Ke1IWH59) i WhiF56) :
I 1.48 x 109y (FleD62) i0.I19 (NierA50) i i
,,i others
1.35x
SawG50,
SmaB (WetG56,
i GrafT48,
109y
HouF50,
50, GooM L51a,
FloyJ49,
(SutA55) A i-33.533
_c
i
70
(MTW)
(GoldmDT64)
i
i
ii
i
FauWR50, DelC51,
MNaiA55) i
sp act of 1.460 Y:
(WetG57, BackeG55a, i
[ BurcP53, AhrL48,
SutA55, FauWR 50, i
HouF50, SawG4 9, i i
SpierF50) {
sp act of EC(K): i : i
(HeiJ54) i
J
_2 % ::6.77 (KenB60) i
::6.91 (NierA50) } i
A 1-35.552 (MTW) i i
_ci 1.2 (GoldmDT64) i i
K 42 12.36 h (MerJ62) %" ::_3- (KuriF36) A! chem, n-capt (AmaE35) _-i 3.52 max K41(n,Y) (Amag35,
IZ.52hh(SiegK47c,
12.4 (BurcP53) :
A i-35.02 (MTW) ichem,
! HevG36)cross bomb (HevG35, y i0.31 (0.2-%) 1.524 (18%) HurD37, SerL4_o)
KahB53, MackJ59, i mass spect (AndeG54)
HurD37) i daughter Ar 42 (KatcS52)
lZ.5 h (WriH57, i
MonaJ6Z, SinW51) i
K 43 22.4h (OveR49, _i_- (OveR49) A::chem, excit (OveR49) _-il.82max (1%), 1.2 max (3%) Ar40(a,p) (LasN64,
AndeG 54) i OveR4 9, BencN59)
gZ.0 h (LindqT54) A 1-36.58 (MTW) mass spect (AndeG54) i 0.83 max
[ Y 0.ZZ0 (3%), 0.373

(18%, doublet),
(85%), 0.39
0.59 (15%),
i i i 0.619 (81%), 1.01 (2%)

: i i
K 44 22.0 m (CohB54, %" i_- (WalkH37a) A Ichem , excit (WalkH37a) _-i 5.2 max Ca44(n, p) (CobB54,
HilleP61) ' ichem, sep isotopes, cross : WalkH37a, WalkH40b,
22.3 rn (SugiyK60) '% -36.3 (HilleP61, MTW) i bomb (CohB54) Y i 1.156 (61%) 1.74 (8%), 2. I (37%,
others (WalkH37a, : mass spect (AndeG54) complex), 2.6 (7%), 3.7 (4%)
i ' HilleP6 I, SugiyK60)
WalkH40b) i
K 45 16.3m (ChacK65) %'!_-(MoriH64) Bichem, genet energylevels _-i4.0max, 2.1max Ca48(d,_n) (MoriH64)
Z0 m (MoriH64) : (MoriH64) !
34m (AndeG54) "% -36,6 (MTW) !mass spect (AndeG54) 'Y i0.175 (strong), 1.23,
(complex?), 0.50, 1.71
0.95
i 2.60, 3.1
(strong), 1.90, 2.10, 2.35,
243
Type of decay (_gQ);

Isotope Half-life (/k • M-A ), MeV (C" = 0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
Z A ! Thermal neutron and intensities of production
cross section (or), barns
I i -
19 K47 , 17.5"s (KuroT64) "til3 (KuroT64) Bichem, sepisotopes, excit _-i 6.1max (1%), 4.1max Ca48(¥, p) (KuroT64)
i A i -36.3 (MTW) (KuroT64) _/:: 2.0 (84%), Z.6 (15%)
I i i
20Ca 37 0.173 s (HardJ64a) %*i[[5+], p (HardJ64a, C5 excit, decay charac (ReeP64, p:: 3.10 K39{p, 3n) (HardJ64a)
0.170 s (ReeP64) i ReeP64) i HardJ64a) i Ca 40 (p, dZn) (HardJ64a)
AI-13.3 (ReeP64, MTW)
1 i i I i! Ar36(He3, Zn)(ReeP64)
Ca 38 0.66 s (CliJ57) *,"i[5

+ (CliJ57) Cl excit, decay charac (CliJ57) Y 0.511 [Z00%, Y+], 3.5 Ca40(¥, 2n) (CliJ57)
A I-ZZ (MTW) { i [daughter radiations from K 38m]
Ca 39 0.87 s (LindKH60) "tii_

: + (HubeO43) Bi excit (HubeO43, MEIhJ49) _+iI 5.49 max K39(p,n) (KisO58,
0.86 s (MihM58) :"/::0.511 (200%, N±) WallR60)
0.88
0.90 ss (KisO58)
(KIiR54) A I -27.30 (MTW) i i ca4°(y,n) (MihM58,
others (WallR60, : : i : WafH48, HubeO43,
SureR53, BraaR53, i : [ i MElhJ49, KliR54)
HubeO43, BagJ64) i i
i
Ca 40 i i : [ i
% i 96.97 (NierA38a) i [ i
i Z_i -34.848 (MTW) :: I
: I
¢r i (total absorption) 0.23 i i
(GoldmDT 64) i
Ca 41 8 x 104 y yield "-"{EC (BrowF51) B Ichem, n-capt, sep isotopes Y ipotassium X-rays Ca40(n, Y) (BrowF51,
(DroJ6Z) A {-35.125 (JohnCH64,[MTW { (BrowF51) : SaiV51, BrowF53,
others (BrowF53b) iothers (SaiV51) :i DroJ6Z)
ca4Z % i 0.64 (NierA38a) i :::

] A i-38.540 (MTW) !
] _ i (total absorption) 42 i
, [
'_ i (GoldmDT 64)
i i
Ca4_____
3 % ::0.145 (NierA38a) : i
] A i-38.396 (MTW) :
I ' i
Ca 44
-- %i2.06 (NierA38a) ii
: ,,i
A i -41.460 (MTW)
O-cl! 0.7 (GoldmDT64) i
Ca 45 165 d (WyaE61) %t i_- (WalkH40b) A I chem, excit, cross bomb [3-i0.252 max Ca44(n, N) (WalkH40b,
167
153 d
d (CaliJ59)
(ThirH57) A '
i-40.809 (MTW) : (WalkH40b) iaverage
' _- energy: SerL47b)
164 d (DelC53) i i : 0.075 ion ch (CaswR52)
others (MatthD47, :: i
WatkH40b) i :: i
Ca 46 % i 0.0033 (NierA38a) i
!-43.14(MTw) i ii
_cll 0.3 (GoldrnDT64) i
Ca 47 4.535 d (GilmC64) i
_ i[_- (MatthD47) i chem,
A i genet (BatzR51a) _-i 1.98 max (18%) , 0.67 max Ca46 (n, Y) (CorkJ53e,
4.53 d (WyaE61) ' ' CookL53)
4.56 d (GIeG64) A i-4Z.35 (MTW) iparent Sc 47 (BatzR51a, Y 0.49 (5%), 0.815 (5%), 1.308
4.7 d (LangeL63a, : i CookL53) (74%)
LidL56) i i i daughter radiations from Sc 47
others (BatzR51a,
MarqL53a, CorkJ53a, i i ::
LyoW55c) i
: i i
Ca 48 tl/Z (15-) >1.1 x 1018y %i0.185 (NierA38a) i i

sp act (AwsM56) A 1-44.22 (MTW) i
tl/Z (_) >7 x 1018 y _ci I.I (GoldmDT64)

sp act (DobE59) i J
others (BellY 58, i i i
Jon_WSZ,
FremJ5Z,
MCarS55,
DobE57,
ii }
.
i
AwsM56) : i i
Ca 49 8.8m (OKelG56) '#i_- (DMatE50) Aichem, n-capt, sep isotopes _-i 1.95max Ca48(n,Y) (DMatE50)
8.9
8.5m m (MartiDW56a)
(DMatE50) A ::-41.29 (MTW) i (DMatE50) ¥ Ii 3.10 (89%), 4.1 (10%)
i I daughter radiations from Sc 49
E
244
Type of decay (_);

Major radiations:
I.sotope
Z A Half-life (AIM-A),
Thermal MeV (C':=0);
i
20Ca 50 9 s (ShidYb4a) _i[_- ] (ShidY64a) Ciexcit, decay charac ¥10.072, 0.258 (withSc 50m) Ca48(t,p) (ShidY64a)
i
A !41 (ShidY64a, MTW)
i
i (ShidY64a) i daughter radiations from Sc 50
21Sc40 0.220"1795
s (OlasN55)(SchweF62) _i_+: (GlasN55) C ! excit (OlasN55) _+i 9.1 max Ca40(p,
n)schweF62)(G1asN55,
z_i-20.3(Ric_MS5,
MTW) i _i 0.511(200%,Y*), 3.75[100%]
others (TyrH54, !i !i i
Sc 41 0.60 s (YouD65) _ i_ B i excit (E11iD41a, YouD65) _+. 5.47 max Ca40(p, ¥) (YouD65)
0.55 s (Crarn362) A!-28.63 (MTW, JohnCH64) _ ¥] [0.511 (200%, ¥+)] Ca40(d,n) (ElliD41a,
0.87
ElliD4
s (MartiW52,
la, WallR60) i i i EIIiD41, Cram362)
i
Sc42 0.683 s (FreeJ65a) _ip + (MoriH55) C! decay charac (MoriH55) _ [5.41 max] K39(a,n) (MoriH55,
0.680"65
sS(CloJ57)(Ne13W65) A 1-32.109 (Free365a, MTW) i exclt (Clo357, NeI3W65) ¥ _i0.511 (200%, _/+) 3ane361, Ne13W65)
0.69s _a,_ea61_ i i i
062s,Mor_55_ i i !
Sc 4zm 60.6 s (Ne13W65) _ i P+ (RogeP63) Ai chem, cross bomb, excit, P+I 2.82 max K39(a,n) (RogeP63,
62.0 s (RogeP63) ; _ genet energy levels i Ne13W65)
i Free365a)
A_-31.58 (LHP, MTW, i (RogeP63) 1.22 (100%),
¥ i 0.438 (100%), 0.511
1.52 (100%)
(200%, ¥±),
Sc433.92 h (HibC45) _i_ + (FrisO35), [EC] AI chem, exctt (FrisO35) _+i 1.20 max Ca40(a,p) +
5.95 h (Duv353) A i-36.17 (MTW) _ mass spect (AndeG54)
3.84 h (AndeG54) . i _/ i [Ca X-rays], 0.375 (22%), 0.511 Ca40(a,n)Ti43(_ -)
others (WalkH40) i i i [176%, ¥+] (FrisO35, WalkH40)
Sc 44 3.92 h (HibC45) : +, EC (HibC45)

*_i_ Ai, chem, excit (Cork338) p+]. 1.47 max daughter Ti 44
3.90 h (AndeG54)
others (BruneJ50, EC =5% (DilL63)
=3% (KoniJ58c) [mass spectTi 44
daughter (AndeG54)
(SharpRA54) ¥ 0.511 (188%, ¥±), 1.159 (100%) daughter Sc44 m (KliJ63)
WalkH40, SmiG42) =7%(MTW)
(BluJ55) K41 (a, n) (BruneJ50,
A !-37.81
. : WalkH40, HibC43)
ii i i (SharpRA54, DilL63)
Sc 44m 2.44 d (HIbCA5) _!IT 98.6%, EC 1.4% A I chem, excit, cross bomb _/ i Sc X-rays, 0.271 (86%), 1.02 K41(a,n) (BruneJ50,
2.46 d (AndeG54) i (DLIL63) i (WalkH37) i (1.3%), 1.14 (2.7%, doublet) WalkH40, HibC43)
others (Brune350, AI-37.54 (LHP, MTW) i mass spect (AndeG54) e-i 0.267
Sc 45 %1100 (LelWS0, Hollag64) i
_rc113(to Sc46)
A !i-41"061
! l0 (to Sc(MTW) i " i
46m)
i (GoldmDT 64) i i
Sc 46 83.9 d (GeiKW57) _' i _-, no EC (MfllA47) A I n-capt, chem (HevG36) p-! 1.48 max (0.004%), 0.357 max Sc45(n, _/) (HevG36,
84.2
84.1 dd (WriH57)
(SchumR56) !no
' _+ lira 0.0016% (WalkH37b)
i chem, excit, cross bomb ¥ i Ti X-rays, 0.889 (I00%), 1.120 WalkH37b, SerLATo)
others (MurH54, i (MimW51) i i (100%)
AzuR55, WalkH39) AI-4i.756 (MTW) !
i
ii i i
Sc 46m 19.5 s (DMatE51) _ilT (GoldhM48) A! n-capt, neutron resonance ¥i [Sc X-rays], 0.142 Sc45(n,¥) (GoldhM48)
20 s (HammB52a, i activation (GoldhM48) '
GoldhM48) A i--41.614 (LHP, MTW) e-i [0.138]
Sc 47 3.43 d (KrlN49) _i _- (HibC45a)

i
i i chem, cross bomb (HibC45a) _-i 0.600 max daughter Ca 47
3.44 d (MarqL53a, ! (BatzR51a, CookL53)
DuvJ53) Ai-44.326
: (MTW) iisep
massisotopes(KriN49)
spect (AndeG54) ¥ 0.160 (73%)
3.40 d (Cork353e,
MistS64) ! i daughter Ca 47 (BatzR51a, i
Sc 48 1.83 d (WalkH40,
i
_! _- (WalkH37c)
i
A! chem, excit (WalkH37c)
i
_-i 0.65 max V51ln, a) {WalkH37c,
KriN49, PouA59, i-44.51 (MTW) ! sep isotopes (Krilq49) ¥i 0.175 (6%), 0.983 (I00%), 1.040 Poo1M37, WalkH40)
AndeG54, RudGS2) A i mass spect (AndeG54) i (I00%), 1.314 (I00%) TiS0(d,a) (KriN49)
1.84 d (HfllmM63) i !
1.81 d (HibC45a) i i Ca48(p,

MandeC42,
n) (HibC45a)
MandeC43a)
others (MandeC42) !i i i Ca d8(d, 2n) (SmiG42,

i i
Sc 49 57.5 m (RezI61a) _i _- (WalkH40) A i chem, excit, cross bomb [5_ 2.01 max Ca48(d,n) (WalkI-140)
(WalkH40) _i 1.76 (0.03%)
57 m (WalkH40, AI-46.55 (MTW) !sep isotopes (KoesL54, :
OKelG56, Koes L54) i i OKelG56) i

i E
i i
"245
Type of decay (_);

Major radiations:
Isotope A
Z Half-life (AiM-A),
Thermal MeV (C"=0);
21Sc 50 1.72 m (KantJ63b) _ !_- (MoriH55a) C iexcit (MoriH55a) [3- i 3.6 max Ti50(n, p) (KoehD63,
1.7 m (ChilG63) ChilG63, MoriH55a)
others (KoehD63, Ai-45.0 (MTW) iexcit, sel_isotopes (KoehD63) y i0.520 (100%), 1.12 (100%), 1.55
MoriH55a) j ! ! (100%) Ca48(t, n) (ShidY64a)
no 23 m activity i
(KantJ63b, KoehD63)i i
Sc 50m 0.35 s (KarrM63a, i_ i IT, no 15-, lira 10% C iexcit, sep isotopes _/ i 0.258 TiS0(n, p) (KarrM63a)
Kant363b) i (KarrM63a) i (KarrM63a' i daughter radiations from Sc 50 Ca48(t, n) (ShidY64a)

A i-44.7 (LHP, MTW) _
22Ti 41 0.090 s (ReeP641 _ i[p+], p (KeeP64) C iexcit, decay charac (ReeP64) p i 2.3 (t 81, 3.05 (t 17), 3.68 Ca40(He 3, Zn) (ReeP641
' i (t 16), 4.12 (1" 4), 4.64 (t 50),
A _-15.9 (ReeP64, MTW) i i 5.30 (t 5)
Ti 43 0.56 s (JaneJ61) *t i_ + (JaneJ61) C iexcit (SchelA481 P+i 5.8 max Ca40(a,n) (Sche1A48,
0.58 s (TyrH54) i JaneJ61, VasiSS63)
others (Sche1A48, A i-29.3 (MTW) iexcit, decay charac (3ane361) y [0.511 (200, ¥±)]
i i
VasLSS61) i i
Ti 44 48 y (MorelP65) _ iEC (SharpRA54) A ichem, genet (SharpRA54, _ i[Sc X-rays], 0.068 (90%), 0.078 Sc45(p, 2n) (SharpRA54,
46 y (Wingff65) A ! HuiJ57, DilL63) i (98%) MorelP65)
others (HuiJ57) 1-37.66 (MTW) : 44 -:
iparent Sc , not parent e !0.065, 0.073 Sc45(d, 3n) (HuiJ57,
i HuiJ57)
Sc 44m (SharpRA54, DilL63, i daughter radiations from Sc 44 Wing365)
Ti 45 3.09 h (KunDS0a) _ i0+, EC (KunD50a) i

A Jchem, cross bomb, excit i
3+ i 1.04 max Sc45(p, n) (AlleffS41,
3.10 h (RudG52) _ (AlleJ'S41) TPoglviS0, KunD50a)
3.05 h (TPogMS0) A i-39.002 (MTW) imass spect (AndeG54) ¥ iSc X-rays, ¥± [170%], 0.718
others (A.IIeJS41, : i (0.4%), 1.408 (0.3%) Sc45(d, 2n) (AIIeJS41,
PouA59) i i TPogM 50)
90 !7.99 (Hog354) i
17. 95
A i-44.123
(NierA38a)
(MTW)
i
i
i(total absorption) 0.6 i i
i (GoldrnDT64) i i
% i7.32 (Hog254)
i775 (NierA38a) i i
A 1-44.927 (MTW) i i
Gr i(total absorption) 1.7 i
9o 173.99 (HogJ54)
i7345(NierA38a) i
A 1-48.483 (MTW) i
Ti 49 % 15.46 (Hog354) i i
:5.51 (NierA38a) i i
A 1-48.558
I (MTW) i
_r :(total absorption) 1.9 i
!(GoldmDT64) i i
Ti 50 9o ,i5"25 (HogJ54) i i:
::5"34 (NierA38a)
A 1-51.431 (MTW) : i
, :
_rc i0.14 (GoldmDT64) :
Ti 51 5.79 m (SargB53) _ i_- (SerLATb) A in-capt (SerL47b) _-i 2.14 max Ti50(n, _/) (SerL47b,
5.80 m (BunkM55) !-49.74 (MTW) i cross bomb (HarnmWR53) DMatES0)
others (HammWR53, A i Y !0.320 (9590), 0.605 (1.5%), 0.928
AteA53b, SegE49, i i i (590)
DMatE 50, SerL47b) i i
! i
23 V46 0.426 s (FreeJ65a) _ if3+ (MartiW52) ]3 iexcit (MartiW5Z) 5+i6.03. max Ti46(p,n) (ffaneJ63a,
MartiW52, TyrH54,
0.44
0.40 ss (MillffH58)
(MartiW52) A i-37.069 (FreeJ65a, MTW !isep isotopes, excit (3ane363a) .y i0.511 (20090, ¥±) Mi115H58)
0.37 s (Lei056) i i
others (TyrH54) i i
• i
2/,6
Type of decay (eAJ);

Major radia¢ioos:
ZIsotope A Half-life (AIM-A),
crces section (0"), barns
23 V47 33 m (BaskK62a,
i
%*i_ + (WalkH37c}, [EC] Ai chem, excit, cross bomb 1.89 max Sc451a, 2n)
KriN4 9, OConJ42, [ (OCon342) i
WalkH37c) LX ]-42.01 (MTW) i chem, sep isotopes (KriN49) ¥ i 0.511 [192%, Y_, 1.5 ? (0.7%), Ti47(p,n) (KriN49,
31.1m (KoesL54) i _mass spect (And°G54) 1.80 {0.5%}, 2.16 ? (0.2%) OConJ42}
31 m (DanLH54a) i [ i Ti47
Ti46
(d'oconJ42)n)2n)
(d, (WalkH37c,(RuaJ62)
V 48 16.0 d (KaflP56, %* i p + 49°/o, EC 51% A ichem , excit, cross bc_nb _+i 0.696 max Sc45(-,n1 (Walld-137b)
WalkH37c) ! (CassH53) [ {WalkH37b, WalkH37c) i
16.3
16.4 d (MeyPe53)
(BurgW54) i_ 56%, EC 44% daughter Cr 48 (RudG52) Y i Ti 0.945
X-rays, (10%),0.511 0.983
(I00%,
(100%),
Y±), Ti48(p,n)
TicH52) (DubLA0a,
16.2 d (VNooB57) i (VNooB57, HageL57) i i 1.312 (97%), 2.241 (3%) Ti48(d, 2n) (WalkH37c)
i_ EC3_/._61%, i
iothers (GooW46, i PeaW40a)
ii SterM53)
(RisR63) i i Cr50(d, a) (WalkH37c,
[-44.470 (MTW) i i
E i
V49 330 d (HaywRS0a, %* iEC (WalkH39) B i chem (WalkH39, Tur/.A0) Y iiTi X-rays, continuous Cr52(p, a) (LyoW55)
LyoW55) LI 1-47.950 (MTW) i chem, excit (HaywR56a, i bremsstrahlung to 0.60 Ti48(d, n) {WalkH39)
i i i
i E i
V 50 6 x 1015 y sp act %* iEC =70%, _- =30% B ichem (WatD62) ¥ ![Ti X-rays], 0.783 (30%), 1.55
(WatD62) ! (WatD62) i i (70%)
5 x 1014 y sp act % 10.25 (WhiF56)
(BaumE58) i0.24 (HessD49, LelW49a)
tl/2 (EC) >8 x 1015 y A i-49.2i6 (MTW) i

sp act (MNaiA61) ! i
tl/2 (_-) >1.2 x 1016y "cil30 (GoldmDT64) i i

sp act (MNaiA61) i i
others ( GloR57a, i
J i
i
V 51 % !99.75 (WhiF56) i
199.76 (HessD49,
! LelW4 9a) i
A i-52.199 (MTW) !
_rc i4.9 (GoldmDT04) i
V 52 3.75 m (BormM65, %* i_- (AmaE35) A ichem, n-capt (AmaE35) _-i2.47 max V51(n, Y) (AmaE35,
3.77 m (KoesL54)
1_1aJ54, AmaE35) _ i -51.44 (MTW) i}cross bomb, excit (WalkH37c} _ :ii.434 (100%) SerL4To)
WalkH37c, PooLM37,
3.74 m (Matte,T47)
others (KohW65)
V 53 2.0 m (Kuml60, %* i[_- (SchaA56) C i decay charac (SchaA56) [3-1 2.50 max Cr 53 (n, p) (SchaA56)
SchaA56) ZX i-51.8 (Schai56, LHP, i Y 11.00 [100%]
J
V 54 55 s (SchaA561 %* i_- (SchaA561 C i decay charac (SchaA56) _-i 3.3 max Cr54(n, p) (SchaA561
: _/ i0.84 (I00%), 0.99 (I00%), 2.21
_ i-50 (MTW) i i [ I00%]
24Cr46 1" 1 s (TyrH54) %*ii F i:

i excit (TyrH54) i ,rotone
(TyrH54) on Cr, V
Cr 47 0.4 s (TyrH54) %* ! F iexcit (TyrH54) i )rotons on Cr, V
(or V 46} i i i (TyrH54)

Cr 48 23 h (VLieR55) %* iEC, no p+, lira 2% A i chem, genet (RudG52) _ i V X-rays, 0.116 (98%), 0.31 ri46(a, 2n) (ShelR55)
24 h (She1R55) i (VLieR55, She1RS5) !parent V48 (RudGS2) i (99%)
a _-4.3.1 (MTW) e-i0.111, 0.31
i i i daughter radiations from V 48
Cr 49 41.9m 1OCon342) %*ip + 1OCon342), [EC] A[chem, excit, cross bomb p+! 1.54max Ti48(a, 3n), Ti47(a, 2n)
41.7m (CrasB53a) A 1-45.39 (MTW) i (OConJ42) e-i0.058, 0.084, 0.148 (CrasB53a, NusR54)
i Y !VX-rays, 0.063 (14%), 0.091 Ti46(a,n) (OCon342)
A 1-50.249 (MTW) !
r c ! 17 (GoldmDT841 '
i !
247
Type of decay (SAt);

IsotopeA Half-life (AffiM-A),
Thermal MeV (C':=0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
Z neutron and intensities of production
24Cr 51 27.8 d (SchumR56, %a!EC (BradH45b, Ai chem, excit, cross bomb ¥ ! V X-rays, 0.320 (9%) Cr50(n, ¥) (SerL47b,
G1eG64, LyoW52, i WalkH40a) i (WalkH40a) e_ 0.315 WalkH40a)
27.WriH57)9
27.5 d
d (KafP56) ii noKerB49,
6 + (BradH45b, i daughter Mn 51 (BurgW50) i
(SalS65) LyoW5Z)
A i-51.447 (MTW) i i
_/°i83.76_WhU481 i !
Ai-55.411 (MTW)
_ci 0.8 (GoldmDT64) i
%19.55
cw i,48 i
A i-55.281 (MTW) i
_rc!: 18 (Gol&nDT64) ii
c_ _°E,.38 (WhU481 i i
A_ -56.931 (MTW)
_ci0.38 (GoldmDT 64) i
Cr 55 3.52 m (FlaA5Zb) _i 6- (FlaA52b) BI chem, cross bomb (FlaA52b) _ L59 max Cr54(n, ¥) (FlaA52b)
3.6m (BazG54) ,, i-55.11(MTW)
: i `/i no `/, llm 10%
3.59 m (KohW65) i _:
Cr 56 5.9m (DroB60) %_i6- (DroB60) A i chem, genet (DroB60) 6- I 1.5max Cr54(t,p) (DroB60)
Ai-55.3 (MTW) i parent Mn 56 {DroB60) e- [0.020, 0.077]
i i `/i tMnX-rays], 0.026,0.083

i i i daughter radiations from Mn 56
i
Z5 47 0.4 s (TyrH54) *_i F i excit (TyrH54) protons on Cr (TyrH54)
(or Cr
Mn 49 i
v 46)
i
Mn 50 0.286 s (FreeJ65a) %_i_+ (MartiW52) B iexcit(MartlW52, MiLl/H58, 6+i6.61max Cr50(p,n) (MartiW52,
0. Z8 s (MartiW5Z, A !-42.618(FreeJ65a,MTW)
: i FreeJ65a) `/i [0.511 (200%, `/±)] MilIJH58, TyrH54)
]vli11J_,-158
)
0.27 s (TyrH54) i i i
' i i
Mn 50 2m (SurDS9) %a 6+ (SurDS9), [EG] El excit(SurDS9) ¥ i0.511 (198%, `/*),0.66 (Z5%), crS0(p,n) (SurDS9)
i z.z8(z5%),,.48 (75%)
i 0.783 (100%), 1.11 (I00%),
Mn 51 45.2m (KoesL54) %a16+ (LivJ37a), [EC] AI chem, cross bomb (LivJ37a, _ 17max Cr50(d,n) (LivJ38d,
44.3 m (BurgW50) ! LivJ38d) i BurgW50)
44 m (NozM60) :
AI-48.26 (MTW) i chem, genet (BurgWS0) 2.03 [(?)
_/ i 0.511 194%, _±], 1.56(?), crS0(p, ¥) (DubL38,
others (MillDR48, ; !
LivJ38d) i i parent Cr 51 (BurgW50) i DelL39)
i
Mn 52 5.60 d (BurgW54) _::EC 66%, 6 + 34% Ai che .... cit, cross bomb 6 max Cr52(p, n) (HemA40)
(KoniJ58c, KoniJ58a) i (LivJ37a, LivJ38d) `/iCr X-rays, 0.511 (67%, `/_), Cr52(d, Zn) (PeaW46a,
5.72 d (BackoE55) ::
EC 71%, 29%
5.69 d (KafP56) i (RemL63,6+ WilsRR6Z) ! i 1.434 (I00%)
0.744 (82%), 0.935 (84%}, KoniJ58a)
i others (GooW46, i i
; SehR54) !
A i-50.70 (MTW) i i
Mn 52m 21.3
21.1mm (HemA40)
(JuliaJ59a) _i6+,i[ E _ 2% (KatoT60), AIi chem, excit, cross bomb
chem (DarB37) 6+i' 1.63 max (MilIDR48,
daughter Fe 52 JuliaJ59a)
22.I m (KayGS5) A ::-50.32(LHP, MTW) i (LivJ37a, LivJ38d) "/10"3831.434(2%) (193%, _*),
I00%)0"511
'(
:: i daughter Fe 52 (MilIDR48) i
i i i Cr53(p, n) (WilkJR55)
Mn 53 1.9 x 106 y geochemical _i EC (WilkJR55) B i chem, decay charac `/ i Cr X-rays
=Zmethod
x 106 y(KayJ65)
yield A :i-54.683 (JohnCH64, MTW) i (WilkJR55) i Cr52(d, n) (DobW56a)
(ShelR57, calc from ¢ci ---170 (GoldmDT64)
WilkJR55, DobW56a) ! i
lVin54 303 d (MartiWH641 _ i EC (AIvL381

i
A i chem, excit, cross bomb
i
`/ i Cr X-rays, 0.835 (100%) Fe56(d, a) (LivJ38d,
291 d (BackoE55) ino 6+, no 6- (LivJ38d, :i "[I_ivJ37a, LivJ38d) ' DeulV[44)
313 d (WyaE61) e-i0.829
278 d (SchumR56) i DeuN144) { V51(g,n) (LivJ38d)
290 d (KafP56) A ::-55.55(MTW) i Cr 53 (d, n) (LivJ38d)
300 d (WriH57) : ! Cr54(p, n) (DubL40a)
others ( LivJ38d, i I
SuwS 53, SalS65) : i i
248
Type of decay (_);
abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; Major radiations:

Isotope Half-life (AIM-A), MeV (C'_=0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (McV) Principal means
crou section (0"), barns
25Mn 55 070i lOO (SamM36a, i
! WhiF56)
A i-57.705
(MTW) J
i i
arc113.3 (GoldrnDT64) i
Mn 56 2.576 h (BarthR53a, _ !_- (Amag35) A i chem, n-capt (Amag35) _-i 2.85 max Mn55(n, Y) (Amag35,
BarthR53b) ' SerlAYb, OrsA4 9,
2.574 h (LocE53) A 1-56.904 (MTW) idaughter Cr 56 (DroB60) ¥ i 0.847 (99%), 1.811 (29%) 2.110
2.586 h (BisG50) : ' HumV51)
others ( LivJ38d, i i i ( 15_a}
BonaG64, BieJ64a, i i
Mn 57 1.7 m (CohB54a, *4Qi_- (CohB54a) B _chem, excit (CohB54a) _-i 2.55 max Cr54(Q, p) (VasiSS631
1.9 m (VasiSS63) A 1-57.5 (MTW) i V [Fe X-rays, 0.014], 0.122 Fe57(n, p) (CohB54a)
KurnI60) : i i (strong), 0.136 (strong), 0.22,
i i _ 0.353, 0.692
Mn 57 7 d (SharmH51) _ i_- (SharmH51) G _chem, cross bomb alphas on Cr, Mn

i ! (SharrnH5 I) (SharmH51)
! i activlty not
(CohB54a, obNelM
..... d
50)
Mn 58 1.I m (ChitD61) _ ]_- (ChitD61) B ichem, sep isotopes _ i0.36, 0.41, 0.52, 0.57, 0.82, 1.0, Fe58(n, p) (ChitD61)
A 1-56 (MTW) i (ChitD61) i 1.25, 1.4, 1.6, 2.2, 2.8
26Fe 52 8.2 h (Julla359a) _. 56%, EC 44% A i chem, genet (Mi1IDR48) 0.80 max crS0(a, Zn) (FrieG51a)
7.8 h (MilIDR48) } (JuliaJ59a) iparent Mn 52rn (MilIDR48) _/ iMn X-rays, 0.165 (100%), 0.511
iothers (ArbE56,
! FrieG51a) inot parent Mn 52, lirn 5070 i (112%, _/_')
A !-48.33 (MTW) i (FrieOSla) i daughter radiations from Mn 52'n
Fe 53 8.51 m (EbrT65) _ l_ + (Rid_L37a), [EC] Aichem (RideL37a) _+! 3.0max Cr50(u,n) (NelM50,
LivJ38b,
8.9m JuliaJ59a)
(RideL37a, _ 1-50.70 (MTW) i chem, excit, cross bomb ¥ i 0.38 (32%), 0.511 (196%, ¥±) RideL37a, Liv338b)
Fe 54 % 15.84 (ValleG41a) i
A 1-56.246 (MTW)
8.6 m (SalS65) i i (LivJ38b} i Cr52(_, 3n) (JuliaJ59a)
Fe 55 2.60 y (SchurnR561 _ IEC, no _+ (BradH46b, Aichem, excit (LivJ39c) ¥ ilVln X-rays, continuous Fe54(n,_/) (EmmW54a)
2.94 y (BrowG50) i MaeD51a, PortF53) idaughter Co 55 (LivJ41) i bremsstrahlung to 0.23 (0.004%)

|
E
others (SchumR51a) A i-57"474 (MTW) i
Fe 56 % i91.68 (ValleG41a) i i
A i-60.605 (MTW) i i
¢c i2.7 (GoldmDT64) i i
Fe 57 % !2.17 (ValleG41a) i i
_rc 12.5 (GoldmDT64)
Fe 58 °7o 10.31 (ValleG41a)
i-62.147 (MTW)
_rciI"1 (G°IdmDT64)
i
i
Fe 59 45.6 d (PierA59) _ iO- (Liv_I38b) A ichem, excit, cross bomb 5-i 1.57 max {0.3%}, 0.475 max Fe58(n, _) (SerL47b)
45.1 d (SchumRSla) A 1-60.660 (MTW) ¥ 10.143 (0.8%), 0.192 (2.8%),

44.5 d (GIeG64) i (LivJ38b)
45.0 d (Tob,T53, i i 1.095 (56%), 1.292 (44%)
45.5 d (GovJ43)
TobJ51)
44.3 d (WriH57)
others
HeaR60,
WahA53)
(WorD63,
FusE60,
i
i
i
i
i
!
J
i
i !' i
Fe 60 3 x 105 y yield _ i[_-] (RoyJ57) B i chem, genet (RoyJ57) !daughter radiations from Co 60m protons *
on Cu (Roy357)
i-61.51 (MTW) iparent Co 60m (Roy357) i C°60

(Roy357) A i
i ' i
..... i __
249
| Type of decay (a_); ,I

' ,. Class; Identlficauon; _ Principal means
approximate energies (MeV)
.Isotope ' Half-life [ % abundance.MeV
(AIM-A), Mass
(Cexcess
"=0); i ,Genetic relationships
. • [_ Major radiations: of production
Z A I _ Thermal neutron I ,, and intensities
! i i Z.8 max Ni64(n, a) (RiccE57)

26- I "t,-___57_ ' [ .... (MTW) '
.... i A{-59 .}' RiccE57 ' Stra366) ,,, : 0.13 (_ 11), 0.30 (t 48}, 1.03 Ni64(d, ap} (RiccE57}
i others (KiccE55) _ parent Co 61 (RiccE55, i ( t 98), I.Z0 ([ 100)
i i[ RiccE57' StraJ66' idaughter radiati°ns'r°m C°61
27Co 54 0.194 s (FreeJ65) ]1%"

i:_+ (MartiW52) [
_[excit (MartiWS2, FreeJ65) _ [7.23 max] Fe54(p,n) (FreeJ65,
LeiO56, TyrH54) A i y [0.511 (200%, ¥±)] MartlWS2)

others (MartiW52, t -47.99 (MTW)
_," o.41 (100%), 0.511 (zO09o, 'f")

Co 54 1.5m (SutD59) I_!{3 I/:iexcit
(SutD59, FreeJ65) 13+i 1.14 (100%),
4.3max 1.41 (100%) Fe54(p,n) (Free365)
Co 55 18.2 h (DarB37) [_i[5 + 81%, EC 19% A chem {DarB37) J3+!1.50max Fe54(d,n) (DarB37,
17.9h (RudG5Z) 1 ! (MukA58) chem, cross bomb, genet LivJ41, DeuM49)
(LivJ41) ;_/i Fe X-rays, 0.480 (12%), 0.511 Fe54(p,Y) (LivJ41)
18.0 h (LivJ41) I i_ + =60%, EC =40% : (160%, Y±), 0.930 (80%), 1.41
I i (calc from DexJA49) parent Fe 55 (LivJ41) i (13%) Fe56(p, Zn) (MukA58)
!A 1-54.01 {MTW)
I 3 n) (KieP59,
Co 56 77.3 d {WriH57) [_ EC 80%, t3+20% AI chem, excit, cross bomb 1.49 max
77 d (BurgW54) , (CookCS56) i (LivJ41) ¥ Fe X-rays, 0.511 (40%, ¥±), GrabZ60a, SakM54)
others
LivJ41)(CookCS42, I A -56.03 (MTW) i daughter
WorW52)Ni 56 (ShelRS2, 0.847
(66%), (100%), 1.04 (15%),
1.76 (15%), 1.24
2.02 (11%), Mn55(a, 3n)
daughter Ni 56(ChenL52a)
(ShelR5Z,
2.60 (17%), 3.26 (13%) WorWS2)
Fe56(d, 2n} (Liv341,
ElliL43a)
i Ni58(d, a) (Liv341,
CookCS42,
JensA41, EIIiLA 3a)
PleE42,
Co 57 i ZY0d (LivJ41) _ EC, no [3+, lira 0.002% IA chem, excit, cross bomb ¥ !Fe X-rays, 0.014 (9%), 0.122 iNi58(¥,p);
iZ67 d (CorkJ55) i (CrasB55) (Liv341) (87%), 0.136 (11%), 0.692 Fe56(d,n) (LivJ38a,
IA -59.339 (MTW) I idaulIhter Ni57 (FrieG52) (0.14%) PerrC38, BarrG39,
ie 0.007,0.013, 0.115, 0.129 LivJ41)
i Fe56(p' Y) (LivJ41)
C°58
!
I71.3 d (SchumR56)
171.0d (CorkJ55)
72 d (LivJ41, HoffD52,
PreiI60)
tI
'A
_ EC 85%, _
(GooW46, CookCS56)
-59.84 (MTW)
_Z500 (GoldmDT 64)

I A them, excit,cross bomb
(LivJ41)
i+
i 0.474 max
]Y Fe X-rays, 0.511 (30%, Y±),
0.810 (99%), 0.865 (1.4%), 1.67
IMn55 (a,n) (LivJ38a,
Mn55(a, 2n) (ChenLSZa)
LivJ41)
I I_c (0.6%)
I I : MnS5(a, n) (StraK50)
9.0h (PreiI60) i-59.81 (LHP, MTW) ie-i0.017 , 0.024
8.8 h (StraK50) _c i1"4 x 105 (GoldmDT64) i

Co58m !9.Zh (ChrisD50) ': ilT, no p+ (StraK50) IA ichem .... it (StraKS0) i_ iCo X-rays
o_ 90 !I00 (MitJ41) ii
A i-6Z. 233 (MTW) i

¢ i19 (to Co 60)
118 (to Co60m)
/ { (GoldrnDT 64)
Co60 5.263 y (GorbS63) %"i_- (RisJ37) A ._n-capt (SamM36) _- 1.48 max (0.12%), 0.314 max Co59(n, ¥) (Ris337,
5.24 y (GeiKW57) A i-61.651 (MTW) {chem, excit, cross bomb _ (99+%) LivJ38a, LivJ41,
5.20 y (LocE56) _ (LivJ41) Y I. 173 (I00%), 1.332 (100%) SeriA7b, YafLSl)
5.21 y (KasJ53a) I_r. 16 (GoldmDT64)
5.27 y (Tob355, TobJ51) -
others (LocE53,
SinW51)
Co 60m LivJ4 I,(Ba_thK53b)

I0.47m BrowG50, f J#!IT
i 99*90,_" 0.259° Ain-capt (Heyg37a) _. 1.55max
_-i LivJ37a, LivJ4 1,
Co5"9(n,_)(HeyF37a,
10.3 m (SchmW63) / ' (SchmW63) chem, excit, cross bomb e i0.051, 0.058 SerL47b)
10.5m (PreR60) 1 IT 99+%, 13"0.28% (LivJ41)
10.7m (LivJ41) [ (DeuMSl) daughter Fe 60 (Roy357) "/ Co(0.25%)
X-rays, 0.059 (Z. 1%), 1.33
!_ -61.593 (LHP, MTW)
Wci 100 (GoldmDT64)

250
J
Type of decay (a_);

Major radiations:
ZIsotope A Hal_-life (AsM-A),
Thermal MeV (C==0);
[ 99.0m (SrniL51, %_i_-(ParmT47) Aichem , excit, cross bornb, _-i 1.22max Ni64(p, cQ, Ni64(d, an),
NerW55) i sep isotopes, mass spect '
. ParroT49)
I00 m (NusR56) idaughter Fe 61 (RiccE55, _ i [Ni X-rays], 0.067 (89%)
104 m (ValtA62)
others (ParrnT49, i RiccE57, StraJ66) i C°59(t' p) {KunD48)
95 m (StraJ66) A ! -62.93 (MTW) i (ParrnT47) e-! [0.059] Ni 61 (n, p) (ParroT47,

PreiI60)
BrowF53a, HopH50, i i
13.9 m (ParrnT49, *t i_- (ParmT491 A i chem, sep isotopes _-i 2.88 max Ni64(d, a) (ParroT49,
GardD57,
13.8 ValtA62)
m (PreJ/60) '% 1-61.53 (MTW) ! (ParrnT49, GardD57) N i I.17 ( 180%, complex), 1.47 GardD57)
J !
i
(20%), 1.74 (19%), 2.03 (7%) Ni62(n,p)
ValtA62)
(ParmT49,
1.5 m {ValtA62) %* _- (ParroT49) C i cross bomb, sap isotopes _ i N rays observed Ni64{d, ¢1 (ParrnT491
1.6 m
1.9 m (ParmT49)
(PreiI60) ' i {ParroT49) i Ni62{n, p)
PreiI60, (ValtA62,
ParroT49)
i i i -
52 s (MoriH60) _ ]_- (MoriH60) E i chem, excit {MoriH60) _-! 3.6 max N164(_, p) {MoriH60)
"% i-61.9 (MTW) i ¥ ]no '/, lira 10%
1.40 h (PreiI60) *t i G i sep isotopes (PreiZ60) i Niln, np) (PreiI60,

2.0 h (ValtA62) iactivity assigned to Co 61 i ValtA62)
i i (StraJ66, i
28 s (StraJ66) *t _ F!excit (StraJ66) ¥ i0.095 Ni64(n, p) (StraJ66}
i i i
i sep isotopes (PreiI60) i
7.8 m
others (PreiI60)
(ValtA62, _ ![ G i activity not observed i neutrons
(PreiI60) on Ni (64)
ParroT49) i i!others
(StraJ66}
(ParrnT49) i
2.0 m (PreLI60) _ i i
others (ValtA62, i G i sep isotopes (PreiI60) : neutrons on Ni (64)
!activity not observed i (PreiI60)
(StraJ66)
ParmT49) i i !
!others (ParroT49) i
i
2 6.10 d (WelD63) *t iEC, no _+, lira 1% A i chem( WorW521 _/ i Co X-rays, 0.163 { 99%), 0.276 Fe54(¢, 2n) (ShelR52,
6.4 d (ShelR52) i (ShelR52) i chem, sep isotopes, genet i (31%), 0.472 (35%), 0.748 WorW52, OhnH65,
6.0 d (WorW52) A !i-53"92 (MTW) i pa(ShelR5_2)

rent C°_° (SheIR52, e-j0.1 (48%),155 0.812 (85%), 1.56 (14%) JenkR64)
! i WorW52) idaughter radiations from Co 56
36.0 h (EbrT651 _
i EC 54%, _+ 46%
i
A i chem, excit, cross bomb
,
_+i 0.85 max Co59{p, 3n) (WagG521
35.7 h (RudG64) {KoniJ58c, KoniJ58) i (LivJ38) _ iCo X-rays, 0.127 (14%), 0.511 Fe54(a,n) (LivJ38,
otherSLivJ38,(A4aiF49,FrieG50, 'EC( FrieG50)50%'

_+ 50% i parent Co 57 (FrieG52) ! (92%, ¥±) , 1.37 (86%), 1.89 MaiF49,D°rR41'
NeLM42,FrieG50,
ChilG62, RoaJ59, i (14%) CanR51c)
PauA65) iEC 63%, _+ 37% i daughter radiations from Co 57
] (ChilG62)
,% i-56.10 (MTW) i i
%i6776CWhi_48) i Ii
,% i-60.23 (MTW) i i
8 x 104 y yield _ !EC (WilsHSla) A i chem, cross bomb, n-capt ¥ i Co X-rays, continuous Ni58(n, ¥1 (BrosA51,
(BrosA51) ino _+, lira 2 x 10-3% i (CaroM45) i bremsstrahlung to 1.06 CaroM45, WilsHS0)
I x 105 y yield ! (EmmW54a) i chem, sap isotopes, n-capt i Co59(d, 2n) (BrosA51)
(SaraB56) ,% 1-61.159 (MTW) i (BrosASl) i
8 x 105 Y yield ] i
i
(WilsH51a) i
% 126.16 (WhiJ48) i i
"% i-64.471 (MTW) i i
I
.o ,Oo, oT.,i i
%11.25
_Wbi_4,, i i
"% i-64.22 (MTW) i i
_c 12 (GoldmDT64) i i
i
% i3.66 (WhiJ48)
i
i i
1-66.75 (MT, W) i
_c i15 (GoldmDT64)
251
Type of decay (aA*);

Major radiations: Principal means
% abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; approximate energies (MeV)
Isotope Half-life (Z_-_M-A), MeV (C':=0); Genetic relationships of production
i _-i 0.067 Ni6Z(n, _;) (BrosA51,

z8Ni 63 92 y sp act (HorrD6Z) %" ]_- (BrosA51) A _chem, n-capt, sep isotopes max
125 y sp act ' (BrosA51) ' WilsH49, WilsH50)
85 (MMulC56)
y yield (BrosA51) A i-65.52 (MTW) ¥ i!no 3/
61 y yield (WilsH51a) i i
Ni 64 % !1.16 (WhiJ48) i
A E-67.11 (MTW) i
c il.5
o- (GoldmDT64)
Ni 65 2.564 h (SilLSI) %_ iO-

, (Heyg3To) A in-capt
: (RotJ36) _-i. Z.13 max Ni64(n, ¥) (HeyF37b,
ConnE46, DorR41,
Z.55 h (CliJ63a) NelM42, SerL4To,
2.56 h (ScaR58) A 1-65.14 (MTW) ichem, sep isotopes, excit ¥ i 0.368 (4.5%), 1.115 (16%), 1.481
2.50 h (RiccR60b) i (SwarJ46, ConnE46) i (25%) MaiF49)
others (BonaG64, ] i i
LivJ38, IVlaiF49, i i
ForS 5Z, NelM4Z, i
GrenH65a) : i
Ni 66 54.8 h (KjeA56) %" i_- (OoeK49) A chem, genet (OoeR49) _-i.0.20 max fission
OoeR4 (KjeA56,
9, JohnN 56)
55 h (JohnN56) !-66.06 (IvlTW) parent Cu 66 (OoeR49) ¥ ino ¥, llm I%
56 h (HopH50, GoeR49) A i idaughter radiations from Cu 66
Ni 67 50 s (MeaJL65)
i
%" i_- (MeaJL65) JC excit (MeaJL65) 1_-14.:
1 max Zn70(n, a) (MeaJL65)
A E-63.Z (MeaJL65, MTW) _/ i0.90 (51%, doublet), 1.26 (15%)
zgCU 57 0.18 s (TyrH54) %" i F iexcit (TyrH54, MartiWSZ) i protons on Ni (TyrH54,

0.14 s (MartiW5Z) ! i i MartiW52)
(or Co 54)
Cu 58 3. Z0 s (FreeJ65)
i
%" i_ + (MartiW5Z)
i
Ciexcit (TyrH54, MartiW52, _+i8. Zmax Ni58(p,n) (FreeJ65,
3.04 s (MartiW5Z) ' i FreeJ65) MartiW5Z, TyrH54)
3.3 s (GerhJ58) A !-51.66 (MTW) ¥ i[0.511 (200%, _±)]
others (TyrH54) i i
i
Cu 58 9.5m (YuaT55a) _ (DelL39, YuaT55a) G chem (DelL39) i protons on Ni 58 (LeiC47,
7.9 m (DelL39) i chem, exclt, sep isotopes i DelL39)
I0.0 m (LeiC47) : (LeiC47) ii deuterons on Ni 58
i !activity cannot be assigned to i (YuaT55a)
i Cu 58 from threshold
i considerations (NDS)
i i
Cu 59 81.5 s (ButlJW58) %" _+, no EC, lirn 5% B chem (DelL39) _ Ni58(p,_/) (LeiC47,58)
DelL39, ButlJW
81 s (LindnL55, i (YuaT55b) excit, sep isotopes (LeiC47) i0.343 (5%), 0.463 (5%), 0.511
DelL39, LeiC47) genet energy levels (CohB6Za, ¥ , Ni 58(d, n) (LindnL55)
others (BudA6Z, A 1-56.36 (MTW) ButlJW58) i (197%, Y±), 0.872 (9%), 1.305
YuaT 55a) i: :
! i (11%) ' 1.70 (1%)
Cu 60 Z3.4m (NusR54b) %a 93%, EC 7% Aichem, excit, sep isotopes, max (6%1 3.00max (18%), Ni60(p,n) (LeiC471
24.6 m (LeiC47) i (NusR54b) :i mass spect (LeiC47) .i Z.00 max Ni60(d, 2n) (BudA62,
24 m (BudA62) A 1-58.35 (MTW) idaughter Zn 60 (LindnL55a) _/iNi X-rays, 0.511 (186%, ¥±), LeiC47, LeviN58)
• i 0.85 (15%), 1.332 (80%), 1.76
i ; i (5Z%), 2.13 (6%, doublet),
i i : 2.64 (5%), 3.13 (4%), 2.52
i ! i (2%), 4.0 (1.0%)
Cu 61 3.32 h (BermA54) %" _+ 60%, EC 40% A ichem, excit (RideL37) _+i 1.22 max Ni60(d, n) (ThorRL37)
3.33 h (CookCS48b) i (NusR56) ichem, excit, sep isotopes e-i 0.059 Co59(a, Zn)
3.35 h (BudA62, iothers (CookCS51, i (LeiC47, KunD50a) :
BoeF50) i Bout50, HubeO49, idaughter Zn 61 (LindnL55a, _/ iNi X-rays, 0.067 (4%), 0.Z84
3.4h (ThorRL37, i KuzM57) i CumJ55, CumJ59) (IZ%), 0.38 (3%), 0.511 (120%,
RideL37a, KunD50a) i i ¥±) 1.19 (5%)
13.3 h (HopH50) A i-61.98 (MTW) i
i
Cu 6g 9.76m (EbrT65) %" _+ (HeyF37a), [EC] Aiexcit (HeyF37a) )+!2.91 max daughter Zn6z
9.73 m (BermA54) A -62.81 (MTW)
i iexcit, cross bomb (RideL37a, i0.511 (195%, ¥±), 0.88 (0.3%), (MilIDR48)
9.9m (CriE39,
ButlJW58a, ! StraC38,sep isotopes
!chem, BotW39) (LeiC47) i 1.17 (0.5%, complex) Co59(a,n) (gideL37a)
PerlmM48, ForS52) i daughter'

i Zn 62 (MilIDR48) :i Ni62(p,n) (StraC38)
I0. I m (LeiC47, i
10.0 m (RideL37a)
others (HeyF37a) !
i
Gu 63 ,% i69.1 i-65.583
(MTw)
(BrowHS47) i !
_c !4.5 (GoldmDT64) i
1
252
Type of decay (_);

Maior radiations:
% abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; approximate energies (MeV) Principal meam
Isotope Half.life (A sM-A), MeV (C'"=0); Genetic relationships of produotkm
Z A ] Thermal neutron I and intensities
29Cu 64 12.80h
RabE50)(TobJ55, _]EC43%,
i (NDS) 15- 38%, 15+ 19% A!chem, n-capt (AmaE351 15"i0"573
max0.656 Cu63(n,¥) (HeyF3To,
excit (VVooS36a) 15+i} max SerIATo)
i12.88h (WrIH57)(SilL51) i(15+ + EC)/15- 1.6 ichem, excit (DelL59)
12.7 h (Schumg51a) i
others
IZ.87 h (BonaG64,
A '-68.4,8(MTW)
: (ReynJH50) ! !_!NtX-rays,o.511
le-i 1.33 (38%,_*),
BatzR5la, KunD5l, } i 1.34(0.5%)
HubeO43a, HubeO44a, ] i i
MlllDR48, PerlmM4
JohnH50, VVooS36a,9, E ! i
HopH50, BeydJ57ap
PauA65, ZInH65)
E ij
'
Gu 65 % 130.9 (BrowHS47) i i
erci 2.3 (GoldmDT641
Cu66 5.10 mm (BarthR53b)

(SargB531 *_ 15- (ArosE35) A ii n-capt (AmaE351 i115i
_: 2.63 max Cu65(n,
5.07 excit (ChanW37) SerL4To,Y) (AmaE35,
OrsA49,
5.12m (SchumR51a) A i-66.26 (MTW) i'/ i 1.039 (9%0) HumV5])
5.20 m (KoesL54) arci 130 (GoldrnDT64) i daughter Ni 66 (GoeR49) I i
5.2 m (RoderH51, : i [ ! daughter Hi 66 (GoeR49)
CamAGS0) i i
others (FrieG51)
5.3 m (BormNi65) ! i I ii
i i , !"
Cu 67 (KunD50a,
61 h (HopH50,
58.5h EwaG53) "115-(GoeR49, chem, (GoeR49,
Aichem cross bomb, sep '
115-i0.57max Ni64(a.p' (KunD50a)
56 h (GoeR49) A Ei-67"29(MTW) i isotopes (KunDS0a) ie-i 0.082, 0.091 Zn67(n,p) (KunDS0a)
i ! _/ i Zn X-rays, 0.092 ( 23%, doublet), Cu65(t. p) (KunDSl)
i i l i 0.[84.0%)
Cu68 30s (BakH64) _ !15-(FlaA53a) BIchem,excit(FIaA53a) !15"i 3.5max GaYi(n,Q)
(rlaAS3a,
32• (rlaA53a) Z_ii-65"4
(MTW) i genetenergylevels(Ba_'_64)
![_i 0"83%)
0( ,(17%)
88[.078(5%)
'[. (95%),L24 Zn68(n,
P)BakH64)
(r]aAS3a,
1
I ii i i !i YthC60c, BakH64)
30Zn60 Z.Im (LindnL55a) *# i[EC,15+](LindnL55a) B i chern,genet (LindnL55a) i N158(_, Zn) (LindnLSSa)
i i
Zn 61 11.48 m (LindnL55a, %"i_ +, [EC] (Cm-nJ55, A chem, genet (CumJ55, 4.4max Ni58(a,n) (CumJ55,
CumJ59) i LindnL55a,
A i-56.6 (MTW) CumJ59), LindnL55a,
!parent CumJ59)
Cu 61 (Cum355, l_/i0.48
0.98(11%),
(3%), 0.511 (198%, Ye),
1.64 (6%) LindnL55a, CumJ59)
i i LindnLSSa, CumJ59) I !
i i i
!+!
Zn 62 9.13 h (RudG64) %"iEC =82%, 15+ =18% A I chem, genet (MillDR48) 15 i 0.66 max Cu63|p, 2hi (GhoSS0)
9.33 h (HaywR50a) i (NDS) i excit (GhoS50) le-i 0.033 Cu63(d, 3n) (NusR54c)
9.3 h (NusR54c) iEC =90%, 15+=10% !parent Cu 62 (MilIDR48) i,/iCu 0.51
9,5 h (MilIDR48) i X-rays. 0.042 (20%)
others (KunD53, i (HaywR50a) i (47%, doublet, includes _/i),

PoohM52) A 1-61.12 (MTW) i I i 0.59 (22%)
: i i daughter radiations from Cu 62

Zn 63 38.4 m (CumJ61) %".15+ 93%, EC 11% A ichem, exclt (BotW37a, 2.34 max Ni60(a, n) (GhoS50,
38.1 m (RiccR59a) ! (HubeO47) HeyF37b, RideL37a) _/ i Cu X-rays, 0.511 (186%, ¥_'), RideL37a)
38.3StraC38,m
(HubeO47,Wafi.148) i-62.22 (MTW) !daughter Oa 63 (NurM65) i 0.669 (8%), 0.962 (6%), 1.42 Cu63(p,n) (StraC38,
A I ! (0.9%) DelL39. Blas351.
37.6 m (VasiSS61b) GhoSS0, CumJ61)
38.5 m (DelL39) i i
64
tl/2>8 x(EC EC)ysp act % 148.89
1-66.000 (BalKS0)
Zn-" i i
1015 A (MTW)
(BertA53) arc }0.46 (GoldrnDT64) i i
Zn 65 245 d (To_bJ53, _ IEC 98.3%, 154 1.7% A! chem (PerrC381 15*i0.327 max Znf4(n, ¥1 (SagR39,
PerrC38) ! (GleG59, RiccR60b) i chem, excit, cross bomb ' SerlAYb)
244
246 dd (GeiKW57)
(WriH57, iiO+ 1.2% (BereD62b) i (LivJ39a) e-i i 1.106
EasH60) A i-65.92 (MTW) i daughter Ga65 (LivJ39d) _/ Cui.X-rays,115
(49%)0"511 (3.4%, _/±),
250 d (TatV61, i
AgarI61) i
A i-68.88 (MTW) !
Zn 67 % 14.11 (BalKS0)
253
r
Type of decay (_);

o_ abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; approximate energies (MeV)
Isotope Half-life (/_IM-A), MeV (C'_=0); Genetic relationships of production
cross section (0"4 barns
30Zn 68 % ! 18.56
A 1--69.99
_rcl 1.0 (to
i0.1 (to
(BaiKS0)
(MTW)
Zn 69)
Zn 6_)
Li
i
i
i (GoldrnDT 64) ] i
Zn 69 57 m (Liv$39a) _ i_- (HeyF37b) i ] cbem, n-capt (HeyF3To) _-i 0.90 max daughter Zn 69m (ZenJ39)
51 m (HopH48) i chem, excit, cross bomb ¥
52 m (HansA49) _ i-68.43 (MTW) i (LivJ39a, KenJ39) i no _ Zn68(n, ¥) (HeyF37b,
daughter Zn 69rn (KenJ39) _ HurnV51, SagR39)
i i _ HeyF36, SerL47b,
! ! Ga71(d, a) (Liv$39a)
i i
Zn 69m 13.8 h (LivJ39a) _ lIT (Ken$39) A i chem, excit (ThorRL38) ¥ i Zn X-rays, 0.439 (95%) Zn68(n, V) (ThorRL38,
others (HopH50, :-67.99 (LHP, MTW) i chem, excit, cross bomb e-i 0.429 Liv$39a, SerL47b)
HopH48) _ ! i (LivJ39a, KenJ39) i daughter radiations from Zn 69 Ga71(d' _) (LivJ39a)
i i parent Zn 69 (KenJ39)
Zn 70 tl/2 (J_J3) >1015y 9oi0.62 (BalK50) i:
sp act (Frem$5Z) A 1-69.55 (MTW) i i

i0.' I0 (to Zn 71) } i
_rci0.01 (to Zn 71m) i
Zn 71 2.4 m (ThwTfl) _ !_-

i (HugD461
ii
C in-capt, cross bomb (HugD461 _-i
i 2.61 max Zn70(n, ¥1 (HugD46,
2.2HugD46)
m (LBIa$55, A _1-67._ (MTW) ii n-capt,
(LBIaJ55)sep isotopes V i 0.120
(13%),(0.9%),
0.92 0.39 (1.3%),
(3%), 1.12 (1.39o)
0.510 LBlaJ55, ThwTfl)
Zn 71m: 3.92 h (LevkY58) q_ I_- (LBIa$55) A! sep isotopes, n-capt _-i 1.46 max Zn70(n, "/) (LBla$55,
. ' TbwT 61, TanP64,
4.1 h (SonT64) i-67.2 (LHP, MTW) i (LBIa$55) V I0.13 (_0), 0.385 (94%), 0.495 SonT64)
4.0 h (ThwT61)_i i chem (S°nT64) i

(59°)'i
0.99
(75%)' (8%),0"609 1.11(659°)'
(490) 0"76
Zn 72 46.5 h (ThwT63) _ i_- (Sieg$51) A! chem, genet (Sieg$46, _-i . 0.30 max fission.(SiegJ51,
SteinE 5 Ic, GoeR49,
49 h (Sieg$51) A i-68.14 (MTW) i Sieg$51) e-i 0.005, 0.014 Fo1R51, TurA51a,
37 h (IshM63) i i parent Oa 72 (Sieg_[51) i Gatweak),

V ! X-rays, 0.015 (90%),
0.145 (8%), 0.046
0.192 ThwT63, KjeA63)
i i i (109o)
i i daughter radiations from Ga 72
_iGa 63 33 s (NurM65) A i-57

*_ i[_ +, (MTW)
EC] (NurM65) B !i chem
genet.... (NurIvi65)
it, cross bomb, i Hi 60 (Li 4n)
Cu63(a, 6, 3n)(NurM65)
+
i i parent zn63 (Nurlv165) i Ni58 (Li6' n) (NurM65)
Ga 64 2.6m (CrasB53) _i[_ +. (CrasB53), [EC] Bichem, cross bomb (CrasB53) 0 (33%), 2.8max Cu63(a, 3n) (CrasB53)
2.5 m (CohB53) A 1-58.93 (MTW) i chem, excit, sep isotopes

0.992 {43%), 1.25 (7%), 1.38 _racoT60)
i ! (CobB53) _ i 0.511 ( 1969o, _±), 0.80 (15%), Zn64(p, n) (CohB53,
: ! ii (14%), (7%), (99o),
1.56 2.34
2.18 (119o), 1.78 (590),
3.32 Zn64(d, Zn) (CrasB53)
ii i i i_i (189o)
Ga 65 15.2 m (DaniH57a) _ i
IEC (AIvL38) A ii chem, genet (Liv$39d) p+ .2.24 max (12%), Z. ll max Cu63(a, Zn), Zn64(d,n),
15 m (AIvL38, LivJ39d, i_ (AteA52) i parent Zn 65 (Liv$39d) e-i 0.044, 0.053, O. 105 Zn64(p, V) (MorrD59)
CrasB54, KoesL54, .
PoolM 52) A i-62.66 (MTW) i daughter Ge 65 (Po tin 58) _/ i Zn(12%)

,X-rays'0.1150"054(55%) ,(8%)
'0.1520"061
! i (10%), 0.206 (4%), 0.511
i ii (18090,
(3%) _), o.75(1O9o),0.93
i alphas on Cu, protons on

Ga 65 8.0 m (CrasB54) *_ G i chem, excit, cross bomb i
i activity
(CrasB54)not observed i Zn (CrasB54)
i i (Morrv59) ii
Ga 66 9.45 h (_angeL50d) _ iO + 57%, EC 4390 A i chem, excit (MannW37, _+i 4.153 max Cu 63 (a, n) (MannW37,
9.3 h (RudG64) i (CareD63) i RideL37) ¥ iZn X-rays, 0.511 (11490, ¥'_), RideL37a, LangeL50d)
9.5h (Carv$59) 1-63.71 (MTW) !daughter Ge 66 (HopH49) ! 0.828 (5%), 1.039 (37%), 1,91
9.4 h (RideL37a, A ! i (3%), 2.183 (5%), 2.748 (25%),
9.2 h (MukAS0,
Buck38) il] i 4.30_5%)
others
Ma (FrauH5To)
37) i i !
i
i _ -_--
254
Type of decay (_S);
ZIS°t°PeA Half-life (AiM-A),ThermalMeVneutron(C'-_=0); Genetic relationships approximateandintensitiesenergies

(MeV) Principalof
productionmeans
crou section (O), barns
i i i
31Ga 67 77.ghTobjSl)(Tob355, _IEC: (A1vL38) Aichem, excit (MannW38, Y i Zn X-rays, 0.093 (40%), 0.184 Zn67(d,n) (A1vL38,
ino _ 0.01_0 ] MarmW38a) (24%), 0.296 (22%), 0.388 ValleG39)
79.2 h {RudG64) : chern, excit, cross bomb i (7_o)
78.2 h (MCowD48) i (MeyW53) i (AIvL38) : Cu65(a, 2n) (HubbJ57)
others (HopH50, A 1-66.87 (MTW) e-! 0.084, 0.092
HopS48, MannW38) i idaughter Ge67 (HopH49) i
Ga 68 68.3 m (EbrT65) _ i0 EC 12_t0 A ichem, excit (BotW37a, 0+i I. 90 max daughter Ge 68 (HopH48)
68.2 m (BormM65) i (RamasM59a, i RideL37a) ¥ i Zn X-rays, 0.511 (176%, ¥±), Cu65(a,n) (RideL37a,
68 m (RideL37a, i TayH63a) idaughter Ge 68 (HopH48, i 0.80 (0.4%), 1.078 (3.5%), 1.24 MannW37)
PerlmM48, KoesL54 A 1-67.07 (MTW) : HopH50) :
i _ i (0.14%), 1.87 (0.15%) Zn68(p,n) (VubL38,
ii i! i ZnBucJ38,
67 (d, n) MukA50,
(ValleG39)
Ga 69
i
% i60.2 (IngM48b)
r i
i6o.5 (AntkS53) !
A 1-69.326 (MTW) i
: ! i
aa 70 21.1 m (BunkM571 _ i_- (DubL38) A i chem, n-capt (AmaE351 _-i 1.65 max Ga69(n, ¥1 (AmaE35,
20MannW38)
m (AmaE35, A ! -68.90 (MTW) i chem, excit (DubL38) y i 0.173 (0.16%) , 1.040 (0.5%) SerL47b)
_ i39.8(Z._48b)
i39.5(AntkS53)
i-70.135 (MTW) i i
_rc i 5"0 (G°ldrnVT84) ii i
Ga 72 14.12h (WyaE61) *ti_- (SagR39) A!chem, n-capt, excit _-i3.15max Ga71(n,¥) (SagK39,
14.3h (Sieg351, A -68.58 (MTW) i (LivJ38b, SagR39) ¥ 10.601 (8%), 0.630 (27%), 0.835
14.08 h (BisG50)
MandeC43a) ! idaug hter Zn72 (Sieg351) i (96_0), 0.894 (I0%), 1.050 SerL47h, Sieg351)
(7%), 1.465 (3.5%), 1.60 (5%,
14.1 h (SagR39) i i i complex), 1.860 (5%), 2.201
other s ( Lange L60) i i i (26%) ' 2" 50 (20_°' d°ublet)

Ga 73 4.9h (YthC58) "t i_" (Sieg351) Aicbem, excit (Sieg346, _-il.19max Ge73(n,p) (SiegJ51,
5. I h (MarqL59) YthC58)
5.0 h (Sieg351) Z_ 1-69.74 (MTW) _ Sieg351) e-i 0.012, 0.043, 0.053
i i chem, sep isotopes, cross .
i bomb (YthC58) ¥ i Ge X-rays, 0.054 (9%), 0.295 Ge76(d, an) (YthC58)
daughter radiations from Ge TM
! i i (94%)' 0"74 (6%)
i
i i included in ab°ve listing
Ga 74 8.0 m (YthC59b) _ i_- (EicE58) A _decay charac, excit _-i 2.5 max Ge76(d, _) (YthC5To)
7.8 m (EicE58)
others (MarSh360, A_-67.8 (MTW) !_chem,
(MoriH56)
sepisotopes, excit, ¥ :!0.50 (11%, complex?), 0.60 Ge74(n,p) (MarinJ60,
MoriH56) i genet energy levels i (100_0, doublet), 0.87 (9%, EicE62, EicE58,
doublet), 1.33 (5_0), 1.46 (8%,
i i (EicE58, EicE62) i doublet), I. II (5%), 1.20 (8_0, YthCSTo)

i i doublet),2.35
(45%)1"76 (7%, doublet),
Ga 75 2.0 m (MoriH60) *t !_- (MoriH60, YthC60a) D i chem (YthC60a) _ i 3.3 max Ge76(n, pn) (YthC60a)
1.5m (YthC60a) A i-68.5 (MoriH60, MTW) i Y i0"36 ? (1%), 0.58 (3%) Ge76(y,p) (MoriH60)
i i i[daughter radiations from Ge 75]

i i
Ga 76 32 s (TakaK61) *t i_- (TakaK61) C igenet energy levels (TakaK61 !_-! 6 max Ge76(n, p) (TakaK61)
,i i ' i 0" 563' 0" 96' 1" I_-
32Ge 65 1.5 m (PoriN58) _ ip + (PoriN58), [EC] A ichern, excit, sep isotopes, P+i 3.7 max Zn64(a, 3n) (PoriN581
i-56 (MTW) _ genet (PoriN58) _ i0.511 (197_o, ¥±), 0.67 (3%),
i parent Ga 65 (PoriN58) : 1.72 (2%)
i i i daughter radiations from Ga 65
Ge 66 2.4 h (RiccR60a) !_ i_ + m,62_o, EC ,,38% A i chem, genet (HopH49) _+i 2.0 max (<10%), 1.3 max Zn(>4(a, 2.n) (RiccR60a)
2.5h (HopHS0) ! (RiccR60a) iparent Ga 66 (HopH49) Y iGa X-rays, 0.046 (37%), 0.068
others (RiccR56, IEC(K) =48% (ZinH65) : i (11%), 0.114 (22_0), 0.185
ZinH65) _ :i-60.7 (MTW) i i (23%), (6%),

0.30 0.245 0.34(7%),
(19%),
0.27 0.38
(19%),
i (48%, doublet?), 0.40 (6%),
i i 0.47 (19%),
i daughter 0.511
radiations (124%, Ga 66
from ¥*)
i '
255
Type of decay (_j_);

Major radiations:
% abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; approximate energies (MeV) Principal mcam
IsotopeA Half-life (AEM-A),
Thermal MeV (C:=0); Genetic relationships of production
Z neutron and intensities
18.7 m (RiccR591 i
*t ]_+, EC (HopH50, i
A i chem, genet (HopH49) 3.1 max Zn64(a, n) (RiccR59)
32Ge67 18.6m (CogM65)
21 m (HopH50, i RiccR59) iparent Ga67 (SopH49) ¥ i 0.170 (105%, doublet), 0.511
VaseS64) 4]-62.5 (MTW) i (170%, _), 0.84 (4%), o.gz

others (RiccR56) daughter radiations from Ga 67
19 m (AteA53) i i i (7%)' 1"48 (5%)
Ge 68 275 d (CrasB56) _ iEC (HopH48) A i chem (MarroW38) Y i Ga X-rays Zn66(¢, 2n) (MannW38,
250 d (HopH50) ino 0 0.4% ichem, genet (HopH48) i daughter radiations from Ga 68 RamasM59a, HoreV59)
i (RamasM59a) iparent Ga 68 (HopH48, :
LXi-67 (MTW) i H°pHS0) i

Ge 69 36 h (TemJ65) _ IEC =67%, [3+ =33% A i chem (MannW38) J3+i1.22 max Ga69(d, 2n) (SeaG41,
38.5 h
40.4 h (SchweC63)
(NusR57) iEC(K) =55% (ZinH65)
i (]vfCowD48) ii chem,
(MCowD48)
excit, cross bomb ¥ ] Ga0.573
X-rays,(13%),
0.5110.872
(68%, ¥'_), 1.107
(10%), TernS65)
MCowD48, HudC51,
40HopH50)h
(_CowD48, A i_-67":101 (MTW) ]daughter As 69 (ButeF55) i (28%), 1.335 (3%)
HubeO44a) i
Ge 7° % i2055 (mgM4ae) i
_-70.558 (MTW),
_c 132 (GoldmDT64) i i
Ge 71 11.4 d (MCowD48) *t iEC, no _+ (MCowD48, IA i chem, excit, cross bomb Y i Ga X-rays Ge70(n, ¥) (SerL47b,
II d (MandeC49, i MandeC49) i (SeaG41) IvICowD48, lviandeC49,
SeaG41) _ i -69. 90 (]vITW) i sep isotopes, n-capt i ReynS50)
] daughter As 71 (HopH49) MCowD48)
i i (ReynS50) i Ga71(d, Zn) (SeaG41,
Ge ? 14 d (LangeM56, _ _EC (LangeM56, E i chem, critical abs ¥ iGa X-rays, continuous internal neutrons on Ge
LangeM 54b) i (LangeM54b) i ( LangeM 56' LangeM 54b) i brem''trahlung t° 0" 15 (LangeM 54b
LangeM56)
e_ %127.57
(mS_48e) i i
i i
_rc 1-72.579(MTW)
i1.0 (GoldmDT64)
%17.67 (_gM48e) i i
_ i-71.295(MTw) i !
"c i 14 (GoldmDT64) i
Ge 73m 0.55 s (CamE57) _ !IT (CamE57) A _n-capt,chern, genet ¥ iGe X-rays, 0.054 (9%) daughter As 73 (CamE57)
1-71.226 (LHP, MTW) i (CamE57) e-i0.012, 0.043, 0.055
i daughter AS 75 (CarriE57) i
!
_x1-75.419
(MTW)
r c 103 (to Ge 75) i
i0.2 (to Ge 75m) i
*_ i!__ (SeaG41) Ge74(n, _l (ReynS50,

Ge 75 82 m (IviCowD48) A _chem, excit, cross bomb J3-I I. 19 max
(SeaG41)
89m (SeaG41) 1-71.83 (MTW) in_capt, Y i0.066 (0.3%), 0.199 (1.4%), 0.265 SmiA52c, SagR39,
(ReynS50) ( II%), 0.427 (0.3%), 0.477 SagR41, SerLAYb)
79m (ReynSS0) L_ i i seplsotopes i (0.5%), 0.628 (0.1%) SeaG4 I, Ivi
As75(n,P) CowD48)
(Sag R41,
Ge 7_n 48 s (SmiASZc) _ lit (FIaASZ) A i excit (FIaAS2) Y i Ge X-rays, 0.139 (54%) Ge74(n, Y) (SmiABZc,
49 s (BursS54a) _ icrose bomb, n-capt, sep e-i0.128 , 0.158 FIaA52)
42 • (FIaA52) i-71.69 (LHP, MTW) i isotopes (SmLASZc) idaughter radiations from Ge 75 Ae75(n'P)smiA52c)(FIaA52'
i i !
Ge 76 tl/Z (pp) >Z x X016y % 17.67 (IngM48a) i i
sp act (Frem,T52) _ 1-73.209 (MTW) !
¢c !0.1 (to Ge77) ! i
.i0"l (to Ge 77m) i ii
256
Type of decay(_);
Isotope % abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; Major radiations:

Z A II Half-life (_sM-A),
Thermal MeV (C'_=0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
neutron and intensities of production
iI i j i
32Ge77 :_
11.3 h (LyoW57) _i_- (SagR41) Aichem, excit,cross bomb _ i2.2max Ge76(n,¥) (LyoW57,
ReynS 50, SagR39,
i ! (StelnE46, ei0'8
!N i As X-rays, 0.21 (61%, doublet),
(z5_/o), 0.563 (18%), 0.63z (11_/o),

i _ 0.73 (14%, complex), 0.80 (6%,
complex),0.93(5%, complex),
i i SteinE51) ii 0.Z63 (45%), 0.368 (15%),0.417
1.09(6%), othersto Z.4
idaughter radiationsfrom As 77
Ge 77m 54 s (LyoW57) _ !_- 76%, IT Z4% A i cross bomb, genet, n-capt _-! Z.9 max Ge76(n, Y) (LyoW57,
52 s (BursS54a) i (VKooJ65) i (ArnJ47) e-!0.148,0.158 Reyr_50, ArnJ47)
59 s (ArnJ47, i_- 73%, IT 27% (LyoW57) i sep isotopes (ReynS50) :
(VKoo365) • Y i Ge X-rays, 0.159 (IZ%), 0.Z15
others (ReTnSS0) i_-from
=85%,(BursS
IT =15%
54a)calc ReTnS50) i (21%)
i parent As 77 (Arn347,
A i-71.0 (LHP, MTW) i i
Ge 78 1.47 h (FritK65, _ i_- (StelnE51) B ! chem, genet (SteinE46,

i
_-i 0.71 max fission (SteinE51,
KvaE65) FritK65, KvaE65)
1.43 h {SugaN53) A i-71.8 (KvaE65, MTW) i SteinE51, YthC59a) ¥ i0.277 (94%)
iparentAs 78 (SteinE46, idaughter radiationsfrom As 78 Se8Z(n, an) (YthC59a)
Z.I h (YthC59a, _ i SteinE51, SugaN53,
SteinE 51) i i YthC59a) :
33A568 =Ym (ButeF55) _i Eichem, excit (ButeF55) i Ge70(p, 3n) (ButeF55)

As 69 15 m (ButeF55) _ i_ + (Buter55), [EC] B ichem, genet (ButeF55) _+i Z.9 max Ge70(p, 2n) (ButeF55)
_i-63.2 (MTW) i parent Oe 69 (ButeF55) Y i0.23, 0.511 (Y±)
ii i
i daughter radiations from Ge 69
As 70 !52 m (HopH50, Jt i_ A ichem (HopH49, HopH50) 3+iZ.89max (6%), Z.14 max Ge70(p, n) (ButeF55)
i VerkB52) }no EC, lira 20% i chem, decay charac (Sou.A55) y i[Ge X-rays], 0.511 (183%, _±), Ge70(d, Zn) (VerkB52,
_47 m (SouA55) i (VerkB52) ichem (VerkB5Z) i 0.60 (23%), 0.67 (25%), 0.75 BornP63)
ii daughterexcit
Se 70(ButeF55)
(HopH50) i (23%), 0.91 (17%), 1.040
A i-64.32 (MTW) ichem'
i (zz%), 1.80 (6%), z.o3 (19%),
i i (78%), 1.1z (z3%), 1.36 (lZ%),
i i i 1.4z (10%),4.7 1.54 (7%), 1.71
othersto
i i
As 71 62 h (GravW55) _ iEC =70%, _+ =30% A I chem (SagR41) _+i 0.81 max Ga69(a, 2n) (Mei350)
60StokP53,
h (HopHS0, iiEC(K)
(ThuS54b) ! i chem, genet (BracD52)
(HopH49) ie-i 0.012, 0.022, 0.164 GeY0(d, n) (GravW55,
BeydJ57a) =54% {ZinH65) mass spect ThuS54b, BracD52,
65 h (AttH53, ThuS54b)
i
A i-67.89 (MTW) iparent
i
Ge 71 (HopH49} Y iGe X-rays,
daughter
0.175
radiations
(90%), 0.511
from Ge 71
MCowD48a)
As 72
i 26 (M CowD48a) iZC, p+
i
_+!
I27 h (HopH50) _ :IEC(K)<30%
(MCowD48a)
(ZinH65) A ichem,
i chem, excit
excit, (MitA47)
sep isotopes 3.34max
e-i0.679 (17%), Z.50 max daughterSe
Ga69(a,n} 72 (HopH48)
(MitA47,
i A i -68.ZZ (MTW) i {MCowDdSa) M CowD48a, Mei350,
: i daughter Se 7Z (HopH48, ¥ i Ge X-rays, 0. 511 ( 150%, ¥i), BrunE56)
i HopH50) i 0.630 (8%), 0.835 (78%), other
I _ _ i i weak Yts to 3.7 (each <3%)
As 73 80.3 d (GIeG64) _ iEC, no _+, lira 2% A ichem (SagR39a) ¥ i Ge X-rays, 0.054 {9%) Ge72(d, n) {SagR39a,
76 d (MCowD48a) i (MCowC48a, ElliL43b) i chem, excit, cross bomb, : 3ohaS5Z)
others (SagR39a, t, i -70.92 ii mass
sep isotopes (MCowC48a) e-i i 0.012,
daughter 0.043, 0.053 from Ge 73m
Mei350) (MTW) spect (3ohaSSla) radiations
i i
i i parent Ge 73m (CamE57) i included in above listing
As 74 17.9 d (GIeG64) *t i_ EC 39%, _- 32% A i excit (CurtB38) _-i 1.36 max Ga71(a,n) (MCowV48a,
17.5 d (MCowD48a) i (GrigE58d) ichem, excit (SagR39a) 3+!1.54max (3%), 0.95max (26%) HoreD59a)
others (HopH50, !others (GriR59j, _
SagR39a, MocD48) i HoreD59a, 3ohaS51, i Y i Ge X-rays, 0.511 (59%, Y±),
i ScoJ57, Mei350) i i0.596 (61%), 0.635 (14%)
A !-70.855 (MTW) i i
As 74m 8.0 s (SchaAbla) _ ilT (SchaA61a) B I sep isotopes, cross bomb, ¥ i 0.283 Ge74(p, n) (SchaA61a)
I A i _70.57Z (LHP, MTW)i excit (SchaA61a) i

: Ge73 (P'¥) (SchaA61a)
As75 ' % i 100 (NierA37a) i

I _ i-73.031 (MTW) I i
I _rc ii4.5 (OoldmDT64) !i i

257
Type of decay (_); Major radiations:

Isotope Half-life (/k sM-A), MeV (C ': = 0); Genetic relationships of production
iI cross section (0"), barns
33As 76 _2_6 4 h (HubeP53 %*i _-, no _+, lirn 0.03"/o A i eh .... -capt (AmaE35) _-i Z. 97 max As75(n, _) (AmaE35,
1 _{ubeP52) ' i (BarbW47) ¥i 0.559 (4370), 0.657 (6%), 1. Z2 CurtB38, OrsA49,
26.5 h (DzhB55) ino EC(K), lira 0.02% i (570, doublet), 1.44 (0.7%, HumVSl)
26.3 h (MitA40) i (SeoJ57) { doublet), 1.789 (0.3%), 2.10
26.8 h (WriH57, Ai-72.29 (MTW) i (0.9%, doublet)
WeilG4Z)
26.1h (PhiK48) i
I ': Ge77m
As 77 38.7 h (BunkM53, _ _- (SteinE51) A I chem, genet (SteinE46, _ ! 0.68 max Ge76(n,_/)Ge77 +
SchmJ55) SteinE5 I) i -
38 h (SugaN53, A -73.92 (MTW) daughter Ge 77 (SteinE51, _/i 0.086
(0.8%) (0.170), 0.239 (2.5%), 0.522 ArnJ47,
(_) (LyoW57,
ReynS57)
TurA5 la) StelnE46) '
39 h (EndP54, i daughter radiations from Se 77m
ReynS53) daughter Ge 77m (ArnJ47,
others (SteinE51) ReynS 50)
As 78 91 m (SugaN53, _ _- (SneA37) B! them (SneA37) I_-" 4.1 max Br81(n,a) (SneA37,

KjeA59) : excit (CurtB38) SagR39a, BrigRSl)
90m (SteinE51, A -7Z. 8 (MTW) _/ 0.614 (r 42), 0.70 (f 15), 0.83 fission (SteinE46,
daughter Ge 78 (SteinE46, ( t 8), I.31 ( f II) SteinE51)
88BrigR51)
m (CunJ53) SteinESl,
YthC59a) SugaN53, Se78(n, p) (NemY58a)
other s (SneA37,
SagR3 9a, CurtB38)
As 78m 6 m (NemY58a) _4_i

IT (?) (NemY58a) Oi excit (NemY58a) neutrons on Se 78
activity not observed (NemY 58a)
(FritK65a)
As 79 9.0m (CunJ53) m1_!_- (VHaaP52) AI them (ButeF50) _-' Z. 15 max Ise8Z(n,a)[Ge79](@-)

chem, genet (YthC54, (YthC61, YthC54)
9.1m (YthC54) A]-73.7
' (MTW) CunJ53) Y 0.36(0.570), 0.43 (0.570),
(2%), 0.73 (270), 0.54
0.89 (170) Se80(n, pn) (VHaaPSZ,
parent Se 79m (YthC54, daughter radiations from Se 79m YthC61)

CunJ53) Se80(¥, p) (KuroT61a)
As 80 15.3 s (MeaRE59) %_ _- (MeaRE59) Ci chem, excit (YthC54) _-i 6.0max Se80(n,p) (MeaRE59,
excit, asp isotopes "/ 0.666 (4270), 0.8 (1.470, complex), YthC54)
others (YthC54) A -71.8 (MTW) (MeaRE59) 1.22 (470), 1.64 (470), 1.77
( i.770)
As 81 33 s (YthC60) %a _- (YthC60, MoriH60) BI chem, excit (MoriH60, _-i 3.8max seSZ(n, pn) (YthC60)
31 s (I%4oriH60) A -7Z.6 (MoriH60, MTW) i YthC60) ¥ no ¥ Se82(¥,p) (MoriH60)
As 85 0.43 s (WanR55) %ai[_-], n (WanR55) F i excit (WanR55) fission (WanR55)
34Se 70 --44m (HopH50) %all5+ (HopH50), [EC] Di chem (HopH49, HopH50) _/ [As X-rays, 0.511 (¥_)] As75(d, 7n) (HopH50)
' parent As 70 (HopHS0) [daughter radiations from As 70]
Se 71 4.5m (AteA57) _i_ + (BeydJ57), [EC] Bi ehem, exeit (BeydJ57, _+i 3.4max Se70(a, 3n) (AreA57)
5 m (BeydJ57) AI-63.5 (MTW) AteA57) _/ 0.16, 0.511 (_/±, [19570]) N 14 on Cu (BeydJ57)
: I
Se "12 8.4 d (CumJ58) _:: EC (HopH50) A! chem, genet (HopH48) " Y As X-rays, 0.046 (590]o) As75(d, 5n) (HopH48,
' 72 -' HopHS0)
9.7 d (HopHS0) ino _+, lira 0.1010 parent As (HopH48, e 0.034, 0.044
(CumJ58) HopH50) daughter radiations from As 7z Ge70(a, 2n) (CurnJ58)
Ai-68 (MTW)
Se 73 7.1 h (CowW48, %* _+ 6570, EC 350]o A i Jchem (HopH48) fS max? (-<0.7°]o), 1.30 max Ge70(a, n) (CowC48,
ScoF51, HaywR56, (HaywR56, LHP) chem, excit, sep isotopes e-i 0.054, 0.064, 0.347 : ScoF51, RieeR60c)
RiccK60c) others (KuzM57, (CowW48) As75(d, 4n) (HopHS0)
others (HopHS0) RiceR60c) Y As X-rays, 0.066 (65%), 0.359
no IT (RiccR60c) (99T,.), 0.511 (13070, Y±)
A i -68.17 (MTW) daughter radiations from As 73
Se 73 4Z m (RiccR60c) *t] _ (HooF53, B chem, excit (ScoF53) _+i 1.7max Ge70(a,n) (RiccR60c)
44 m (HooF53) i RiccR60c) ¥ ' As X-rays, 0.088 ? (670), 0.251 9. Ge7Z(a, 3n) (HooF53)
A i-68"Z (RiccR60c, MTW) (1470), 0.58 ? (670)
Se7___.
4 01o!0.87 (WhiJ48)
A1-72.212 (MTW)
_rci 30 (GoldmDT64)
I ' ]
258
,' Type of decay (_Q);

Isotope Half-life (/X-'M-A), MeV (C':=0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
345e 75 1Z0.4 d (EasH60) _i i EC, no 6+ (FrieH47, AI chem, excit (DubL40a, V IAs X-rays, 0.066 (1.0%), 0.097 Se74(n, ¥) (CorkJ50f,
I20d (WriH57, ! CowW48, CorkJ50f) i KenC42) i (3.3%), 0.121 (17%), 0.136 . SerlA7b, FrieH47)
127HopH50)
d (CowW48) A ] -72.166 (MTW)" ii sep(CorkJ50f)
isotopes, n-capt : (57%),
(25%) 0.265
0.401 (60%),
(12%) 0. 280 As 75(d ' 2n) (KenC42,
others (Corl_T50f, i i e-i ! 0.085, 0.095,

' 0.109, 0.124, 0.253 HopH50)
FrieH47, CowW48,
FrieH47) i
} i i As75(p, n) (DubL40a)
%i902IWhi_481 i i
4 i-7526(MTW) i
%i 63 ,to Se77) i
i22 (to Se 77m) i i
i (G°ldmDT 64) i
Se 77 %i 7.58 (WhiJ48) :
,,i-74.60(MTW) i i
Wcl..42 (GoldmDT64) i i
Se 77m 17.5 s (ArnJ47, _ i IT (ArnJ47) Ai n-capt (ArnJ47) ¥ iSe X-rays, 0.161 (50°70) Se76(n, ¥) (GoldhM48a,
CanR51a, RutW52) Ai-74.44 (LHP, MTW) ! sep isotopes, n-capt e-i 0.148, 0.160 ArnJ47)
17.4 s (Fla.<S0) : (GoldhM48a)
17.7 s (AlexZF63) i igenet (CanR51a) i daughter Br 77 (CanR5 la,
i CanR5 Ic)
18.8 s(MalrnS6Z) i idaughter Br 77 (CanR51a, i
CanK51c)
i
A i-77.0Z1 (MTW)
Wci 0.05 {to Se 79) i

%123.52
,Whi 48) i
{0.36 (to Se 79m) i i
! ( O°ldmDT 64) i i
Se 79 -<6.5 %,'_-
x 104 y sp act (eat (ParkG49a) B_i chem, decay charac 6-i 0.16 max fission (ParkG49a)
fission yield ) A i (ParkG4 9a) '
(ParkG49a) i-75.921 (MTW) i V no _/
Se 79m 3.91 m (YthC54) %_ilT {FlaA50a) A i excit, n-capt (FIaA50, V iSe X-rays, 0.096 (9070) Se78(n,¥) (RutW52,
3.88 m (CunJ53) A!-75.825 (LHP, MTW) i FlaA50a) -: FIaA50, FlaA50a)
n-capt, sep isotopes e i0.083, 0.095
(RutW52)
i idaughter
CunJ53) As79 (YthC 54,
Se 80 % i49.82
41-77.753
0.5.oso81)
(WhiJ48)
(MTW)
,i
i
i
!i
i0.1 (to Se 81m) i
i i
i (GoldrnDT 64)
Se 81 18.6 m (ApeD57) _i_- (LangsA40) A i chem, genet (LangsA40) _-i I.58 max Se80(n, _/), daughter
others (GIeL51b, A i-76.40 (MTW) daughter Se 81m (LangsA40) ¥ 0.030 (0.06%), 0.28 (0.9%,
complex), 0.56 (0.3%, LangsA40, SerL47b,
FIaAS0,
RutWS2,
18.2 LangsA40,
Wa fH48)
m (YthC54) i i i complex), 0.83 (0.2%) SunR62)
Se 81m (SneA37,
Se 81m 56.8 m (YthC54) %a iIT, no 6- (SunR62) AI chem, exeit, cross bomb V iSe X-rays, 0.103 (8%) Se80(n, V) (SneA37,
56.5m (WafH48) ilT, [_-] (YthC59) i (SneA37) -i HeyF37, SerlAYb,
62 m (ApeD57) !sep isotopes, n-capt e 10.090, 0.102 LevyHA47)
57 m {SneA37, 41-76.29 (LHP, MTW) i (LeviHA47) idaught .... diations from Se 81
LangsA 40) ! i mass spect (BergI49b)
61 m (YthC59) i
others (GleL51b, i parent Se 81 (LangsA40) i
RutWS2, BergI49b) i
Se 82 >1017 7 genet 070I 9.19 (WhiJ48) i i
(SharmH53) A i-77.59 (MTW) i
_ci0.004 (to Se 83) i
(GoldmDT 64) i
Se 83 25m (GleL51a) _&JiO- (SneA37) A!chem, excit, cross bomb O-i 1.8max Se82(n,V) (SneA37,
others (LangsA40, 4 -75.4 (CoeR59, MTW) chem, genet {LangsA40) ¥ i 0.22 (44%), 0.36 (69%1, 0.52 " CocR59)
(59%), 0.71 ? (25%), 0.83 ?
YthC54) iparent Br 83 (LangsA40, (41%, complex), 1.06 ? (16%),
1.31 ? (25%), 1.88 (16%),
idaughter radiations from Br 83,
i Kr83 m
i ! GleL51a) i
i 2.29 (9%)
259
Type of decay (_);

Isotope Half-life CA-M-A), MeV (C"=0); Genetic relationships of production
i
70 s (CocR58) _i 13- (Arnff47) A i'chem, genet (Arn$47) 13-1 3.8 max Se82(n,
CocR58)"¢) (ArnJ47,
34Se83m 69 s (RutW5Z) Ai-75. Z (CocR59, MTW) iparent Br 83 (ArnJ47) ¥ i 0.35 (_ 16), 0.65 (_ 20), 1.01 !
67 s (ArnJ47) i i (_ 100, complex), 2.0Z (_ 40)
: Kr 83m
i i daughter radiations from Br 83,

Se 84 3.3 m (SatJ60) _ i[_-] (SatJ60) A I chem, genet (GIeL46) fission (SatJ60)
i iparent 31.8 m Br 84 (GIeL51, i
i i EdwR51, SatJ60)
i (Sat J60) i i
i i not parent 6.0 m Br 84
Se 85 39 s genet (SatJ60) _ [_-] (SatJ60) B i them, genet (SatJ60) i fission (SatJ60)
i parent Br 85 (SatJ60)
i
Se 87 16 s (SatJ60) %* [_-] (SatJ60) D Ichem, genet (SatJ60) i daughter radiations from Br 87 fission (SatJ60)
i i parent Br 87 (or Br 86)

(SatJ60) i
i
i { C Iz on Cu (HollaJ53)
35Br <74 4 m (HollaJ53) l't i(HollaJ53) E! chem, excit (HollaJ53) i
i i
Br 74 36 m (HollaJ53, _ i_+, [EC] (HollaJ53) B i
: chem, excit (HollaJ53) _+. 4.7 max Cu65(C IZ, 3n) (HollaJ53)
GrayJS60)
2-6m (ButeF60a) A I"65 (MTW) i them, genet .... gy levels
(BeydJ57a) N i
1 0.511 (N±), 0.64
4Z m (BeydJ57a) i daughter Mr 74 (20 m) i
(GrayJH60)
! Xr74 _lZm)
!daughter
i i _ButeF6°a) i
Br 75 1.7h (BaskK61, _i_ + =90%, EC =10% B I chem, cross bomb, sep _+ 1.70 max Se74(d,n) (WoodwL48a,
WoodwL48a) :: (BaskK61) : isotopes (WoodwL48a) _ i[Se X-rays), 0.285, 0.511 (180%, ; FulS52, BaskK61)
1.6 h (HollaJ53, A i-69.44 (MTW) !daughter Kr 75 (ButeF60a) 1 :: "l±), 0.6Z Se74(p, "l) (Woodwh48a)
BeydJ57a) i i i ' Cu65(C1Z, Zn) (HollaJ51)
Br 76 16.1 h (GirR59c) st i_+ =62%, EC =38% A{ chem (HopH48a) _+ 3.6max As75(a, 3n) (GirR59c)
16.Z h (DosI63) i (DosI63) ichem, sep isotopes (FulS5Z) N ISo X-rays, 0.511 (133%, Y+),
16.3 h (ButeF60a) ![_+ 67%, EC 33%] i chem, mass spect (ThuS55) i 0.559 (63%), 0.65 (19%), 0.75
17.Z h (FulS5Z) i (GirR59c) idaughter Kr 76 (CareA54, i (6%), 0.85 (7%), l.Zl (13%),
17.5 h (ThuS55) IEC(K)

: Z0% (KuzM57) i ThuS55, DosI63) i 1.37
(II%),
(5%),
Z.101.47
(7%),
(7%),
Z.391.86
(4%),
A i-70.6 (MTW) i i Z.78 (5%), 2.97 (8%), 3.57 (Z%)
Br 77 57 h (HollaJ51) _ IEC 99%, _+ 1% {SehR54) A I chem, sep isotopes _+i 0.34 max As75(a, Zn) (HollaJ51,
58 h (WoodwL48a) iothers (WoodwL48a) ! (WoodwlA8a) e- 10.gZ9, 0.2-87, 0.508 CanR51a, MonaS63)
A !-73.Z4 (MTW) parent Se TM (CanR51c,
i " CanR51a) Y :
i Se0.300
X-rays, 0. Z4
(6%), (30%,
0.SZ complex),
(Z4%), 0.58
_ i (7%), 0.75 (g%), 0.82 (3%),
i i 1.00(1.3%)
: idaughter radiations from Se TM
!
Br TM 4.g m (GooA59) _ i
::IT (GooA59) BI excit, sep isotopes (GooA59) ¥ i[Br X-rays], 0.108 Se76(p,Y) (GooA59)
A!-73.13 (LHP, MTW) le-! 0.094, 0.106

: (these radiations were formerly
i assigned to Br TM)
Br TM 6.5 m (SchaA61a, "t _+ [92%], EC [8% I Ai chem, excit (SneA37) _+ii 2.55 max As75(a, n) (SneA37)
RikR61) (RikR61, PierW60) i cross bomb (PierW60) N iSe X-rays, 0.511 (184%, Y±), Se78(p,n) (SchaA61a,
6.4 m (SneA37) i-73.45 (MTW) i 0.614 (14%) RikR61, PierW60,
6. Z m (PierW60) A i i: : Se77(p,
BucJ38, "l) (SchaA61a)
ValleG39)
i Se77(d, n) (SneA37,
' i i VasiSS6Zc)
' i i i
Br TM <6m (SneA37) _}_+ (SneA37) G}[genet] (StahP53a) i [daughter Br TM]
activity not observed (StahP63a)
(SchaA6 In, PierW60) i
Br 79 %1 50.5Z (WilliD46)
i 50.56 (CamAE55a)
ZXi-76.075 (MTW) :
Wci8.5 (to Br 80) i i

IZ.9 {to Br 80m) i ' i
i ( aoldrnDT 64) !
' ' ti
260
_ % Type
abundance;
of decayMass
(_); excess Class; Identification; Major radiations:

Isotope Half-life (/kfM-A), MeV (C'_=0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
4.8 s (GooA591 _ IT (SchaG541 BI excit (SchaG541 ¥ i [Br X-rays], 0.21 Se78(p, ¥) (GooA59)
5.0 s (SchaG54) -75.87 (LHP, MTW) i excit, sep isotopes (GooA591 :i lqr79{n,n ') (SchaG54)
Br 80 17.6 m (KinA57) %" _- 92%, _+ 2.6%, AI chem, n-capt (AmaE35) _ 2.00 max Br79(n, ¥1, daughter
18AmaE35)
m {SneA37, SeEE39, EC 5.7%
others (TrehP621
(MimW51, i chem, excit, cross
{SneA37) bomb 0.87 max Br 80m (SneA37,
ReynJH50, LabJSl, chem, genet {SegE39) Se X-rays, 0.511 (5%, ¥±), 0.618 SerlATb, OrsA49,
BarbW47) daughter Br 80m (SegE39, (7%), 0.666 (1.0%) AliA36, SegE39)
Ai-75 882 (MTW) DVauD40, SidR41)
Br 80m 4.38 h (KinA57) _ .

iIT {SegE39) A i chem, n-capt {ArnaE35) 'Yi Br X-rays, 0.037 (36%) Br79(n,¥) (AliA36,
4.40 h (SchmW60) chem, excit, cross bomb e-j SneA37, SegE39,
4.6 h (MimW51) A !-75.796 (LHP, MTWI {SneA37) 0.024, 0.036, 0.047 SerL47b)
others (SneA57, daughter radiations from Br 80
BucJ38, BotW3 9) parent Br 80 {SegE39,
DVauD40, SidR4 I)
Br8-----I %1 49.48 {WilliD46)

49.44 (CamAE55a)
A -77.97 (MTW)
_ci 3 (GoldmDT64)
Br 82 35.34 h (MerJ6g) %" _- (KurtB35) Ai chem, n-capt {KurtB35) _-i 0.444 max Br81( n, ¥I (SneA37,
35.9 h (CobJS0) chem, excit, cross bomb KurtB35, SerL47b,
35.1 h (WintF51) no EC or _+, lira 0.03% (SneA37) ¥ 0.554 (66%), 0.619 (41%), 0.698 EmeJ65)
36.0 h {BerneE50) (ReynJH50) (27%), 0.777 {83%), 0.828
35.5 h {WyaE61) no _+, llm 0.02% daughter Br 8grn (EmeJ65, (25%), 1.044 (29%), 1.317
35.7 h (SinW51) (MimW51) AndeO65) (26%), 1.475 (17%)
A -77.50 (MTW)
Br 82m 6.05m (AndeO65) %'lIT 97.6%, _-2.4% AI chem, genet, sep isotopes ¥ Br X-rays, 0.046 (0.3%), 0.777 Br81(n,¥) (EmeJ65,
6.20 m (EmeJ65) i (EmeJ65) ' (AndeO65) (0.15%), 1.475 (0.009%) AndeO65)
6.2 m {lyeR65) iIT, _- >-0.18% {AndeO65) genet (EmeJ65)
: _-i[3.138max]
A i-77.45 (LHP, MTW) parent Br 82 (EmeJ65, e-i [0.033, 0.044]
AndeO65)
daughter radlations f'rom Br 82_
Br 83 3.41 h (BowleB61) "t p- (SneA37) A! chem, excit (SneA37) _-' 0. 93 max Se82{n, _)Se83(_ -)
2.39
2.30 hh (PastM63)
(SwiP53) A -79.02 (MTW) daughter Se 83, parent Kr 83m _/ 0.530 (1.4°/o) (SneA37, eangsA40,
2.4 h {GleL51a, (LangsA40, StraF40, GleL51a, BowleB61)
SneA37, Vasi158) MoussA41, GleLSla) daughter radiations from Kr 83m
2.3 h (LangsA40, daughter Se 83m (ArnJ47)
HasR51)
Br 84 31.8 m (JohnN57) %' _- (DodR39) Ai chem (DodR39) I_-' 4.68 max Rb87{n, a) (BornH43,
51.7 m {SatJ60)
others (StraF40, AI-77.7 (MTW) chem, excit (BornH43) 0.81 (9%), 0.88 (51%1, 1.01 SatJ60){DodR39,
fission
DufR51, KatcSSl) daughter Se 84 {GIeL51, (I0%), 1.21 (4%), 1.90 (18%), HahO39c, HahO39e,
EdwR51, SatJ60) 2.47 (8%), 3.93 (13%)
i not parent 6.0 m Br 84 StraF40, MoussA41,
i {Sat J60) BornH43, KatcS51)
Br 84 6.0m (SatJ60) *,_i_- (SatJ60) A i chem, excit, sep isotopes !_-' 1.9max Rb87(n,a) (SatJ60)
i (SatJ60) _/ 0.44 (68%), 0.88 {75%), 1.46 fission {SatJ60)
inot daughter Se 84 (SatJ60) (75%), 1.89 (16%)
daughter
inot(SatJ60) 31.8 m Br 84
Br 85 3.00 m (SugaN49) _ {_- (StraF40) A! ehem (StraF40) _-' Z.5 max fission (StraF40,
3.0 m (StraF40, A 1-78.7 (MTW) 'chem, genet {SeeW43) ¥ no ¥ BornH43, SeeW43,
BornH43) parent Kr 85m (SeeW43, SugaN491
SugaN49) daughter radiations from Kr 85m
daughter Se 85 (SatJ60)
Br 86 54 s (StehA62, %" i_- (StehA62) B chem, excit, sep isotopes _-i 7.I max Kr86(n, p) (StehA62)
WilliE63) no n, lira 0. g5% (StehA62) _/ 1.29 (t 12), 1.56 (t 391, 1.56
{SteinE63) (t 100), 1.97 (t 20), 2.34
A -76 (MTW) (t 20), 2.75 {_ 36)
Br 87 55.6 s (n) (HugD48) o# _- _-n (=2%) (LeviJSl, A chem {StraF40) _-' 8.0max(?), 2.6max fission (StraF40,
54.5 s (n) (KeeG57, StehA53) chem, genet (BornH43, SneA47a, SugaN47,
PerloG59) SugaN49) n 0.3 (mean energy) SugaN4 9, RedW47,
55.0 s (n) (RedW47) A -74.6 (WilliE6B, MTW) Kr87 "_ 1.44 (_ I00), 1.85 ([ 18), 2.48 HugD48)
56.1 s (_-) {SugaN49) parent {BornH43, (t 18), 2.64 (,_ 16), 2.98 (_ 25),
55.4 s (n) (WilliE63) SeeW43, SugaN49) 3.18 (_ 16), 3.80 (_ II), 4.19
parent Kr 86 (2%) (SneA47a, (_ 21), 4.8 ([ 171, 5.0 (t 17),
SugaN49) 5.2 (_ 12)
idaughter Se 87 (?) (SatJ60) daughter radiations from Kr 87

261
]
Type of decay (#_);
Major radiations:
% abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; approximate energies (MeV) i Principal means
Isotope Half-life (AIM-A), MeV (C"=0); Genetic relationships i of production
35:Br 88 15.5 s (SugaN49) _ ]is-. (SugaN49) A ithem, genet (SugaN49) 3, i 0.76 fission (SugaN49,
16.3 s (PerloG59) in (weak) (PerloG59, i _.. 88 ....... KeeG57, PerloG59,
others (PerloG57, ] i PerloG57) i parent lxr [_ugal_v) : PerloG57)
KeeG57) i i i ,
Br 89 4.5 s (n) (HugD48, %" i is-, is-n (SneA47, D i chem (SneA47) n :: 0.5 (mean energy) fission (SugaN47,
: SneA47, SugaN49,
RedW47) ] HugD48) : _ .. 89 ,_, ... 88 i RedW47, HugD48)
4.4s (n)(PerloG59) !i i pa;e)nt(_:ryC_51)) ' p ....... :: I
90 i i
Br 1.6 s (PerloG59) _] [is-l, n (PerloG59) D i chem, decay charac I fission (PerloG59)
:: i (PerloG59) i i
,Kr TM Z0 m (GrayJH60) _ !is+ [ EC] (GrayJH60) B Ichem, genet (GrayJH60, is+il

3.I max iprot ..... Br
so IZ m (ButeF608) ^ ::n_ ¢......, i ButeF60a) ' ' (GrayJH60)
•_:-v, _......l : 74 Y i 0.511 (Y_) protons on Sr
!
i iparent Br
! (GrayJH60) (36 m) I daughter
i radiations from Br TM i (ButeF60a)
iparent Br 74 (Z6m)
', i (Buter60a) i i
I
: [
Kr 75 5.5 m (ButeF608) _ i[B +, EC] (ButeF60a) E i chem, genet (ButeF60a) : i prot..... Br

<I m (GraySH60) A:: 64 ¢MTW_ }activity not observed i (ButeF60a)
i- _ ' i (GrayJH60) i
i i parent Br 75 (ButeF60a) i ]
Kr 76 14.8 h genet (DosI63) %'iEC, no iS+, lira 1% A them, genet (CareA54) y i[Kr X-rays], 0.039, 0.104, 0.135, Br79(p, 4n) (ThuS55)
II h (ThuS55) no EC(K) (CareA54) i p.... t Br 76 (CareA54, idaught .... diations from Br 76

9.7 s (CareA54) :: (DosI63) ! chem, mass speet (ThuS55) i 0.267, 0.316, 0.407, 0.452 iSe74(a, 2n) (DosI63)
] A!-69 (MTW) i ThuS55, DosI63) i i
Kr 7]
1.86 Br79(p, 3n) (ThuS55)
I.19 h (ButeF60a) _ EC =20%, is+=80% A i the.... p isotopes is:i
others (ThuS55 (ThuS55) i (WoodwL48a) e 0.011, 0.0Z3, 0.094 (with Br77m), i
WoodwL48a, ' others (WoodwL488) i chem, mass spect (ThuS55) I :: 0.106 (with Br77m), 0.118, ]
BeydJ57a) A !-70.4 (MTW) i : 0.136 i
Y i Br X-rays, 0.024, 0.108 (with ]

i Br77m), 0.131, 0.149, 0.665 I
i daughter radiations from Br 77 i

I
Kr78 %1! 0.354 (NierA50a) i i i
A 1-74.14 (MTW) i i [
_i 2 (to Kr 79) i !
_i (GoldmDT 64) i ]
Mr 79 34 9Z h (BonaE64) _i EC 92%, is+ 8% (NDS, A! chem (CreEC40a) is+i!

0.60 max iBr79(p ,n) (CreEC40a)
34.5h (RadP52) BonaE64) i chem, sepisotopes e-i 0.031, 0.043, 0.1Z3, 0.204, 0.248, Br79(d, Zn)(ClarE44,
others (WoodwL48, ::others (RadPSZa, :: (WoodwL48) BonaE64)
CreEC40a, ChacK61) :: RadPSZb, RadP55, i mass spect (BracD52) ] i 0.384
iIAi-74
i Lhnl_;_lc_
46 (MTW) 4' BergI5 ld, I ii daughter Rb 79 (ChacK61) , Y i Br(9°/°),
X-rays0.606
Y±), ,0.3980.136
(10°/0),(0.7%),0.5110.261(15%,
(10%), 0.836 (2.0%), ]78(n']
i Kr Be rgI 53,)ld) (HoaE 5la,
I i 1.119 (0.5%), 1.336 (0.5%) ]
1: i
Kr 79m 55 s (CreEC40a) %'ilT (?) no is+ I Di chem (CreEC40a) I'tlKr X-rays, 0.127 Br79(p,n) (CreEC40a)
i (CreEC40a) I i e- 0.113, 0.125

AI-74.33 (LHP, MTW) i i
: i
%i Z.Z7 (NierA50a) i :: !
[ _i-7789(M_w) i i {
O'cl15 (GoldmDT64) i i }
Kr 81 Z. 1 x 105 y sp act, %'[ EC (ReynSH50a) A i ch .... ass spect 3' i Br X-rays j KrS0(n, y) (ReynJH50a,
mass spect (EasT648 i
' A:-77.7 ¢x_ww%
..._-- i (ReynJH50a) : I EasT64a)
ReynJH50a) i ' ' i : I
L
Kr 81m 13 s (ChacZ61, %'! IT, no {3
+ (CreEC40a) A i chem !CreE.C54:_) V l Kr X-rays, 0.190 (65%) {daughter Rb 81
CreEC40a) A i_v 7 5 /LHP lV[TW% ! genet %l%arru_ ) e-:: 0.176, 0.188 ] (KarrD50)
others (KarrD50) i " " _ ' " i daughter Rb B_ (KarrD50) :
Zr 82 % II.56 (NierA50a) [ i [
! A:,-80. 589 (MTW) i ' ',
¢c! 42 (to Kr ) i {
: 83 ' i
i i3(to_r83m) i I
! (GoldmDT64) i { [i L
262
Type of decay ( _ );
Major radiations:
ZIsotopeA Half-life (A :M-A),
%1 11.55 (NierA50a)
36Kr83
Kr 83m 1.86h (DVriL521

1.90h (Bergl51b)
& ]-79.985
_ci (MTW)
180 (GoldrnDT641
*tilT (LangsA40)
A :
I-79.943 (LHP, MTW),
i
i
A ichem, genet (LangsA40)

}mass
' spect (BerglS0)
i
i
¥ iKr X-rays, 0.009 (9%1

e_' 0.007, 0.018, 0.031
Idaughter Rb 83 (CastSS0)
1.88h (LangsA40) i idaughter Br 83 (LangsA40)

others (RieW46) i
, idaughter Rb 83 (CastS50} i
Kr 84 %i56"90(
NierAS0a)i i ii
_i-82 433(Mzw) i
(GoldmDT 64) ' ,!

0.10 (to Kr 85m)
"ci 0.04(toZr85) i ,. i_i
Kr 85 10.767 (Lern363) _i_- (HoaE51) A! chem (HoaE51) _-!0.67max Kr84(n,_} (HoaESla)
A ' ichem, mass spect (ThodH47) ¥ i0.514 (0.41T0) fission(ThodH47,
10.37 (WanR53) i-81.48 (MTW)
9.4y (ThodH48a) , : i HonE51)
others (HoaE51) <15 (GoldrnDT64)
_rci i i
Kr 85m 4.4 h (KocJ49, _ i_- 77T0,IT 23% A::Chem (SneA37) _-i0.82max Kr84(n, ¥) (RieW46,
' HonE5 In)
WoodwL48) ! (BergI51) ichem, mass spect (Koc349) e-i0.134, 0.291
4.5 h (HoaE51a, ! fission(SeeW45,
SneA37) i_- 78%, IT 22% daughter Br 85 (SeeW43, ¥ ! Kr X-rays, 0.150 (74T0), 0.305 SugaN49)
4.SeeW45)6
h (RieW46, Ai-81"18!
(BladA55)(LHP,
MTW) i SugaN49) i (13%) !Se82(a,n) (WoodwL48)
f i
Kr 86 Toi 17.57 {NierA50a) }daughter Br 87 (2%) (SneA47a, i!
_cl0.06 (GoldmOT64) i
A ii-83"259(MTW) i SugaN49) i
Kr 87 76 m (C1arW64) *t !i_- (SneA37) A i chem (SneA37) _-! 3..8 max !Kr86(n, ¥) (RieW46,
78 m (KocJ49) A 1-80.70 (MTW) i chem, mass spect (Koc349) HoaE51a)
74 m (SneA37) : i daughter Br87 ¥ i 0.403 (84T0), 0.85 (16%), 2.57
75 m (SeeW43, _ci <600 (GoldmDT64) : (SeeW43, (35%) fission, daughter Br 87
SugaN49) iii BornH43, SugaN49) ii SugaN4(B°rnH43'9)
SeeW43,
2.77h (Koc349) A i-79.9 (MTW) chem, genet (LangsA39) e-i0.013

, ' HahO40, GlasG40,
others (GlasG40, i chem, mass spect (KocJ49) HahO40b)
0.36 (5%), 0.85 (23%), 1.55
SugaN49} i !parent
AreA39,
Rb 88HeyF39, GlasC,40,
(LangsA39. , i 0.028,
(14%) 0.166 (7To), 0.191
2.19(S18%), (35%),
2.40 (35%)
i HahO40, HahO40b)
} i daughter Br 88 (SugaN49) daughter radiationsfrom Rb 88
Kr 89 3.18m (KofO51b) *ti_- (GlasG40) A!i chem, genet (GlasG40, I _- i4.0 max fission (G1asG40,
3.Z m (OckD6Z) : [ SeeW40) i SeeW40, HahO40b,
2.6m (DilCSla) A I-78 (MTW) ]mass spect (KofOSlb) ¥ 0.23 (t 85), 0.36 (t 28), 0.43
others (HahO43b) i i parent Rb 89 (GlasG40, I_ 29),
100}, 0.51 (t 42),
0.74 (_ 32), 0.60
0.88 KofO51b, AdaRM51}
HahO43, BradESl,
: [ SeeW40, HahO40b, HahO43, (_ 65), 1.12 (T 45), 1.29 0_ 31)
: i BradE51, KofO51b) 1.51 (_ 88, complex?), 1.71
i i (t 34), 1.93 (t 10), 2.04 (]" 16),
i 2.23 (t 10), 2.42 (t 22), 2.s7
i [
i these
(_ 10),
may2.84
be (_
sum25),
peaks}
(some of
i ' i [idaughter radiati°nsfr°m ab89

Kr 90 33 s (KofO51b) :*a
_ i{_-(DilC51) A Ithem, genet (DilC51) _-i2.80max fission(DilC51,
DilC5la, KofO51b,
35 s (OckD62) A 1-74.8 (MTW) imass spect
parentRb 90 (KofO51b)
(KofO51b) ¥ii 0.105 (15%),
(16%), 0.495 0.120 (65%),
(IZTo), 0.536 0.236 OckDb2, GooR64}
iancestor Sr 90 (DiIC51, i (48%) ' 1.i1 (48%), 1.._ (17%),
idaughter radiations from Rb 90

i DflC51a) 1"79(II%)' 2"48 (4T°)
Kr 91 9.8 s (DilC51a) !*t{_- (HahO40c) A[ chem, genet (HahO40c) _-i 3.6max fission (HahO40c,
' DilC5 la, BradESl,
I0 s (KofO51b) imass spect (KofO51b) ¥ ! no_ DilC51, AdaRM51}
6s (OveR51) i i parent 1.2m Rb 91, parent i daughter radiations from 1,2m
{ i 14 m Rb 91 (KofO51b) i Rb 91
i iancestor y91 (HahO40c, }
i i BradE51' DilC51' DilC51a) ]

263
Type of d©cay (_k _ );

Isotope Half-life (/kIM-A), MeV (C'==0); Genetic relationships of production
i i i
36KrgZ 3.0 s (DilC51a) %1i P- (HahO40) B ilDi/c51ajchem'
genet (HahO40, i fissionDilC5laj(HahO40'
! ancestor y92 parent Rb 9z i
{ i (DilC51a) :
Kr 93 2.0 s (DilC51a) %_ i_- (I-IahO4Z) B i them, genet (HahO4Z, :i fission (HahO42,
i ] parent
Se1B51)Rb 93 (BradE51, _ BradE51)
DilC51a, SelBSI,
i i DiIC51a, DilC 51)
i i ancestor y93 (SelB51)
Kr 94 1.4 s (DilC51a) *# i15- (HahO43b) B ichem, genet (HahO43b, fisslon (HahO43b,

i i VilC51a) i DilC51a, HahO43)
i iparent Rb 94 (HahO43, i
i : HahO43b, DilC51) i
i i a.... tot y94 (HahO43b,
i i DilC51a) i
Kr 95 short (DiIC51) o# i[15- ] (DilC51) F ichem, genet (DilC51) : fission (DilC51)
i (Dilc51 )
i i parent Rb 95, ancestor Zr 95 i
i i :
Kr 97 ,,1 s (DilC51) %" i15- (AdaRM51) GI i chem,
DilC51) genet (AdaILMS1, ii fission
AdaILM (DilC51,
51)
i (WahA62) i
i ! activity not observed {
Z4 m (BeydJ57a, %" i15+ (BeydJ57), [EC] AI chem (BeydJ57, ChamiR57) ¥ i

i[Kr X-rays], 0.15 (73%), 0.19 Cu65(O16 , Zn) (BeydJ57,
37Rb79 ChamiR57) i i chem, genet (ChacK61) i (2990), 0.511 (_/+, [180%]), CharniR57)
Zl m genet (ChacK61) I i
i parent Kr79 (ChacK61) i daught .... diations from Kr79 Br79(He3' 3n) (ChacK61)
Rb 80 34 s {Hofm6X) %'i_+, [EC] {HofmSx) AI chem, mass spect (Holm61) p+i4.] max daughter Sr 80 (HoffR61)
A 1--73 (MTW) i daughter Sr 80 (HoffR61) ¥ !0.511 (Y±, [195%]), 0.618 (399o)
Rb81/ 4.7 h (KarrD50, _ IEC 87°/,, 15+ 13% A i chem, mass spect (ReynF49) {3+i 1.03 max Br79(a, Zn) (ReynF49,
DogW56, CastS5Z) i (KarrD50) ! parent Kr 81m (KarrD50) ¥ i Kr X-rays, 0.Z53, 0.450, 0.511 KarrDS0)
zxi-75.4 (MTW) idaughter Sr81 (CastS50, I i (Z69o,Y*) 1.10

i Casts 52) '
i daughter Rb8 lm (DogW 56)i daught .... diations from Kr8 Im

i i d..... daRt Zr 81 (ZaitN65)
Rb 81m 31m (DogW56) *#i15 +, [EC], IT (DogW56) Bichem , genet (DogW56) 15+! 1.4mag spect Br79(a, Zn) (DogW56)
Z&i-75.3 (LHP, MTW) i parent Rb 81 (DogW56) e-i 0.071, 0.083
Y i [Rb X-rays, Kr X-rays, 0.085,

i : o.51i (_*)]
i i ii daughter
Kr 81m radiations from Rb 81
Rb 82 1.25 m (LitL53) _ i15+ 96%, EC 490 (SakAi62) !

A! chem, genet (LitL53, _+i
3.15 max daughter Sr
8z(LitLK3,
1.3 m {KruP53) A i-76.4Z (MTW) i KruP53) ¥ i Kr X-rays, 0.511 (197.%, ¥±), KruP53, KurcB55)
1.1 m (KurcB55) i daughter Sr 8Z (LitL53, : 0.777 (9%) ,
i i KruP53, KurcB551 i
Rb 8zm 6.3 h (KarrD50} %' iiEC 94%, [5+ 6% A_ chem (HancJ40) _+i 0.78 max Br79(a,n) (HancJ40,
6.5h (HancJ40) i (KarrD50) i ehem, mass spect (ReynF49) _ isr x-rays, 0.511 (Y+), 0.554 ReynF49, KarrD50)
i[EC 719%, p* 219,] (NDS)

: inot(LitL53,
daughter CastS5Z)
Sr 8z, lira 0.19o i
i (66%),
(Z7%), 0.619 (83%),
0.777 (41%), 0.698
0.828 Kr82(d, Zn) (HancJ40)
A 1-76.14 (LHP, MTW) i i (25%), 1.044 (Z9%), 1.317
:i ii (z6%),i.475 (i7%)
i
Rb 83 83 d (CastS50) _# !EC (KarrD50) I A i chem, mass spect (KarrD50) Y i Kr X-rays, 0.53 (93%, 3 Y rays), Br83(_,_) (KarrD50)
I00 d (KurcB55) ino 15+ (PerlmK455) i daughter Sr 83, parent Kr 83m i 0.79 (0.9%) daughter Sr 83 (CastS50,
107 d (KarrD50) i-;/9 (MTW) i (CastS50) e-! i daught

0.007, ....
0.52 diations from Kr 83m DosI64a)
i ! i
Rb 84 33.0 d (We1355) %*IEC i 76%, 15+219o, 15- 390 i
A i chem, cross bomb (BarbW47) _+i i 1.66 max Br81(a,n) (KarrDS0)
34 d (KarrD50) i (NDS) i chem, mass spect (KarrDS0) 15-i 0.91 max

A {-79.753 (1%4TW) i Y iKr X-rays, 0.511 (4Z90, Y±), 0.88
i ! i (74%) ' 1"01 (0"5%)' 1'90 (0"8%)

264
Type of decay (_gQ);
zIS°t°peA Half-life (/k _M-A),ThermalMeVneutron(C'=0); Genetic relationships approximateandintensitiesenergies

(MeV) Principalof
productionmeans
37Rb 84m 20mHancJ40)(CohL58, _ilT,A. EC (weak) (CaiR53) B i

chemi
chem' (Hancf40)excit
(glaA50b) ¥ iRb (65%),
X-rays'0.4640"
216(
32%)(
37g0), 0.250 Br81(¢, n) (Hancff40)
23 m (FlaA50b) e-i 0.201, 0.214, 0.449
Rb85 % i72.15 (NierA50a) i
A i-82.16 (MTW) i
0.I (to Rb 86m)

(GoldmDT 64)
Rb 86 18.66 d (EmeE55a,
E
E
*_ i_- (HelmhA41) A Ichem,
r n-capt (SneA37)
i
:
_-i 1.78 max Rb85(n, Y) (SneA37,
KneE55) ' '
18.64
18.7 d d (WriH57)
(NidJ55) A :i-82.72
:: (MTW) i!chem, excit (HelmhA41) ¥11.078' (8.8%) SeheiH38, SerL47b)
18.8 d (GleG64) i
others (HelmhA4 1, : i
RobiR 58a) i i {
Rb 86m 1.0Z m (SchwaR53) ".'_

ilT (SchwaR53) B ichem, excit, n-capt {FIaASI) M i[Rb X-rays], 0.56 RbgS(n, Y) (FlaA51,
1.06m (FIaA51) A i-82.16 (LHP, MTW) :i SchwaR53)
Rb 87 4.8 x I0 I0 i - _i
yspact ,_."i_ (ThomJ05, CamN06) A!chem (ThomJ05, CamN06) [310.Z74max
4.7 x (KovA651
1010 y sp act go i27.85 (NierA50a) ichem, genet
MattaJ37) (HahO37, Y ino Y
(FIyK59, GIeL61) A i-84.591 (MTW) ichem, mass spect (HemA37) i
5.2 x 1010 y sp act gci 0.12 (aoldmDT64) i parent Sr 87 (mass spect)
BrinGA65)
(MNaiA6 la, i (HahO37, Matta537) i
ii
5.8 1010 i
x y sp act i i
5.0 x 1010 y Sr87/Rb 87

ratio (AldL56, OvcG6( ) !
6.2 x i0 I0 y sp act i
(MGreM54, CurrS51, :i
FliJ 54_:_
) : i i
5.1x 1010y spact : i i

_, (LibW 57)
I 5.9 x 101o y sp act
i
:
!
i
E
4.3(LewisG52)
x i0 I0 y sp act !
i i
(Gee154) i i
others ( gritK56, i : i
StraF38, HaxO48a, i i
HaxO48, KemM49, i
CharG5 I, EklS46, i i i
F
Bah152)
;;,corrected for 27.85% !
abund .... (NDS) .i : i
Rb 88 17.8 m (GlasG40, %_ i_- (HahO39c) A chem (SneA37) )-i 5.3 max Rb87(n, Y) (SneA37,
17.7 m (ThuS5gb) A .1-82.7 (MTW) GlasG40,genet HahO39c)
chem, (LangsA39, _/ 0.898 (13%), 1.863 (21%), 2.68 PoolM37, SchelH3fl,
Bunldvl
17.5 5 I)
m (WeilG42) _c!l.0 (GoldmDT64) i i (2.3%) SerL47b)
m (HahO40b,
18SneA37) : !daughter Kr 88GlasG40,
LangsA39, (HeyF39, i fission, daughter
(HeyF39, Kr 88
LangsA39,
: i HahO40, HahO40b, AteA39) i GlasG40,

HahO40b) HahO40,
Rb 89 15.4m (GlasG40) *t i_- (GlasG40) Aichem, genet (GlasG40, _-i3.92 max (7go), 2.gmax (5%), fission (GlasG40,
14.9m {OKe1G56a) A 1-82.3 (MTW) SeeW40) i 1.6max SeeW40, HahO40b,
15.5 m (HahO40b) :i idaughter

SeeW40, Kr HahO40b,
89 (GlasG40, ¥ ii0.66(54%),
(17%),2.201.05(14%),
(75%), 2.591.26
(13%) HahO43, BradESl)
::
: i
! HahO43,
KofO51b) BradE51, i
i iparent Sr 89 (GlasG40, i
: :i HahO40'
Grurn W46)HahO43' HahO40b' i
Rb 90 2.91 m (JohnN64) %* il5 (KofO51b) A !chem, genet (KofO51b) • 15-i6.6max fission (KofOSlb,
2.74 m (KofO51b) : ' DilCSI, DilC51a,
2.8 m (OckD62) A -79.3 (MTW) i daughter Kr 90, parent Sr 90 ¥ i 0.53 (4%), 0.83 (61%, doublet),
i (DilC51, DilC51a, KofO51b) i 1.03 (5%), I.II (7%), 1.40 $ohnN04, OckD62)
i i i (5%), 1.70 (3%), 3.07 (5%),
i i 3.34 (15%, doublet), 3.54 (5%),
I i i i 4.13(11%),4.34(18%,
] :: i i doublet), 4.60 (5%), 5.2 (4%)
Rb 91 1.2 m (JohnN64, %" i[5- (KofO51b) A !chem, genet (KofOSlb) 15-14.6 max fission (KofO51b,
1.7WahA6Z)
m (KofO51b) A '
!-78 (MTW) idaughter Kr 91 parent Sr91 i DilCSl, HahO40c,
i i (KofO51b) i WahA 6_-, $ohnN 64 )
i iancestor y91 (DilC51, i
w
265
1 Type of decay (_); Major radiations: i

ZIsotope A Half-life I (AsM-A),
neutron Genetic relationships and intensities i of production
! cro6s section (cr). barns i
37R691 "activity'
14 m (KofO51b)not
observed !13- (KofO51b) g !chem, genet (KofO51b) fission (KofO51b)
(WahA6Z) i idaughter Kr 91, parent Sr 91
i (KofO51b) _.
ino 14 m Rb parent of Sr vx
• _ . i (WahA6Z)
Rb 92 5.3 s genet (FritK60) Ira# [13-] (DilC51a) B igenet (DilC51a) fission (FritK60)
DilC51a,(BradE51,
others HahO40) -75 (MTW)
,A ichem,
daughtergenet (FritK60)
Kr 9z, ancestor y9Z DilC51a)
(VilCSla)
parent Sr 9z (FritK60)
Rb 93 5.6 s (FritK60) _1_ [13"] (HahC)42) B iparent

chem, genet
Sr 93, (FritK60)
ancestor y93 fission (FritK60)
i (FritK60)
i idaughter Kr 93 (BradE51,
Rb 94 7-.9 s (FritK61) _ i[I 5-] (HahO43b, 8ahO43, !chem, genet (FritK61) fission (FritK61)
others (DilCSla, ' FritK61)
HahO436, HahO43) !ancestor y94 (FritK61)
idaughter Kr 94, ancestor y94
B !
!i (HahO43,
DilC51a, DilCSI)
HahO43b,
i DilC51)
Rb 95 <2.5 s (FritK61) at" [13-] (DilC51) F i genet (DilC51) fission (DilC51)

i daughter Kr 95, ancestor
i Zr 95 (DilC51)
38Sr 80 l.Th (HoffR61) _ IEC (HoffR61) A chem, genet (HoffR61) "/ ![Rb X-rays], 0.58 N 14 on Ca (HoffR61)
parent Rb 80 (HoffR61) i daughter radiations from Rb 80
Sr 81 29m (CastSS0, %_ EC, 13 B chem, genet (CastS50, '/ [RbX-rays, 0.511 (N'_)] Rb85(p, 5n) (CastS50,
CastS 52) Casts 52) idaughte r radiations from Rb 81 Ca stS 52)
parent Rb 81 (CastS50, Kr81m
CastS5Z)
descendant Zr 81 (ZaitN65)
Sr 82 25.0 d (SanV58) %t EC, no _4, lim 5% A chem, excit (CastSS0) ¥ Rb X-rays Rb85(p, 4n) (CastS50,
others (MaclK5Z, daughter radiations from Rb 82
LitL53,
25.5 CastS50)
d (KruP53) A -76(KurcB55)
(MTW) parent spect
mass Rb 82, (MLurKS2)
not parent As75(C
CastS52)12, 5n)ySZ(EC)
Rb 82m, lira 0.1% (CastSSZ, (MaxV6Z)
LitL53, KruP53, KurcB55)
daughter y82 (MaxV6Z,

t I ButeF63)
descendant Zr 82 (ZaitN65)
Sr 83 32.4 h (Dosi64) EC 84%, 13+ 16% chem, genet (CastsS0) 1.15 max Rb85(p, 3n) (CastSSZ)
•e IA_mass _+i0.025,
32.9 h (KuroT61) (KuroT61) spect (MLurKS2) le-' 0.040
others
Casts (KurcB55,
50, MaclKS2, ]A 1-77 (MTW) i parent Rb 83 (CastS50) E_/ Rb X-rays, 0.040 (24%), 0.38
ButeF63, MaxVb2) i daughter y83 (MaxV62, (35%), 0.511 (32%, _/+), 0.76
DosI64a, NiecW65) (40%), 1.16, 1.52
descendant Zr 83 (ZaitN65) daughter radiations from Rb 83
Sr 84 % i0.56 (NierA38b)
-- 10.55 (AIdL53)
A !-80.638 (MTW)
10.65 (to Sr 85m1

i (GoldmDT64)
Sr 85 64.0 d (WriH57) igC (TPogM510 BisA56f) A ehem, excit (DubL40) 0.514 (100%) Sr84(n,¥) (SatA6Za)
64.9 d (GleG64) ino I3+ (TPogM51) daughter y85 (DosI63a, e- i

63.9 d (SatA62a) Rb85(d, 2n) (TPogMS1,
65 ck (HerrinG56, A !-81.05 (MTW) CareASZ, NiecW65) !i 0.499 Rb85(p, n) (DubL40)
TPogM51) ! EmmWS2)
66 d (DubL40) !
Sr 85m 70 m (DubL40) %' !IT 86%, EC 14% A chem, excit (DubL40) ¥ ;Rb X-rays, Sr L X-rays, 0.150 Sr84(n, ¥) (SunA52)
I (S_-A52) ' daughter y85m (MaxV6Z, (14%), 0.231 (85%) Rbg5(p,n) (DubL40)
A -80.81 (LI-IP, MTW) descendant(ButeF63)D°sI63a'

NiecW65)15
m Zr 85 e-'0.005, 0.134, 0.215 Rb85(d, Zn) (TPogM51)
E
i i , i
266
Type of decay (_);
zIS°t°peA Half-life (AIM-A),ThermalMeVneutron(C'==0); Genetic relationships approximateandintensitiesenergies

(MeV) Principalof
productionmeans
38Sr 86 %0i 9.87

9.86 (AIdL53)
(NierA38b) ] E
A i-84.499 (MTW) i i
1 . i,3(toSr
i
c
87m, ( GoldmDT 64,
!i i
i
St8____
7 % i7.02 (NierA38b, i daughter Rb 87 (mass spect) i
i _dL53, i (HahO37,
MattaJ37) i
A i-84.865 (MTW) i
Sr 87m 2.83 h (BormM65) _ !IT 99+%, EC(K) 0.6% A i chem, excit (StewD37) ¥ i Sr X-rays, 0.388 (80%) daughter y87 (DubL39,
2.80 h (MannL51, i (SunA60) ! ehem, excit, cross bomb, ' MannL50, MannL51)
HydE51) A i-84.477 (LHP, MTW) ! genet (DubLA0) e-i 0.372, 0.386 Sr86(n, ¥) (StewD37,
2.88 h (GravG52) i daughter y87 (DubL39, i DubL39, RedH40,
iothers (HerrinG56,
DubL40) i i VubL40, MannL50, : RedH40a)
: MannL51, LindnM50a, i Rb87(p,n) (DubL39)
i i i HydE51' i
Sr 88 % 182.56 (NierA38b, i
A ]-87.89i _UdL53)
(MTW) i i
"c 10.006 (GoldmDT64) i i
I i
i _ : i
Sr 89 52,7 d {FIyK65a) _ i_ (StewD37, A ichem, excit (StewD37) _-! 1.463 max Sr88(d, p, (StewD37,
50.4 d (OsmR59)
53.6 d (SatA62) A i-86.2Z (MTW) idaughter

chem, mass
Rb 89spect (HayclR48 ,
(GlasG40, ¥ i0.91 (0.009%, with y89rn) StewD39)
Sr88(n, ¥) (SerL4To,
50.5 d (HerrinG54, _ci0.4 (GoldmDT64, i StewD37, StewD39)
others (KjeA56, i GrumW46)
NoveT51, LieC39, i parent y89m 0.009% (SatA6Z) ;i
StewD39, GoeR49, i 0.02% (LyoW55b); 0.01%
GrumW46) (HerrrnG56) ; <0.0005%
'i
Sr 89m I0 Hd.... (HerrinG54,
G55) i G ii activity
HahO40' not HahO40b'
observed HahO43 i
HerrmG55) i (HerrinG56, SatA62, i
i i (BisA55d,
i i F1eJ62) i
Sr 90 27.7 y sp act, mass _ i_- (NotR51) A i chem, genet (HahO4Z) _-i 0.546 max fission (DilC51, Di1C51a,
spect (WileDM55) i chem, mass spect (HaydR48, _/ ino _/
28.0 y (FIyK65} A 1-85.95 (IvITW, LHP) ' KofO51b, GrumW46,
28.4 y (ReeG55) _ 11
: (GoldmDT64) i daughter Rb 90 (DilC51, i daughter radiations from y90 GrumW48)
PowR50) ( HahO42, HahO43,
others (AniM 58, c i i paVilC51_b
rentY KofO5 lb,
i descendant Kr 90 (DilC51,
i DLIC5 la)
I i i GrumW46, NotR51) !
Sr 91 9.67 h (AmeD53}
9.7 h (HerrmG54,
*_ i_- (GotH41, A ichem,
i ehem,
genet
excit
(GotH41)
(SeeW43b)
_- i 2.67 max fission
FinB51,
(GotH41,
KateS48,
HahO43
HerrinG55, FinB51, A i-83.68 (MTW) : ¥ i0.645 (15%), 0.748 (27%, 0.93

VasiI58, BakH65) i paren t y91m parent y91 ' FinB51c,
iothers (HahO43) i (GotH41, HahO43, FinB51) i (3%), 1.025 (30%), 1.413 (5%)
I : i daughter 1.2 m Rb 91 ' ii daughter
y91 radiations from y91m ' Zr94(n, a, (SeeW43b,
i daughter 14 m Rb 91 i
:i i (KofOSlb) i
: ino 14 m Rb parent of St 91 i
i i ! (WahA62, i
Sr 92 2.71 h (FritK60) _ i_- (GotH41, A i chem, genet (GotH41) _-i 1.5 max (10%,, 0.55max fission (HahO40,
2.2"607
hh(GotH41)(HerrmG56) A 1-82.9 (MTW) i paten t y92 ( GotH4 I, ¥ 10.23 (3%,, 0._4 (4%), 1.37 (90%, HahO43,KatcS51a,HahO43b,BradE51,
i i HoaE51b) idaughter radiations from y9g KatcS48)
i daughter Rb92 (FritK60) i

Sr 93 8.3m (ValliD61) _i_- (LieC39) Aichem (LieC39, HahO43) _-!4.8max ? (weak), Lgmax Zr96(n,a) (ValliD61,
7.5 m (FritK60) i chem, sep isotopes (BakH65) BakH65,
8.5 m (BakH65) A i-79.4 (MTW, SteinE65) y93 ¥ i0.60, 0.8, 1.2, others between fission (LieC39, HahO4Z,
8 m (KniJD59) i i parent {HahO43, i 0.2 and 3.0
7 m (LieC39) i i HahO43b, KniJD59) i daughter radiations from y93 HahO43, KniJD59)
i i
i daughter Rb 93 (FritK60) i
i
Sr 94 1.35m (FritK61) *t i_- (HahO43b, HahO43) Aichem, genet (HahO43b, _-i2.1max fission (HahO43,
1.2 m (HovD64) IA i HahO43) ¥ il.42 (100%) HahO43b, DilC51,
13m (aniJD59, 1-78.8(_TW) iparent y94 (HahO43, i K_iJD59,FritK61,

j HahO43b, KniJD59) i daughter radiations from y94 HovD64)
i
267
Type of dcc_. y (_k_);
ZIsotope A Half-life (AiM-A),

Thermal MeV (C'"=0);
neutron Genetic relationships approximate energies
and intensities (MeV) Principal means
of production
i i !
38Sr 95 0.8m genet (gritK61) %*i_- (DilCbl} Bigenet (DilCbl) i fission (DilCbl,
i ancestor Zr 95, descendant

i i chem (FritK61) FritK6 I)
i Kr 95 (DilCbl)
! !p_rent
y95(FritK611 i
i
39Y 82 IZ.3m genet (ButeF631%*I[EC, _+1 (MaxV62, Bichem, genet (MaxV6Z, i As75(C12,5n) (MaxV6Z)
9 m genet (MaxV6Z) i ButeF63) ! ButeF63) [protons on y89
<1.5 m genet (not i !parent Sr 82 (MaxV62, i I (ButeF63)
observed) (NiecW65) i i ButeF63) Zr 82 (ZaitN65)

idaughter i
i
:
y82 70 m (CareA52)
i
:
i
G i chem,
i activity
! (Maxv6z,
genet
,_uter63)
(CareA52)
not observed
'
i
i
Iprotons on Y (CareAbZ)
i i i
y83 7.4 m genet (Dos164a) %*i[EC, _+] (MaxV62) AI chem, genet (MaxV62, i As75(C12, 4n) (MaxV6Z)
7.5 m genet (NiecW65) i i Dos164a, NiecW65) • i Sr 84(p, 2n) (Dos164a)
8 m genet (MaxV62) i i parent Sr 83 (MaxV62,
i Dos164a, NiecW65) i
:
y83 3.5 h (CareAb2) G I chem, genet (CareA52) i protons on Y (CareASZ)
i i activity not observed
! i (DosI64a, NiecW65) i
i
y83 35m (ButeF63) i G ichem' not observed

(ButeF63)activity
genet ] iprot..... Y (ButeF63)
i i
i i
y84 43 m (YamaT6Z) %* '
i_+, [EC] (YamaT6Z) A i chem, excit, cross bomb
(MaxV62) _+i'3.5 max As75(C 12, 3n) (MaxV6Z)
39 m (MaxV6Z) A !-74.3 {MTW) ichem, excit (YamaT6Z) Y i[Sr X-rays], 0.511 (strong, _±), Sr84(d, 2n) (MaxV62)
daughter Zr 84 (ZaitN65) ! 0.982 (I00%), 1.041 (50%1,
i 1.27 (9%), 1.47 (6%)
y84 3.7
2.6 h
h (RobeB49)
(ButeF63) G i chem, excit,
(RobeB49) sep isotopes i deuterons, protons
Sr 84 (RobeB49) on
i assigned to y85m (MaxV62, i

: YamaT 62)
y85 5.0h (Dos163a) %* _+ 70%, EC 30%, nolT, Aichem , genet (Dos163a, _+i2.24 max Sr84(d,h) (Dos163a)
4.9 h (NiecW65) i lira I% (DosI63a) : CareAbZ) e-i 0.215
5 h (CareA52) A 1-77.79 (MTW) i parent Sr 85 (VosI63a,
i i CareA5Z, NiecW65) Y iSr X-rays, 0.231 (13%), 0.511

i daughter 1.4 h Zr 85 (ZaitN65) i (9%0)
i (140%, Y±), 0.77 (8%), 2.16
y85m 2.68 h (DosI63a) %" i_+ 55%, EC 45%, no IT,

i
{
A ichem, genet (MaxV62,
i daughter
_+i 1.54 max
radiations from Sr 85
Sr84(d,n) (Dos163a)
2.5 h (NiecW65) i lim 1% (Dos163a) ! Dos163a)
others (MaxV62, , Y iSr X-rays, 0.51 (200%, complex, Sr84(p, Y) (PatA6Za)
PatA6Za, ButeF63) '% !-77.75 (LHP, MTW) iparent Sr 85rn (MaxV62, i includes ye), 0.92 (9_o)
i idaughter
i DosIb3a, Zr NiecW65)
85 (ButeF65, i daughter
i
radiations from Sr 85m
Sr 85
! i DosI63a, ZaitN65) :
y86 14.6 h (HydEbl, %* [EC 74%, @+ 26%] A :

i chem, excit, sep isotopes P+I.3.15 max (0.5%), 2.34 max Rb85(a, 3n) (YarnaT6Za)
Casts 51, ButeF63) (VNooB65) i (CastSbl)
' !genet energy levels ¥ iSr X-rays, 0.443 (14%), 0.511 Sr86(p,n) (VNooB65,
[EC 72%, _+ 28%] i (VNooB65, HarpJ63) (35%, doublet, includes ¥±), YamaT62a)
(YarnaT 6Za)
, 0.63 (37%, doublet), 0.704 Sr88(p, 3n) (CastSbl)
Zk i-79.23 (MTW) idaughter Zr86 (HydEbl) (14%), 0.778 (21%), 0.836
idaughter y86m (HasL61, (7%), 1.026 (I0%), 1.077
1.857 (is%), 1.925 (24%)

] ] KimY6Z) (82%), 1.16 (35%, doublet),
i
y86m 48 m (KimY62) %* liT (HasL61) A !chem, cross bomb, genet Y IY L X-rays, 0.208 (94%) Rb85(a, 3n) (HasL61,
49m (HasL61) A 1-79.01 (LHP, MTW) i (HasL61) e-!0.008 KimY62)
!chem, cross bomb, sep
i isotopes, 8enet (KimY6Z) i daughter radiations from y86
i paren t y86 (HasL61,
i
i KimY 62) i
i
i i
268
Type of decay (a_);

Major radiations:
ZIsotope A Half.life (AIM-A),
neutron Genetic relationships t and intensities of production
I cross section (G). barns , +_:

39 Y87 80 h (MannL51, %* EC 99 _0.3% A i chem (StewD37) [3 i 0.7 max (?) Sr86(dm n) (StewD37,
HydE51, DubL40) (MannL51) i chem, excit, cross bomb ]¥ i Sr X-rays, 0.483 DubLA0, MannLSl,
A -83.2 (MTW) i (DttbLA0) MannL50)
i daughter y87m (MannL50, i. daughter radiations from Sr 87m Sr87(p, n) (DubL40,
! MannL51, HydE51) i MannLSl)

i parent Sr 87m (DubLA0, i
MannL50,
M ann L 51 )
HydE51, i
i
y87m 14 h (DubL40, HydE51, %* IT (DubL40) A i chem

DubL39,
(StewD37)
LindnM50a, j3 max (7) Sr86(d, n) (StewD37,
MannL51) [ i_ + =590 (YamaT6Za) chem, excit, cross bomb e-! 0.364, 0.379 DubLA0, MannLS0,
' . (DubLA0) . MannL51)
13 h (VanR65) I ino _+ (HydESl)
i daughter Zr 87 (HydE51) ¥ Y X-rays, 0.381 (7490) y89(p, 3n) Zr87(J3 -)
A -82.8 (LHP, MTW) parentHydE51,y87MannL51)(MannL50, daughter radiations from y87 (ButeF63, AwaY64)
y88 108.1 d (WyaE61) i%* IEC 99+%, [3+ 0.20% A I chem (DubL40) _+! 0.76 max [lSr88(p, n) (VubL40)
105 d (DubL40) i (RhoJ63) chem, excit (HelmhA42)
[A .1-84.27 (MTW) mass spect (HaydR48) Sr (100%)

X-rays, 0.898 (91%), 1.836 Sr88(d, Zn)
HelmhA42, (PecC40_
GamG44,
daughter Zr 88 (HydE51) BradE50)
y89 % _100 (DempA39, Co11T57)
A -87.678 (MTW) [
_rcil.3 (to y90) I

i0.001 (to y90m)
i ( GoldmDT641
y89m 16.1 s (SwanC55) %* lit (GoldhM51) A chem, genet (GoldhM51) I¥ 0.91 (99%) daughter Zr 89
16.8 s (BroaK65) ix -86.77 (LHP, MTW) daughter Zr 89 (GoldhM51) Is- i 0.89

16 s (BramE62, daughter Sr 89 0.009% (SatA62_ i
16.5 s (SatAb2)
BramE63) 0.02% (LyoW556); 0.01% i (GoldhM 51)
others (GoldhM51) (HerrinG56); <0.0005% !
(BisA55d) !
yg0 64.0 h (PepD57, %* i_- (StewD37) A chem, excit, cross bomb 113-' 2.27 max y89(n,¥y (StewD37,
HeaR6 I) (StewD37) ] SagR38, SerL47b)
63.7 h (VGunH63) ix -86.50 (LHP, MTW) average energy:
64.8 h (HerrinG56, 0.93 calorimeter (BiryE61a } daughter Sr 90 (HahO42,
MaraE55) chem,
daughter mass
Sr 90spect
(HahO42,
(HaydR48) [ 0.90 ion[I- ch (CaswR52) HahO43, CrumW46,
SchrnP55) NotR51) no ¥
64.3 h (RobeJ59a) daughter yg0m (HasL61,
64.6 h {ChetA54) AICWL61)
64.4 h (WriH57)
64.9
64.2 h (BiryE61a)
(VolH55, HahO43, GrumW46, ¥ NotRSl)
l
I
y90m 3.1hLyoW61a,(AIfWL61,HeaR61)
3.2 h (HasL61, %* IT(DavP64)99.6%,
-85.81 [3-0.4%MTW)
(LHP, A chem,isotopes,CrOSSgenet,bomb,excit,sep
n-capt (LyoW61a, HasL61, ¥ Y (91%),
X-rays, 0.202 (0.4_%with
2.315 ( 97%), 0.482
Zr 90m) Rb87(a,
HasL61) n) (CartC61,
DavP64) FergJ61a, CartC61) daughter radiations from yg0 FergJ61a, LyoW61a)

3.0BacM60,
h (BramE62)
CartC61, A parent
HeaR61,y90 (HasL61,
AIfWL61, e-i 0.185, 0.465 y89(d,p) ¥) (HeaR61,
y89(n' (CartC61)
others (FergJ61a) E AIfWL61) Nb93(n, a) (BramEb2,
! AIfWL61, LyoWbla)
i
y91 58.8 d (HoffD63) %*i[_- (HahO40c) A i chem, genet (HahO40c, _-" 1.545 max fission (GotH41, HahO43
59.1 d (WyaE61) _ HahO43)
57.5 d (KahB55) A -86.35 (MTW) !chem, mass spect (BradE51a, ¥ 1.21 (0.3%) FinBSl,
EngeDSlc) FinBSlc,
58.3 d (HerrinG56) _c 1.4 (GoldmDT64} i HaydR48)
others (GrumW46, i daughter Sr 91 (GotH41,
LangeLA9, BolF53, i HahO43, FinBSl)
GotH41, HahO40c,
JoliF44) !descendant Kr 91 (HahO40c,
i
BradE51, DilC51, DilCSla) {
y91m 50.3 m (AmeD53) %* IT, no _-, lira 1.5% A ichem , genet (GotH41) ¥ Y X-rays, 0.551 (95%) fission, daughter Sr 91
[50m (aotH41) -85.80 (LHP, MTW) i HahO43, FinB51) FinB51)
y92 51.0
3. 53 m (FinB51)
h (FritK60) _ i0- (ArneD53)
(LieC39) A idaughter
ii chem Srgl
(LieC39} (GotH41, e-
[3- ii 0.534
3.63 max (GotH41,a)
Zr94(d, HahO43,
(SchoG53,
*]: 5
50h h (AgeM43,
(BunkM62) iX -84.83 (MTW) (KatcS48)
i fission fragment range Y i0.448 (2.3%) ' 0.560 (2.6%) ' 0.934 CassW55)
I HahO43b, LieC39) ichem, sep isotopes (SchoG53) (14%), 1.40 (4.7%), 1.83 (0.4%) fission, daughter Sr 9_-
(GotH4 I, HoaE 51b,
i daughter Sr 92 ( GotH4 I, BunkM 62, KatcS48)
i HoaE51b) Zr92(n, p) (SagR40a,
idescendant Kr 92, descendant SeeW43b, AgeM43)
Rb 92 (DilC5 la)
I
269
Type of decay (_kJ);
o_ abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; Major radiations: Principal means

ZIsotope A Half-life (AaM-A),
Thermal MeV (C==0);
neutron Genetic relationships approximate
and energies
intensities (MeV) ,I of production
cross section (_), barns i
10.3 h (KniJD59) %a [3- (BallN.51a) A i chem (HahO43, BallN46, [3- i 2.89 max Ifission (HahO43,
39Y93 i I
10.1 h (FritK60) : BallNSla, SelB51) i HahO43b, BallN518,
others (BallNSla, A! -84.22 (MTW, StelnE65) !fission fragment range Y :: 0.267 (6%), 0.67 (0.7%), 0.94 I FritK60, KniJD59)
HahO43) i ! genet
(KatcS48)
(HahO43, HahO43b, ! (2.3%),
(1.8%), 1.42
2.18 (0.7%),
(0.3%, 1.90
doublet)
daughter Sr 93 (HahO43, i [
HahO43b, KniJD 59) i i
i i KniJD59) i _,
idescendant Kr 93 (SelB51) {
i i descendant Rb 93 (FritK60) i
y94 Z0.3 m (FritK611 %" i_- (HahO43, HahO43b) A ichem (HahO43, HahO43a) _-i 5.0 max fission (HahO43,
Z0 m (KniJD59, i ifission fragment range HahO43b, KatcS48,
DilC51b, HahO43) A -82.3 (MTW) i (KatcS48) "/::0.56 (6%), 0.92 (43%), 1.13 (5%), KniJD59, FritK61,
16m {BrowLJ49) i ichem, sep isotopes (SchoG53) i {2.4%), 2.57 1.90

1.65 (2.4%), (1.5%, complex),
(1.6%0), 2.13 DilC51a)
: idaughter Sr 94 (HahO43, 3.06 (1.3%0), 3.53 ( I.1%0) Zr96(d, _) (SchoG53)
i i HahO43b, KniJD 59)
id ..... dant Kr 94 (HahO43b, { I
DilC51a) :: l
i i descendant Rb 94 (FritK61, !
i HahO43, HahO43b, DilC51)
ii ii i
95
Y 10.gm (FritK61) "#i_- {KniJD49) Bichem, sep isotopes, excit Y:: 1.30 (?), 1.80 (?) fission (FritK61,
10.S m (KniJD49) A i-81 (MTW) ! (KniJD49) i KniJD59)

i i daughter Sr 95 (FritK61) i Zr96(y' p) (KniJD49)
y96 z.3
m (ValUD61) ¢ i_-(VaniD61) Bichem,excit
(vaniD61} _-::
i 3.5 max iZr96(n,
I p)(ValliD61)
Ai-79 (MTW) i ¥i0.7, 1.0, 1.5 (complex)
40Zr 81 7-15 m genet (ZaitN65} _# i[p+, EC] (ZaitN65) E [ chem, genet (ZaitN65) i protons on y89
: iancestor Sr 8 I, Rb 81 ii (ZaitN65)
! i, i ]
Zr 82 10 m genet (ZaitN65) %a i[[5 +, EC] (ZaitN65) D I chem, genet (ZaitN65) Iprotons on y89
i I P .... t y82 ...... tor Sr 82 i (ZaitN65)
i i (ZaitN65) i
Zr 83 5-10 m genet (Zalt, N65) _ i[EC, 13 P.. ::chem, genet (ZaitN65) protons on y89 (ZaitN65)
i i..... tor Sr 83 (ZaitN65) " !
Zr 24 16 m genet {ZaitN65) %a i[EC ' _+] {ZaitN65) B :

ichem, genet (ZaitN65) i
i ]protons on y89 (ZaitN65)
i IP .... t y84 (ZaitN65) ::
i ! i
Zr 85 15 m (ZaitN65) "# i[EC, _+] (ButeF63) B ichem, genet (ButeF63, i y89(p, 5n) (ButeF63)
6 m (ButeF63) i ! ZaitN65) I
! 85m
iparent Y , ancestor Sr 85m
{ ! (ButeF63, Dos1638,
: i ZaitN65)
E
I Zr 85 1.4 h genet (ZaltN65) %_ i[EC, _+] (ZaitN65) B ichem,

' genet (ZaitN65) i protons on y89 (ZaitN65)
i {
: iparent y85 (ZaitN65) i I
i
Zr 86 16.5h {AwaY64) _ iEC, no _+, lira 0.1% A Ichem, genet (HydE51) "/ !Y X-rays, 0.028 (Z0%), 0.243 y89(p, 4n) (AwaY64)
17 h genet (HydE51) i (HydE66, HydE54a) iparent y86 (HydE51) :i (96%) , 0.612 (5%) i.
15 h genet (ZaitN65) A 1-78 (MTW) i e- I[0.015] [
i ildaughter radiations from y86
Zr 87 1.6h (HydESI) _#i_ +, EC (RobeB49) Aichem, excit, sep isotopes _+iZ. 10max y89(p, 3n) (ButeF63,
1.5 h (ButeF63, i[_+ 85%, EC 17%] (NDS) (RobeB49) AwaY64)
HoltzR52, ZaitN65} them, genet (HydE51) Y iY X-rays, 0.511 (¥±, [166%]),
Z.0 h (RobeB49) A 1-79.7 (MTW) : Io2, 2.2
: iparen t y87m (HydE51) idaughter radiations from y87m,
! i :: y87
Zr 88 85 d (HydE53a) _ iEC (HydE51) B ichem, genet (HydE51) Y iY X-rays, 0.394 (97%) protons on Nb (HydE51,
ino _+ (HydE55) parent y88 (HydE51) e-::0.377 HydE55)
:
AI-84 (MTW) idescendant Mo 88 (ButeF64c) idaughter radiations from y88
Zr 89 78.4 h (VPatD64) " _ iEC 78%, [3+ 22% Ai chem excit (SagR38, DubL40)[3+il 0.90 max yS9(p,n) (DubL40,
79.0 h (HamiJ60) i (VPatD64, MonaS61) i paren t y89m (GoldhM51) e-i 0.89 (with y89m) VPatD64)
79.3 h (ShuK51) :
others (HydE51, idaughter Nb 89 (DiaR54, Y IY X-rays, 0.511 (44%, Y±), 0.91 iy89(d, Zn) (GoldhM51,
KatzL53, DubL40, ! MathH55 (99%, with y89m), 1.71 (1%)
ShoF53, HowD62) descendant Mo 89 (ButeF64c)
Ai-84.85 (MTW) i I i HamiJ60, MonaS6')
Type of decay (a_);
Maior radiations:
% abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; approximate energies (McV) Principal means
IsotopeA
Z J_lalg-life (AsM-A),
Thermal MeV (C'=0);
neutron Genetic relationships and intemitia of production
(
i i
40 _gm 4.18m (VPatD64) 'tilT 94%, EC 4.7%, 13+ Aichem, excit (DubL40) [3+iZ.40max(0.Z%), 0.89 max (l.Z%) y89(p,n) (VPatD64,
4.4 m (ShoF53, Shog51, ] 1.4% (VPatD64) ' DubL40)
MangS63) IT 93%, EC ] MathH55)
4.3 m (KatzL53) i 1.8% (ShoF53)
5.6%, _+ i daughter Nb89m (DiaRS4, e-! 0.570 Y X-rays,
Y i Zr; 0.588 (87%), 1.S1
4.5m (Dubh40) _i-84.26 (LHP, MTW), i i (fi%)
i
'° %i51.(Whi.8) ii +
z_i-88.770(._TW) i
Crci0.1 (GoldmDT64) i i
Zr 90rn 0.80 (WagR63)

i
_ iIT (CamE55)
+
A I excit (CamE55)
+
_/] Zr X-rays, 0.133 (4%), 2.18 Nb93(p, a) (WhiWfi2)
0.83 ; (SchmW63, i genet energy levels i (14%), Z.3Z (86%) Zr90(n,n ') (CamESS,
CamE55) _ 5-86.45 (LHP, MTW) (SchmW63, BjoS59)
0.86 s (WhiW62) i i e-i! 0.115, 0.130 WagR63, SchmW63)

E
Zr91 %1 11.23 (WhiJ48) i i
_i -87.893
(MTw), i ]
0"C+! (GoldrnDT64) i +
Zr 9z %! 17.11 (Whi348) i
+
i -88.46Z (MTW)
,Ci 0. 7 (GoldmDT64)
i
++
i
i
i
Zr 93 I. 5 x 106 y sp act _iJ3-
. (SteinES0) A! chem (SteinES0) J_-i0.060 max fission (SteinE50)
(SteinE65) _i-87.11 (SteinE65, MTW) imass spect (GIeL53) _ in ° ¥
I
+
¢ci <4 (GoldmDT64)
t parent Nb 93m (GleL53)
i daughter radiations from Nb 93m
Zr 94 % 117.40
_ i-87._-67.
(WhiJ48)
(MTW) i i
l
,c +0.08 (GoldmDT64) i +
Zr 95 65.5 d (FlyZ65a) _ i_- (SagR40a) i_ chem (GrossA40, SagR40a) 13-! 0.89 max (2%), 0.396 max Zr94(n, _/) (SagR40a,
65GrurnW46,
d (BradE51a,Cork.753b) _ i -85.663 (MTW) i chem, genet (GoldsBSl) SerL4To)
66 d (GrossA48) i parent Nb 95m parent Nb 95 Y !0.724 (49%), 0.756 (49%) fission (HudJ49,
i $acoLSl, SteinESla) i Nb 95_n SteinESla, FinB51c)

63d(SagR40a) ! (Hud349, Br'adE51a, idaughterradiationsfromNb 95, BradE51a, facoLSl,
i idesiRb
cendant
95 (VilCSl)
Kr95' descendant
i i i
sp act (AwsM56) _ i-85.430(MTW) i
tl/2 (f513)>5 x 1017 y
sp act (AwsM56)
ti/z (_) 6 x 1o16y
"c i0.05
i
!
(GoldmVT64) +
i
i
i
i
•pact(_Car_53) i i i
Zr 97 17.0 h (BurgWS0a, _ ip- (GrossA40) A i chem (GrossA40) P i 1.91 max Zr96(n, ¥) (BurgWS0a,
MandeC52, GrossA40, i i chem, n-capt, sep isotopes MandeCSZ, SagR40a,
KatcSSlb, VasiI58)
+
A -:82.93 (MTW) i (BurgW50a' MandeC52)
iparent Nb 97m (BurgWS0a)
¥ i0.747 (92%, with Nb 97m)
ii daughter radiations from Nb 97
SerlATb)
fission (GrossA40,
HahO41, KatcS48)
Zr 98 ! m (OrtC60)
!+
_ i[p- ] (OrtC60)
i
i
Z lchem, genet (OrtC60)
i
! fission (OrtC60)
i parent 51 m Nb 98 (OrtC60)
& !-8Z (MTW) +
, [ parent <Z m Nb98], not i
Zr 99 35 s genet (OrtC60) i G i chem, genet (OrtC60) fission (OrtC60)

iactivity not observed, tl/z i
'i i <-1.6 " genet (Tr°D63) i

41Nb 88 14 m (KorR64, HydE65) _ i_+ (HydE65), [ EC] B !chem, genet (KorR64, J_ max Br79(C Iz, 3n) (KorR_4,
21 m (ButeF64b) i i HydE65, ButeFb4b) ¥ 10.076, 0.141, 0.7+7_-, 0.399, 0.511 HydEbS)
Nb 89 1.9 h (HydE65, DiaR54,

i
A --77 (MTW)
_ i[_+ (DiaR54), [EC]

i
!daughter Mo 88 (ButeF64c)
A ichem, genet (DiaR54,

i (¥_), 0.671,
_+i 2.9 max

1.058, 1.083
C 12 on Br (MathHS5,
MathH55) i ! MathS55) ¥ i0.511 (¥_), 1.676, 3.577, 3.838 HydE65)
2.0 h (ButeF64b) _ i-81"0 (MTW) i parent Zr 89 (DiaR54, i daughter radiations from Zr &9 Ysg(ct, 4n) (MathH55)
i i mathH55) i
+
+
+
t
+
+
--
271
Type of decay (_s);
ZIsotope A Half-life (AiM-A),

and energies
intensities (MeV) Principal means
of production
41Nb 89m 42 m
=48 m
(ButeF64b)
(DiaR54)
%" 1 1:
A 1-80.2
(DiaR54),
(LHP,
[EC]
MTW)
A lchem,
i MathH55)
genet (DiaR54, 6
[e
:j 3. I max
i0.570 (with Zr 89m)
C 12 on Br
protons on
(MathH551
Zr (DiaR54)
i MathH55) Y !0.511 (¥±), 0.588 (93%, with

iparent Zr 89rn ( DiaR54,
daughter Mo 89 (ButeF64c) Zr89m)
i i daughter radiations from Zr 89
Nb 90 14.6h (OngP54a, %" 6 +, EC (BjoS59, A ichem, excit, cross bomb _+ 1.50max Zr90(p,n) (BjoS59,
ShelR57a) i LazN58, ShelR57a) i (JacoL51) e-i 0.115, 0.123 LazN58)
14.7 h (DiaR53, iEC(K) =50% (KuzM57) ichem, sep isotopes, cross Zr90(d, 2n) (KunD49,
others (KunD49, A -82.66 (MTW) i bomb (KunD49) iZr X-rays, 0.142 (75%), 0.511
ButeF64b} ] idescendant Mo 90 (DisK53, Y i (¥±), 1.14 (97%), 2.18 (14%), descendant
JacoL51) Mo 90
JacoL51) ! i MathH55b) : 2.32 (82%) (ButeF64b, DiaR53)
idaughter radiations from Zr 90rn
: included in above listing
i
Nb 90m 24 s (MathH55b) %" liT (MathH55b) A ichem, genet (MathH55b) ¥ iNb X-rays, 0.122 (71%) daughter Mo 90
A -82.54 (LHP, MTW) !daughter (MathH55b) e-_ 0.104, 0.1Z0
i : Mo90
E
• (MathH55b)
Nb 91 long (OvaJ51) %" i[EC] (OvaJSl) B igenet (OvaJ51) ¥ [Zr X-rays] Zr90(d, n) (OvaJSl)
A !-86.8 (MTW) ![daughter Nb 91m] (Ova J51)
Nb 91m 64 d (BoydG49) %" !IT 97%, EC 3% (NDS) A ichem, excit (JacoL51) Y iNb X-rays, 0.104 (0.5%), 1.21 y89(a, 2n) (HaywR55a)
60 d (JacoL51) A i-86.6 (LHP, MTW) ichem, sep isotopes (OvaJ51) i (3%) zrg0(d, n) (OvaJ51,
: i e-i0.086, 0.10Z HaywR55a, JacoL51)
Nb 92 >350 y or <1 h
(BunklM6Z) i
A 1-86.45 (ShelR64, MTW) '
F ii levels
reactionobserved in Nb93(d,
(ShelR64) and int) i
i (SweR64) i
i Nb93(p, d) reaction
Nb 9zrn I0.16 d (BunkM62) %" IEC 99+%, 6 + 0.06% A ichem, excit (SagR38a) Y iZr X-rays, 0.934 (99%) y89(a, n) (BunkM62)
10.15 d (WestH59) i (WestH59, BunkM62) }
others (GlagV61, ino [5-, lira 0.05% i
MacD48, SagR40b, i (PreiP51) i
SagR38a) A ,i-86.32 (ShelR64, MTW) i ii
Nb 92 13 h (JameR54) i '
G i chem, excit (JameR541 i Iprotons on Ni 93
iii activity
B ramE n°t
62, °bBunk_M
..... d62,(SilE 58, i (JameR 541
i BosH64b)
:
: i
Nb 95 % !100 (Sam]vi36a, WhiY56) i i
A i-87.204 (MTW) :
1 (to Nb 94m1
i (GoldmDT 64) i
Nb 93m 13.6 y (F1yK65a) %" iIT (SchurnR54) A ichem,, genet (GIeL53) ¥ iNb X-rays daughter Zr 93 (GIeL53)
=4 y (SchumR54) A 1-87.173 (LHP, MTW) idaughter Zr93(85%) (GleL53) e-i0.011, 0.028 Nb93(n,n ') (SchurnR54,
i daughter Mo 93 (HohK64) i
i HohK64)
Nb 94 2.0 x 104 y sp act, mass %" i_-, no EC (DouDL53) A in-capt (GoldhM46a) 6-i 0.49 max Nb93(n, _) (GoldhM46a,
spect (SchurnR59a) !no EC(K), lim 6% !chem, n-capt (HeiR52) : HeiRS2)

l.Sx 1047spact i (SchumR59a) _ i0.702 (100%), 0.871 (100%)
1-86.35 (MTW) i i
(Ro]_55) z_ ! i i
2.2 x 104 y sp act _rc i=15 (GoldmDT64) i
(DouDL53) i i i
Nb 94rn 6.29m (KilP62) %" ilT 99+%, 6- 0.2% Ain-capt , excit (PooLM37, Y _Nb X-rays, 0.871 (0.2%) Nb?S(n,'_) (PoolM37,
6.6m (SagR40b) .i (ReicC63, YinL6Z) i SagR38a, GoldhM48a, :
e-!0.0Z3, 0.039 @agR38a, SagR40b,
liT 99+%, 6- 0.5% i KunD46) : _;erL47b)
i (KilP6Z) : i
A 1-86.31 (SLP, MTW) i
Nb 95 35.0 d (WyaE61) %" i_- (GoldsB51) A !chem (GoldsB46, GoldsB51) 6-i O. 160 max daughter Zr 95 (HudJ49,
35.6 d (PierA59) 1-86.784 (MTW) i chem, excit, cross bomb BradE51a, J_coL51,
35 d (CorkJ53a, A: i (JacoL51) Y 10.765
i (100%) SteinE51b)
EngeDSl) _c I=7 (GoldmDT64) idaughter Zr 95 (HudJ49,
others ( JacoL51,
LangeL63, FlyK65a) i JacoL51)BradE51a'
SteinE51a,
i daughter Nb 95m ( SteinE 5 Is,
i i
] LeviJ5 la) i
272
i Type of decay (_ );
Isotope i % abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; Major radiations:

Z A Half-life (Z_:M-A),
neutron Genetic relationships approximate energies
and intensities (MeV) Principal means
of production
cross section ((7), barns I
"--- i
90 h (SteinE51a, *t IT (SteinE51a) A chem (EngeD46, EngeDSla) j . - , . daughter Zr 95 (Hud249,
41Nb95 m i Y : Nb X rays [0 235] $acoL51,
HudJ49, DrabG55) A -86.549 (LHP, MTW) chem, genet (SteinE51a) i 0.216 SteinE51a)BradESla'
84 h (SlaH5Za, SlaH53 daughter Zr 95 (HudJ49, Ie- daughter radiations from Nb 95
BradE51a, JacoL51, Mo97(d, 6) (JacoL51,
SteinE 5 la) i BoydG49)
parent Nh 95 (SteinE51a, i Zr94(d, n) (JacoLSl)
i LeviJ51a) :
F
Nb96 iZ3.35h (KunD49) %" _-{KunD49) A them, excit, sepisotopes I_-' 0.T max Zr96(p,n) (KunD49)
!23.5 h (MonaS62) A -85.64 (MTW) (KunD49) Y 0.459 (Z8%), 0.569 (59%), 0.778 Mo98(d,a) (BornP63c)
i (97%), 0.811 (14%), 0.851
! (22%0), 1.092 (49%), 1.200
, (ZI%)
_-:-I 27 max
Nb97 74 m
I72 rn (BurgWS0a)
(MandeC5Z) %" _- (GrossA40) A chem, genet (GrossA40) Y : 01 (GrossA40, Zr BurgWS0a)
descendant 97
75 m (GrossA40) A -85.61 (MTW) daughter Nb 97m (SaraB55a) 665 (98%)
Nb 97m 1.0 m (BurgW50a) %a IT (BurgW50a) A chem, excit, sep isotopes, _/ 0.747 (98%) daughter Zr 97
A !-84.86 (LHP, MTW) genet (BurgW50a) le-' 0.728 (BurgW50a)
daughter Zr 97 (BurgW50a) daughter radiations from Nb 97

parent Nb 97 (SaraB55a)
Nb 98 51 m (OrtC60, WahA6Z,
i
%a i_- (BoydG49) B chem, sep isotopes I_-' 3. I max Mo98(n, p) (OrtC60,
TakaK61) (BoydG4 9) TakaK6 I, WahA6Z)
others (BoydG49) A-83.5 (OttO60, MTW) them, genet energy levels Y 0.330 (9%), 0.72-0 (75%), 0.787
(OrtC60) (100%), 1.16 {30%), 1.44 (10%)
1.5Z (4%), 1.68 (10%), 1.88
not daughter Zr 98 (OrtC60) (4%), 1.93 (8%)
Nb 98 <Z m (OrtC60) "t i_- (OrtC60) F genet, excit (OrtC60) /(5-ihigh-energy (3 fission,
(OrtC60) daughter Zr 98
[daughter Zr 98] (OrtC60) i
Nb 99 2.4 m (OrtC60) %" !(3- (DufR50) A chem, excit, sep isotopes 13-i 3.2 max fission (OrtC60, TroD63)
Z.3 m (TroD63) !-83 (MTW) (DufR50)
Z. 5m (DufR50) A chem, genet (OrtC60) Y 0.100 (_ 1) 0.260 ('f 1) Mol00(y,p) (DufR50)
parent Mo 99 (OttO60)
Nb 99 10 s genet (TroD63) "-" i(3- >52% (TroD63) C chem, genet (TroD63) fission (TroD63)
'. parent Mo 99 (TroD63)
i
Nb 100 3.0 m (OrtC60) "t i[(3-] (OttO60) B chem, genet energy levels Y 0.140 ('F 10), 0.36 ('f 55), 0.45 fission (OttO60)
(? 40), 0.53 (T 100, complex),
Ai-80 (MTW) (OttO60) i 0.65, Z.Z, Z.3, 2.65, 2.85
Nb 100 11 m (TakaK61) %a i!j3- (TakaK61) C chem, genet energy levels 13-'4. Zmax (-<10%), 3. Smax Mol00(n,p) (TakaK61)
A i-80 (MTW) (TakaK61) ¥ 0.535 (_" 100), 0.6Z (T 60), 1.04
(? I0), 1.15 (_ I0), 1.47 (_ 5)
! .
Nb I01 1.0 m genet (OrtC60) "_ i[_-] (OrtC60) B them, genet (OrtC60) 'i :: '41ssion (OrtC60)
parent MO I01 (OrtC60) i : I
42Mo 88 Z7 m (ButeF64c) %" i_+ (ButeF64c), [EC] B chem, genet (ButeF64c) 2.5 max protons on Nb, Mo
parent Nh 88, ancestor Zr 88 .0.511 (_/±), Z.69 (ButeF64c)
(ButeF64c) !daughter radiations from Nb 88 I
Mo 89 7 m (ButeF64c) %" i_+ (ButeF64c), [EC] B chem, genet (ButeF64c) _+i14.9 max protons on I%4o
parent Nb 89m, ancestor Zr 89 Y i0.511 (¥±) {ButeF64c)
(ButeF64c) !!daughter radiations from Nh 89m
Mo 90 5.67 h (PettH66) '# :.EC 75%, (5+ 25% A chem, genet (DiaR53, (3+ l.g max Nb93(p, 4n) (DiaR53,
5.7 h (DiaR53) (CoopJ65) MathH55b) ie-'0.104, 0.120, 0.239, 0.255 MathH55b, CoopJ65)
6.3 h (KuzM57) Zr90(a, 4n) (CoopJ65)
others (KurcB55) A -80.17 (PettH66, MTW) ancestor Nb 90 (DiaR53,
MathH55b) Y Nb X-rays, 0.122 (71%), 0.257
(85%), 0.445 (9%), 0.511 (50%,
parent Nb 90m (MathH55b) _/±), 0.945 (I0%), 1.273 (8%),
1.389 (4%), 1.46 (4%, doublet)
daughter radiations from Nb 90

(daughter radiations from Nb 90m
included in above listing)

273
Type of decay (_);

Isotope Half-life (A-=M-A), MeV (C':=0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
15.49 m (EbrT65) *_ i_+ (SagR38), [EC] A excit (BotW37) _+ 3.44 Mo9Z(n, Zn) (KunD49a,
4zMO 91
15.5m (DufR49h, ' chem, excit (SagR38) !_¥iNb X-rays, 0.511 (_±) HeyF37, SagR38,
WafH48, KatzL53) A !-8Z.3 (MTW) chem, sep isotopes, excit , : SagR40a, BrolJ52,
others (AxeP55, !i (KunD49a, DufR49b) 'i i EbrT65)
BotW39, SagR38) i ! :
Mo 91m 64 s (PrenJ57) Y :
ilT =57%, _+ + EC =43% B ichem, sep isotopes (DufR49b)!_+i : 3.99 max (t 15), Z.78 max (_ I00) Mo9Z(_¢,n) (DufR49h)
66 s (KatzL53, AxeP55) i (SmiF56) i e-I 0 638 i
73 s (WafH48) i iIT
. =70%, _+ + EC =30% i [Y _
:Nb" X-rays, Mo X-rays, 0.511 (_¢±
75 s (DufR49b) I i (AxeP55) i : [76%]), 0.658 (54%), I.Zl
,% i-81.6 (LHP, MTW) i (2290), 1.53 (1590)

: daughter radiations from Mo 91
'(WintR55) A
% i-86.804 (MTW)
,rci<0.3 (to Mo 93)

i<0.006 (to Mo 93m)
i (GoldmDT64)
i
Mo 93 >I00 Y genet (HohK64) I%" iEG {BoydG49a) A chem, n-capt (BoydG49a) Y Nb X-rays Mo92(n, _/) (BoydG49a)
!,% -86.79 (MTW) genet (HohK64) , daughter radiations from Nb 93m Nb93(p, n) (HohK64)
k parent Nb 93m (85%)
I (HohK64) i
i I
I i
Mo 93m 6.95 h (BoydG5gb) I%" IT (KunD50) A chem, excit (EunD46) !_/ Mo X-rays, 0.264 {5890), 0.685 Nb93(d, gn) (AlbuD53,
chem, excit, cross bomb, i (10090), 1.479 (100%) KunD46, WieM46,
6.75 h {KunD50) ,% -84.36 (LHP, MTW) ! sep isotopes (KunD50) ie-' KunD50a)
ichem, excit (BoydGbgb) 0.244, 0.261
. Zr90(a, n) (KunD50)
:chem, mass spect (AlbuD53,
BernaR55) Nb 93 (p, n) (BoydG52b,
inot daughter Tc 93 (BoydG50) ForC53)
Mog___
4 % 9.12 (WilliD46)
A :-88.407 (MTW)
Mo 95 % 15.70 (WilliD46)
A 1-87.709 (MTW)
w c 14 (GoldmDT64) _ :
Mo 96 % 16.50 (WilliD46)
,% -88.794 (MTW)
: I (GoldmDT64)
c!
Mo 97 % 9.45 (WilliD46)
,% 1-87.539 (MTW)
_ciZ (GoldrnDT 64) i i
Mo
9____8 90 ::
23.75 (WilliD46)
,% 1-88.110 (MTW)
_ci0.51 (GoldmDT64) i
L
r .
Mo 99 66.7 h (CrowP65) _ i_- (SagR38) A chem, n-capt, excit (SagR38, _-::l.g3 max Mo98{n, ¥) (SagR40,
66.0 h (GunS57) SagR40a) SagR40a, MauW41,
67.0 h (WriH57) A -85.96 (MTW) Y Tc X-rays, 0.041 (2%), 0.181 SerL47b, HumVbl]
parent Tc 99m (SeaG39, (7°/0),0.372 (190), 0.740 (12%), fission {HahO39b,
others (SeaO39, SagR40a, MedH4_, 0.780 (4%) SagR40a, KatcS5'-c,
CorkJ49a, Vasi158, GleL51d, MihJbl) daughter radiations from Tc 99m KatcS48, FinB51c)
WafH48, SagR40a) daughter Z.4 m NI599 "{OrtC60)
daughter I0 s Nb 99 (TroD63)
ancestor Tc 99 (MotE47a)
- ! ;
MoI0_____
0 tl/z (_) >-3x I017 y %1 9.6Z (WilliD46)
sp act (WintR55) ,% !-86.185 (MTW)
others (FremJ5g) _c10.2 (GoldmDT64)
WiIeDR54, OKelG57) _-83.50 (MTW) parent Tc I01 (SagR40, e 10.170 SerL47b, HumVbl)
Mo I01 14.6 m (MauW41, : ::_-
i (SagR40a) A{ chem,
BotW4 n-capt (SagR40a)
I, HahO41a, : 2. g3 max
_-!_: Mol00(n,sagR40b,
"¢)Mauw41,{SagR40'
: HahO41b, MauW41) ¥i0.191 (Z5%), 0.51 (1590), 0.59
i daughter Nb I01 {OrtC60) i 1.0Z 0.70 1.18
(Z5%),
(z1%), 0.89 1.38
(Ii%),
(11%), (15%),
(9%), 1.56 (11%), Z.08 (16%)
:
i i daughter radiations from Tc 101
274
Type of decay (_);

IsotopeA
Z Half-life (/%-M-A),
neutron Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV)
and intensities Principal means
of production
cross section (G), barns
42Mo 102 11.5 m

m (FleJ54) !*t i15- (HahO41a) i Dichem (HahO41a) 15-i 1.2 max fission
11.0 (WileDR54a) FleJ54, (HahO41a,
WileDR54a)
12 m (HahO41a) A i -84 (MTW) i parent 5 s Tc 102 (HahO41a, i daughter radiations from 5 s
i i HahO41b, FleJ54) i Tc 102
Mo 103 62 s genet (VBaeA65) %a [15-1 (KieP63a) B i chem, genet (KieP63a) i VBaeA65)

70 s (KieP63a) parent Tc103 (KieP63a) i
Mo 104 l. lm (KieP62) %_i15-(TerG64) B_chem, genet (KieP62) {5-14.8max fission (TerG64, KieP62
parent Tc 104 (KieP62) daughter radiations from Tc 104
1.6 m (TerG64) iii chem, excit (TerG64) Y il 0.070
Mo 105 40
42 ss genet
(KieP62a) _4ail
:5- (BornH43b) B ichem, genet (BornH43b, i fission (BornH43b,
(VBaeA65) i KieP62a) FleJ55a, FleJ56a,
others (FleJ55a, i KieP62a, VBaeA65)
FleJ56a, SeeW47) i iancestor Ru I05 {BornH43b, i
i ! KieP62a) i
: i parent Tc 105, ancestor R_h105 :i
i i (KieP62a, BornH43b, i
i : FleJ55a) :
43Tc 92 4.4 m (VLieR64) + =92%, EC =8o/0

%_115 B i chem, sep isotopes {5+i4.1 max Mo92(d, 2n) (MotE48,
i (VLieR64) i (MotE48, VLieR64) _/iMoX-rays, 0.090 (20%), 0.14 VLieR64)
A i-78"8 (MTW) i i (67%°)'(184_/o,

0.511 Y+), 0.79
0"24 (30%)' 0"33(95%),
` 90%) '
! ) 1.5411oo%)
Tc 93 2.75 h (KunD48a) %*)EC 87%, t5+ 13%0 A) chem (SeaG39) 15+.0.80 max Mo92(d,n) (KunD48a,
2.7 h (VinG62, MotE48, ) (VinG62, LeviC54a) i chem, excit, sep isotopes ¥ iMo X-rays, 0.511 (26%, ¥+), MotE48, SeaG39,
inot parentMs 93m (BoydGS0} MogZ(p, Y) (KunD48a,

DelL39)
DelL3 9) A )-83.60 (MTW) i (KunD48a) ) 1.35 (65%), 1.49(33%) VinG6Z)
Tc 93m 43 m (MedH50, VinG6Z) %a iIT82%, EC 18% A ichem, excit,sep isotopes _/iTc X-rays, Ms X-rays, 0.390 Mo92(d, n) (EasH53,
47 m {KunD48a) i (VinG6Z) i (KunD48a) i (63%), 2.66 (18%) BernaR54, VinG62)
imass spect (BernaR54) e-i 0.369 Mo92(p,¥) (EasH53)
A [-83.ZI)(LHP, MTW) i)chem, mass spect (LeviC54a) .idaughter radiations fl"om Tc 93 Nb93(a, 4n) (EasH53)
, )
Tc 94 293m (MatuJ63) *t iEC 89%, 15+11% Aiexcit (MonaS62) 0+)0.816max Nb93(a, Bn) (MatuJ63)
270 m (MonaS6Za) ( (HarniJ64) ichem, excit,cross bomb Y )Mo X-rays, 0.511 (22%, _/J'), Mo94(d, 2n) (MatuJ63,
IEC 93%,"_5 + 7% ! (MatuJ63) i 0.702 (100%), 0.849 (I00%), MonaS6Za, HamiJ04)
) (MatuJ63) i i 0.871 (100°/o)
)EC 86%, p+ 14% i )
A )-84.15 (MTW),
) (MonaS6Za) ) i
Tc 94m 53 m (MedH50,
MonaS62)
"t i15+
66%, EC 34%
i (HamiJ64)
i
A i chem,
i chem,
excit (GugP47)
excit, sep isotopes
,+i
:
2.47 max Nb93(a, 3n) (MatuJ631
50m (MotE48a) )15+72%, EC 28% i (MotE48a) ¥ iMo

: 0.871
X-rays,
(91%),0.511
1.53(132%,
(10%), Y±),
1.87 Mo94(d,
MonaS62,Zn) MatuJ63,
(MotE48a,
(MonaS62a) i genet energy levels i
(i{5
+ 61%, EC 39% ' (HamiJ64)
i i (9%), 2.73 (5%), 3.20 (2%) Mo94(p,
HamiJ64)
n} (GugP47,
i (MatuJ63) )daughter Ru 94 (VWieA5Z) i HubeO48a, MedH50)
" -84.04(_P, MTW) ) )
Tc 95 20.0 h (VinG62, %a )EC (EggD48) A ichem, sep isotopes (EggD48, Y iMo X-rays, 0.768 (82%), 0.84 Mo95(p,n) (EggD48,
EggD48) )no {5
+ (MedI-I50) i MotE48a) ) (II%), 1.06(4%) MedH50)
20 h (MotE48a) i
] Mo95(d, Zn) (MotE48a)
A )-86.05 (MTW)) i Mo94(d,n) (VinG62)

Tc 95m 61 d (UniJ59) at iEC 95%, 15+0.42%, IT 4% A ichem (CacB37, CacB39) {5+)
0.68max Mo95(p, n) (EdwJ47)
60 d (MedH50) i (UniJ59, MedH50, ichem, sep isotopes e-)0.019, 0.036,0.184 Mo94(d,n) (CacB37,
62 d (CacB39) i MedI-I50a,CreT65a) i (MotE48b) :
52 d (EdwJ47) A )-86.01 (LHP, MTW) ! "l )Ms X-rays, 0.204 (70%), 0.584 CacB39, UniJ59)
)i 0.823 (9%), 0.838 (27%), 1.042 Mo95(d, Zn) (MotE48b)
(36%), 0.78 (12%, complex),
(4%)
) i daughter radiations from Tc 95

Tc 96 4.35 d (MedH50) "t iEC (MotE48b) A jchem (EwiD39) 'Y)Ms X-rays, 0.32 (5%), 0.778 Nb93(a,n) (EdwJ47)
4.20 d (CobJ50) ' )them, excit,cross bomb ) (100%), 0.81 (84%), 0.851
4.3 d (MonaS62, ins 15+(MedH50) i (EdwJ47) _! (I00%), 1.12(16%)
4.2EdwJ47)d
(Motm48b) A )-85.9 (MTW) ,ichem,(Med/_i52)excit,
sep isotopes e 1i0"30' 0.75, 0.79, 0.82
ii
i
. i i
275
Type of decay (_ );

Isotope Half-life (A--M-A), MeV (C"_=0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
i i :
43Te 96m 5Zm (MedH50, EasH53) %* liT (MedH50) B ichem, excit (MedH50) "/ ITc X-rays Nb93(a,n) (EasH53)
!_+ =0.01% (EasH53) ichem, excit, sep isotopes e-i0.013, 0.03Z
: (LHP, MTW) (MedH5Z)
A i-85.8 ii
daughter radiations from Tc 96
Tc 97 Z.6 x 106 y yield %* iEC (BoydG54) A igenet (BoydGSla) Y ::

IvloX-rays Ru96(n, N)Ru97(_ -)
(KatcS58a) A!-87 (IMTW) ichem (KatcS58a) (KatcS58a)
others (BoydG54) i ![daughter Tc 97m] (BoydG51a) i Mo97(d, Zn) (BoydG54)
i idaughter Ru 97 (99+%)
i (KatcS58a)
i
i i
Tc 97m 91 d (BoydG54, %* !IT (HelrnhA41a, EdwJ47) A ichem (PerrC37, CacB37) "/ ::Tc X-rays Mo96(d, n) (CaeB37,
HelmhA4 la) i ' .
90 d (MotE48b, A :i-87 (LHP, MTW) {chem,
iexcit, genet
sep (lvlotE47)
isotopes (MotE48b) e-i 0.075, 0.094 PerrC37, CacB39)
' Mo97(p, n) (Edw347)
87GugP47, CacB37)
d (UniJ59) :
i i daughter Ru 97 (0.04%) i Ivlo97(d, Zn) (MotE48b)
95 d (EdwJ47) : i (KateS58a) :
Ru96(n, Y) Ru97(_ -)
i i (KatcS58a)
i i :
Tc 98 1.5x 106y spact %*i_- (KatcS55) A::chem, mass spect (BoydG55) _-i0.30max Mo98(p,n) (BoydG55)
(OKelG56h)
others (KatcS55) A i -86.5 (MTW) i Y :::
0.66 (100%), 0.76 (100%) Ru96(n, Y)Ru97(_ -)
_r
c i3 (to Tc 99m) i Tc97(n, Y) (KatcS55,
i (Goldm DT 64) i ] KatcS 58a )

Tc 99 2. IZ x 105 y sp act %* i_- (LincD51, SchumR51) A ::
chem (LineD46, SchumR46) _-i 0.292 max fission (IngM47g,
: LineD5 I, SchumR51)
2.15
(FrieS51)
x 105 y sp act A i-87.33 (A4TW) ichem, mass
idaughter Tc 99rn
spect(SeaG39,
(Ing/vi47g) Y ino Y i%4o98(n,Y)Mo99( _)
idescendant I%4o99 (MotE47a)

(BoydG60) _rciZZ (GoIdmDT64) i HahO41a) i (MotE47a)
Tc 99m 6.049 h (GIeG64)

!
%* liT (SeaG39) A ithem, genet (SeaG39)
E
Y !Tc X-rays, 0.140 (90%) daughter ]%4099 (SeaG39,
6.00 h (ByeD58)
others (GleL51d, A !-87.18 (LHP, MTW) idaughter Mo 99 (SeaG39, : 001,
e-::0. 0.119 GleL51d,
SagR40a, MihJ51)
MedH49,
BaiK53, PortR60, ! SagR40a,
MihJ51) MedH49, GleLSld, i
CreT65) :: iparent Tc 99 (SeaG39, i

! HahO41a) i
Tc 100 15.8 s (BoydG5Za) %* _- (HouR5Z) A isep isotopes (HouR52) _ i3.38 max Tc99(n, Y) (BoydG5Za,
17.5 s (HouRSZ) : OKelG58)
17 s (CsiG63) A 1-85.9 (MTW) isep isotopes, n-capt
:: : (BoydG5Za) Y : 0.71,(strong),
::0.540 0.81, 0.89,
0.60 1.01, 1.31,
(strong), Mol00(p,n) (HouR5Z)
i 1.49, 1.8 Rhl03(n, _) (CsiG63)
_c I01 14.0m (OKelG57, %* i_- (SagR40) Aichem, genet (SagR40) 3-i 1.3Zmax Ik4ol00(n,S/)A4ol01(_ -)
MauW41, HahO41b) (SagR40, SagR40h,
14.3 m (WileDR54) A !-86.3Z (MTW) idaughter Mo 101 (BotW41, Y ::0.13 (3%, complex), 0.307 IMauW41)
i HahO41a, HahO41b, i (N 91%), 0.545 (Y 8%)
14.5 m (PerlrnM48) i ! MauW41, SagR40)
16.5 m (MacD48) i: i
: i _i
Tc 10Z 4.5 m (FleJ54, FleJ57) %* i_- (FleJ56a) B !chem, genet energy levels _ !Z max Ru102(n, p) (FleJ57)
' ' : fission (FleJ56a)
A ::-85 (MTW) i (FleJ56a, FleJ57) N i0.47
Tc I02 5 s (FleJ54) %* _- (HahO41a) C ichem, genet (HahO41a, _ -! ::4.4max daughter Mo 10z

others (HahO41a) A !-85 (MTW) i FleJ54) i
: (HahO41a,
Fie J54) HahO41b,
: idaughter I%4oI02 (HahO4 is, i
i HahO4 Ib, FleJ54) i
: i
[
Tc I03 50 s (KieP63a, %* i_- (KieP63b) B iexcit (FleJ57) _-!Z.2 max fission (KieP63a,
72VBaeA65)
s (FleJ57) A i--84.9 (IMTW) ichern, genet (KieP63a) Y '
i0"135 (_ 17), 0. Zl (_ I0), 0.35 KieP63b,np)VBaeA65)
i[parent Ru I03] (KieP63a) : Ru104(n, (FleJ57)
: i daughter IMo I03 (KieP63a)
i i
Tc 104 18 m (FleJ56a, KieP6Z) %* i_- (FleJ56a, KieP6Z) B ichem (FleJ56a) _-::[5.8 max] (weak), 4.6 max fission (FleJ56a,
A ichem, genet energy levels ' KieP6Z)
(MTW)
_8_j Z
(KieP62) Y 10.36, 0.53, 0.89, 1.15, I.Z5,

i 1.37, 1.6 (complex), 1.9, Z.2 Rul04(n,p) (FleJ57)
daughter Mo I04 (KieP62) i 2.7, 3.Z, 3.4, 3.7, 4.0, 4.4, 4.7
i_
Tc I05 7.7 m (KieP6Za) %* ::_ (BornH43b) B ichem, genet (BornH43h) _-i 3.4 max fission (BornH43b,
, ' Fle J55a, FleJ56a,
7.8
I0 mm genet
(VBaeA65)
(FleJ55a, A i-82.6 (MTW) iparent Ru I05, daughter Mo I05 Y i 0. II0 KieP6Za, VBaeA65)
FleJ56a) i i (BornH43h, FleJ55a, idaughter radiations from Ru 105
i i KieP6Za) i
i i..... tor Rh I05 (KieP6Za) i
i i ,
}76
9b abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; approximate energies (MeV) I Principal means
h_tope Half-life (/ktM-A), MeV (C'_=0); Genetic relationships of production
Z A j Thermal
Type neutron
of decay (_); and intensities
Major radiations: I
cross section ((7), barns
I _ i[_-](VBaeA65) iehem, genet (VBaeA65) i ifisslon(VBaeA65)

43Tc 106 _37
i s (VBaeA65) B iParent
i Ru I06 (VBaeA65) i i
Tc 107 29 s (VBaeA65) ill 3-1 (VBaeA65) B ichem , genet (VBaeA65) : i flssion (VBaeA65)
others (BornH43b) i ancestor Rh I07 (VBaeA65) i I
44Ru 93 50S (AteA55a) _i_ + (?)(AteA55a) Eich ..... cit(AteA55a) El i Mo92(a, 3n) (AteA55a)
Ru 94 57 m genet (VWieA521 *t IEC (VWieA52) D i chem, genet (VWieA521 i

Y [Tc X-rays] I Mo92(a, 2n) (VWieA5Z)
i iparent Tc 94m (VWIeA52) I i daughter radiations from Tc 94m

i i I!
Ru 95 1.65h (SchaE56, e# iEC 85%, _+ 15% (RieP63) Aichem, cross bomb, sep _+i 1.33max Mo92(a,n) (EggD48)
EggD48) : : , Ru96(n, Zn) (EggD48,
1.7h (KurcB55) A i-84.02 (MTW) i isotopes (EggD48) ¥{Tc X-rays, 0.340 (70%) 0.511
1.6h (MocD48) i i i (30%, _:_), 0.625 (13%), 1.09 E SchaE56, RieP63)
l i i ,.43 (s%)
i (21%),
i i i i daughter radiations from Tc 95 !
Ru 96 j % i5.46 (OrdK60) 1 4 i
(WhiF 56) i
5.50 (FrieL53)
5.5_
5.7 (EwaH44) • I
I i
_ i-s6.07 (MTW) i i I
_rc 10.2 (GoldmDT64) i !, ii I
! Ji',i
Ru9v I2.,s d (KatcSSSa) *t 'iEC (S_W46, Aichern
chem, , cross
excit (SulW46, iiTcX-rays, 0. Z*5 (91%,, 0.324 iRu96(n.¥,
KatcS58a, (SulW46.
1-86 (MTW)" bomb, sep (8%) CorkJ55a)
2.8 d (MocD48, SulW46,
AteA55b, ShpV56) A
2.44 d (Cornish)
J i isotopes (EggD48)
parent Tc 9vm (0.04%),
e- 10.194 Mo94(a,n) (EggD48)
(KatcS 58a)
i i parent Tc97 (99+%) i
I i daughter 32 m Rh 97 (AteA55b) :i
i i
i% ]1.86
i 1.868 (WhiF56) i
RU98 i 11.91 (OrdK60)
(FrieL53) i l I
i 2.2 (EwaH44) i i
I A 1-88.222 (MTW)
i i I
Ru 99 !% {12.63 (OrdK60) !
i i12.7 (WhiF56, FrieL53) i i
! 112.8 (EwaH441
I .ci<8 (GoldmDT64) 1 i
1 i
i Zli-87.619 (MTW) i
gu 100 % i!12.53 (OrdK60)

12.7 (FrieL53)
i12.6 (WhiF56) ii I*: i I!
, A 1--89.219(MTW) i I i
I "c11o (Gol_DT64)
I i i
17.0 (EwaH44, FrieL53) I
l 117.1 (WhiFS6) i [
A i-87.953 (MTW) i i
_rc i3 (GoldmDT64) i
Ru 10z % ]31.6 (OrdK60, WhiFS6) i

I 131.5 (FrieL53) i i
i31.3 (gwaH44) i :
_ i-,9.098 (MTW) ! i
Ru I03 39.5 d (FIyK65a) o# i_- (Nisg42) A iexcit(LivJ36) @-!0.70 max 13%), 0.21max Rul0Z(n,_/)(SulW51d,
39.8 d (KondE50a) ichem (NisY42, GoldsB46) 0.497 (6%)
39.4 d (CaliJ59)
iothers (WriH57, A -87.27 (MTW) 'i[chem, excit (SulWSld,
SulW51f) _ i_ridaughtl'v%)' 0.610
radiations from Rh 103m GoldsBSla,
fission (NisY41,SulW5 le,
NisY42,
SulW 5 Id, BohE45,
HoleN48a, GleL51e, iparent Rh I03m (SulW 5If) FinB5 Ic)
I_4ocD48, NisY42) i[daughter Tc I03] (KieP63a)
i i DVriH38)
1 I i i : Il! i t
277
Type of decay (_); ]

Major radiations:
IsotopeA
Z Half-life (AeM-A),
ThermalMeV (C'==0);
44Ru! 04 % i 18.87 (OrdK60)

_18.5 (WhiF56) i i
] 18.7 (FrieL53)
118.3 (EwaH44) i i
A i_88.090 (MTW) i
e"c 10.48 (OoldmDT64) i i
Ru 105 4.4_ h (RiccR60) _ i_- (NisY41) A i chem (SegE41) _-i 1.87 max (11%), 1.15 max Rul04(n, ¥) (DVriH38,
4.43 h (BranHW62) i chem, excit (SulW51a) SulWSla)
others (SIeN51, A i-86.00 (MTW) ¥10.263
! 0.40 (6%), 0.317 (11%, doublet),
idaughter Tc I05 (BornH43b, (6%, doublet), 0.475 (20%,
Su1W51, SulW51b, 0"ei0.
. _ (GoldmDT64) i FleJ55a, KieI_62a) : doublet), 0.67 (16%, doublet),
BohE45, ShpV56) i !parent Rh 105m (DufR51) i daughter radiations

0.726 (48%) from Rh 105m
Rh 105m ; (25%)
(27%) i Rhl05
i i parent
(BranHW62)
(NeesJ65) i
i i descendant Mo I05 (BornH43b,
i : KieP62a) :
i: ii ancestor I05 (NisY41, i

BohE45, RhSleN51, SulW51a)
Ru I06 368 d (FIyK65a) _ i[5- (GoldsB51a, GleL51e) A i chem (GoldsB46, GIeLA6a) _-i 0.039 max fission (GleL51e,
367 d (SchumR56) i chem, mass spect (HaydR48) ' HaydR48, GrumW48,
366 d (EasH60) A i-86.33 (MTW) Rhl06 ¥ ino Y FinBSlc)
371 d (WyaE61) :
_rci0.15 (GoldmDT04) i parent 30 s (SeeW46, i daughter radiations from 30 s
GleL51e, SeeW46) !not parent 130 m Rh 106 ! Rhl06
i (BaraG551
i daughter Tc106 (VBaeA65)
others (MerW57, !
i ii OrumW46, GleL51e) i
au 1°7 4.2m (PierW62) _i_- (Born_43b} Bichem (BornH43b,G1eL51f, _ 13.2ma× pdll0(n,u) (Ba._r5S,
4.8 m (BaumF58) ! BaumF58) i BaroG55a)
(weak_/ 0.86 (7%), 0.93 (4%), GleLSlf,(BornH43b,
BaroG55a,
4 m (GleL51f, A 1-83.7 (MTW) i chem, genet (PierW62) _ i 0.195 (14%)_, 0.37 (weak), 0.48 fission
BaumF58, PierW62)
BornH43b) i] iparent Rh 107 (PierW62, ,i daughter 1.29 (4%o)
i.0_4%), radiations
[ GI_L51f,
BaroG55a) BornH43b, from Rh I07
i i [daughter Tc 107] (B°rnH43b) i

Ru I08 4.5 m (PierW61) i_ i[3- (BaroG55a) B !chem, excit (BaroG55a) _-! 1.3 max fission (BaroG55a,
4.4 m (BaurnF58) !A i-84 (MTW) ii chem, genet (BaumF58, BaurnF58, PierW62)
others (BaroG55a) PierW62) _ i O.165 (28%)
(BaumF58,
PierW6Z,
i parent Rh 108BaroG55a) iidaughter radiations from Rh 108
i : !
! : i
45Rh 97 32 m (BasuB6La, qP i_ + (AteA52a, [EC] A i chem, genet (AteA55b) _ max Ru96(d,_H_2.47
n) (AteA55b,
EggD49) i chem, excit (ChikV62) AteA52a, ChikV62)
37m (ChikV62) A !-83 (MTW) i excit, sepisotopes _ iRuX-rays, 0.08, 0.187, 0.255,
35m (AteA55b) i i (BasuB6Za) i 0.420,0.511 (_/_),0.86, 1.18, Ru96(p,¥) (BasuB6Za)
i :!parentRu97 (Ate6A55b) [ 1.57, 1.70, 1.96, 2.16

!daughter radiations from Ru 97
Rh 97 1.0m (BasuB6Za) I_i_+ ? (BasuB62a) iFisepisotopes (BasuB62a) i

¥ 10.75 Ru96(p,_) (BasuB6Za)
Rh 98 8.7 m (KatcS56a) _ , (AteA52a), [EC] [B

i chem, excit (AteA52a, 2.5 max daughter Pd 98 (AteA55b,
9m (AteA55) Ai-84.0 (MTW) i AteA53d, AteA55b) _/ i[RuX-rays, 0.511 (¥:k)], 0.65 KatcS56a)
: : daughter Pd 98 (AteA55b, ! ( 100_
Rh 99 16.1d (TownCW59) _ i_ (FarmD55, B ichem (FarmD55, HisK561 _ 1.03max Ru99(p,n) (FarmD55,

15.0 d (FarrnD55) i MatthE65) i genet energy levels I_ iRu X-rays, 0.090, 0.175, 0.31 MatthE65)
i-85.57 (NDS, MTW) i (TemG56a, MatthE65) i (complex), 0.354, 0.444, 0.48
A i : : (complex), 0.511 (ye), 0.529,
i i :
: others to 2. 7
i i
Rh 99 J4.Th (KatcS56a) %aiEC 90%, _3+ 10% Bichem, excit (EggD49) _+i0.74max Ru99(p,n) (EggD49,
' : ScoC52)
4.5h (ScoC52) i (KatcS56a) idaughter Pd 99 (KatcS56a, _ iRuX-rays, 0.34 (70%), 0.511
A i-85.52(LHP, NDS, MTW); i AteA55b) ! (20%, _/±),0.62 (20%), 0.89, Ru98(d,n) (ScoC52,
i i !i 1.26, 1.41 EggD4 9)

Rh 100 20.8 h (MarqL53a} _ iEC 93%, _,* 7% (KoLM64) A]chem (SulW51k, Lindnl_448a) f_+i 2.62 max daughter Pd 100
19.4 h (Lindnlv148a) i-85.58 (MTW) iexcit, sep isotopes (BasuB62) e- I 0.516 (LindnM48a, KoiM64)
18 h (AntoN64b) A i idaughter Pd 100 (Lindv.M48a) ¥ iRu X-rays, 0.444 (8%), 0.511 Rul00(p,n) (KoiM64)
21 h (SulW51k) i i i (25%),
(13%, _/_),0.540
I.II (13%),
(88%),
1.35(20%),
0.820 Ru99(p,¥)
Ru99(d,n) (BasuB62)
(SulWSle)
(39%), all¥ rays complex

i i i 1"55 (23%), 1"93(I0%)' 2"37
,,, ! - : .i ,
278
Type of decay (_k _ );

Isotope Half.life (AIM-A), MeV (C'_=0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
s
i i i
45Rh I01 3.0 y (HisK65) _ I[EC] (FarrnD55) B !chem (FarmD55) _ i[Ru X-rays], 0.127 (88%), 0.198 Rul01(p,n) (SharmB60,
5 y (FarmD55) : i genet energy levels, excit (750/0) (110/0) FarmD55, PerrN56)
10 y (PerrN60) A !-87.39 (MTW) . i , 0.325
! i (SharmB60) e-i0.105,
0.176: 0.124,
Rh l'01m 4.4 d (EvaJS65) _ EC 90%, IT 100/0 A ichem, excit (SulW51j) ¥iRu X-rays, Rh X-rays, 0.307 Rul01(p,n) (8coC52,
4.7 d (KatcS568) (EvaJS65) igenet energy levels, excit i (830/0), 0.545 (6%) FarmD55, SharrnB60)
4.3 d (FarmD55, no [5+ (KatcS56a, ] (SharmB60) e-! 0.134, 0.154 Rul00(d, n) (SulW51J,
LindnM488) LindnM48a) i. daughter Pd I01 (LindnM48a, . ScoC52)
4.5 d (ScoC52)
5.9 d (SuIW51j) _ i-87.24 (LHP, MTW) ] Eva3S65) i:
Rh I02 206 d (HisK61) _ iEC, [3+, [_-; A ichem, excit (MinaO41) 3-i 1.15 max Rul02(p,n) (FarrnD55,
205 d (MGowF61a) [_+/[_- 0.75 (HIsK61) HisK61, MGowF61a)

210 d (MinaO41) i i 3+i: 1"29 max Rul01(d,n), Rul0Z(d, 2n)
others (HoleN47) 0.84 (MarqL54) ¥ i Ru X-rays, 0.475 (57%), 0.511 (BesD55, BornP61,
Z_ i-86.77 (MTW) i i (250/0, .y::t), 0.628 (4%), 1.103 SulW51i)
ii: i ii (3%), 1.37 (0.5%), 1.57 (0.20/0) Rhl05(n, 2n) (MinaO41,
Rh I02 2.9y (BornP63a) _iEC (MGowF6la, Bichem, exeit (MGowF61a) ¥ iRuX-rays, 0.418 (13%), 0.475 Rul02(p,n) (MGowF61a)
others (MGowF61a, ! BornP63a) i i (950/0), 0.632 (540/0, doublet), deuterons on Ru
HIsK65) ! i i 0.698
(41%), (41%),
I. II (220/0,
0.768 doublet)
(30%), 1.05 (BornP63a)
i
Rh 103 0/0 ilO0 (CohAA43)
_x1-88.o14
(_TW) i
i144
,toRh1°4) i i
!11 ,to Rh 104m) i
Rh 103m 57.5 m ,3onG561 _ ilT (FIaA44, WleM45b) A i chem, excit (FIaA441 _ iRh
i X-rays, 0.040 10.40/01 daughter Ru I03
57 m (GleL51e) i chem (G1eL46a, GleL51e) (SulW51f)
56rn (MeiJ'50a) A _-87.974 (LHP, MTW) i chem, 8enet (SulW51f) e-i0.017, 0.037
: i daughter Pd 103
45 m {WieM45b) i i daughter Ru I03 (SulW51f) i (MeiJ50a)
FIaA44) idaughter Pd 103 (Mei3508, i
others (FlaA47a, i
i Bro'A46) i
i i i •
Rh 104 43 s (Csi363) _ i[3- (PonB38a) A !n-capt (ArosE35) 3- i 2.44 max daughter Rh 104m,
44 s (AmaE35, IEC 0.50/0 ,FrevL658) _genet (PonB388) Rhl03
PonB38a) :
!no _+, lira 5 x 10-4% .
idaughter Rh 104m (PonB38a, ¥ !RuX-rays,
i (0"13%) 0.56 (2.0%), 1.24 Poo1M37,(n,¥)PoolM38,
(AmaE35,
42 s (CriE39) i (LanghH61b) i FlaA47a) i GrumW46, SerIATo,

i-86.95 (MTW) i PonB38a, Flai47a,
o"c _40 (GoldmDT64) i i HumV51)
Rh 104m 4.41m (EIii$59) _ilT 99+%, _- 0.18% Ain-capt (AmaE35) _ iRh X-rays, 0.051 (47%), 0.078 Rhl03(n,¥) (AmaE35,
4.3 m (CsiG63) i (WIeK63) iparent l_h I04 (PonB38a, i (2.5%), 0.097 (2.6%), 0.56 PoolM37, PonB38a,
4.4 m (CriE39) ' : (0.18%) 0.77 (0.240/0, doublet) GrumW46, SerIATo,
others (DMatE51, _i-86.82 (LHP, MTW) i F1aA47a) : ' HumV51)
e-i0.028, 0.054, 0.074
FlaA47a) _rc i800 (GoldmDT64) !
i i 13-i[0.5 max]
i daughter radiations from Rh I04
Rh I05 35.88 h (BranHW62) q_ i[3- ,NisY41) i ichem, genet (NisY41, [3-i0.568 max Rul04(n,¥)Rul05([_ -)
36.2 h (DufR51) (SulW51a)
36.5h ,SulWSla) A i-87.87 (MTW) i SulWSla) _ i0.306 (5%), 0.319 (190/0)
others (BohE45, i6, 000 (to 30 s Rh I06) idaughter Rh 105m (DuFRSI) i
NisY41, KunD48, rc : i
!15, 000 (to 130 m Rh 106) i descendant Ru 105 (NisY41,
MandeCSl) (GoldmDT64) i BohE45, SleN51, SulW51a) i
i idescendant Tc I05, descendant i

i Mo 105 (KieP6Za) i
Rh 105rn 45 s (DuER51) _ !IT (DufR51) A!chem, genet (DufR51) ¥ iRh X-rays, 0.129 daughter Ru 105 (Du_RSI)
!-87.74 (LHP, MTW) !idaughter Ru I05, parent

Rh 105 (DufR51) e- ii0.106, 0.126
i BranHW62);
(Nees365) (27%)
idaughter Ru 105 (250/0). i
Rh 106 30 s (GleL51e) _ ip- (GleL51e) A ichem, 8enet (GleL46a, p-i3.54max daughter Ru 106 (SeeW46,
40 s (SeeW46) Z_ i-86.37 (MTW) i GleL51e) ¥ i0.512 (21%), 0.622 (110/o, doublet), GrumW46, GleL51e)
i idaughter Ru 106 (SeeW46, i 1.05 (1.50/o, doublet), 1.13 (0.50/0,
i ! GrurnW46, OleL51e) i doublet), 1.55 (0.20/0)

i
i
!i i
:
279
Type of decay (a_);

Isotope Half-life (/_-'M-A), MeV (C'_=0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
45Rh 106 130m (MayS58) _i_- (BaroG55) A!chem, excit (BaroG55, [5-I 1.62max (10%), l. l max pdl08(d,_) (BaroG55,
A :[-86.3 (SegO60a, MTW) ii genet energy levels (May$58, _/ i 0.220 (18%, complex), 0.406
133 m (SegO60a) . NerW55) ( 18%), 0.451 (35%), 0.512 MayS58, a) SegO60a)
Agl09(n, (MayS58)
l others (BaroG55, i i SegO60a) (88%), 0.616 (29%), 0.735
inotdaughtergu 106 (41%), 0.82 (35%), 1.046 (25%),
NerW55) i i
(18070)
i (BaroG55) i (12%), 1.223
i 1.128 (17%), 1.56
Rh I07 21.7 m (PierW62) _ i0- (BornH43b) A i chem (BornH43b) _-! 1.20 max Rul04(_, p) (PierW46)
24 m (BornH43b) : i chem, sep isotopes, excit ¥ i 0.305 (73%)° 0.390 (11%), 0.68 ifission (BornH43a,
25 m (NerW55) A i-86.86 (MTW) i (PierW62) GleL51f, PierW62)
23.0 m (MallC56, i daughter Ru 107 (PierW62, i (3%)
others (GIeL5 If) i BaroG55a) i

i descendant Tc I07 (VBaeA65) i
BaroG55a) i : BornH43b, GleLSlf,
i
Rh I08 16.8 s (PierW62) _iO- (BaroG55a) Bi c.hem (BaroG55a) _-! 4. Smax ifission, daughter Ru I08
17.5s (BaroG55a)
18 s (BaurnF58) A 1-85 (MTW) '!chem, genet energy levels ¥ ! 0.434 (43%), 0.51 (I0%, (BaroG55a,
PierW62) BaurnF58,
i ! daughter Ru I08 (BaumF58,
i i PierW62, BaroG55a)
i i (PierW62) i complex), 0.62 (22%)
Rh 109 <I h (SeiJ51) _ i[_-] (SeiJ51) F I genet (SeiJ51) _ fission (SeiJ51)
A 1-85 (MTW) i[parent Pd 109] (SeiJ51) :
Rh 110 5 s (KarrM63a) 't i_- (KarrM63a) C i sep isotopes, genet energy [3-i 5.5 max pdll0(n,p) (KarrM63a)
i levels (KarrM63a)
Zi 1-83 (MTW) _ !o.374
46Pd 98 17.5 m genet

i
_ i[EC] (AteA53d)
i
B i chem, genet (AteA53d,
i
_/ ! [Rh X-rays], 0.132 ( ? ) . Ru961,, 2hi (AteA55b,
(KatcS56a) i AteA55b) i daughter radiations from Rh 98 KatcS56a)
17 m genet (AteA53b) ! parent Rh 98 (KatcS56a, i
i i AteA53d )
Pd 99 22m (KatcS56a) _i_ + (KatcS56a), [EC] Bichem, excit (iteA55b, 3+i2.0max Ru96(a,n) (ZatcS56a)
24 m (AteA55b) A 1-81.7 (MTW) i KatcS56a) "/ IRb X-rays, 0.140, 0.275, 0.420,
: iparent 4.7hRh 99 (KatcS56a, i 0.511 (¥±), 0.67
AteA55b)
i i i daughter radiations from 4.7 h
_ i_ i Rh99
Pd I00 4.0 d (Li_ndnM48a) _ iEC, no _+ (LindnM48a) A! chem, excit, genet _/ iRh X-rays, 0.074 (54%), 0.084 Rhl03(p, 4n) {KoiM64,
4. I d (KurcB55) i (49%) 0.126 (16%), 0.159 (4%)
3.7d {AntoN64a) A i-85 (MTW) i (LindnM48a) , EvaJS65a)
i parent Rh 100 (LindnM48a) e-i 0.010, 0.019, 0.052, 0.061, 0.071, Rhl03(d, 5n)
i: i i 0.081 ( Lindnlvi48a )
pd 10! 8.4h (EvaJS65)

i
'tiEC 97.5_0, _+ 2.5%
i
Aichem, genet (Lindnlvi48a,
i daughter radiations from Rh I00
¥ iRhX-rays, 0.270 (8%), 0.296 Rhl03(p, 3n) (EvaJ65)
8.5h (KatcS56a) i (EvaJS65) i EvaJS65) i (30%), 0.511 (5%, ¥±), 0.566 Ru99(_,2n) (KatcS56a)
others (LindnD150a) iiothers (KatcS56a) iparent Rh 101m (LindnM48a, i (7%), 0.590 (24%), 0.723 (5%),
A !-85.40 (EvaJS65) i EvaJS65) ii complex), 1.30 1.20(3.3%,

0.993 (1.7%), (3.3%, doublet)
i i _
i :i e-i 0.021
i i ]daughter radiations from Rh 101m
Pd 102 07o!0.96 (SitJ53)
i-87.92 (MTW!
io.8 (SaoM36a) i
,c'4.8 (GoldmDT64) iil

Pd I03 17.0 d (MatthD47, _ IEC (BrosA46) Aichem , genet (BrosA46) ¥ iRhX-rays, 0.297 (0.011%), 0.362 pdl02(n,¥) (BrosA46)
BrosA46, MeiW53) i-87.46 (MTW) i chem, excit (MatthD47) i (0.06%), 0.498 (0.011%) Rhl03(d, 2n) (MatthD47,
17.5d (KieL54) A i iparent Rbl03m (/3rosA46, idaughter radiations from Rhl03m Lindnlvi48a)
i MeiJ50a) Rhl03(p, n) (MatthD47)
Pd 104 07oi 10.97 (SitJ53)

19.3 (sa_M3r_) i
A i-89.4! (MTW) i i
°7o!22.2 (SitJ53) ' i

122.6 (SarnM 36a) i i
A ii-88"43 (MTW) i
i i
280 /
I Type of decay (_);

I % abundance; Mass excess Major radiations:
Isotope i Class; Identification; approximate energies (MeV) Principal meam
Half-life (A-=M-A), MeV (C'_=0); Genetic relationships of production
Z A ' Thermal neutron and intensities
cross section (o'), barns
T i ' ' '
%! z7.3 (sltJ53)
i ZT.Z (Sa_M36a)
&]-89.91(MTW)
erc! 0.29 (GoldmDT64)
Pd 107 =7x 106y spact _il3- (ParkG49) Bichem (ParkG49) I_-i 0.04max fission (ParkG49)
(ParkG49) A i-88.368 (MTW) ¥ no ¥
Pd 107m 21.3 s (StriT57a) _ilT (FlaA52a) Aiexcit (FlaA52a) _ PdX-rays, 0.21 pdl06(n,_/), pdl08(n, 2n)
23 s (SchlnU58, L_ i-88.16 (LHP, MTW) 'n-capt, sep isotopes ' (SchinU58, WeirW64)
FlaA52a) : (SchinU58, WeirW64) e-_ 0.19, 0.21
i genet energy levels (CujB63)
d_
I
% ! 26.7 (5it353)
!26.8 (SamM3_)
A -89.52 (MTW)
_rci 12 (to Pd 109)

!0.2 (to Pd 109m)
i (GoldmDT64)
Pd I09 13.47 h (BranHW62) _ i_- (Kra3D37) A n-capt (AmaE35) _-i 1.028 max pdl08(n, _/) (AmaE35,
13.6 h (IvleiW53, chem, exclt (KraJD37) - KraJD37, SerL47b,
BonaG64) LX i-87.60 (MTW) chem, mass spect (RalW46, e 0.062 (with Agl0_'a), 0.084 (with OrsA49, HumV51)
13.1 h (WafI-I48) BergI49) Ag 10_n)
14. I h (IvlaeD48)
others (KraJD37, parent Ag 109rn (SegE41, _/ Ag X-rays, 0.088 (5_o, with
Sei351, KondE52, SiegK49a, SeiJ51) Agl09m), 0.129 (0.013%), 0.31
DzaB57) [daughter Rh I09] (SeiJ51) (0.010%, doublet), 0.41
(0.010_o, doublet), 0.60 (0.03_o)_
i 0.64 (O.OlO%)
pdl09m 4.69m (Star359) _ IT (KahJ51, FlaA52a_ A n-capt (Kah351) Y Pd X-rays, 0.188 (58%) pdl08(n,Y) (F1aA52a,
4.75 m (StriT57a) excit, cross bomb, n-capt SchinU58)
others (FlaA52a, _ -87.41 (LHP, MTW) ( FIaA 52a) e-i 0.164, 0.185
MangS62, OkaM63) n-capt, sep isotopes, excit
(SchinU 58)
/ genet energy levels (CujB63)
Pd ll0 % 11.8 (SitJ53)

13.5 (SamM 36a)
LX i-88.34 (MTW)
Wci0.2 (to Pd 111)

0.04 (to Pd 111m)
(GoldmDT 64)
Pd 111 22m (DzaB57, _ [3- (KraJD37) Ain-capt (AmaE35) _"i2.2max pdll0(n,¥), daughter
others (SegE41) LI _-86.0 (MTW) 0.38 (_ 5), 0.60 (_ 13, doublet), (AmaE35,
' parent Aglll (KraJD37, 0.81 (_ I), 1.4 (_ 8, doublet) Kra3D37, SerL47b)
SegE41, JohaS 50) daughter radiations from Ag I I Im

parent Ag lllm (SchinU57)
MGinC52) chem, genet (SegE41) i pdlllm
Pd Illm 5.5 h (MGinC52, liT 75_0, _- 25% A! chem, genet (MGInC52, !_-! 2.0 max pdll0(n,_/) (DzaB57,
DzaB57) i (M GinC52) i DzaB57) e-: PraW60)
A .i-85-8 (LHP, MTW) parent Ag III (MGinC52, 10.148, 0.169 pdll0(d,p) (MGinC52,
: DzaB57) Y i Pd X-rays, 0.17 EccS62)
: i daughter radiations from Pd III,
; : . lllm . 111
Pd I12 21.0 h (GirR59k) _ i_- (NisY40b) A i chem, genet (NisY40b, _-! 0.28 max /'xssion (SegE41,
._ 21 h (Sei351) L_ ]-86.27 (MTW) i SegE41) e-i [0.016] TurA51a, KatcS48,
parent Ag 112 (NisY40b, : NisY40b, NisY40,
NisY40, SegE41, SeiJ51) ¥ i[Pd L X-rays], 0.019 (20%) SeiJSl, GoeR49,
daughter radiations from Ag I12 NewA49)
Pd I13 1.4 m (AlexJ58) *A_i[_-] (HicH54) A i chem, genet (HicH54, _ no ¥ fission (Alex358,
1.5 m (HicH54, i Ale×J58) daughter radiations from 5.3 h HicH54)
PouA60) i parent 5.3 h Ag 113 (HicH54, Ag 113 and 1.2 m Ag 113 cdll6(n, a) (PouA60)
i Alex J58)
113
i parent 1.2 m Ag
i (Alex,'58)
Pd 114 2.4 m (Alex3581 _ [_-] (AlexJ581 D i chem, genet (AlexJ581 Y no ¥ fission (AlexJ581
' inot parent 2 m Ag 114

[ i (A1exJ58)
I
p
i
iparent 5 s Ag 114 (Alex358)
_281
Type of decay (_k j ); i
Major radiations: i Principal means

% abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; approximate energies (MeV) I
Isotope Half-life (_eM-A), MeV (C'::0); Genetic relationships _ of production
cross section (09, barns [
i F
46Pd 11544 s genet (Alex258) _ i[[3-] (Alex358) B !chem, genet {Alex358) _fission (AlexJ58)
i iparent 20 m Ag I15 , parent , :i ]!
E ] 20 s Ag 115 (AlexJ58) _ i
E
i i i pdi0Z(p, n) (AmeO60,
47AGI02 _ m
m (EnnT39)
(ArneO60) _t i][EC,
ArneO60)
p+] (EnnT39, C i[excit
excit, sep isotopes
(EnnT39) (AmeO60) ! ! EnnT39)
Ag 103 66 m (PatA62b, i
_A i-83 (MTW)
i[3+, EC (HaldB54) A ii! chem (BendW53) [3+
!i[ ! 1.6 max i] Rhl03( a ,4n) (GirR59e)
HaldB54, BendW53) IEC(K) =70% (KuzM57) _chem, genet (HaldB54) i
69 m (PreiI60a) :
Ai-84.9 (MTW) i!excit,
chem, excit (GirR59e) (AmeO60,
sepisotopes _/ i Pd 0.15
X-rays,
(T23), 0.120.24(_ (1'
26, 10),
doublet),
0.27 ' pdl04(p,
pdl02(d,n) 2n) (BendW53)
(AmeO60)
59m (3ohnFA55) i ! PatA62b) : (_" 34), 0.511 (1" 100, ,/i), 1.01 pdl02(p,Y) (PatA62b)
i iparent Pd 103 (HaldB54) : (_I0, complex), 1.16 (1" 9),
:: i 1.28(1 13)
[: iidaughter Cd 103 (PreiI60a) ! daughter radiations from Pd I03
ilT (WhiW62) C iexcit (WhiW62) ¥ iAg X-rays, 0.138

Agl03m I 5.7 s (WhiW62) _ i i i { pdl04(p, 2n) (WhiW62)
I A !-84.7 (LHP, MTW) : e-i [0.113, 0.135]
i i
Ag1°4.m (NutH60) 70 m (GirR59e)
i[3+, ,, MS0a) Aiexcit
(E T39) _chem, excit (GirR59e)
I[3 max Rhl03(o,
3n)(O'rRS,
NutH60, EwbW59)
69m (AmeO60) A 1-85.14 (MTW) i e i 0.532, 0.743
others (EnnT 39) i i sep isotope .... cit (AmeO60)[ NI :i pd(840/0),X-rays'0.7640"511(48%)

(_)' , 0.8540"556
i I i (3°%)'1"34'8%)'1"53(7%)'
'
Ag 104m 29.8 m (NutH60) _ i[3+, EC (JohnFA55, A[ chem (JohnFA55) [3+i2.70 max Rhl03(u, 3n) (GirR59e,
27 m (GirR59e, : GirR59e) : excit (GirR59) NutH60, EwbW59)
AmeO60, JohnFA55) liT 20-40% (AmeO60) i excit, sep isotopes (AmeO61) e-i0.532
: ¥ i Pd X-rays, 0.511 (120%, Y_), daughter Cd I04
A_-85.12 (LI-IP, MTW) daughter Cd I04 (JohnFA55, i ! 0.556 (100%) 104
i i Preil60a) i daughter radiations from Ag (3ohnFA55, PreiI60a)
Ag I05 40 d (GumJ50) _ iEC, no [3+ (GumJ50) A i excit (EnnT39) ¥ i Pd X-rays, 0.064 (10%), 0.280 Rhl03(a, 2n) (BradH47a,
: i (32%), 0.344 (42%, complex), GumJ50, MeiJ50b)
others (EnnT39) A i-87 (MTW) chem, excit (BradH47a) i 0.443 (10%), 0.62-0.68 (12%, protons, deuterons on
J i _i: complex), 1.088 (2%) MeiJ50b,

Pd (EnnT39,SutT61a,
Gum350,
i BoeR58, EwbW63)
i ;e i0.040, 0.060, 0.256, 0.320
: !
Ag 106 23.96 m (EbrT65) _ i[3+ (Kra3D37) Ai . chem, excit (BotW37, i
[3+ 1.96 max Rhl03(a,n) (PoolM38,
24.3m
24.0 m (MocD48)
(BendW51, ![3+, EC, [3- (?) =1% ! chem,HeyF37)excit, cross bomb Y i Pd X-rays, 0.511 (140%, 0.512 BradH47a)
_¥±) BendW 53) i (BendW 53) i (KraJD37, PoolM38) i ¥
_-86.94 (MTW)
i i i
i i i 1
i i : 1
IEC (HurL44) A] chem, excit, cross bomb ¥ iPd X-rays, 0.221 (9%), 0.451 Rhl03(a,n) (PoolM38,
ino 0+, lira 0.1% i (KraJD37, PoolM38) ! (9%), 0.512 (86%), 0.616 (23%), BradH47a, MeiJ50b,
i (BendW53) i ii 0.717
(13%), (31%,
0.80 complex), complex),
(41%, 0.748 SmiW61b)
i-86.6 (LHP, MTW) i [ ! 1.046 (29%), 1.128 (9%), 1.199

] _
i I ii (_o), 1.528(15%),1.58(8%),
1.83(3%)
i ! '
: i e-! i 0.197,
0.508, 0.382,
0.592, 0.405,
0.693 0.426, 0.487, II
i 51.35 {Whi348) [ [
1-88.403 (MTW)
i
ci35 (to Ag 108) i
i ( Goldm DT 64) i
lit (AlvL40a) IA! chem, genet (AlvL40a, N iAg X-rays, 0.094 (5%) daughter Cd I07
1--88.310 (LHP, MTW) i HelmhA41b) e-i 0.068, 0.090 i (AlvL40a, HelmhA41b,
i i daughter
HelmhA4 CdIb,
I07 BradH45a,
(AlvL40a, i: BradH45a,
BradH47a) HelmhA46,
i i HelmhA46, BradH47a) ! I
]
i ! ! i I08_,
[3- 97.5%, EC 2.2%, Aichern, n-capt (ArnaE35) _-i 1.64 mz idaughter Ag
i [3+ 0.28% (FrevL65, i excit, cross bomb (PoolM38) _ ma)o (WahM60)
_K_0.90
i _FrevL62) i]daughter Ag 108m (WahM60) ¥ i Pd
' X-rays, 0.434 (0.45%), 0.511 Ag107(n'
AmaE35, ¥) FIaA44,
(FlaA44b,
i[3 95"7%' EC 3.9°/o, i i (0.56%, Y*), 0.615 (0.18%), SerL47b)

i [3+ 0.36% (WahM60) i 0.632 (1.7%)
!-87.61 (MTW) i
i i
i i t
282
Type of decay (_);
ZIS°t°peA Half-life (Z_eM-A),ThermalMeVneutron(C':=0); Genetic relationships approximateand intensitiesenergies

(MeV) Principalof
productionmeans
,T ene* J*
i X 0*,0"080,
*0,n
A i-87.50 (LHP, MTW) iparent Ag 108 (WahM60) _i 0.722 (90%)
i e i0.027
i
_ j48.65
(Whi_48) i
i daughter radiations from Ag 108
A j-88.717 (MTW)
,c189 (to Ag II0) i i
i
13(toAg11°_) i
i i
Ag 109m_ 39.2 s (BradH46, _ liT (HelmhA41b) A! chem, genet (HelmhA41b) Y iAg X-rays, 0.088 (5%) daughter Cd I09
BradH47a) " (HelmhA4 Ib, BradH46
40 s (WoliEJ51, A i-88.630 (LHP, MTW) i daughter Pd I09 (SegE41, e-i 0.062, 0.084 HelmhA46)
WieM45, SchinU57) i i SiegK49a, SeiJ51) i
i daughter Cd I09 (HelmhA41b) i daughter Pd 109 (SegE41,
i
!
i
i
BradH46, HelmhA46,
BradH45a)
i SiegK49a, SeiJ51)
!_ !
Ag If0 24.4 s (MalmS62) _ _ (Poo1M38) A! n-capt (AmaE35) _-i 2.87 max daughter Ag llom
24.5 s (HirzO46) iEC 0.3% (FrevL65) i sep isotopes, n-capt ' (MiskJ50)
others (SehM57, ino _+, ! (F1aA44b) Y i 0.658 (4.5%)
BolF54, ThieP62, lira 10-3% i chem, genet (MiskJ50) Agl09fn, Y) (AmaE35,
FIaA44,
ArosE35, GaeE36,
PoolM38, =6 x 10-4%
ii _ (BereD62b) (BadN62) i Ag110m (MiskJ50) i _daughter SerLAYb,
GaeE36, FrevL63)
FIaA44,
SerL47b, HirzO47a) A 1-87.47 (MTW) i i
i i i
Ag ll0m 255d (EasH60) _!0- 98.7%, IT 1.3% (calc Aichem, n-capt (RedH38) [5-! 1.5max (0.6%), 0.53max (31%), Agl09(n,¥) (RedH38,
253 d (GeiKW57, i from SutT63, NewW64, _resonance neutron activation i 0.087 max LivJ38c, AlexK38,
ThirH57)
249 d (NilR62) [ GeiJ65 by LHP) i chew'n,
(GoldhM46)
mass spect (BergI49) e-i' 0.090, 0.113 MitA38, SerL47b)
others (CaliJ59,
SchinJ64, GumJ50, A 1-87.35(GoldrnDT64)
_c180 (LHP, MTW) i parent Agll0 (MiskJS0) Y !_ 0.658
0.706 (96%),
(19%), 0.68
0.764( 16%, doublet),
(23%),
Coloj64, CorkJ50h, i : ! 0.818 (8%), 0.885 (71%), 0.937
(11%)
LivJ38c, CorkJ48b) i i i (32%), 1.384 (21%), 1.505

!daughter radiations from Ag 110
Ag 111 7.5KraJD37,
d (JohaS50, PooIM38, _ 'i_- (ZraJV37) Ai i chem, excit
excit, (KraJV37)
cross bomb _-i ' 1.05 max pdl10(n,
pdlllm(0- y)pd ) 111
(KraJD37}
StorAS0) A i--88.20 (MTW) i (Poo1M38) i average _- energy:

7.6 d (SteinE51h) i 0.38 ion ch (BrabJ53) pdll0(d,n) (KraJD37,
7.3 d (DzaB57) i daughter Pd III (KraJD37,
HirzO47a, DufR49, daughter Pd lllm (MGinC52,

LindnM(KunV47,
others 50a, GoeR49, ! i
i DzaB 57) johaS50)
SegE41, Y i 0.247 (1%), 0.342 (6%) PooLM 38, ZimK49)
TurA51a, FinB 51c) i

DConP48, NisY40b, i i i
Ag 111m 74 s (SchinU57) *_ liT, no _-, lirn I% B I chem, genet (SchinU57) ¥ i[Ag X-rays], 0.065 daughter Pd 111
i (SchinU57) i daughter Pd 111 (SchinU57) e-i [0.040, 0.062] (SchinU57)
A i]--88"13 (LHP, MTW) i il

Ag I12 3.14 h (InoH62) _ i0- (PooLM38a) AI chem, excit, cross bomb _-i 3.94 max daughter Pd I12
3.2 h (PoolM38, (NisY40b, NisY40,
HirzO47a) A 1-86.57 (MTW) i (PoolM38) Y i0.617 (41%) 1.40 (5%) 1.63
i idaughter Pd I12 (NisY40b, i (3%), 2. II' (3%), 2.55 ' (2%), Inll5(n,
SegE4 I, SeiJ51)
i NisY40, SegE41, SeiJ51) i many others between 0.3 and 3.3 a) (PoolM38)
i i
i F cd114 (d' a) (In°H62)
Ag 113 5.3 h (A1exJ58, _ .!_- (TurA47) A ichem (TufA47) _-i 2.0 max fission (TurA47,
VasiI58) A 1-87.04 (MTW) ¥ 0.12 (_ 10), 0.30 (t 100), 0.58
TurA47, VufR49,
id,ughter
i chem, sep isotop ......
(DufR49)
pd 113 (HicH54,
it i (T 5), 0.67 (_ 17), 0.88 (T 4),
0.98 1.18
FolR51)
cdll4(y,p) (DufR49)
i i AJexJ58) i (t s), (t 4)
Ag 113 1.2m (AlexJ58) _'i_- (A1exJ58) Bichem , genet (AlexJ58) 0-1<2.0max fission (AlexJ58)
AS I14 4.5 s (PouA60) i_" i_- (AlexJ58) C ichem, genet (AlexJ58) _-i 4.6 max fission, daughter Pd I14
58 (AlexJ58) A i-85.4 (MTW) i daughter Pd 114 (A1exJ58) I Y i 0. 57 (AlexJ58)
i
i Cd114(n, p) (PouA60)
Ag 114 2 m (DufR49) _ i_- (Du/R49) E iehem (TufA47, SeeW47) O-!hard _- Cd114(n, p) (DufR49)
m excit, sep isotopes ! fission (TufA47,
3 (SeeW47) i (DufR4
i chem' 9) ! notSeeW47)
observed in
! inot daughter Pd I14 (AlexJ58) i cdll4(n,p) (AlexJ58)
,, i , , ! , t
}
283
Type of decay (_);

Major radiations:
% abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; approximate energies (MeV) ] Principal means
IsotopeA Half-life (/kgM-A),
Thermal MeV (C':=0); Genetic relationships of production
Z neutron and intensities !
cross section (0"), barns I
20.0 m (BahE64) *# ][5- (TurA47) A !chem (TufA47, SeeW47) [5-i 3.2 max fission (TurA47,
47Agi15 21.1 m (AlexJ58) 1-84.8 (MTW) ichem, excit, sep isotopes ¥ i0.14 (12%, complex) 0.22 (49%, SeeW47, BahE64,
others (DufR49, A ' A/exJ 58)
SeeW47, WahA52) i ! (DufR49) i complex), 0.28 (13%), 0.36
i 0.64 (4%, complex), 1.48 (11%), i
i Cd 115m (9%) (WahA52) i 1.66 (8%), 1.89 (10%, complex), i
i iparent Cd 115 (91%), parent (11%), 0.42 (7%), 0.47 (I0%), cdll6(¥,p) (DufR49)
parent Cd I15
Cd I15m (8%)(92%), parent
(HicH55) ! 2.12 (13%)
daughter Pd 115 (AlexJ581 1
Ag I15 =20 s (A/exJ58) _ ][_-] (AlexJ58) B i chem, genet (AlexJ58) i fission (AlexJ58)
i i daughter(AlexJ58)Pd115,
parent Cd I15 i:
Ag 116 2.5 m (Alex358) %J i[5- (AlexJ581 D I chem (Alex358) [5-i 5.0 max fission (AlexJ581
A _-83 (MTW) ¥ ! 0.52, 0.70
fission (AlexJS8)
Ag 117 1.1 m (AlexJ58) *# i[[5-] (A1exJ58) B ] chem, genet (A1exJ58) i
i i parent Cd I17 and/or Cd llym :
i i (A/ex358'
48Cd I03 10 m (Preil60a) %_!_+, [EC] (Preil60a) Ai chem, genet (Preil60a) _ i Ag X-rays, 0.22, 0.511 (_±), 016 on Mo (PreiI60a)
i i parent Ag 103 (Preil60a) 0.63, 0.85 I
i ] daughter radiations from Ag 103 !
%_ii EC, no [5+ (,lohnFA55) _/ i Ag X-rays, 0.084 igl07(p, 4n) (JohnrA55)

Cd 104 57 m (PreiI60a) A I chem, genet, excit
54 m
59 m (JohnFA55)
(KurcB55) A i-84 (MTW) i (JohnFA55) e-i 0.041, 0.058, 0.080 016 on Mo (PreiI60a)
i parent AE 104m (JohnFA55, i daughter radiations from AE 104m
i preiISOa) i Agl04 i
Cd I05 55 m (3ohnFA531 %_IEC, _+ (GurnJ50) B Icross bomb (GurnJ50) _+i 1.69max pdl02(,,n) (GumJ50)
57 m (GurnJ50) A !-84 (MTW) ichem, excit (JohnFA53) le-i0.282, 0.295,0.321, 0.408,others Agl07(p, 3n) (JohnFA53)
0.433, 0.5110.308,
(¥±), 0.320,
others 0.347,
to
i i ¥ i[AgX-rays,
i i i 2.31
: 105
i i i daughter radiations from Ag
i i
Cd I06 %11.22 (Le1W48) i
i-. 128(MT.)
°'c i 1 (GoldrnDT641
i ii
Cd I07 6.49 h (LarN62) i
*tIEC 99+%, [5
+ 0.28% A! chem (DelL39) O+i 0.302max cdlO6(n, ¥) (HelmhA46)
6.7HelmhA41b)
h (DelL39, A 1-86.99
i (LarN62)
(MTW) i ch (HelmhA46)
.... -capt, sep isotopes i Y I Ag0.796
X-rays,(0.08%),
0.511 0.829
(0.56%,
(0.21%)
_+), AgKriR39,
107(d, 2n)
KriR40a,
(AlvL40a,
i parent Ag 107m (AlvL40a,
6.4 h (ValleG39) i: i HelmhA41b, BradH45a, i daughter radiations from Ag 107m HelmhA41b)
I Agl07(p, n) (DelL39,
i HelmhA46, BradH47a) i I ValleG39)
Cd I08 % 10.88 (Le1W48) i i

i-89248(_TW) i :i
c i3 (GoldmDT64)
_r ii i
Cd I09 453 d (LeuH65) o# i EC (HelmhA41b) A] chem (KriR40a) _ i Ag X-rays, 0.088 (with Ag109m), cdl08(n, _) (HelmhA46,
470 d (GumJ50) ino [5+ (DreB51) i chem, n-capt, sep isotopes e-i 0.062 (with Agl09rn), 0.084 CorkJ50g)
others (MangS62, (HelmhA46) Agl09(d, 2n) (KriR40a,
BradH46) i_ 1-88.55 (MolR65, MTW) ] parent Ag 109m (HelmhA41b, i (with Ag i09rn) HelmhA41b, GumJ50)
BradH45a, HelmhA46, i
i i BradH46) i
_d 11° %i1Z.39(LelW4S) i
Ai-9o.342(MTw) i i
¢ci0.1 (to Cd lllm) i
i (Goldm DT 64) i i
cdlll %112.75 (LelW48) ] i

A i-89.Z46 (MTW) i
i
Cd lllm 48.6 m (MGinC51) *# ilT (FelJ41, WieM45) A! chem (DodM38) ¥iCd X-rays, 0.150 (30_0>, 0.247 cdll0(n, y) (GoldhM48a,
: j chem, sep isotopes, n-capt ! (94%) DodM38, HoleN48b)
48.7m (WieM45) Ai-88.850 (LHP, MTW) i (Goldh/M48a) e-i 0.123, 0.146 daughter In111
! daughter In III (0.01%) i (MGinCSla)
i i (MGL,,CSla) i
284
I Type of decay (_);

% abundance; Mass excess Major radiations:
Isotope Half-life (AiM-A), MeV (C'2=0); Class; Identification; Principal means
Z A I Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV)
I Thermal neutron and intensities of production
A 1-90.575 (lVITW) i
48Cdl12
! ,12,07(,+lw,8)
_ci 0.03 (to Cdl13m)
i (GoldmDT 64) i
i
! i
Cd 113 tl/z>l.3x 1015ysp %_12.26 (LelW48)
' ii ii
act (WatD62a) A i-&9.041 (MTW) ! i
"c 120,_00 (OoldmDT64) i i
i
: --
Cd ll3m 13.6 y (FlyK65a) " IPT (CaUW50) Aichem, excit, sep isotopes 0-i ' 0.58 max cdl12(n,¥)+Cdl13(n,n
(CarsW50) t)
514yY(carsW50)(WahA59) I A :i-88.77weak(L_p,_DMatE56)MTW) ii (CarsW50) ¥ ii[Cd X-rays), 0.265 (m0. I%) fission ( WahA52,
i i i WahA59)
Cd 114 %+28.86 (LelW48) + +
A +-90.018 (MTW) +
=<ii' (t°
0.14 (to Cd 115m)
i i
( GoldmDT 64) i i
Cd 1|5 53.5 h (WyaE61) _ i13- (CorkJ37) A i chem (CorkJ37) _-i I. II max Cdll4(n, ¥) (GoldhM38,
53 h
h (WahA52,
(CorkJS0g, Vasi158) A ! -88.09 (MTW) ii chore,
chem, genet (GoldhM38) _ i In X-rays, 0.230 (0.6%), 0.262 MitA37, SerL4To)
54 sep isotopes, n-capt
i others
MetRSla)
(LawJL40, i parent In l15m (GoldhM38, I idaughter radiations from In llSm
BedaA64) i i (CorkJ50g) i (2%), 0.49 (10%), 0.53 (26%)
t ii CorkJ39, NisY40, MetR51a,
WahA52, LangeL52a) i
[ iil daughter
(WahA52)
20 m Ag115 (91%) i
l +daughter
!+
daughter
(SicH55) m20
20 ms Agll5
Ag 115 (92%) +
(Alex J58) I i
Cd 115m 43 d (SerL47, _ i_- (CorkJ39) A I chem, excit (SerL47) _-i 1.62 max cdll4(n, ¥1 (SerLATo,
CorkJ50gl : i chem, sep isotopes, n-capt : SerLA7, CorkJ50g)
44 d (GleL51g, A 1-87.91 (LHP, MTW) ¥ i0.485 (0.31%), 0.935 (l._/0),
WahA59) i (CorkJS0g) i 1.29 (0.9%)
i daughter 20 m Ag 115 (9%) i
i (WahA52) i
i ( HicH 5520) m Ag 115 (8%1

i daughter i
Cd 116 tl/2 (13Ii) >1017y spacti% 17.58 (LelW48) l l
=< il.4 (to Cd 117)

ii
A i1-88.712
(GoldmDT64)
(WtntR55) (IviTW) i
i0.7 (to Cd 117m) : i
i (TanC66a' G°IdmDT64) i i ii
Cd 117 2.4 hh (SharmR64,
(Tone66) i il_" (Sharmg64) A i chem, genet, n-capt 15-i 2.23 max cdll6(n,_) (TanC66a)
=3
MancR65} A i-86.41 (MTW) i {SharmR64, TanC66) e-i 0.286 (with InllYm) cdll6(d,p) (TanC66a)
others (CoryC53, i iparent In 117m (93%), _ i In X-rays (with hi lYre)0 0.089
AteA52, LawJL40, i i parentIn117 (7%) (7anC66) i (7%), 0.273 (31%), 0.314 (16%,
MetR51b) i inot daughter Cdllym i with In117m), 0.345 (18%),
'
i ,
l (CorkJ39, GoldhM38,
+ 0.,3,
i
(13%l, 0.832 <4%).
3%), 0.95 (4%, doublet),
o..8o
i i.i MGinC55) (lifo)
p
LawJL40, MetR51b, i 1.052 (5%)° 1.303 (19%), 1.577
+ iii i inll7daughter
radiations from In 117m,
Cd llym 3.4 h (TanC66) _ .!_- (SharrnR64) A! chem, genet, n-capt _-i [1.91 max (weak)], 0.67 max Cdll6(n, _) (TanC66a)
=3 h (SharmR64,
MancR65) A i-86.27 (LHP, MTW) i (SharmR64, Tone66) e-i 0.286 (with In (lyre) Cd116(d,p) (TanC66a)
others (CoryC53, i iparen t Inll7 (56%), parent _ iIn X-rays (with InllYm), 0.273
Atei52, LawJL40, i ! In llym (44%) (TanC66) : (18%), 0.314 (8%, with In llym)
MetR51b) i i n°t parent

iothers cdll7
(CorkJ39, (SharmR64)
GoldhM38, ! 0"345
(6%), (4%)'
0.715 0"434
(4%), (4%)'
0.880 0"565
(10%),
i LawJLA0, lvietl51b,
i i 1.065(_o), l.ll7 (4%l,1.24
(6%), 1.998 (15%), 2.319 (3%)
i i 1"408 (8%)' 1"433 (10%)' 1"562
i MGinC55) (lif0, complex), 1.338 (8%),
Cdi 17 =50 m (C°ryC53) i G i chem' genet (C°ryC53) i

(SharrnR64, TanC66)
i iiactivity not observed l
285
T
Type of decay (_ ); [
Isotope Half-life % abundance; MeV

(_tM-A), Mass(C'==0);
excess Class; Identification;
Genetic relationships ] approximateMaj°r
radiationS:energies
(MeV) _i
_ Principal means
of production
Z A Thermal neutron and intensities i
cross section (G), barns i
48Cd I18 49 m (GleC61) *t i_- (CoryC53) B ichem, excit (CoryC53) i daughter radiations from 5.0 s fission (CoryC53,
A i1-87 (MTW) i chem,

]parent genet s In(GIeC61)
5.0 118 (CoryC53, i In118 i GleC61)
i inot GleC61)
parent 4.4 m In 118 :
i ! ( CoryC53, OleC61) :
b ! !
Cd I19 2.7 m (OleC61a) _ i[3- (G'leC61a) B i chem, genet (GleC61a) _-i 3.5 max fission (GleC61a)
A 1-84.1 (MTW) i parent In 119, parent In I19m i daughter radiations from In llgm,
i (GleC61a) i In 119
Cd I19 I0 m (NusN57, l_ i
i_- (NusN57, GleC61a) i chem,
B i genet (NusN57, _-i 3.5 max !Sni22(d, ap) (NusN57)
GleC61a) A {i-84" I (MTW) ii parentGleC61a)In

119m (NusN57, i daughterin
I19 radiations from In llgm, fission (GleC61a)
i ii GleC61 a) ] i! _
Cdlzl 12.8 s (WetsH65) 't i[P-] (WeisH6S) BEchem. genet (WeisH65) i !fission (WelsH65)
i i ancestor Sn 121 (WelsH65) !
i i :
Cd (121?) 3.5 m (NusN57) %_ i[_-1 (NusN57) G ichem, excit (NusN57) { deuterons on Sn
! i parent
i 3Z m 11"5 m In(
In (121? 121? ) and
) (NusN5?) i (NusN57)
i i Daughter In isotopes are i i
i assigned (NDS, YutH60)
i
i
i'
i probably incorrectly !
p+i
i
cdl06(p, n) (Cata6z)
491n I06 5.3 m (CatR62) _ i_ + (CatR62), [EC] AI. ch ...... it, sep isotopes 4. gmax
others (Catg65) A i-80.6 (MTW) i (CatR62) ¥ i[Cd X-rays], 0.511 (Y+), 0.63,
: i 1.65, 1.85, many others
Inl07 33 m (MallE49) *t il5 +, EC (BasuB631 Ai ' chem, sep isotopes (MallE49) [3 ' max cdl06(d,n)
CassW55a) (Ma11E49,
31 m (BasuB63) 1-83.5 (MTW) }mass spect (MaclK52)
30 m (MaclK52) A i ¥ ! Cd X-rays, 0.22 (46%), 0.32, cdl06(p, ¥) (MalIE49,
: 1.05, 1.25
i i
i
i
! 0.511 073.084,
! daughter
i
094, BasuB63)
Agl07m
radiations from Cd I07,
i ' i
55 m (MeaS55, A _-84.14 (KatoT62b, MTW)
MalIE49) 0.606, 0.845
others (KatoT 62b, i
MGinCSI) _ ¥ CdX-rays, 0.150, 0.175, 0.243,
i
0.511 (¥±), 0.633, 0.872
: imass spect (MaclK521 i

1e-i0"123'i 0.147, 0.216, 0.238, 0.260, I KatoT62b)
Inl08 39 m (KatoT63) _ IEC, [5+ (KatoT62b) B I chem, excit (MeaS55) [5+i 3.50 max i Agl07(a, 3n) (KatoT62a,
. [ KatoT 62b)
40 m (MeaS55, i-84.10 (KatoT62b, MTW) i genet energy levels e-i 0.606
KatoT62b) A i (KatoT62b)
: i daughter Sn 108 (MeaS55) ¥ i Cd0.633,

X-rays, 0.8420.383, 0.511 (¥_),
i
In 109 4.3 h (MallE49, _ iEC 94%, [5+ 6% A I chem, excit (TenD47a) _+i ' 0.79 max Agl07(a,
KatoT 2n)
62a, (NozM6Z,
TenD47a)
NozM62) i (PetrM56a) i chem, mass spect (GhoS48) e-i 0.033, 0.056, 0.178, 0.Z01
4.2 h (MGinCSI) A i-86.53 (MTW, MoIR65) (Ma1IE49)

i chem, excit, sep isotopes Y i: Cd X-rays, 0.Z05, 0.28
5.2 h (OhoS48) ! 0.65(complex)'(complex),0"35

(complex),
others (TenD47a) i idescendant snl09 (PetrM56a) i 0.91 (complex)
In 109ml 1.3 m (AlexKF65) !dl_ iIT (PetrM56a) C igenet (PetrM56a) Y i 0.658 daughter Sn I09
<Zrn (PetrM56a) A 1-85.87 (LHP, MTW) i daughter Sn I09 (PetrM56a) e-i 0.630 (PetrM56a)
, _ i
In I09m2 0.20 s (A1exKF65) _ ilT (AlexKF65, DemiA65) C iexcit, cross bomb (AlexKF65, ¥ i0.17(20%),
(IZ%), 0.68
0.21(I00%),
(12%) 0.40 (20%),
'1.04 Agl07(a,
DemiA65)2n) (AIexKF65,
0.21 s (DemLA65) 1-84.42 (LHP, MTW) i DemiA65, PoeG63)
0.22 s (PoeG63) A i 1.43 (77%) Rhl03(clZ, aZn)
i i (AlexKF65)
h 110 66 m (KatoT6ga, _ i_ + 71%, EC 29% (NaiT64) A ! chem (BarnS39a) _ Z5 max daughter Sn 110 (NaiT64)
BarnS39a) A : ! chem, excit, mass _pect e-! 0.631 Ag107(a,n) (KatoT6Za)
69 m (Hami363) !-86.41 (MTW) _ (GhoS48) i
65 m (GhoS48)
i
i i daughter Sn 110 (MeaS55) ¥ i Cd0.658X-rays,(95%)
0.511 ( 142%, Y±), Agl09(a, 3n) (FukS65)
i i i
286
Type of decay (_);

% abunda¢ce; Mass excess Class; Identification; Major radiations: '
•Z
IsotopeA Half-life (/% sM-A),ThermalMeV
neutron
(C'_ = 0); Genetic relationshil_ approximate
and intensities
energies (MeV) Principalof
production
means
491n II0 4.9 h (BIeESI, %_IEC, _+ ? (weak) A Jchem (GhoS48) ¥ i Cd X-rays, 0.66 (_ 160, Agl09(a, 3n) (FukS65,
5.0KatoT62a)
h (MGinC51) i[no (KatoT62a)
IT, lim 0.008% i_chem, genet energy
(MGinC51a, levels
BIeE51) i complex),
complex) 0.91 (_ II0, KatoT62a)
others (GhoS48) i (Ham(J63) !not daughter Sn II0 (MeaS55) e-i 0.094, 0.558, 0.615, 0.631, 0.653,
i i i 0.680,
0.858,o.91o
Inlll 2.81 d (MaiA57) _IEC: (LawJZA0) A]chem (CorkJ39) Vi Cd X-rays, 0.173 (89°/o), 0.247 Agl09(a, Zn) (FukS65,
2.84
other ds (MGinC51) !no _+, lira 0.06% i chem, excit (TenD47, (94%) LawJL40, TenD47,
(BarnS 39a,
CorkJ39) i (MGinC51) i massGhoS48)spect
(GhoS48) e-i: 0.146, 0.220, 0.243 GhoS48, MGinC51)
A, i-88.2 (MTW) (MGinCSla)

i parent Cdll Im (0'01%) E
i
12 m (RuaJ62a) ! (calc) (Rua_I62a) i (StaiR/q42) _i SmiRN42, TenD47,

11 m (GirR59i) i°thers (B1eE53) i chem, excit (TenD47) I. 56 max RuaJ62a, KatoT62a)
15 m (BleE53) A i_87.98 (MTW) i daughter

Ye)'TenD47,
Inll2m
GoldsGS0)
(smiRN42, ¥ ii
I Cd0.617
X-rays'(6%) 0"511 (44%'
Inllhn 20.7m (BIeE53) _ ilT (SmiRN42, TenD47) Ai chem (BarnS39a) _ iIn X-rays, 0.156 (9%) Agl09(a,n) (SmiRN42,
others (RuaJ62a, i ichem, cross bomb, excit ' TenD47, RuaJ62a,
GirR59i, BarnS59a, A -87.83 (LHP, MTW) i (SmiRN42) e-_0.128,0.152
TenD47) i iparentChem'
ll2excit
In (TenD47)(SmiRN42, idaughter radiationsfrom In112 KatoT6Za)
i i TenD47, GoldsG50) i
% i4.23 (Whia48) i i
A -89.34 (MTW),
:!4"33
4 (to (WhiF56) _ !
J
In 114)
"ci8(toInl14m) i
i i
Inll3m 99.8 m (G1eG64) _ ilT (BarnS39a) A] chem, excit, genet Y fin X-rays, 0.393 (64%) daughter Sn 113 (GirR58,
104 m (LawJL40) : ' ' Barns39a)
103 m (GirR58) A i--88.95(LHP, MTW) ! (Barns39a) e-i 0.365, 0.389
a i _i
others {Barns39a, ! idaughter Sn I13 (Barns39a) '
In 114 72 s (LawJL37, i_ i_- 98%, EC 1.9%, A i excit (ChanW37, BotW37, _ i 1.988 max daughter In l14m
BarnS39a) i _+ 0.004% (GrodL56) i LawJL37) _+i0.42max (GoldsG50)
:i_+ 0.0039% (DzhB57c) ii n-capt, sep isotopes
(GoldhM48a) Y i Cd X-rays, 1.299 (0.17%) Inll3(n' ¥) (GoldhM48a)
1--88.58(MTW) idaughterIn114m (GoldsG50)

i i
Inl14m 50.0 d (WriH57) i 96.5%, EC
*_ilT 3.5% i
Aichem, n-capt, excit i
Y iInX-rays, 0.192 (17%), 0.558 In113
(n,Y) (LawJL37,
50.1 d (CaliJ59) i (GrodL56) i (LawJL37, MitA38) i (3.5%), 0.724 (3.5%) MitA38, MaiF49)
others
BoeF49a, HoffK57,
(BendW58, _ 1-88.39 (LI-IP, MTW) i parent Inll4 (GoldsGS0) e-i : 0. 164, 0.188
BarnS39a, MaiF49, ! i i daughter radiations from In114
LawJL40) i
6xlO14yspact i-, arte 50. 0 51) ichem..episotope.

!i i
-iO.48max
(MarteES0) % i 95.77 (WhiJ48) i (MarteE50) :
5. I x 1014 y sp act i 95.67 (WhiF56) i Y _no ¥
7 x(BearG61a)
1014 y sp act _c 145 (to In 116) i
:
others (CohSSl) i154(to(to Inll6_nl)

Inll6m2)
(WatV62a) A ii-89.54 (MTW)

(GoldmDT64) ! i
In 115m 4.50 h (DunwJ47) _ ilT 95%, _- 5% A I chem, excit (GoldhM38) 0-i 0.83 max cdll4(n, ¥)cdll5(_ -)
14.53 h (Law,L40) i (LangeL52a) i daughter Cd 115 (GoldhM38, e-i 0.308, 0.331 (GoldhM38, SehM62)
4.48 h (SalS65) _ i-89.21 (LHP, MTW) i Cork_39, NisY40, MetR51a : Inll5(n,n_) (GoldhM38,
i i WahAS2, LangeL52a) 'YiInX-rays, 0.335 (50%) CobS48)

i Inl15(p, p_) (BarnS39a,
! i i BarnS39)
i i i In115( .... ) (LarK39)
_n116 13.4 s (DomF60) tf i_- (L_w_L37) Ain-ca_ (AmaE35) _-i 3.3 max Inl15(n,V) (AmaE35,
14.0 s (DucA60) A: iexcit, n-capt (LawJL37) ' LawJL37, SerL47b)
14.5s (CapP57) i!-88"20(MTW) [: ¥ i 0.434
15.6s (BrzJ65) i 1.293(0.12%),
(1.2%) 0.95 (0.1%),
13 s (AmaE35, !
CorkJ39, WilhZ 53,
LawJL37) i i
1
287
Type of decay (_); Major radiations: Principal means

IsotopeA Half-life (A IM-A),
ThermalMeV (C '_=0); Genetic relationships of production
49_116m154.0m (LocE53, _ i!_- (LawJL37) A chem, n-capt (AmaE35) _- i 1.ooma_ InllS(n,y) (AmaE35,
GravA47) !no IT, lira 0.5% chem, excit, n-capt : MitA38a, SerL4To,
53.9m (SilL51, } (ColaJ60) (LawJL37) (17%),
¥10.138 1.090.417
(3%), (53%), 1.2950.819
(36%), HurnV51, BolH64)
DomF60) i-88.14 (LHP, MTW) i i (80%), 1.508 (II%) Z.lll
57 m (BrzJ65) ! :i (20%)
In ll6mz
55.1 m (CapP57)
Z. 16 s (A1exKF63)
Z_!
_ liT (AIexKF60, FetP6Za)
!
A : n-capt, sep isotopes

i
¥ _In X-rays, 0.164 Inll5(n, Y) (AlexKF60,
(AlexKF60, HecP61, -! HecP61, FetP6Za,
2.5 s (AlexKF60, A ;-87.98 (LHP, MTW) FetP6Za) WhiW6Z, A1exKF63)
FetP62a) iexcit, sep isotopes, cross
2.3s (WhiW6Z) ii i bomb (WhiW62)

Z.Zs (HecP61) e i 0.138, 0.160
In I17 45 m (Need363, _ i_- "(MGinC55) A!. chem, genet (CoryC53) _-i 0.74 max cdll6(n, ¥)cdllT, llTm
Br2365) Z_I-88.93 (MTW) daughter Cd TM, daughter e-i 0.132 (_-); daughter Cd TM
38 m (DudN61) . (TanC66a)
143m (Wolfe361) i Cd I17 (TanC66, Cor7C53) _iSnX-rays, 0.158 (87%), 0.565
others (MGinC55, not parent Sn TM, lira 1% i (100%)
CoryC53) i (MGinC55) :
} daughter Inll'h'n (MGinC55) i
In TM 1.93h (DudN61, _iIT 47%, p- 53% A chem, excit (Cork339) _-i 1.78 max cdll6(n,¥)C d117' llTm
Brz365) i (TanC66b) daughter Cd 117, daughter e- I 0.Z86 (_-) (TanC66a)
1.96 h
1.90 h (IviGinC55,
(NeedJ63) liT 28%, p- 72% Cd TM (TanC66, ¥ i In X-rays, 0.158 (14%) 0.314
MetR51b) i (Wolfe361) MGinC55) i (31%)
I. 95 h (LawJL40) fiT 22%, _- 78% parent In I ] 7 (MGinC55) i daughter radiations from In117
others (WolfeJ61, i (MGinC55)
CoryC53) _ i-88.61(LHP,MTW) ii
In118 5.7 s (BrzJ65) _ i_- (CoryC53) B i genet (CoryC53) _-] 4.2 max daughter Cd I18
5.0 ss (GIeC61)
5.1 (Kant364a) Z_ 1-87.5 (MTW) i chem,
(GIeC61)
genet energy levels Y i 1.230 (15%) snll8(n,p)
(CoryC53, (KantJ64a)
GIeC61)
i i excit,
(Kant364a)
sep isotopes
i i daughter
GleC61) Cdll8 (C°ryC53' Iil
Inl18 4.35 m (Kant364a) eA*i[3- (DufR49a) B excit, sep

sep isotopes (DufR49a) [5- I 2.0 max snllS(n, p) (KantJ64a)
excit, isotopes, 8enet
4.5m (WilhZ53, 4!-87.4 (Kant_T64a,
MTW) Y i0.69 (41%), 1.05(80%), 1.230
4.7Dui'R49a)
m (MeyP65) i notenergy levelsCd118
daughter (Kant364a)
( CoryC53, i (97%), 2.04 (3%)
4.9 m (BrzJ65) i GleC61) i
In I19 2.1 m (KuoC60) _ !_- (KuoC60, YutH60, B sep isotopes, excit (KuoC60, _-i 1.6 max Sn120(¥, p) (KuoC60,
2.0m (GleC61a) i GleC61a) YutH60) i¥ !0.82 (95%) YutH60)
2.8 m (Brz365) Z_ _daughter In TM (GleC61a) (GleC61a)

2.3 m (YutH60) 1-87.6 (MTW) chem, genet (G1eC61a) i daughter Inllgm, fission
i (GleC61a) i
i daughter 2.7 m Cd I19

Inllgm 17.5m (KuoC60) _!p- 95%, IT 5% (GleC61a) Bichem, excit, sepisotopes 3-i2.7max • snlZ0(_/,p)
KuoC60) (DufK49b,
18 m (DufR49a, A 1-87.3 (LI-IP, MTW) i (DufR49a) ¥ i[in X-rays, Sn L X-rays], 0.024,
GleC61a) . i paren t In119 (GleC61a) : 0.30, 0.91 (doublet) fission (GleC61a)
22.6 m (Brz365) :
i i daughter 10 m Cd119 i daughter radiations from In119
i i (NusN57, GIeC6 Is)
ii (GleC61a)
i daughter Z'7 m cdll9 i
InI20 3.2 s (KantJ64a) _ i_- (KantJ64a) B ! sep isotop .... ross bomb _-i . 5.6 max snlZO(n,
Kant364a)
p) (Pou.A60,
InI20 44 s (KantJ64a) _ !_- (PouA60) B i excit (MGinC581 _ i 3. I max snlZ0ln, p) (MGinC58,

48 s (MeyP65) ] sep isotopes, genet energy PouA60, KantJ64a)
50 s (PouA60) A i-85.8 (KantJ64a, MTW) levels (PouA60) Y i 0.090 (12%), 0.198 (9%), 0.71
-55• (Mamc58_ i i (12%), 0.86(34%),
1.o2 (61%), 0.94(12%)
1.171 (lOO%),
i 1.28 (14To), 1.47 (6%), 1.87
i : (7%), Z.Ol (6%)

i Sn122(¥, p) (YutH60)
InlZX 30, (YutH60) .ti[_-]
_i-86 C,'utH60)
(MTW) Cie_it, sepisotope,('ZutH60)V10.94
i ] snlZZ(_/,
p) (YutH60)
Inl21 3.WeisH65a)l
m (YutH60, _A i-86i_-
(YutH60)(MTW) C iexcit,sep isotopes(YutH60) 5-!i
3.7max
i i
i ,
i
288
Type of decay (a_);
ZIS°t°PeA Half-life (Z_sM-A),ThermalMeVneutron(C'==0); Genetic relationships approximateandintensitiesenergies

(MeV) Principalof
productionmeans
49in (121?) 11.5 m (NusN57) %" i_- (NusN57) G ichem, genet (NusN57) ¥
idaughter 3.5 m Cd (121?) (NusN57)
0.85 deuterons on Sn
i ii Assignment
(NusN57) probably i
i i' inc°rrect (NDS' YutH60) i

In (1217) 32 m (NusN57) *t i[3- (NusN57) G i chem, genet (NusN57) Y i 0.52 deuterons on Sn
i daughter 3.5 m Cd (1217) (NusN57)
! i (NusN57) i
! i Assignment probably i
i
J
i incorrect (NDS, YutH60)
In 122 8 s (KantJ63a) *t i_- (KantJ63a) !B i sep isotopes, genet energy _-i 5 max Sn122(n, p) (KantJ63a)
A ii-83 (I%(TW) i levels (KantJ63a) ¥ i 0.99, 1.14
In 123 36 s (YutH60) _ ![_- (YutH60) E i excit, sep isotopes (YutH60) _-i 4.6 max Sn124(¥, p) (YutH60)
A i-83 (MTW) i
In 123 I0 s (YutH60) _i[O-] (YutH60) F I excit, sep isotopes (YutH60) ¥ i L l Sn124(¥, p) (YutH60)
i i (LHP) :
In 124 =3.6 s (KarrM64) _ .i_- (KarrM64) B i sep isotopes, genet .... gy 3- i 5 max Sn124(n, p) (KarrMfi4)
Z_i-81 (MTW) i levels (KarrM64) ¥i0.99 (_ 3)° 1.13 (t 10), 3.21
iE
i (f 3)
i
50Sn 108 9.2m (HahR65) %_![EC] (MeaS55) Aigenet (MeaS55) ¥ }In X-rays, 0.28, 0.42 cdl06(a, Zn) (HahR65)
9 m genet (MeaS55) i i chem, excit (HahR65)
i i parent 39 m Ln I08 (MeaS55) ]n108

i daughter radiations from 39 m
Sn I09 18.1 m (PetrM56a) _IEC, _ Bichem, genet (PetrM56a) _+i 1.6max cdl06(a,n) (PetrM56a)
In 109ml In (PetrM56a) ¥ iLn X-rays,0.491, 0.335,

0.86, 0.521, 0.89,
!
[ i ancestor 109, parent e-[ 0.305, 1.12 1.09
i i i daughter radiations from In 109ml,
Sn 110 4.0 h (lvleaS55, *t IEC (MalIE491 AI chem, sep isotopes ¥ i In X-rays, 0.283 (95%1 Inll5(p, 6n) (NaiT641
MGinCSI) i i (Ma1IE49) -i
NaiT64) i daughter radiations from 67 m MalIE49)

4.5 h (IdallE49) i ii parent
chem, genet
67 m (MeaS55,
In II0, not parent e ii 0.255
In110 cdl08(a, 2n) (MeaS55,
! i 4.9 h In 110 (MeaS55, i
E
Sn 111 35.0 m (HinR49) _ iEC 73%, [3+ 27% (SnyJ65) A[ chem, sep isotopes (HinR49) [_+i 1.51 max cdll0(a, 3n) (MGinCSl)
35 m (MOinC51, i excit, cross bomb (SnyJ65)
SnyJ65) iEC 71%, _+ 29% ¥ In X-rays, 0.511 (54%, Ye), 0.75
Ai-85.6 (MTW)
[ (MGinC51) i
i i (1.8%),
(I.1%), 1.54 (0.5%),
0.97 1.59(0.6%)
(0.9%), 1.89 (0.7%),
(1.0%), 1.14
2.11
i i i (0.3%),2.32(0.2%)
..Sn 112 % i 0.95 (BASK50) i
A i-88.64 (MTW) i daughter radiations from In I I 1
10.4 (to Sn l13m)

[ (GoldmDT 64) :
Sn I13 llSd (GIeG64) [_iEC, no [5+ (BarnS39a) A i chem, excit (BarnS39a, ¥ iLl X-rays, 0.255 (1.8%1 snllZ(n,¥) (NelC50,
118 d (CorkJ51f) : [ LivJ3To)
119 d (AviP56) A [-88.32 (MTW) i i daughter radiations from In113m BoweC°rkJ51f'j5
I) SerL47b,
otherSBarnS
(DesY
39a) 53,
130 d (GardG56) i
i i parent In l13m (BarnS39a) [i
{ in i13 (d' 2n) (BarnS39a)
Inll3(p,n) (ColeK47,
i i GirR58)
J
Sn ll3m 20 m (SchmM6l) *# lIT 91%, EC 9%, no _+, A ichem, genet (Sell60) ¥ !Sn X-rays, In X-rays, 0.079 snll2(n, ¥) (SchmM61)
27 m (Sell60) i lira 10-3% (SchmM6l) [ crit abs (SchmM61) i (0.6%) Sn112(d,n)Sbl13(EC),
Sn I14 % [ 0.65 (BASKS0) i
A
iil
-90.57 (MTW) 1
*
289
i .j
Type of decay ( ej_ ); Major radiations: I
, % abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; approximate energies (MeV) [ Principal means
Isotope Half-life (Z_-'M-A), MeV (C'=':0); Genetic relationships of production
Z A i Thermal neutron and intensities
_50Sn115 [
_010
34(Bai_50,
Ai-90.03
(MTW)
iJ !
[
Sn 116 % !-91.523
A i 14.24 (BalK50)
(MTW) ! i
_c i0.006 (to Sn TM) i I
Sn 117 % 17.57 (BaiK50)

i il (G°IdmDT64)
_ i I
i-90.39Z (MTW) ]
Sn TM i 14.0 d (CorkJ51f, _ ilT (MallE50) A[ chem (IAv339b) 3/i Sn X-rays, 0.158 (87%1 snll6ln,'/) (MihJ'50)
: i chem, sepisotopes, cross ie-i0.130, 0.155
[ MihJS0) A i -90.075 (LHP, MTW) ! bomb (MallE50) ]cdll4(a, n) (LivJ39b)
! : i not daughter In I17 (MGinC55) !
Sn 118 % i24.01 (BalK50) i
A 1-91.652 (MTW) !
_r i0.01 (to Sn TM)
ci (GoldmDT64)
Sn 119 % 18.58 (BalK50)
A i-90.062 (MTW)
Sn TM =250 d (MihJS0) *tiIT (MihJ50) A i chem, n-capt, sep isotopes _/ i Sn X-rays, 0.024 (16%) Sn118(n, _/) (MihJ50,
A i-S9.973 (L Hr. MTW) i (Mih350) e-i 0.0Z0, 0.0Z6, 0.061 NelC50, SchaG51a,
BoweJ 5 I)
__n 120 i i32.97 (BalK50)

i i-91.100 (MTW) I i 1
¢rc i0.14 (to Sn TM) ] i

I i=O. O01 (to Sn 121m)
' i (G°IdmDT64) i
Sn TM 27.5 h (NelC50) *t i[5- (LivJ39b) AI chem, excit (LivJ3To) [5- 0.383 max snlZ0(n, _/) (LeeJ49,
i chem, sep isotopes I DuIR49c, NelCS0,
27 h (MajN63)
! others (Lee349, A .1-89.Z1 (MTW) ! (LindnM48) i LivZ39b, SerL4To)
I LivJ39b) i i descendant 13 s Cd TM Sb123(d, a) (LindnMS0a)

i ! (WelsH65)
Sn I21m 76 y (FlyK65a) _ ][5- (NelC50) D I sep isotopes, n-capt [5-! 0.42 max snlZ0(n, _) (NelC50,
' i (NelC50) SnyR65)
=25 y (DroB62) A !-89.14 (LHP, MTW) i chem (DroB6Z) e- i [0.007, 0.033] fission (DroBb2)
i ]¥ iSb X-rays, 0.037
._n 122 % i4.71 (BalK50)

A i-89.943 (MTW)
%10.001 (to Sn 123)

!0.2 (to Sn 123m)
i (GoldrnDT64) i i
Sn 123 125 d (CorkJ51f) _ !_- (LeadG51) i Ai chem (LeadG46, LeadG51) [5-i 1.42 max Sn1_-Z(n, _/) (Lee349,
130 d (Lee349, _chem, sep isotopes, cross _/ i 1.08 ? (weak) NelC50)
LeadG51) A 1-87.80 (MTW) i bomb (Lee349)
126 d (NelC50) i
136 d (GrumW46) i 1
i Sn 122(n, _/)
Sn 123m 39.5 m (DufR49c) _ ![5- (LivJ39b) A I chem (LivJ39b) [5-i 1.26 max (SerL47b,
40m (LivJ39b, LeeJ49, 1-87.78 (LHP, MTW) ichem' sepisotop ...... it !e-if0.130] ' DufR49c, Lee349,
NelC50, MajN63) A _ (LeeJ49, NelC50) NelC50)
41.5 m (MocD48) i _ iSb X-rays, 0.160 [84%1 snlZ4(n, Zn) (PoolM37,
i
¢
i Lee J4 9)
Sn TM tl/2 ([5[5) >2x 1017y %i5.98 (BaiZ50) i

sp act (KalkM52, A i-88.237 (MTW) i i
! FireE52' H°gB52) Wc ii0"004

Sn125)0.1
(to(t°
Sn IZ5m)
(GolclrnDT 64) i
i L
290
Typeof decay(_ts );
zIS°t°PeA Half-life (AsM-A),ThermalMeVneutron(C2=0); Genetic relationships approximateandintensitiesenergies

(Me'V) Principalof
productionmeans
50Sn 125 I 9.4 d (NelC50) %ai_- (LivJ39b) A i chem (LivJ39b) _-i 2.34 max SnlZ4(n, ¥) (LeeJ49,
i10.0
d (LeeJ49) Z_1-85.93
(MTW) ich(LeeJ49)
......it,sepisotopes ¥ i0.342 (0.3%), 0.468 (0.4%), 0.811
(1.5%o), 0.904 (1.4%), 1.068
NelCS0,
LivJ39b,
SerL47b)
I ich ..... pisotop .... -capt, i (4%), 1.17 {0.14%), 1.41
parent Sb I25 (NelC50) (0.05%) 125
i daughter radiations from Sb

i i genet (NelC50) i (0.14%), 1.97 (0.6%), 2.2,3
Sn125m i 9.5 m (NelC50) _ i_- (LivJ39b) A! chem, excit, n-capt _-i 2.04 max snlZ4(n, _) (LeeJ49,
9.8 m (LeeJ49) ! (LivJ39b) NelC50, DufR50a,
9.7 m (MaiN63) Ai-85.91 (LHP, MTW) ichem, sep isotopes ¥ i 0.325 (97%) LivJ39b, SerL47b)
i i i (DufR50a, LeeJ49) ii
Sn 126 =105 y yield (DroB62) %_i[_5-] (DroB62) B ichem, genet {DroB62) V i 0.060, 0.067, 0.092 fission (DroB6Z)
A !-86 (MTW) i parent 19 m Sb 126, ancestor i

i : 12.5 d Sb 126 (DroB62) i
Sn 126 -*50"m yield (BarnJ51)

i
_i_- (BarnJ51)
i
G i them, genet (BarnJ51)
: fission (BarnJSl)
i i reassigned to Sn 128 (DroB62)
_i
Sn I27 2.05 h (CarmH56) %_i6- (BarnJ51) A i chem, genet (BarnJ51, _ !i1.45 max ? fission (BarnJSl,
2.10 h (UhlJ6Z) i Carroll56, DroB6Z, DroB62, HageE6Z,
2.2h (DroB62, AI-84 (MTW) i HageE62) V 0.44, 0.49, 0.82, 1.10, 2.00, 2.52, UhlJ62)
HageE62) i i chem, mass spect (UhlJ62) 2.58, 2.68, 2.82

others (Dl%4arP62, daughter radiations from Sb 127 Tel30(n, eL) (Carroll56,
MajN63) ! !parentcarmH56,sblZ7
DroB62,{Barn55
I, MaiN63)
i i HageE6Z)
Sn 127 4.1 m (KauP65) _ !6- (KauP65) A I chem, genet (HageE62, _-i 2.7 max fission (HageE62,
4,6 m genet (HageE6Z) i : DroB6Z) DroB6Z)
iparent Sb I27 (HageE62, Tel30(n, 6) (KauP65)

I : DroB62)
=2.5 m genet (DroB62) A i-83.5 (KauP65, MTW) ichem, sep isotopes (KauP65) V i 0.49 (100%)
Sn 128 59 m (UhlJ62) %a i_-(DMarP62) Ai chem, genet (FranI55, 6-i 0.80 max fission (FrhnI55,
57 m (FranI55, i HageE62, DroB62) DroB6Z, HageE6Z,
HageE62) A 1-83.4 (MTW) ¥ iSb X-rays, 0.044 (7%), 0.072 DMarP62, UhlJ6Z)
62 m (DMarP62) i ichem, mass spect (UhlJ62) i (19%), 0.50 {61%), 0.57 (22%)
58 m (DroB6Z) iparent II m Sb 128 (FranI55,
: DMarP62) Sb 128
li i DroB62, HageE62, UhlJ6Z,
i ancestor 9 h Sb 128 (=3%) i
i daughter radiations from 11 m
i (FranI56, DroB62) i
i i not5%ancestor
(HageE62) 9 h Sb 128
' lira
i
Sn 129 ! 9m genet (HageE62) %_i[15-] (HageE62, DroB62) BI chem (DroB62) ¥ i 1.15, others fission (HageE6Z,
6 m (DroB62) i ! parentChem'
129genet (HageE62)(HageE62)
Sb i daughter radiations from Sb 129 DroB62}
J i
Sn 129 1.0 h genet (HageE62) _ i[_-] (HageE6Z) B i chem, genet (HageE62) daughter radiations from Sb 129 fission (HageE62)
i parent Sb 129 (HageE6Z) i
Sn 130 2.6 m (PapA56) a# .i[6-] (PapA56) D I chem, genet (PapA56) i adught .... diations from 7.1 m fission (PapA56,
i parent 7 m Sb 130 (PapA56, i Sb 130 FranI55, DroB62)
not parent 35 m Sb 130, lira i

10% (DroB62) i
Sn 131 3.4 m (PapA56) !%ai[6-] (PapA56) E ichem, genet (PapA56) :: fission (PapA56)
<2 m (DroB6Z) activity not observed
(DroB62)
parent Sb 131 (PapA56) :i
Sn 132 2.2m genet (PapA56) _i[_-] (PapA56) B ichem, genet (PapA56) i fission (PapAS6)
r parent Sb 132 (PapA56) i
5/iSb 112 0.9m (Se1159) %'i_ +, EC (Se1159) B i ch ...... it (Se1159) _ Sn X-rays, 0.511 (_/4-), 1.27 snllZ(p,n) (Se1159)
I !
" 291
Type of decay (_AQ ); Major radiations:

ZIsotope A i
Half-life (/k-ffiM-A),
Thermal MeV (C"=0);
I cross section (O'), barns
i i _+i Z.4Z max

51Sb I13 .6.4 m (PatA6Z) *# IEC, _+ (Sell58, Sell59, A! chem (RhoA57) snllZ(d,n) (Sell58,
17m (Sell58, Sell59) i SelI60) {chem,
} cross excit,
bomb sep isotopes
{Sell60, SelI59, IV iSn X-rays, 0.3Z, 0.511 (V±), SelI60, RhoA57)
Ai-83.85 (MTW) i Sell58) i 0.6-0.9 (complex), 1.03, 1.2 snll4{p, Zn) (Sell59)
i parent Sn l13m (Sell60) idaughter radiations from Sn l13m
i iexcit, sep isotopes (PatA6Z) i (complex), I.5Z ?

Sb I14 3.3m (SEI159) %*i_ +, EC (Sei159) Biehem, excit, sep isotopes _+! Z.7max snll4(p,n), snll5{p, Zn)
i-_3CMTw) i (SellS91 _{SnX-rays,

09,130 (Se11591
Sb I15 31 m (Sell58, Sell59) %* iEC 67%, _+ 33s/0 AI chem (R_hoA57) 6+, 1.51 max snll4(d,n) (SelI58,
36 m (Fing61) i {VarN63) ichem, sep isotopes, excit, Sell61)
' cross bomb (Sell58, SelI59, V iSn X-rays, 0.499 (I00%), 0.511
Sell61) (67%, V±), 0.98 (5%), 1.24
32 m (Seh_k462) iEC 65%, 6 + 35% (Sell60) i : snll6(p, Zn) (Sell59)
iEC 88%, 6 + 12% ichem, mass spect (FinR61) i (5%), Z.22 (1%) Inll3(a, Zn) (SehM62)
i (SehM62) i daughter Te 115 (SelI60a, i
A 1-87.00 (MTW) i ReisR65)
Sb 116 16 m (StahP53a) %*iEC 72%, 6 + 28% (FLnR61) Ai , chem, excit (StahP53a) _+i Z. 3 max daughter Te 116 (FinR61)
14 m (AteA54) i-87.0 (MTW) i genet (FinR61) inllb(a
15m (KuzM58) A i daughter Te I16 (FinR61) _ i

iSn 0.93 (26%),0.511
X-rays,
(14%)
1.293 (85%),
{Y±, 56%), Z.Z3 ,3n) (AteA54)
Sb llsm 60m {TemC,49, %*iEC 81%, _+ 19% Aich ...... it, mass spect 15+i1.16max Inll5(a, 3n) (TemG49)
AteA54) i (BolH648) i (TernG49) e-i0.070, 0.095, 0.III Inll3(a,n) (JensB60)
A 1-86.5 (LHP, MTW) inot daughter Te I16 (FinR61) ¥ !Sn X-rays, 0.099 (30%), 0.140
i i i (30%),
(38%, 0.406 0.545
V±), (36%),(68%),
0.511 0.96
i i i (75%), 1.06 (27%), 1.293

i i (lOO%)
Sb I17 2.8 h (FinR61, %* IEC 97.4%, 6 + 2.6% A i

. chem (LivJ39) 3+i 0.57 max Inll5(a, 2n) (TemG49)
ColeK47, TemG49, i (MGinC55) !them, excit, mass spect Y iSn X-rays, 0.158 (87_0), 0.511
Kuzlvi58) iEC 97.7%, _+ 2.3% i (TemG49)
117 i (5%, ¥+)
i (BaskK64) idaughter Te (FinR61)
A i-88.57 (MTW) : i
Sb 117m 1.6 x 10 -4 s delay coinc %* ! F! crit abs (GhoA63) N 10.080 (]_ 10), 0.17 (1" 8), 0.24 protons on Sb (GhoA63)
(GhoA63) i i:same as 0.726 level of snllS_" ii (GhoA63)(_

9), 0.46 (_ Z4) scint spect nOtonPrOduCedsn
(GritV65a)bY
protons
Sb 118 3.5 m (Lindnlv148, %* iEC, 6 + (FinR61) A i excit (RisJ40) 15+i Z.67 max daughter Te 118
: ichem (LarK39) (LindnM48a, FinR61)
FinR61) A _ iSn X-rays, 0.511 (150_0, Y±),
3.6 m (RisJ40) 1-87.96 (MTW) !genet (ginR61, LindnM48)
idaughter Te I18 (LindnM48, i
i 0.83 (0.4%), 1.230 (3%, doublet) Lnll5(a,n)
RisJ40) (LarK39,
i i LindnM 50a, FinP,.61 ) i
Sb ll8ml 5.1 h (ColeK47, %* IEC 99+%, _+ 0.16% AI chem, cross bomb (ColeK47) Y iSn X-rays, 0.041 (Z9%), 0.254 Inllb(a,n) (ColeK47,
I TemG49) : (BolH61) ichem, excit, mass spect i (93%), 1.049 (100%), 1.230 TemG49, BolH61,
ino _+, lira 0.1% i (TemG49) : (100%) RamasM61a, BodE62a)
: (JensB60) inot daughter Te I18 (FinR61) e-! 0.01Z, 0.036, 0.223
A i-87.77 (LHP, MTW)
i { :
Sb I18m2 0.87 s (WhiW6Z) %* :[IT] (WhiW6Z) Z i excit (WhiW6Z) V i O.14(T(_I0)4)'0.30 (t I0), 0.38 protons on Sb (WhiW6Z)
Sb I19 38.0 h (OlsJ57) %* ::EG (ColeK47) A i chem, cross bomb (ColeK47) V iSn X-rays, 0.024 (16%) Isbl21(p, 3n)Tellg(EG)
others (ZaitN60a, ichem, genet energy levels e-i 0.0Z0 (FinR61)
ColeK47, LindnM48) A i-89.48 (MTW) i (OlsJ57) i snll9(p,n), snll8(d,n )
i idaughter Te llgrn (LindnM48, i (ColeK47)

: LindnM 508, FinR61)
i
i i daughter Te I 19 (FinR61) i
Sb 120 15.89m (EbrT65) %*i_ +, EC (BlasJ50) Aichem, exclt (BotW39, 3+i 1.70max snlg0(p,n) (BlasJ50)
16.4 m (JohnH50) Zi : i HeyF37, ChanW37) "Y iSn X-rays, 0.511 (87_0, N:_), snlg0(d, Y-n) (Lindnl%448)
16.6 m (PerlmM48, i-88.4Z (I_4TW) ithem, excit, cross bomb : I.171 (1.3g0)
StahPSBa) ! {LivJ37) i snll9(d, n) (LivJ39)
17 m (Heyg37,
LivJ38c) i
Sb 120 5.8 d (MGinC558) %* !EC (LindnM48) A ichem,

i sep isotopes
i
¥ iSn X-rays, 0.090 (81%), 0.200 snll9(d,n) (JensB60)
6.0 d (LindnM48) ino

' 6 + or IT, lira 0.3% i chem,
(LindnM48)
cross bomb !
! (88%),
(100%) 1.03 (99%), 1.171 snlZ0(d, gn) (LindnM48)
i (MGinCS5a) ! (MGinC55a) e-i0.061, 0.096, _).171, 0.196
{i ichem,
r mass spect (JensB60) i
292
Type of decay (_);

Isotope Half-life (A=M-A), MeV (C'%0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
cross section (or), barns I
51Sh121 _ %1 57.25 (WhiJ48)
A i -89.593 (MTW)
i 0.06 (to Sb 12zrn)

(GoldmDT 64)
sbl2Z 2.80 d (BlasJ51a)I%_ i{3-97%, EC 3.0%, AI chem (AmaE35) 13-! 1.97 max ! sbl21 (n, "/) (AmaE35,
2.73 d (PerlmM58) PerlmM58) / 0.56 max HumV51)

2.75 d (GorkJ54) _+ 0.006% (GlauM55, chem, cross bomb (LivJ39} _'/+i LivJ39, SerJ_,47b,
i (FarrB55) _ : (3.4%), 1.140 (0.7%), 1.26
: (0.7%)
A i-88.3Z (MTW)
i
i13- 97%, EC 3.1% [I i Sn X-rays, 0.564 (66%), 0.686
Sb 122m 4.2 m (DMatE63, _ iIT (DMatE47) AI chem, n-capt, sep isotopes Y i Sb X-rays, 0.061 (50%), 0.075 sblZl(n, Y) (DMatE51)
EngeR62) ino _+, no _-, lira 0.5% (DMatE47) i (17%)
otherSvanJ6z)(DMatE47, i (DMatE62) le-i 0.0Zl, 0.030, 0.045, 0.056, 0.071

A i-88.16 (LHP, MTW)
Sb 123 tl/2 >1.3 x 1016 y sp % {42.75 (Wh[J48)

act (WatD6Za) A -89.224 (MTW)
_c {3.3 (to Sb 124)

: sblZ4m 1) I
10.015 (to Sb 124m2) i
(GoldmDT64)
Sb IZ4 60.4 d (Mack/_57a) *_ ![3- (LivJ39) chem (LivJ37) 13-! 2.31 max i sblZ3(n, Y) (LivS39,
60.9 d (WriH57) ino EG, no {3+ chem, excit, cross bomb ' SerLA7b)
60.1 d (CaliJ59)
59.9 d (JohnCH58)
i0.03(to
i (LangeL50c) .
A (LivJ39) ¥ i0.603 (97%), 0.644 (7%), 0.72
:: (14%, doublet), 0.967 (?-.4%),
i 1.048 (2.4%), 1.31 (3%,
A 1-87.58 (MTW) _ doublet), 1.37 (5%, doublet),
others (BrzJ65) !Grci2000 (GoldmDT64) i 1.45 (2%), 1.692 (50%), 2.088
' i (7%)
Sb 124ml 93 s (VanJ62a) Jt ::IT 80%, [3- 20% A chem, n-capt, sep isotopes _-! 1.19 max i sblZ3(n, Y) (Va'nJ62a,
96 s (BrzJ63, BrzJ65) (VanJ62a) (DMatE47) -i DMatE47)
=78 s (DMatE47) A !-87.57 (LHP, MTW) genet energy levels (VanJ62a)l e i 0.006, 0.009
(ZO%), 0.644(20%)
i daughter Sb 124m2 (VanJ62a) ¥ Sb L X-rays, 0.505 ( 20%), 0.603

Sb 124m2 Zl m (VanJ62a, %" !IT (VanJ62a) A chem, n-capt, sep isotopes e-::0.021, 0.024 sblZ3(n,p) (VanJ62a,
DblatE47, BrzJ65) A i-87.55 (LHP, MTW) (DMatE47) _/ DMatE57)
genet (VanJ62a) Sb L X-rays
parent Sb 124mI (VanJ62a) daughter radiations from Sb 124mI
Sb I25 2.71 y (FlyK65a) *_ i_- (CamG51) A chem (Liv$39) _--i0.61 max snlZ4(n, Y)Sn125(_ -)
2.6y (KlehE60) A i-88.28 (MTW) e-_0.004, 0.030, 0.144, 0.395 StanlC51)

2.78 y (WyaE61) chem, n-capt (StanlG51) Y (SiegE49, FrieG48,
2.0 y (LazN56a) _r
c i<20 (GoldmDT64) daughter Sn 125 (NelC50) Te X-rays, 0.176 (6%), 0.427
others (LeadGSla) parent Te 125m (FrieG48, (31%), 0.463 (10%), 0.599
(24%, doublet), 0.634 (II%),
idaughter radiations from Te 125m
Sb 126 12.5 d (DroB62) %" i_- (DroB6Z) B KerB49)

chem, genet (DroB62) __-i{l.gmax
0.66 (3%, doublet) fission, descendant
others (GrurnW46,
Barn J51) A i-86.3 (MTW) ' descendant Sn 126 (DroB62) Y 0.41, 0.69 (complex, 3 Y rays) Sn 126 (DroB62)
Sb 126 19.0 m (DroB62) (FranI56a) B chem (FranI56a) _-' I.9 max (FranI56a,
19 m (FranI56a, !_-, [IT] (DroB62) chem, sep isotopes (FranI58) Frard58)

FranI58) chem, genet (DroB62) Y 0.41, 0.67 (complex, 2 Y rays) fission, daughter Sn 126
i13- daughter Sn 126 (DroB62) (DroB62)
ITelZ6(n 'p)
E
Sb 126 9 h (BarnJ51) _ {_- (BarnJ51) G them, excit (BarnJ51) fission (BarnJ51)
reassigned to Sb 128 (DroB62)
Sb 127 93 h DroB62, SeiJSlb) :

't i_- (AbeP39) A chem, genet (AbeP39) _-' 1.5 max fission, daughter Sn 127
94 h (UhlJ62) chem, mass spect (UhlJ6Z) (AbeP39, SleN51b,
88 h (BosH57) A '!-86.70 (MTW) N 0.060, 0.25, 0.41, 0.46, 0.68, GrumW46, BarnJ5 I,
95 h (GrumW46) parent Te 127 (AbeP39, 0.77, 0.92, 1.10, 1.34 DroB62, Uh1J62,
(AbeP39) GleLSlh) daughter radiations from Te 127' KatcS48)
parent Te 127 (84%), parent Te IZ7m
Te 127m (16%) (BeydJ48)
idaughter 2. I h Sn 127
i (BarnJSl, Carroll56,
i DroB62, HageE62)
idaughter 4 m Sn 127
(HageE62, DroB62)
293
Type of decay (_);

% abundance;Mass excess Class;Identification; approximateenergies (MeV)
Isotope Half-life (A-'M-A), MeV (C':=0); Genetic relationships and intensities I of production
Z A Thermal neutron i
cross section (CZ),barns l
iactivity is probably a mixture

i ofSblZ6 (IZ.5 d) and Sb 127
' i{ i (LHP) i::

Sb Iz8 10.8 m (DMarP6Z) _ i[5- (Fran155) A ichem (FranI56) _-iZ.6 max ifission, daughter 5n IZ8
10.1 m (DroB6Z) i-84.7 (MTW) ichem, sep isotopes, genet. Y i0.320 (83%), 0.75 (200%, doublet), ] (FranI55, DroB6Z,
BrzJ63) E i chem, mass spect (UhlJ6Z) DMarP6Z)

10.3 m (FranI56, A i energy levels (HageE6Z) :: 1.07 (4%) HageE6Z, UhlJ6Z,
10.7 m (HageE6Z) i idaughter Sn Iz8 (FranI55, i TelZ8(n, p) (Hag'eE6Z,
others (UhlJ6Z, i DroB6Z, HageE6Z, UhlJ6Z, I i BrzJ63)
] BarnJ51, BrzJ65) i i DMarP6Z) i i

E S _i
Sb lz8 8.6 h (UhlJ6Z) _ il5- (FranI56) A i chem (FranI56) _ i1 max fission (FranI55, UhlJ6Z)
8.9h (DroB6Z) : ichem, sep isotopes, genet _ 10.314, 0.53, 0.64, 0.75 (complex) TelZ8(n,p) (HageE6Z)
9.6 h (FranI56, BrzJ65) : i energy levels (HageE6g)
9.9 h (HageE6Z) i i ch ........ pect (UhlJ6Z) i
i idescendant Sn Iz8 (FranI56,
i : DroB6g) i
:
: inot descendant Sn Ig8 i
i i (HageE6Z) : I
i
Sb 129 4.3 h (UhlJ6Z) J# i_- (AbeP39) A ichem , genet (AbeP39) _-i 1.87 max fission
KatcS48,
(AbeP39,
DroB62,
4.2 h (DroB6Z, AbeP39, jA i-85 (MTW) ichem, mass spect (UhlJ6?-) Y i0.073, 0.34, 0.460, 0.540, 0.81, HageE6Z, UhlJ6Z)
VasiI58) ! iparent Te Iz9 (AbeP39) : 0.91, 1.04, I.Z4
i :i daughter 9 m snlZ9 daughter i daught .... diations from Te lz9
i i 1.0 h Sn lz9 (HageE6Z) i
Sb 13° i 33 m (HageE6Z) %1 i_- (BarnJ5Z) A ichem , excit (fission yield) i 0.19, 0.33, 0.8Z (complex), 0.94 i Tel30(n, p) (HageE6Z,
36m (BrzJ63, BrzJ65) i-8Z (MTW)' i (BarnJSZ) I BrzJ63)
37 m (DroB6Z) A i i'chem, sep isotopes i: fission
DroB62)(BarnJSZ,
others (BarnJ6Z) i (HageE6Z, BrzJ63) :
i i (Dr°B6Z)
ichem, genet energy levels i
i
i inot daughter Sn 130, lira 10% :
i i (DroB6Z) i
i i
i Tel30(n, p) (HageE62,
Sb 130 7.1 m (HageE6Z) %_ i_- (BarnJ5Z) Aichem (PapA56, BarnJ5Z) ¥ i0.20, 0.8Z (complex), 1.03., 1.16
6 m (DroB6Z) 1-82 (MTW) ichem, sep isotopes (HageE6Z, : BrzJ63)
I0 m (BarnJ5Z) A i i BrzJ63) : fission
DroB6Z)(BarnJ5Z,
I IZ m (BrzJ65) i ichem, genet .... gy levels i daughter Sn 130 (PapA56,
: i (DroB6Z)
daughter Sn 130 (PapA56, : DroB6Z)
I i i DroB621 i
i i i
Sb 131 26 m (CoopJ64, UhlJ6Z, e# i{5- (PapASl) A ichem , genet (PapA51, I¥ i0.64 (37%), 0.95 (48%) fission (PapA51,
I DMarP62) : CookGSl) idaughter radiations from Te 131 CookG51, CoopJ64)
23 m (PapA51) i !parent Te 131, parent Te 131m '
others (CookG51) ii parent Te 131CookG51)

(PapA51, (93%), parent i Te 131m
i Te 131m (7%) (SaraD65) i
i i i daughter Sn 131 (PapA56) i
Sb 13z 2.1 m (PapA56) %" [_- (AbeP39) B ichem , genet (AbeP.39) fission (AbeP39,
others (AbeP39, i i parent Te 13Z (AbeP39) PapA56, CookG51)
CSOkG51) :
i i daughter Sn 132 (PapA56)
Sb 133 4._' m (CookG51) i# i_- (PapA51) i chem, genet (PapA51) ! fission (PapA51,
4.4 m (PapA51) : CookG51)
I ip .... t Te 133m (PapA51) i
Sb 134 I<1.5 s (BemC64) i F igenet (activity not observed) i :

:: fission (BemC64)
i (BemC64) i
i i fission (PapA5 I,
Sb 134? =50 s (PapA51) _ {[3- (PapA51) G ichem (PapASl)
45 s (CookG51) ' inot ancestor I134; may be an i CookGSl)
i i isomer of Sb 132 (BemC64)

'
i
Sb 135 2 s genet (Berne64) %" i[[3-] (BemC64) B ichem, genet (BemC64) i fission (BemC64)
i i ..... tor 1135 (BemC64) i
i i Ru96(O 16 5n) (MacfR65)

52Te 107 2. Z s (MacfR65) _ !_ (MacfR65) B i excit, cross bomb, sep a 13.28
Te 108 5.3 s (MacfR65) _ia (MacfR65) B iexcit, c .... bomb, sep 3.08 Rul 16'4n)
! i[[3 +, EC], p (SiiA65) i
i isotopes (Macm65, SiiA65) 2.6 (broad peak), 3.4, 3.7 96I°
(MacfR65, SiiA65)
294
Type of decay (a_);
ZIsotope A Half.life ( _ sM-A),ThermalMeV

neutron
(C'= =0); Genetic relationships approximate
and intensities
productioa
means
16 m (RhoA57) _ [EC] (RhoA57) F i chem (RhoA57) alphas on Sn (RhoA_
52Te(<113) i_+' i
Te I15 6.0m (ReisR65) *ti_+ =80%, EC=20% B!chem, excit, sepisotopes, J3+i2.8max SnllZ(a,n) (SelI60a,
6m (SelI60a) i (ReisR65) i genet (SeII60a, ReisR65) _/ iSbX-rays, 0.511 (160%, ye), 0._2 geisR65)
5-6 m (FinR61) A i-82.5 (Reisg65, MTW) iparent Sb 115 (Sell60a, (54%), 0.96 {6%), 1.08 (24%),
i i ReisR65) i
1.28 (32%), 1.38 02%), 1.58 (6_
i} i ildaughter radiations from Sb 115

i E
Te 114'115? 1.4 h (RhoA57) _ .i_ +, [EC] (R_hoA57) F ichem (RhoA57) ¥ i 0.10 (?), 0.12 (?), 0.511 (¥4.), alphas on Sn (ghoi57)
i imayheTel16+Sh116 i 0,_.lot,), l._,,)
Te I16 2.50 h (FinR61) _ iEC, i 13+1? ) (FinR61) A_ chem i (LindnM481 Y i Sb X-rays, 0.094 protons on Sb (FinR61,
others (LindnM48, _+ ' LindnM48, Ku--M58)
KuzM 58)
ilnO a,(LindnM48)
lira I x 10-7% i chem,
iparent mass
Sb I16 spect
(FinR61)(FinR61) e-i 0.44
_+i 0.063, max0.089(?)
A ii-ss.4
(KarrM63) inot parent Sb ll6m (Fing61) i daughter radiations from Sb 116
(¥TW)
Te 117 61 m (FinR61) "a"iEC 70%, 0+ 30% (Fing61, A i.chem, mass spect (FinR61) _+i 1.81
i max Sn114(a,n) (VarN61,
65m (ZhuD62) i KhuD62) iparentSb I17 (FinR61) ¥ iSbX-rays, 0.511 (60%,
0.72 YJ') KhuD6_)
66 m (VarN61, ino a, lira 0.005% ' protons on Sb (FinR61)
ButeF65a) i (ZarrM63) idaughter 14.5m I ll7 i (65%), 0.93 (6%), 1.78 (9%)
A i-8s.l (MTW) (ButeF65a) i daughter radiations from Sb I17
Te 1.9h (ButeF65a) "a"i_ + (ButeF65a) E!chem, decay charac 3+i 1.7 max daughter 14.5m I I17
i daughter 14.5 m I 117 !

i ii (ButeF652) i (ButeF65a)
i ii
(ButeF652)
i
!
Te I18 6.00 d (FinR61) _ ]EC (LindnM48) AS chem (LindnM48) _/ iSb X-rays protons on Sb (FinR61)
others (LindnM48, ino a, lira 2 x 10-6% i chem, mass spect (FinR61) i daughter radiations from Sb I18 sbl21(d, 5n) (LindnM48,
AndeG65) * i (KarrM63) i parent Sb I18 (LindnM48, ! LindnMS0a)
A i-88 (MTW) inotLindnMS0a, FinR61)(FinR61)

parent Sb l18ml i
i daughter I I18 (ZaitN60a) i

!
Te119 1S.9h (FmR611 _ !_.C Ir_61) AI chem, excit, sep _sotope, lO+i0.627 max sblZl(p, 3n) IFmR61}
others
ZaitN60a, KocC60)
(ZaitN60, :
i_+ 5% (KocC60) i chem, .mass
(KocC60) spect, genet _/ iSb X-rays, 0.645 (85%), 0.70 snll6(a,n) (KocC60)
A 1-87.19 (MTW) i (FinR61) i (ll%), 1.76 (3.6%)
i i parent Sb I19 (ginR61) ! daughter radiations from Sb I19
i i daughter I 119 (ZaitN60,

i i ZaitN60a)
Te 119m 4.68 d (KantJ63) *t !EC (Lindn_M48) A i chem, genet (LindnM48) _/ ISb X-rays, 0.153 (62%), 0.270 Sb121(p, 3n) (FinR61)
others (SorA60, i_ + _0.5% (Kant,63) i chem, genet, mass spect i (Z5%), 0.92-1.14 (36%, sblZl(d, 4n) (LlndnM48,
FinR61, KocC60, • i (Fing61) i complex), 1.221 (67%), 2.09
ZaitN60, ZaitN60a, ino a, lira 4 x 10-5% i parent Sb I19 (LindnM48, i {4%) LindnMS0)
LindnM48) i (KarrM63) i LindnM50a, FinR61) e-10.1Z2, 0. 133, 0.148, 0.240, 0.266 snll6(_'n) (KocC60)
d i-86.9 (LHP, MTW) i daughter radiations from Sb I19
T el20 i
% i0.089
A i-8_.4o (_TW)
(BaiK50) ! ,
i
:!2.0 (to
_rci0.3 (to Te 1211
Tel21m) i
i ( G°ldmDT 64) i i
Te 121 17 d (EdwJ46, *a"iEC (EdwJ46) Ai chem, genet (EdwJ46, ¥ iSb X-rays, 0.508 (18%), sblZl(%4n)l121(j_ +)
ZaitN60a, BhaR63) ino f_+,lira 0.1% i BursS46) i 0.573 (80%) (MarqLS0)
others (BursS46) i (ChuY64) i daughter Te 121m (BursS46) e-i 0.007, 0.033, 0.543 sblZl(d, 2n) (EdwJ46,
A 1-88.31 (MTW) i daughter 1121 (MarqL50) i AubR64)
i sblZl(p, n) (Edw346,
i i AubR64)
TelZ0(n, ¥) (HillR492,
i i i Auh_.,
i i i daughter Te 12 lm
i i i (BursS46)
i i 1
1
295
Type of decay (e_); I

Major radiations:
% abuads-ce; Mass exce,.s Class; Identification; approximate energies (MeV) ! Principal means
IsotopeA
Z Half-life (AeM-A),
ThermalMeV (C"=O);
neutron Genetic relationships and intensities i of production
cross section (0'), barns i
52Te |21m 154 d {Hi11R5i, BhaR63]!_ lit 90%, EC I0% A i chem, excit, cross bomb _
Te X-rays, Sb X-rays, 0. gIZ 5biZl(d, Zn) (SeaG40,
EdwJ46, AubR 64)
143 d (EdwJ46) i (ChuY64) i chem,
(SeaG40)
n-capt, sep isotopes ! (82%), 1.10 (3%)
125 d (SeaG40) ip+ =0.003% (AubR64) Sb 121
140 d (CorkJSlf) i (CorkJSlf) le-10.007,0.050, 0.077,0.180 121 (p, n) AubR64)
(SeaG40,
EdwJ46,
/I}-88.01 (LHP, MTW) i Te IZI I idaughter radiationsfrom Te
' Eparent {BursS46) iTe I20{n, "/) {CorkJ5 If,
i i i AubR641
i J
Ie lzz % 12.46 (BaiKS0) ! i
A ]-90.29 (IvlTW) i _ i
IZ {to Te lz3) [ !
"Cll (to Te 123m) i i
i (GoldmDT64) i
e_ tl/2 (ECK) L2 x 1013 y _ iEC (WatD6_a) B i chem (WatD62a) ¥ iSb X-rays i

sp act (WatD62a) % 10.87 (BalKS0) [ !
tl/2 (EC) >1013 y sp A !-89.16 fMTW_ i i
act (HeiJ55) ,rci400 (GoldmDT64) i i

r
TelZ3rp ! 117 d (AndeG65) _ iIT (Hi11R49a) A! chem, n-capt, sep isotopes ¥ ] Te X-rays, 0.159 (84%) Te122(n, ¥) (HillR49a,
104 d (HilIR51) I_ 1-88.92 (LHP, MTW) e-i 0.057, 0.084, 0.1Z7
: i (Hi/IR4 9a) KatzR50, HammB51,
1;_1 d (Cork351f) i ! CorkS51f)
! i !Sb123(d, 3n) (KatzR50)
i i
i i '_ I
Te 124 % !4.61 (BalK50) i i !
1-90.50 (MTW)
A , _
l i i
5 (to Te 125m) 1 !
(GoldmDT 64) i
e_ %16.9,
,_,i_5o) _ _i !
1-89.03 (MTW)
_rc i 1.5 (GoIdmDT 64) i '
;
i
:i
:
i
]
I
!
Te 125m 58 d (HIIIR51, _ iIT (FrieG48) Ai chem, genet (FrleG48) e-i 0.004, 0.030, 0.078, 0.105 i daughter Sb (FrieG48,
:
AndeG65) LI i-88.89 (LHP, MTW) iidaughterKerB49)Sb125

(FrieG48, Y :iTe( 0.3"/0)X-rays'
0.035 (7%), 0. II0 .IT? 124
erB4(n,9)_/) (HIIIR4 9a)
i
i (FrieG51a)
i i not daughter 1125, lira 0.05"/o I !

Te 126 % i18.71 (BalK50) i i
1-9o.o5
' (Mrw) i
: I i
i [
.ci0.9 (to Te 127) : i I
_0.1
" (to Te 127m) ii i !
i ,
Te 127 9.4 h (KnIJD56, _ i!_- (GoldmDT64)
(AbeP39) A ]I chem (TapG38, AbeP39) Ip-10
, : . 70 max I
i Telg6(n, Y), daughter
MaiN63} i chem, excit, cross bomb i Te 127m (SeaG40,
9.3 h (SeaG40, A i.88.30 (MTW) I¥
I1 iI
! X-rays,
(0.03"/0, 0.058
doublet),(0.010%), 0.21
0.360 (0.05%),] SerL4To)
MangS62) !: i (SeaG40)Te 127m (SeaG40,
: i daughter ! 0.417 (0.3"/o) 'fission (AbeP39,
9.5h (BonaG64) i i daughter

GleL51h,Sb 127
WilliRR51)
(84%) !: [I SeaG40,
GleLSlh) WilliRR48,
i i (AbeP3 9, GIeL5 lh, i I
i i BeydJ48) i !
, I
Te 127m 109d (AndeG65) _ iIT 99.2%, _- 0.8"/o Aichem, excit, genet (SeaG40) ¥ iTe X-rays, 0.059 (0.19%), Te126(n,_/) (HillR49a,
105 d (KniJD56) i (AubR65) iparent Te 127 (SeaG40, !' 0.089 (0.08%), 0.67 (0.004%) SeaG40,(GrumW46,
fission SerL47b)
115dd (SeaG40)
(CorkJ51f} .liT 98%, _- 2% (KniJD56) i GleL51h, WilliRR51) e-! 0.057, 0.084
90 GleL51h, WilIiRR48,
A i-88.21 (LHP, MTW) i daughter Sb 127 (16%) _-i [0.73 max] GrumW48)
i 127
i i (BeydJ48) i daughter radiati°ns fr°m Te
_31.79(BalKS0) ::
n _-88.98(MTW) i
arci0.14 (to Te 129) i
i0.017 (to Te 129m) i
i (G°ldmDT") i :!
i i i ,
i
i
' i
296
Type of decay (_);

IsotopeA Half-life (A-M-A),
Thermal MeV (C"=0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
cross section (dr), barns
5iTe 129 68.7 m (BrzJ63, *t i[3- (SeaG40) A ichem,, excit (BotW39, [5-1 1.45 max Idaughter Te 129m
ScaG40) e-i0.022, 0.026 I (SeaG40, GrumW46,
67BrzJ65)
m (WafH48, MajN63) A i1-87.02 (MTW) _idaughter Telggm (SeaG40, i WilliRR51}
72 m (SeaG40, ! ¥
BonaG64) i GrumW46, WilliRR51) i I X-rays, 0.027 (19%), 0.275
(1.7%, doublet),0.455 (15%)' Te128(n,Y) (MangS62,
' SeaG40, SerL47b)
70 m (AbeP39, idaughter Sb 129 (AbeP39) ! 0.81 (0.5%, complex), 1.08 fission (AbeP39,
GleL51h, MangS62) i (1.5%) HahO43a, GrumW46,
74 m (GravW56) i i i I WilliRR48, NoveT 51a)

_ i :
Te 129m 34.1 d (AndeG65) _ !IT
. 64%, _ 36% A ichem, genet (SeaG40) _-i 1.60 max TelZ8(n,Y) (HillR49a,
' SeaG40, Set L47b}
33.5 d (CorkJ51f) i (DevaS64a) i parent Te 129 (SeaG40, e-i 0.074, 0.102
33 d (MajN63) iIT 68%, [3- 32% GrumW46, WilliRRSI) fission (HahO43a,
32 d (BrzJ65) . i ¥ i Te X-rays, 0.69 (6%) GrumW46, WilliRR48,
others (SeaG40,GravW56, A ii-86.92
(AndeG62) ;i i daughter radiations from Te 129 NoveTSlb, PapA51a,
NoveT51b, (LHP, MTW) G_m-nW48)
WafH48) ! i i
i
E
Te 130 tl/2 (_) 8 x I020 y, % i34.49 (BalK50) i
Xe ratios,mass spect A iL87.34 (MTW)
' i i
1 (TakaN65) _rci0.2(toTe TM)
I021
x y Xe ratios, i0.04 (toTe 131m) i
•others
mass (FremJ52,
spect (IngM50) : i i
SharmH53, FulH52) i i
i i
Te TM 24.8 m (GeiK52) *t i_- (SeaG40) A I chem, excit (SeaG40) _-i2.14max Tel30(n,¥) (SeaG40,
others (MangS62, : SerL4Wo, GeiK5Z)
SeaO40, AbeP39) A 1-85.16 (MTW) idaughter Te 131m (AbeP39, e- i 0.116, 0.144 daughter Te TM
SeaG40, WilliRR51) ¥ iI X-rays, 0.150 (68%), 0.453 ! (AbeP39, SeaG40,
ii parent 1TMPapA51,
(AbeP39, CookG51, i (16%), 0.493 {5%), 0.603 WilliRR51)
i SeaG40, (4%), 0.95 (3%, complex), 1.00
! i LivJ38e, HahO39c) i (4%, doublet), 1.147 (6%)
i CookG51, SaraD65)
! i daughter Sb 131 (PapA51' i
Te TM 30 h (AbeP39, SeaG40) *P [3-82%, IT 18% A i chem, genet (SeaG40) [3- i 2.46max (5%), 0.9max Tel30(n,_/) (SeaG40,
' SerL47b)
(BedeA61, DevaS65) iparent Te TM (AbeP39, le-i0.048,0.069,0.149, 0.177 fission(SaraD65,
i A i_- 78%,(LHP,
-84.98 IT 22%MTW)
(HebE55) i SeaG40,SbWilliRR51)
idaughter TM (CookGSl, ¥ iTe0.102
X-rays, I X-rays,
(50/o), 0.081
0.200 (80/0), (2%) 'i
0.241 AbeP39, HahO39c,
I PapASl, SaraD65) i (80/0), 0.336 (90/o), 0.78 (600/0, ]i KatcSSld,
Papa 5 la ) WilliRRSl,
: complex), 0.85 (31%, doublet), [
ii : (3%), 1.860 (1%),. 1.965 _ (2%) 131 [

] i: i daughter
1.127 (130/0), (ll%),-*-e 1.629]
ii 1.206*rom
radiations
i i i I131
Te 132 77.7 h (PapA51a) _ i[3- (AbeP39) A i chem, genet (AbeP39) [3-1 0.22 max fission (AbeP39,
others (AbeP39,
78 d (AndeG65) A 1-85.21 (MTW) (KatcS48)
i fission fragment range e-i ' 0.020, 0.048, 0.197 : PapASla,
HahO39a, KatcS48)
HahO39b,
CheeG 58, FleW 56, i: Y il X-rays, I
HahO39b) iparent 1132 (AbeP39, 0.053 (17%), 0.230
i HahO39c, HahO39b, (90%)
i NoveT51a, WinsW51) idaughter radiationsfrom 1132 I
Te 133 12.5m (PruS65)

{
*#i[_-](PruS65)
i
idaughter Sb 132 (AbeP39)
B ichem, genet (PruS65)

i
¥10.15, 0.31, 0.41, 0.73, 1.02, 1.33,fission,daughter Te TM

i 1.71, 1.85 (PruS65, SaraD65)
: idaughter Te 133m, parent
: i i133
i i (Pr_65) i
Te TM 50 m (FergJ6Z) *t ]3- 87%, IT 130/0 (AlvT57) A i chem, genet (AbeP39) _-i 2.4 max fission (AbeP39,
63
53 m
m (PapA5Z) i parent 12.5 m Te 133 (PruS65} e-i 0.303 HahO39c, $egE40,
(AlvT57) i WuC40, PapA51,
60 m (AbeP39, WuC40) i daughter Sb 133 (PapA51} _/ i Te X-rays, 0.31 (21%), 0.432 KatcS48, SaraD65)
::
ancestor 1133 (AbeP39, i (50%), 0.47 (22%), 0.557
! i HahO39c, SegE40, WuC40, (35%), 0.63 (18%), 0.70 (24%),
i i WuC45, PapA51) ! 0.754 (85%), 0.91 (57%), 1.01
i (lO%),
i daughter 1.33, 1.71, from
radiations 1.85 1133
i includedin above listing

i i idaughter radiationsfrom Te 133
Te 133 2 m (PapA52) %* _- (PapAS2) Gi chem, genet (PapAS2) i daughter Te TM
i activity not observed _ (PapA52}
i i (PruS65) :
i
i
Te TM 42 m (FergJ62) *ti!- (AbeP39) A ichem, genet (AbeP39) ¥ il X-rays, 0.08 (13%), 0.17 (16%), fission(KatcS48,
44 m (PapA51a) : ' i 0.204 (21%), 0.262(19%) HahO39c, AbeP39,
43 m (AbeP39) i !parent 1TM (AbeP39, ,
i ! HahO39c, PapA51a) idaughter radiations from 1 TM PolA40a, PapA51a,
: iothers (KatcS48, *_olA40a) i FergJ62)
: i
297
Type of decay ( _ ); ii
% abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; Major radiations: ! Principal means
IsotopeA
Z Half-life (Z_'-M-A),
and intensities i of production
I cross section (O'), barns I
i i i r
52Te 135 I<2 m (GleLSli, %"i_- (DodR40) E i genet (DodR40) i _fission (GleLSli,
i DodR40, KatcSSlf) i iparent
' I135 (GleL51i, i i DodR40, KatcS 5If)
i i Katcsslf' '
T_"9 I =I m (HahO43a) %" i [3- (HahO43a) g lchem
' (HahO43a) kfission (HahO43a)
i
:
i
i
17 7m (AndeG65) %'i13+ (AndeG653, [EC] Cimass spect, [chem] ¥i 0.16, 0.34, 0.522 (¥+) iprotons on La (AndeG65)
5311 i ii ( de°653 ! qi
i117 14.5 m genet %"i[[3+] (ButeF65a) F !chem,:
i parent genet (ButeF65a)117 i iprotons on I (ButeF65a)
(ButeF65a) i 61 m Te , parent ]
i i 1.9 h Te 117 (ButeF65a) I i j
1118 13.9 m (AndeG65) %"i[3+ =54%0, EC =46%0 B i mass spect (AagP57) ¥i Te X-rays, 0.511 (108%, ¥±), !protons on I (ZaitN60a,
17 m (ZaitN60a, i (AndeG65) i ehem, genet (ZaltN60a) ! 0.55, 0.60, 1.15 I ButeF65a)
othersBUteF65a)(AagP57) A i-81 (ButeF65a, AndeG65, i parent Te 118 (ZaitN60a) i i Ii

;i MTW) i daughter Xe 118 (AndeG65) _ i
i i
1119 19.5m (AndeG65) %"![3+ 51%, EC49% Aichem (MarqL50) ¥ iTe X-rays, 0.26, 0.511 (102%, INI4 on Pd (RosG54)
18 m (RosG54) ] (AndeG65) :mass spect (AagP57) : _±) 0.78 I protons on I (ZaitN60,
21 m genet (ZaitN60, i chem, genet (ZaitN60, ' from Te 119 , ZaitN60a)
ZaitN60a) i : ZaitN60a) i daughter radiations !
19 m (AagP57) i ::parent Te 119 (ZaitN60, i sbll9 '
Z6 m (Buteg65a) : ZaitN60a) i
i
!daughter Xe 119 (AndeG65) i i
1120 1.35 h (AndeG65) %"I EC 54%, _+ 46%0 A i mass spect, chem (AagP57, [3+i4.0 max protons on I, daughter
1.30 h (ButeF65) [ (AndeG65) ! AndeG65) V i Te X-rays, 0.511 (9Z%, ¥±), I Xe 120 (ButeF65)
1.4 h (AagP57) A 1-83.8 (ButeF65, i chem, genet (ButeF65) i 0.56, 0.62, 1.52 i
i AndeG65, MTW) daughter Xe lz0 (ButeF653 I i I
1120 30m (MarqL50, %"i[3+ (MarqL50) Gichem (MarqLS0, KuzM58a) I !

I KuzM58a) i activity not observed I i protonsalph
.... onSbI(KuzM(MarqL50358a)
! i C_deO651 i
: i+i
_ .
I121 i2.12 h (AndeG65) %"IEC 91%, [3+9% Aii chem, genet (MarqL50) [3 i1.2max _sblZI (a,4n) (MarqL50)
42.0 h (AagP57, i (AndeG65) !mass spect (AagP57)
. :
¥ iTe X-rays, 0.212 (90%), 0.27 I
. iparent Te 121 (MarqL50)
I ButeF65) : !!
I1.5h (MathH54a, A 1-86.0 (MTW) i (3%), 0.32 (6%), 0.511 (18%,
DroB5Z) i i daughter Xe IZI (MathH54a, i V:k) '

1.4 h
Z.l h (RosG54)
(ZaitN60) i DroB52) i ! i
1.8 h (NlarqL50, i I i
i i :
1122 3.5m (MathH54a) i%" _+ (MarqL50), [EC] Aichem, excit (MarqL50) [3+i3.1max sblZl(a,3n) (MarqL50)
3.4m (DroB52) 1-86.15 (MTW) isep isotopes(You5513 ¥ iTe X-rays, 0.511 [130%, ¥*], ITe122(p, n) (YouJ51)
3.6m (YouJ51) :A i idaughterXe 122 (TilDESZ, ! 0.564, 0.69, 0.78 1
4m (MarqL50) :: i DroB5Z) I i: li
) )) ii ]sblZl(
1123 13.3 h (AndeG65) %"iEC. (MarqLS0) A) chemChem'exCitsep
isotopes(MarqL50)(MitA49a)
i ¥_i)Te X-rays, 0.159 (83%) t] MitA49a,a'
Zn)MitA59,(MarqL50,
1313"0h
h(MarqL50,(MitA49a) ino [3+ (MitA59) i daughter Xe 123 (DroB52, Ie i0.1;'7 GupR60b)
MathH54a, KuzM58a) A i-88 (MTW) i MathH54a, TilDE5Z) :
II24 4.15d (AndeG65) ,%"iEC 74%, _+ 26% iA!chem, exclt,cross bomb [3+iZ.
14max [sblZl(a,n) (MarqL50,
4.Z d (DysN58, MitA59)] ) (DysN58) ) (LivJ38e) ¥ )Te X-rays, 0.511 (50%, Y±), i LivJ38e)
4.1 d (GirR59g) iEC 75%, [3+25% '. 0.605 (67%), 0.644 (12%), i;Sb123(a, 3n) (MarqL50)
14.0 _i(LivJ38e) { (GirR59g) i ! 0.73 (14%), 1.37 (3%), 1.51 i
14.5d
13.4 d (MarqL50) ' ) (4%) 1.69 (14%), 2.09 (2.0%), i
(AagP57) IEC 71%, [3+29% i 2.Z6 '(1.5%)
(MitA59) !
ino 1_-, nm o. 1% i )
)EC(K)/EC(L) 9
i i (MitA59) : '
A i-87.33 (MTW)
) ) (MerC61)) )
I125 t 60.2 d (LeuH64, %"il/_C, no [3+ (ReidA46a, A I chem (ReidA46a) ¥ i Te X-rays, 0.035 (7%) sblZ3(a, 2n) (MarqL50)
GleG64) i GleL47) i chem, excit (GleL47) e-i 0.004, 0.030 daughter Xe 125
60.0 d (FrieG51a) IEC(L+M+...)/EC(K) i genet (BergI51c) : (BergI51c)
57.4 d (MatthC60) i 0.254 (LeuH643 i daughter Xe 125 (BerglSle) :i deuterons on Te
others (KuzM58a, : (ReidA46a, GleL47,
ReidA46a) A 1-88.88 (MTW) inot parent Te 125m, lira 0.05% i I FleP58)
[ _c !i900 (GoldmDT64) i (FrieG51a) i i
i i Ii
298
Type of decay (_);
% abundance; Massexcess Class; Identification; Major radiations:

Isotope Half.life (AsM-A), MeV (C'==0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
, j i ,i
531126 12.8 d (AndeG65) %_!EC 55%, _- 4490, [3+ 1.390 Aichem (TapG38) iP-i 1.25max iSb123(a,n) (Livff38e,
MarqLh0)
13.3 d (PerlmM54) ! (PerlrnM54) ]chem, excit ...... bomb i_*11.13 max
13.0 d (LivJ38e) iEC 55%, _- 44%, _+ 1.2% i (Livff38e) . Te125(d,n) (Livff38e)
AagP57)
13.1 d (MocD48, iEC(K) 5190 (Eroff57a)
i (KoerL55) i Y iTe (33%)
X-rays, 0.386 (34%), 0.667 Te 126(p, n) (DubL40a)
A !-87.90 (MTW) i i
1126 2.6 h (AaEP57) i G imass spect (AagP57) i fission (AaEP57)
i (NaraV65) i
activity not observed i
%il00 (NierA37a)
_ i-88.984. (MTW) i i
_rci 6.4 (GoldmDT64) !
i
1128 24.99 m (HulO41) *t _- 93.690, EC 6.490 A iche .... capt (AmaE35) _-i 2.12 max 1127(n, Y) (ArnaE35,
SiegK46c, OrsA49,
LivJ38e)(AagP57,
others [3+(BencN56)
3 x 10-39o i Y i:Te(1.49o),
X-rays, 0.743
0.441(0.2%),
(1490),0.969
0.528 HumV51)
TapG38, SerL47b,
( LanghH6 lb) i i (0.3%)
i-87.71 (MTW) i
i
1129 1.7 x I07 y sp act _ i_- (KatcS47)
i
A i chem, n-capt (KatcS47) _-i 0.150 max fission (KatcS47,
(KatcS51k) _ 1-88.50 (MTW) i chem, mass spect (KatcS51k) e-i 0.005, 0.034 KatcS51k)
others (PurB56) _rc i 28 (GoldmDT64) i ¥ i Xe X-rays, 0.040 (9%)
1130 12.3 h (AndeG65) _i_- (LivJ38e) iichem, cross bomb (LivJ38e) _-i l.Ymax (0.4%), 1.04max llI29(n,_f) (SmiW59)
12.5 h (AagP57) _ i-86.89 (DaniH65, MTW) i chem, mass spect (AagP57) Y !0.419 (35%), 0.538 (99%), 0.669 Tel30(d, 2n) (LivJ38e)
IZ.6h (LivJ38e) _ci18 (GoldmDT64) i i (12%)

(I00%), 0.743 (87%), 1.15 Te 130(p, n) (GarvH58b)
!i i i Cs 133 (n' ¢) (WuC40)

1 TM 8.05 d (BurkL58, J# i_- (LivJ38e) A i chem (LivJ38e) _-i 0.806 max {0.6%), 0.606 max fission (AbeP39, "
BarthR53, G1eG64) i chem, genet (SeaG40) HahO39c, GrumW46,
8.07 d IKeeff58, _ i-87.441 (MTW) i average _- energy:
SelH53) _c =0.7 (GoldmDT04) idaughter Te TM (Livff38e, i 0.19 ion ch (CaswR52) SulW51g, YafL47,
8.06 d (LocE53) i AbeP39, HahO39c, ' GrumW48, FinB51c) _
8.14 d (Sreff51a) i i SeaG40, PapA51, CookG51) e-!i0"046' 0.330
(5.4%), 0.364 (82%), 0.637
i (BrosA49, Bergl50c) (6.8%), 0.723 (1.6%)

8.04 d (SinW51) i
i
i parent Xe TM (=1%) ¥ i daughter
Xe X-rays, radiations
0.080 (2.690),
from Xe0.284
13 Im
1132 2.26 h (EmeE54) _# i@-. (AbeP39) i I chem, genet (AbeP39) _-i 2.12 max daughter Te 132, from
2.302"
34 hh (WahA55)(AndeG65) _ i -85.71 (MTW) i chem, mass spect (AagP57) ¥ ! 0. 24 (I%), 0.52 (2090, complex) ' HahO39c,fission
(AbeP39,HahO39b,
2.5h (WillaD6Z) i idaughter We 132 (AbeP39, i 0.67 (144%, complex) 0.773
others (AagP57, i HahO39c, HahO39b, (89%), 0.955 (22%), 1.14 (6%, NoveT51a, WinsW51)
AbeP39, HahO39b) i i NoveT51a, WinsW51) i doublet),
complex), 1.28
1.45(7%),
(190),1.40
l.91(14%,
i ( 1. 390), 1.99 ( 1. 390)
1133 20.3 h (AndeG65) %_ i_- (AbeP39, HahO39c) A] chem (AbeP39) _-i 1.27 max fission (AbeP39,
20.8 hh (WahA55)
20.9 (KatcS53) A 1-85.9 (MTW) i them, genet (WuC40) 'Y i0.53 (90%) HahO39c,
WuC40, SegE40,
PapA51,
i daughter 12.5 m Te 133
22.420"
5 ih
h (PapA5
(Vasi158) la) iidescendant
i HahO39C,wuC45,
parent Xe 133
(PruS651 PapA
Te
l)SegE40'
133m
5 (AbeP39'
(SegE40,WuC40, i daughter
Xe 133m radiati°ns fr°m Xe 133 SulW 5 lh'
Holing 59) FinB5 Ic'
i iparent
Xe133m
(2.4%)
(ZelH51, KetB51a)
! i
I TM 52.0 m (AndeG65) %1 i_- (AbeP39) A I chem (AbeP39) @-i 2.43 max fission (YafL47,
52.8 m (ffohnN61) A i-84.0 (MTW) i£ission fragment
(KatcS48) range Y i O. 135 (39o), 0.41 (8%, complex), HahO39c,
PolA40a_ AbeP39,
PolA40,
52.5m (PapA51a) i 0.55 (8%), 0.61 (18%), 0.85 LidlAg, KstcS51e,
52.4 m (WahA55) i chem, mass spect (AagP57) i {95%), 0.89 (65%), 1.07 (1.4%), PapA51a, KatcS48,
AagP57) : AbeP39, PapA51a) i (5%), 1.79 (5%)

others (AbeP39, i
i z
idaughter
i
Te TM (HahO39c,
i
{ 1.15 (I0%), 1.46 (4%), 1.62 FinB51c)
1135 6.68 h (PeaW47a) *_ i_- (WahA55) A ! chem, genet (DodR40, _-i 1.4 max fission (SegE40, WuC4_,
6.7 h (GleL51i, i SegE40) DodR40, WuC45,
K_tcS51f) Z_ 1-84 (M'_W) iV i0.42 (79o), 0.86 (119o), i.04 (9%),
6.8 h (WahA55) i Xe 135Xe(7090)

iparent TM (PeaW47a)
(30%), parent !
i (12%), 1.72 (19%),
1.14 (37%), 1.80 (119o)
1.28 (3490), 1.46 KatcS51f,
PeaW47a, FinB51c)
GleLhli,
others (DodR40) ! idaughter.Te 135 (GleL51i, i daughter radiations from Xe 135m
i KatcS 5If) i Xe135
i others
GotH40,(SegE40,
WuC45, DodR40,
BallN51h, i
i i descendant
i WuC40, Sb 135 (BemC64)
FinB51c, AagP57) i
i
i
299
Type of decay (_);

Isotope Half-life (_IM-A), MeV (C"=0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
53I 136 83 s (JohnN59) _i[5- (StraF40) BI chem (StraF40) P-i 7.0 max (S6%), 5.6max fission (StraF40,
others (StraF40)
86 s (StanlC49) AE-79.4 (MTW) ii chem, decay charac _ i 0.20 (12%), 0.27 (18%), 0.39 SeeW43, StanlC49,
i
i (JohnN59) i ( 19%),
2.3 (19%,1.32complex),
(95%, complex),
2.63 JohnN59)
t
! i i (10%)' 2"8 (8%)' 3"2 (5%)
1137 22.0 s (n) (HugD48) _ !_ , 0 n (=6%) (LeviJ51) A! chem (StraF40) n i average energy 0.6 fission (StraF40,
24.4 s (n) (PerloG59) ! i chem, genet (SeeW43, i daughter radiations from Xe 137 SeeW43, KedW47,
22.5 s (n) (RedW47) i SugaN49) SugaN49, HugD48,
19.3 s genet (SugaN49) i i parent Xe 137 (SeeW43, i PerloG59, SneA47a,
others ( CoxS58, SugaN47)
KeeG57, SneA47a) i i SugaN49) i
1158 5.9 s (SugaN49) _ i_- (SugaN49) B i chem, genet (SugaN49) i fission (SugaN49,
KeeG57)(PerloO59,
others in (KeeG57, PerloG59) i ancestor Cs 138 (SugaN49) :i PerloG59, KeeG57)
: i
1139 2.7 s (SugaN49) _ i_- (SugaN49) B Ichem, genet (SugaN49) idaughter radiations from Xe 139 fission (SugaN49,
2.0CoxS
58)s
(PerloG59, in (PerloG59, CoxS58) ii
parentBa
139Xe(SugaN49)ancestor
139' i CoxS 58, PerloG59)
54Xe 1186 m (AndeG65) _ i[5 +, [EC] (AndeG65) B!chem, mass spect (AndeG65) ¥10.05, 0.511 (¥±) protons on La (AndeG65)
J
i parent 1118 (AndeG65) i daughter radiations from 1118
Xe 1196 m (AndeG65) _ ! [3+, [EC] (AndeG65) B i chem, mass spect (AndeG65) ¥ i [I X-rays), 0.10, 0.511 (¥+) protons on La (AndeG65)
i i parent I119 (AndeG65) i daughter radiati°ns fr°m I119
xel204340 mm (ButeF65)(AndeG65) _ i[EC] (AndeG65) A i_chem,Chem'

maSSgenetspect(ButeF65)(AndeG65) _ i!I X-rays,0.760.055, 0.073, 0.176. protons on I (ButeF65)
! i parent 1120 (ButeF65) i daughter radiations from 1120

i
Xe TM 39m (AndeG65) _i[_ + (MathH54a), [EC] Aichem , genet (DroB52, [5+i2.8max II27(p, 7n) (TilDE52,
40 m (DroB52, i TilDE5Z) DroB52, MooK60)
MooR60, MathH54a) A i-82.2 (MTW) ithem, mass spect (AndeG65) ¥ i [I X-rays], 0.080, 0.096, 0.132,
ButeF65) DroB52) daughter radiations from 1121
°thers (Ti1DE52, i iparent 1121 (MathH54a,

i
i 0"437' 0"511 (Y±}
Xe 122 20. I h (AndeG65) _IEC (MathH54a) Aichem , genet (TilDE52, Y il X-rays, 0.060, 0.090, 0. II0, lI27(p, 6n) (TilDE52,
19.5 h (Ti/DE52) i i DroB52, MathH54a) i 0.148, 0.180, 0.345 DroB52)
18.5 h (MooR60) i ichem, mass spect (AndeG65) e-i0.058, 0.116
20.0 h (DroBS2}
19 h (MathH54a) i parent 1122 (TilDE52, 1122
i DroB 52) i daught .... diations from
i
Xe 123 2.08 h (AndeG65) "# !EC, _+ (MathH54a) A ichem , genet (TilDE52, _+i 1.51 max II27(p, 5n) (TilDE52,
1.85 (MooR60, : : DroBS2, MathH54a) ' DroB52, MathH54a)
ButeF65) A }85 (MTW) ichem, mass spect (AndeG65) e-i 0.115, 0.144, 0.295
1.8 h (MathH54a, iparent 1123 (TilDE52, Y if X-rays, 0.090, 0.II0, 0.149,
PreLI62)
1.7h (DroB52) i DroB52, MathH54a) i 0.178, 0.329, 0.511 (¥±), 0.68,
2.1 h (TilDE52) ! idaughter Cs 123 (MathH54a, i 0.90, I.I0
i i MathH54, PreiI62) :idaughter radiations from 1123
Xe TM % i0.096 (NierA50a) i
A i-87.5 (MTW) i i
_r
c i1 I0 (GoldmVT64) i
Xe 125 16.8h (AndeG65) _IEC, no (BergI51c, Aichem , seplsotopes iY fiX-rays, 0.055, 0.188, 0.242 II27(p, Sn) (MooK60)
1718"0hh
(MooR60)(BergI52) ] AndeDL50) i chem,(AndeDLS0)mass
spect (BergI51c) ie-] 0.022, 0.050, 0.154, 0.182, 0.209 Xe124(n,Y) (BergI51c)
20 h (AndeDL50) A !-87 (MTW) i parent 1125 (BergI51c) i daughter radiations from 1125
! daughter Cs 125 (MathH54) i
Xe 125m 55 s (MathH54) %a liT (?) (MathH54) B igenet (MathH54) Y i[Xe X-rays], 0.075, 0.III daughter Cs 125
60 s (MooR60) idaughter Cs 125 (=0. I%) i (MathH54)

! (MathH54) i
i I127(p 3n) (MooR60)
Xe 126
i
E
% 10.090 (NierA50a)
i
i
i
,, i-89 15 (MTw) i i
arc i =2 (G°IdmDT64) i i
i i
i
i
i
300
, .....
Type of decay (_);

Isotope Half.life (AIM-A), MeV (C':--0); Genetic relationships of productioD_
_4Xe 127 36.41 i (BaleS54) " i

!_IEC, "'
no [5+ (MathH55a, A ichem (CreEC40a) Y _I X-rays, 0.058 (1.4%), 0.145 II27(p,n) (CreEC40a,
,others (BresM64 i ForR58) ichem, sep isotopes (ArteK50) i (4.2%), 0.172 (22%), 0.203 MathH55a, ForR58)
ArteK50, Berg151) A 1-88.54 (WintG65a, MTW)I imass spect (BergI51a) i (65%), 0.375 (20%) I127(d, 2n) (BaleS54,
i rorR58,CreEC40a, i !daushter
Cs127(Fi,R50a) e-i0.024,0.112,0.139,0.170,0.198 ForR58)
i i : xelZS(n' _) ( CaroM44,
! i i i
i
erg,51a)
Xe127rn 75 s (CregC40a) _ liT (CreEC40a, B i them (CreEC40a) Y i Xe X-rays, 0.125, 0.175 I127(p, n) (CreEC40a)
i h4athH54) i genet (MathH54) i daughter Cs 127
i ii daughter
(MathH54)Cs 127 (0.01%) ii (MathH54)
i
Xe 128 % 11.919
(NierA50a) i i
Ai-89.85(MTW) i
,ci<5 (OoldmDT 64) i
!
,o
,, i26.44
( ier.50a)
i-88.692
(MTw) !! i
Wc i 25 (GoldrnDT64) i
Xe 129m 8.0 d (Bergl51a) _!IT. (Berg151a) Ai chem, mass spect (BergI51a) Y ixe(6_°)x-rays' 0.040 (9°/o), 0.197 Xe128(n,Y) (Bergl51a)
I _ ii-88.456 (LHP, MTW) i e-i0.005, 0.034, 0.162, 0.191
i i E
Xe 130 ¢/0 i4.08 (NierA50a) t i
i _ i-89.88(MTw) i !
i _rc i<5 (GoldmDT64) i i
Xe 13I % i21.18
A 1-88.411
:
(NierA50a)
(MTW)
i
i
[
i
Xe 131m ll.8d (AndeG65)
i
_rc 185
_IIT
(G°ldmDT64)
(BrosA49, CaroM44)
}
Aichem (CaroM44)
i
i
¥ iXe X-rays, 0.164 (2%) ;xel30(n,Y) (CaroM44,

12.0 d (Bergl50c, i chem, genet (BrosA49) ' Bergl50c)
PerlmM53) A 1-88.247 (LHP, MTW) e- i 0.129, 0.159
others (BrosA49, i daughter 1131 (=1%)
CarnM44) i ii mass
(BrosA49,
spect Bergl50c)
(Bergl50c) i
i ( CanR5 Ib, SaraB 54)
i iin°t daughter Cs 131 !

e_ %i 26.89 (NieriS0a) i !
_rciO.2 (to Xe 133) i

i<5 (to Xe 133m) i
A i.89.272 (MTW) i !
i (G°IdmDT 64) i
Xe 133 5.270 d (MacnffS0) *a_ i_- (DodR40) A i chem (LangsA39, DodR40, _-i 0.346 max fission (SegE40,
5.4 d (Berg152) A i--87.73 (MTW) ] SegE40) : DodR40, WuC40,
: i chem, excit (WuC40) e-i 0.045, 0.075 BornH43a, WuC45,
¢ci 190 (GoldmDT64) _mass spect (ThodH47, ¥ ! Cs X-rays, 0.081 (37%) ThodH47, BehH51,
i i ThuS49) i EngeDSlb)
i WuC40,
i daughter WuC45)
I133 (SegE40, i AIvT58,
Xe132(n,_) ThieP62,
(RieW43,
i i i BrowF61)
Xe 133m 2.26 d (ErmP61) *# liT (ZetB50a) A I chem (ZetB50a) ¥ i Xe X-rays, 0.233 (14%) fission (KetBSla,
2.35 d (Berg152) :mass spect (Berg151b) Bergl50b)
2.1 d (KetB51a)
others (BerglSlb) A i-87.50 (LHP, MTW) i e-! i daughter
0.198, 0.227
radiations from Xe 133 Xe132(n,Y) (Bergl51b,
i daughter 1133 (2.4%) '
i i (ZelH51, ZetB51a) :: ErmP61)
A 1-88.121 (MTW)
trci0.2 (to Xe 135) ! i
i (OoldmDT64)
!<5 (to Xe 135m) i i
E i
'i
301
of
Type decay (_);
I Class; Identification; Principal means
Isotope Half-life (AsM-A), MeV (C'_=0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV)
Z A i Thermal neutron and intensities of production
cross section (U), barns
54Xe t35. 9.14 h {AndeG65} %'i_- ($egE40) A chem {SegE40, DodR40) _-i 0.9Z max Xe134(n,_/) (RieW43)
9.13 h (Browg53) chem, excit (WuC40) -, fission (SegE40,
9.19hmass speet Ai-g6.6 {MTW) mass spect (ThuS49) e 0.214 DodR40, BehH51)
(ClarW64) _rciX. 7x 106 (GoldmDT64) i135 "_ 0.250 (91%), 0.61 (3%)
9.2 h (NewA51, daughter (70%) Ba138(n, a) (WuC40,
HoaE51c, BergI52, (PeaW47a) SeeW43a, WuC45)
GleLSli) daughter Xe 135m (WuC45)
others (RieW43,
Dodg40, WuC40, parent Cs 135 (SugaN49a)
ClanE41) others {SegE40, DodR40,
GotH40, RieW43, ClanE41,
SeeW43a, BehH51)
Xe 135m 15.6 m (KotK60, "# IT (WuC45) A chem, genet (GotH40, _/ Xe X-rays, 0.527 (80%) daughter 1135 (PeaW47a,
RieW43) WuC45) -. GotH40, WuC45,
15.8 m (AlvT60) no 15-, lirn 10% (AlvT60) i135 e 0.493, 0.522
15.3 m {PeaW47a) A i-86.1 (NtTW, LHP) daughter (30%) AlvT60)
others (NoveT51c) (PeaW47a) daughter radiations from Xe 135 Xe134(n, ¥) (RieW43)
parent Xe 135 (WuC45) fission (GotH40, WuC45,
others (GotH40, WuC45, ThodH47, KotK60,
RieW46, SeeW43a, AlvT 60)
ThodH47) Ba138(n, a) (SeeW43a)
Xe 36 % 8.87 (NierA50a)
A -86.4Z (MTW)
_rci 0.15 (GoldmDT64)
Xe 137 3.9m (SugaN49, _ {5- (SeeW43) A chem (SeeW43) _-i 4.1 max Xe136(n,Y) (RieW43,
OnegR64, HolmGB63) mass spect (ThuS49) _/ SeeW43a, SugaN49)
3.8 m (SeeW43) A -82.8 (MTW) 0.455 (33%)
3.4 m (RieW43) daughter 1137 (SeeW43, fission (SeeW43,
SugaN49) SugaN49, GleL51k)
parent Cs 137 (TurA51,
GleL51k)
Xe 138 17.5 m (OckD6Z) _[_- (HahO39c) A chem (HahO39c) 6-' Z.4 max fission (HahO39c,
14.0 m (ClarW64) : mass spect (ThuS49) y HahO40, GlasG40,
17m (GlasG40) Ai-80.9 (NDS, MTW) 0.16 (t 33), 0.26 (_ 100), 0.42
others (HahO40, parent Cs 138 (HahO39c, (_" 40), 0.51 (_ 8), 1.78 (_ 66), SeeW43a, ThuS49,
HahO40, GlasG40, 2.0Z (_ 58) ThuS55, NasS55)
AndeG65) $eeW43a) daughter radiations from Cs 138
Xe 139 43 s (OckD6Z) _i_- (HahO39c, HeyF39) A! chem, genet (HahO39c, Y 0.18 (_ 41), 0.ZZ (_ i00), 0.30 fission (HahO39c,
41 s (DilC51a) A i-76.5 (MTW) i HeyF39) (_ 57), 1.15 (T Z3) HeyF39, HahO40a,
: daughter 1139 (SugaN49) daughter radiation from Cs 139 HahO40,
DilC5 la, SugaN49,
OckD6Z)
i parent
HeyF39,
Cs 139
HahO40a,
(HahO39c,
HahO40)
ancestor Ba 139 (HahO39c,

i • HeyF39, DilC 5 la)
Xe 140 16.0 s (DilCSla) _ i_- (HahO40) A chem, genet (HahO40) ¥ 0.13 fission (HahO40a,
I0 s (OveR51) HahO40, DilC51,
_15 s (OckD62) ancestor
DilC51, BaDilCSla,
140 (HahO40,
OveRSl, daughter radiations from Cs 140 DilC51a, OveR51,
others {HahO40a) BradE51) BradE51, OckD6Z)
Xe 141 1.7 s (KatcS46, %_i_- (BradE51) B chem, genet (BradE51) fission (BradE51,
OveR5 I) DilC5 I, DilC5 la,
3 s (DilCSla) ancestor La 141 (BradE51) OveR51)
ancestor Ce 141 (DilCSI,
DilC 5 la, OveR5 I)
ancestor Ba 141 (BradE51,

OveR51, DilC5 la)
Xe 14Z _1.5 s (WolfsK60) %alia- ] (WolfsK60) B chem, genet (WolfsK60) fission (WolfsK60)
ancestor La 142 (WolfsK60)
Xe 143 1.0 s (DLIC51a) _i@- (BradESl) B chem, genet (BradE51) fission (DilC51a,
| ancestor Ce 143 (BradE51, BradE51)
DilC 5 la)
Xe 144 =I s (DilC51a) %_i_- (DilCSI) B chem, genet (DilC51) fission (DilCSI,

ancestor Ce 144 (DilC51, DilC51a)
DilC51a)
5!Cs Iz3 8.0m (.PreiI62) _#!_+ (MathH54), [EC] B chem, genet (MathH54, j.nll5(clZ, 4n) (PreiI62)
6 m (MathH54) Preil6Z) I127(a, 8n) (MathH54)
parent Xe 123 (MathH54,
MathH54a, PreiI62)
daughter Ba 123" (PreiI62)

302
Type of decay (_);
% abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; Major radiatiom:

Isotope Half-life (AIM-A), MeV (C"_=0); approximate energies (McV) Principal means
Z A P Genetic relationships of production
I Thermal neutron and intemities
i i i
55Cs 125 45 rn (MathH54) %* ]EC 51%, _+ 49°], A!chern, mass spect (lvlathH54, [$+12.05 max II27(a, On) (MathH54)
*49 rn (PreiI62) i (FrleG62) i MIcM54) e-i 0.077, 0.107 Inl15(N14,4n)Ba125(_+)
_i-84 (MTW): iparent Xe I25rn (=0.1%), ¥ !Xe X-rays, 0. I12, 0.511 498%, (PreiI62)
i I parent Xe 125 (MathH54) i Y_)

Ba 125
!daughter (PreiI62) i daughter radiations from Xe 125
! i [descendant La 12_ (prei_63) i Xe Izsrn
C, 126 1.6m (KalkM54) %*i_+ 82%, EC 18% Aichem, mass spect (KaXkM54) [3*i 3.8max daughter Ba 1z6
i (KalkM54) i daughter Ba 126 (KalkM54) ¥ i Xe X-rays, 0.386 (38%), 0.511 (KalkM54)
Cs 127 6.2 h (MathH54, %*IEC

i
_i-844
96.5%,
(MTW)
_+ 3.5%
i
A ichem , mass spect 4FinR50a, ¥lXe
i 4164%,_*)
X-rays, 0.125 410%1, 0.406 iIIZ74a , 4n) (FinRS0a,

PreiI63) _ (FrieG62) i Mic]M54) i 472%), 0.511 (7%, ye) MicM54, MathH54)
65.1 h (MicM54, NijG55) !-86.4 (1%4TW, WintG65a) iparent Xe 127 (FinRS0a) e-i 0.090, 0.119, 0.371
.5 (FinR.50a) _i i parent Xe127rn 40"01%) _ max
i 4MathH54)
i daughter Ba 127 (LindnM 52, i daughter radiations from Xe 127
! i PreiI6Z)
i i descendant La 127 (YafL63) ]

i !
Cs 128 3.8rn (LindnM52) %*i_ + =51%, EC =49% Bichem , genet (FinR51) _+i 2. gmax daughter Ba lZ8 (FinRSl,
3.9 rn (WapA53a) ] (JhaS61) i daughter Ba 128 (FinR51, e-i 0.407 LindnMS2, Holla$55)
3.5m (FinR53) i_ + 75%, EC 25% i LindnM5Z, HollaJ55) ¥ iXe X-rays, 0.441 (Z7%), 0.511
2.5 m (MurA55) i (Holla355) i descendant La 128 (YafL63) i II0%, _i), 0.57_8 , 0.576, 0.97
_i-85.9Z (MTW) [ i (1%), 1.12 41%)
i i127(a '
Cs 1z9 i13z.
i 30.7 X h
h (SheraE65)
(NijG55) %* i: EC, no p+ (FinR50a) A ichem , mass
[ MicM54) spect (rinRS0a, Y !Xe (3%),
X-rays, 0.320 0.040
(4%), (Z%),
0.3750.280
448%), YnaS60a,Zn) NierW58)
(rinRS0a,
' 31 h (FinR50a)_ i Z& i-88 (MTW)
i idaughter Ba 129 (ThomCS0, 1 0.416 (25%), 0.550 (5%) daughter Ba 129
i FinRS0) e-i J0.005, 0.034, 0.057, 0.336, 0.376 4ThomC50, FinRS0)
Cs 130 30 rn (SrniA5Za, %* i[_+, EC, _- (_+/[5- 27.5) A i chem, excit (SmiA5Za) [5 max llZY(a,n) 4FinR50a,
MicM54) i (SrniASZa) i chem, mass spect (MIcM54) [i- i 0.442 max SmLASZa, NierW58)
l others (FinR50a) A i-86.89 (_ITW) i

i i 0.Sll 4_*)
_ !xeX-rays,
cs 131' 9.70d (GleS64) %*IEC,no_ Ai c_ern,genet(KatcS47a) _ iXe X-ray, Ba*304-,_)BaI3I(EC)
others (LyoW63, ZI 1-88.06 4MTW) idaughter Ba 131 (KatcS47a, YafL49, CanRSlb)

Ya£L49, KatcS47a,
9.69 d (LarN60) i CanR51b, KondE50) i chem, mass spect (KarrD49) ! (KatcS47a, YuF47,
YuF49, KondE50, i i YuF47, YafL49, CanRSlb) •
3osB60) i i n°t parent xe 13 Irn i
( CanR5 Ib, SaraB54)
Cs 132 6.59 d (DeaP64) %* iEC 97%, _+ 0.6%, [3- _% A i chem, excit (CaroM44) _+i 0.40 max Cs133(p, pn) (JhaS61b,
6.54 d (RobiR6Za) _ 4RobiR6Za, TayH63) ! genet energy levels (BhaK56, _-i [0.7 max] RobiR6Za, TayH63)
others (CamM44) Y iXe X-rays, 0.48 (4%, cornplex), Xe132(p,n) (NierW58)
1-87.19 (MTW) 0.668 (99%), 1.138 (0.5%), Cs133(n, Zn) (CamM44,
i 1.320 40.6%) LangeL5 Is)

r 6.48 d (WhyG60)![3+ 1.2% 4/haS61b)i RobiR6Za) i
_ i-88.16 (MTW)
"c128 4toCs134) i i
[2.6 4to Cs 134m) _ i
i (G°IdmDT64) i
Cs 134 2.046 y (DieL63) %* i[3- (KalbD40) A!n-capt (AlexK38) _-i 0.662 max Cs133(n, Y) (AlexK38,
2.05 y (EasH60) !no EC, lira I% (KeiG55) !chem, n-capt, excit ScheiH38, KalbD40,
1.99 y (FIyK65a) ino _+, lim 0.009% i 4KalbD40) ¥ 10.57 423%, complex), 0.605
2.07 y (WyaE61, . i 498%), 0.796 (99%, complex), SeriAYb)
GeiKW57) i (MimW51) i i 1.038 (1.0%), 1.168 41.9%) -,
others (BayS58, arc i 136 (GoldmDT64)

GleL5 Ira, KalbD40, ]
ScheiH38, SerL47b)
Cs134m [ 2.895 h (KeiB61) %* liT 4GoldhM48a, CaldR50) A ichem, n-capt 4AmaE35, ¥ ice X-rays, 0.128 (14%) Cs1334n,_ ) (ArosE35,
Ml_en335a} e-10.005, 0.009, 0.092, 0.122 MLenJ35a, KalbD40,
Z. 91WarhH64)h
(BaeA60, i_-. =1% (KeiG55) i chem, excit, n-capt _: SerL47b)
others (SIaH45, 2XI-86.65 (MTW, LHP) i (KalbV40) [3 10.55max

KalbD40, SeriATo) i ! i
i ' i
303
Type of decay (_);
abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; Major radiations:

ZIS°t°PeA Half-life (AsM-A),ThermalMeVneutron(C"=0); Genetic relationships approximateand
intensitiesenergies
(MeV) Principalof
productionmeans
cross section (O),barns
i i
55Ca 135 3.0x 106yspact ,

"PI/5- (SugaN49a) Aichem, genet (SugaN49a) 15 10.21max daughter Xe 135
(ZelH49) A!-87.8 (MTW) i chem, mass spect (IngM49) Y ino ¥ (SugaN49a)

2.1(SugaN49a)
x 106y yield rci 8.7 (GoldmDT64) i daughter Xe 135 (SugaN49a) fission (Ze1H49)
i
Cs 135m 53m (WarhH62, *AJilT (WarhH62) A! chem, sepisotopes, cross Y I Cs X-rays, 0.781 (I00%), 0.840 Xe134(d,n) (WarhH62)
Halle164) Ai--86.2 (MTW, LI-IP) i bomb, crit abs (WarhH62) i (96%} Xe132(a,p) (WarhH62)
i i chem, mass spect (ZalleI64) e_." 0.745, 0.775, 0.804 Ba135(n, p) (WarhH62)
i i i protons on Ba (Ha.11eI64)
Cs 136 13.7 d (GIeL49) _i_- (GleL51g) A i chem (GIeL46, GIeL51_) _ 0.657 max (7%), 0.341 max La139(n, a) (CaroM44,
12.9d (O1sJ54a) Ai-86.6 (LHP, MTW) _chem, excit (GIeL49) e_ 0.116, 0.126, 0.158, 0.302 GleIAg, BernsH61)
13.5 d (WilieR60) i chem, mass spect (O1sJ54a) Yi:i Ba0.273

X-rays,
0.16 0.067 (11%),
(53%),0.086
i (6%), (36%, complex), Ba138(d, a) (GirR59,
GrabZ60b)
(18%), 0.340
_ i i 0.818 (100%), 1.05 (82%), 1.25
:
i (2o%)
i i i daughter radiations from Ba 136m

i i included in above listing
Cs 137 30.0 7 (weighted _i_ (Melhld4l) Ai chem, genet (Melb./v141) _-! 1.176 max (7%), 0.514 max fission (HaydR48,
29.7 y (GorbS65)
average by FIyK65) A .1--86.9 (MTW) (HaydR46a,
i chem, IngM49)
mass spect e-i 0.624, 0.656 GrurnW48, FinB51c)
IngM49, GIeLSIj,
30.4 7 mass spect _rcl0. II (GoldrnDT64) i daughter Xe 137 (TurA51, Y iBa X-rays, 0.662 (85%)
(FarrH61, DieL63} i : GleL51k) i daughter radiations from Ba 137m
29.2
(RideB63)
7 .... spect i i parent Ba 137m (TownJ48) i included in above listing
spect (BrowF55) i
30.0 y sp act, mass i i
FIeD6Za, WileDM 55a,
GlazM(FIyK65,
others 61, WileDR 53, i i
GIeLSIj) •! i:
Cs 138 32.2 m (BarthR56) _i[3- (HahO39c) AI chem (HahO39c, HeyF39) _-i 3.40max fission(HahO39c,
32.1 m (GlasG40,
(BunkM56) A 1-83.7(NDS, MTW) ichem, mass spect (ThuS49) HahO40a, HeyF39,
others Y i 0.463 (Z3%) 0.55 (8%), 1.01
WllleR60, EvaHB5I, i ii descendant ' HahO40, Bunk_456)
daughter XeI138 (SugaN49) ii (25%),
2.63 (9%)1.426 (73%), 2.21 (18%) Ba138(n,p) {'WilieR60,
AteA39, HahO39a, 138 (HahO39c,
GleL51k,Lange
L 53aOCkD62') i SeeW43a) i
i: i
i HahO40, GlasG40, i SeeW43a)
Cs 139 9.5mZheE63}(SugaN50, _'i_-: (HahO39c) Ai chem, genes (HahO39c, Y i 0.50, 0.63, 0.80, 1.28 (strong), fission (HahO39c,
others (AteA39, Ai-81.1 (MTW) i HeyF39) 1.65 (complex), 1.90, 2.08 HeyF39, HahO40a,
HeyF39, OckV62, i i daughter Xe 139 (HahO39c, i daughter radiations from Ba 139 AteA39, SugaN50,
HahO40a, HahO40,
HahO40) i: ! parent
HahO40) AksV62, ZheE63,
OckD62)
Ba 139 (HahO39c,
i i HahO40,
HeyF39, SugaN50)
HahO40a,
HahO40a, i
i , i
Cs 140 66 s (SugaN50) *&*i_-(HahO40) Ai chem (HahO40) Y i0.59,0.88, 1.14, 1.62, 1.85, 2.06,fission(HahO40,
63 s (ZheE63) A 1-77 (MTW) ichem, genet (SugaNS0) i 2.32, 2.72, 3.15 SugaN50, ZheE63)
: iparent Ba 140 (SugaN50) i
Cs 141 24 s (FrltK6_) _![_-] (BradE51) AI chem, genet (WahA62, i fission (BradE51,

25 s (WahA62) i i FritK62a) _ DilC51a, OveRS1,
i i parent Ba 141 (WahA62, i WahA62, FritK62a)
i i ancestor Ce 141 (FritK62a)

i i HahO42a) i
Cs 142 2.3 s (FritK62a) _ i[_-] (FritK62a) B:: chem, genet (FrltK62a) i fission (FritK62a)
others (WahA62, } i ancestor Ida 142 (FritK6Za)
HahO42a) i i
Cs 143 2.0 s (FritK62a) _'i[13-] (BradE51) B I genet (BradESl) fission (BradE51,
i :i ancestor La 143
chem' genet (FritK62a)
( FritK62a' DilC51a)
Cs 144 short (DilCS1, DilCSla) _ i[_-] (DilC51) F i genet (DilC51) i descendant Xe 144 from
i ![descendant Xe 144, ancestor i DilC51a)fissi°n
(DilC51,
i i Ce 144] (VilCSl) i
56Ba 123 2.0 m (PreiI62) et i[p +, EC] (PreU62) B i chem, cross bomb, genet i on In, Sn (Prei162)
i parent Cs 123 (Prei162) i C 12 on Sn (PreLI62)
i i (PreiI62) z
i N 14 on In (PreiI62) ,,
304
Type Of decay (_);

Major radiations:
Isotope I % abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
Z A i Half-life (AsM-A), MeV (C'==0); Genetic relationships of production
I Thermal neutron and intensities
i i i i
, (Prei162) C 12 on Sn, 016 on In
56 Ba125 i 6.5 m (PreiI62) *t ![EC, _+] (PreiI62) B i chem, cross bomb, genet i (PreiI62}14, 4n)
inll5(N
i i i parent Cs 125 (Prei/62)
i i
Ba 126 97m
103 m (KalkM54)
(Prei162) *tiEC (Kalk__i54) A}chem,
ichain, genet
cross (KalkM54)
bomb (PreiI62) _i0.23(weak)
(_-I-0-0),0.70 (t 33), 0.9 In115 (N14, 3n)
PreiI62) (KalkM54,
iparent Cs 126 (Kalkbi54) i daughter radiations from Cs 126 C 12, 016 on Sn (PreiI62)
i ! dau_htex_L_ 126 tp,-_Tf._

i i shelR61) ....... :
Ba 127 10.0m genet (PreiI62) _i_ + (LindnM52), [EC] A! chem, genet (LindnM52) 016, N14 on In; C 12,
12 m (KalkM54, : i chem, genet, cross bomb 016 on Sn (PreiI62)
LindnM52) A 1--83 (MTW) ! (PreiI62)
i parent Cs 127 (LindnM52, Cs133(d, 8n) (LindnM52)
Prei162)
i ii i daughter La 127 (Prei163) i
i i
Ba128 i 2.43 d (YafL63) _IEC (FinR53, LindnMS2) B ichem (FinR50, ThomC50) _iCs X-rays, 0.134, 0.278 Cs133(p, 6n) (FinR50,
!2.4 d (Prei163, FinRS0, ' ThomC50, LindnM52)
ThomC50) A !-85 (MTW) iparent Cs 128 (FinR51, e-i 0. IZ8, 0.242
i i LindnlvI52, Ho1IaJ55) (above radiations with Ba 128 CsI33(d, 7n) (LindnM52)
! i daughter La 128 (YafL63, i or Cs 128)

i PreiI63)
i i i daughter radiations from Cs 128
Ba 129 2.61 h (_+) (ArbE61) *_ IEC

' 9490, _+ 69o (ArbE61) AI : chem, genet (ThomC50, _+i 1.42 max Cs 133 (p, 5n) (ThomC50,
Ba129r_? 2.0to 2.4 h (cony, e-) Z_ i FinR50) e-i0.017, 0.048, 0.093, 0.142, 0.171 FinRS0, ArbE61)
(ArbE61) 1-85 (MTW) i parent Cs 129 (ThomCS0,
2.20 h (YafL63) i others to 1.5
2.45 h (HenkW59) i FinRS0) isomerism
i probable shown by ¥ i Cs X-rays, 0.129 (_ 26), 0.182
i different half-lives of i (_ I00), 0.21 (_ 65, complex),
i electron lines (ArbE61) i 0.511 (¥_), 1.45 (_ 42)

! daughter La 129 (PreiI63, i daughter radiations from Cs 129
Ba 130 90 i O. 101 (NierA38b) i

It io.13(AkiV561
i i LavA63, YafL63) ii
I A Ii-87"33(MTW) i :
] _c i 8.8 (GoldmDT64) i
Ba 131 112.0 d (KatcS47a, _ IEC (KatcS47a) AI chem, n-capt, excit _ iXe X-rays, 0.124 (289o, Bal30(n,_) (KatcS47a,
WriH57, LyoW63, _+ YuF47, YafL49,
SmiKM63) ino (YuF47, FinB47) 131
i (KatcS47a) i! complex),
(59o, 0.216 0.373
complex), (19%),(1390),
0.25 DalE50, ZimE50,
11.5 d (BegW56) LI i-86.89 (MTW) iparent Cs (KatcS47a,
11.8 d (CorkJ53c) i YuF47, YafL49, CanR51b) ! 0.496 (4890, complex), 0.60 CanRSlb}
(39o, doublet), 0.924 (0.89o), Cs133(p, 3n) (HiroT64)
11.7 d (YuF47) idaughter La 131 (YafL63) i 1.048 (1.39o)
i i daughter Ba 131m (TilR63) e-10.019, 0.042, 0.049, 0.088, 0.097,
daughter radiations from Cs 131
i i 0.118, 0.180, 0.460
Ba 131m 14.6m (HoreD63a) _IIT, noEC, lira 0.190 Aichem , excit, cross bomb, Y iBaX-rays,: 0.107 (409o) Cs133(p, 3n) (TilR63)
14.5 m (TilR63) (TilR63) i genet (TilR63) e-i [0.041, 0.071, 0.101]
A 1-86.71 (LHP, MTW) iparent Ba 131 (TilR63)
i i not daughter La 131, lira 1%
:
i i (HoreD63a)
i
i
9o !0.097 (NierA38b)
, i i
Ba 132
O. 19 (AkiP56)
A i-88.4 (MTW)
_ci7 (to Ba 133)
!<0.2 (to Ba 133m) i
Ba 133 7.2 y (KatcS56a) _ !EC (KatcS47a) A I chem, n-capt, excit _ i Cs X-rays, 0.080 (369% complex), IBa133(n, ¥) (KatcS47a,
10.7 y (WyaE61) ino _+, lira 0.1% i (KatcS47a) i 0.276 (790), 0.302 (14%), 0.356 CrasB57)
i (LangeM56) i chem, genet (YuF48) (_9,_0J, 0.382 (89o) Cs133(p,n) (GupR58)
AI-87.67 (MTW) idaughter Ba133m (YuF48) 1e-i0.045, 0.075, 0.266, 0.319

i i
Ba 133m 38.9 h (WilieR60, _ iIT (CorkJ41) A Ichain, excit (CorkJ41, _ .}_/X-rays, 0.276 (17%) Cs133(p, n) (DubLA0a)
YuF48) e-! 0.006, 0.011, 0.238, 0.270 Cs133(d, Zn) (CorkJ41,
others (MocD48) A !-87.39 (LHP, MTW) i DubL40a)
} i parent Ba 13y (YuF48) i HillR51b, HillR51d)
! i ' l Ba132(n,_) (YuF48)
I
! ! i
i
, i i ,,i .... -
305
Type of decay (_k_ ); I

Isotope Half-life (L_sM-A),
Thermal MeV (C"=0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
Z A neutron and intensities of production
i i
iz.60(A_PS6)
Ai-as85(MTW) ]j i
.el<4(toS,135) ! i
i0.16 {to Ba 135m)
( GoldmDT 64 ) i
Ba 135 %i6.59 (NierA38b) i

!-88.0 (MTW)
16.7 (AkiP56) i
erc! 5 (GoldmDT64) i i
i f i
Ba 13_m_ 28.7h (WilieR60, _ilT (WeimK438, YuF48) Aichem (KalbD40) YiB&X-rays, 0.268 (16%) Ba134(n,Y) (HillR51b,
YuF48) A 1-87.7 (MTW, LHP) i (hem, n-capt, sep isotopes e_ 0.231, 0.262 l_IbD40)
i i (HilIR5 Zb)
Ba 135 0.32 s (retP62a) i G!! n°t

sep daughter
isotopes La 135 (M°riS65)
(retP6Za) i neutrons on Ba 135
others (C&mE59) i i assigned to Ba 136m (RudF65) i (FetP6_, CamE59)

% 17.81 (NierA38b)
i81{A_P56)
!-89.1 (MTW)
.c!<l {to Ba 137) i
i0.010 {to Ba 137m) ! i
i (G°IdmVT64) i i
Ba 136sn 0.32 s {FetP6Za) _ lIT {RudF65) BI chem, genet, genet energy Y _Ba X-rays, 0.164 (40%), 0.818 daughter Cs 136 (RudF65)
0.37 s {RudF65) _ _-87.
I_ (LHP, MTW) i levels {RudF65) ! {I00%), 1.05 { 100%)
others (CamE59) i i e- i [0.126, 0.158]
i-88.0 (AkiP56)
L_ !11.9 (MTW) ! i
Ba 137m 2.554 m (MerJ65) _ liT (TownJ481 Ain-capt (AmaE35) ¥ i Ba X-rays, 0.662 (89%) daughter Cs 137
2.62"60mm(Town348,(MitA49) _ .i-87"4 (LI-IP, MTW) i (hem, genet (TownJ48) e-i 0.624, 0.656 (TownJ48)
WmeR60) i i daughter Cs 137 {Town348) i
Ba 138 % i71.66 (NierA38b) i ii

i70.4 (AkiP56)
i-885(MTw) i !
r c i0.4 (GoldmDT64)
Ba 139 82.9 m (ButlJP58, ]

_ ii3- {PoolM37a) A]i chem, n-capt (Area.E35) [3_!i 2.3 max Ba138(n, V) (ArnaE35,
FritKb2) : ' ' PooIM 37, Set L4To,
84.0 m (BaeA57) A i_85.1 (MTW) i chem, excit {PoolM381) e-i 0.126, 0.159 YafLA%)
05.0 m (DilCSlc) Wc!4 {OoldmDT64) i daughter Ca 139 (HahO39c, !
others {WflleR60, i i HeyF39, HahO40a, HahO40, Y iI._X-rays, 0.166 (23%), 1.43 fission (HeyF39,
ShepLA8, HahO40, ! !] descendant
Sugar50) Xe 139 (HahO39c, i (0.4%) HahO39c, FinB51c)
DilCSla,
KeIIWH60, PoolM378) KatcS48,
i i
HeyF39, DilCSla) !
i ![descendant 1139 (SugaN49) i
Ba 140 12.80 d (EngeD51c) _ i_- (I-IahO39c) A I (hem, genel_-(HlehO39, 3-i 1.02 max fission (HahO39,
12.8 d {VaiiI58) A i-83.31 (MTW) HahO39c). e-i 0.024, 0.029
' i parent La "_40{HahO39, : HeyF39,
GIasG40, HahO40,
GrumW46,
¢ci<20 (GoldmDT04) ;' HahO39c, HahO40, ¥ i LaX-rays, 0.030 (II%), 0.163 SugaNS0, DiIC51a,
: i GlasG40, HahO4Za, i 0.537
(6%), (34%)
0.305 (6%), 0.438 (5%), OveR51, Wilk_51,
DilCSI, BradE51,
i i GrumW46, FinB51b) i daughter radiations from La 140 EngeD51c , EngeD51d,
'i i descendant
daughter C'Xe
140140(SugaNS0)
(HahO40, i KatcS48, FinB 5 lc)
[ OveR51)
i i BradE51, DIIC5 is, DilC5 i, !
i i
B, 14118 m (SchumR59, _ !_- (HahO4Za) A]chem, genet (HahO42_) J3-!.3.0 max fission(HahO4Za,
FritK62, I-IahO4Za, . GoldsASl, GoldsA51a,
GoldsA51) _ !-80.1 (MTW) Idaughter Cs 141 {HahO4Za, Y i La X-rays, 0.118 (_ I0), 0.193 BradE51, OveRSl,
i I WahA62) (t I00), 0.28 {t 50), 0.31 ? DilC51a, SchumR59,
D
141
i descendant Xe (HahO6Za)
parent La 141 (BradE51, i complex?),
complex) 0.73 (t (t 20,
0.64 7), 0.86 FritK62, NagaK60)
i OveRS1, DilC51a) i_ {t
(_ 60_
6), 0.35
0.93 (t
(T 20),
3), 1.19 0.46 (_(t 8),30,
i tothers (HahO3%, I-IahO39, [ 1.29 {t 3) 1.42 (1" 4), 1.65
i ! G°ldsASla' LangeA40) i ('3)

! i I daughter radiations from La 141
306
Type of decay (aAa);
% abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; Major radiations: Principal means

IsotopeA Half-life (A sM-A),
Thermal MeV (C" =0); Genetic relationshil_ approximate enersies (MeV)
Z neutron and intemities of production
cross section (0), barns
• , i !
56Ba 142 II m (SchumR59, *S _- (I-lahO4Za_) B chem, genet (HahO42a) _-!: 1.7max fission (SchumR59,
FritK62a) l_ -77.9 (MTW) parent l_ 142 (I-lahO4Za_) Y I_ X-rays, 0.080 (_ 30), 0.26 FritK62, Ha_O4ZaL)
others (HahO42a) g others (HahO39a, HahO39, (_ I00), 0.89 (I" 40), 0.97
i .
LangeA40) (_ 15), 1.08 (T 10), 1.20
daughter radiations from I.A 142

!
Ba143 12s (w_6z) 'r!_- (_04z.) S i _.,-_, sonet (m,hO4Z.) i n.ion (nahO4Z.,
i i chem (WaJ_.62) i WahA62, FritK622)
L, x43(_(>tz.)
ipar,nt i
i i
Ba 144 short (Di1C512, DilC51) *t ![15-] (Di1C512) r!genet (DilC512) i descendant Xe 144 from
i J[descendantXe144, ancestor DtlCSla)

i c'144] (c,,CSla, vucsl) i fission (DilC51,
57La 125 <I rn (PreH63) _!

i i
F ichem, genet
i o16on_ (pr.,6_)
i ![ancestor C, 125] (PreiI63) i
t i i
La 126 1.0 rn (ShelR61, *# i[JS+,EC] (ShelR61) B chem, cross bomb, genet 't iBaX-rays, 0.256, 0.511 (yi) ,5n) (SheiK61,
: i InllS(Ol6
PreiI63) i (She1R61)
i (hem (PreiZ63) i PTeiI65)
Sb121(C12, ?n) (She1K61)
i Shelg61)
i parent Ba 126 (PrelI63, i

1_ 127 3.5m genet (Ya.fL63) !qt ][_+,_:c](ProUS3, "I ! _'om,¢enet(PreUS3, i
[ c12 onSb(Y._S3)
3.8 m 8enet (PretI63) Ya/L63) i YafL63) [ 016 on In (PreH63)
I i parent Ba 127 (PrstI63) i
i ancestor C1127 (YaIL63) !
i i
La 128 4.2m (Prei163) qt (ShelR61) B i (hem, cross bomb (ShelR61) _ Ba X-rays, 0.279, 0.511 (Y_) 5n) (ShelR61,
4.6m (YafL63) t _ (hem, genet (YafL63, Ya/L63)
6 rn (ShelR61) ][p+,Ec] j PretI63) i SblallcXz'
sblZ3(CI2, 7n) (SheER61,
i parent Ba Iz8 (PreiI63, YafL63)
i i YafL6_) i' In115(O16, 3n) (Shelg61,
i i ancestor Cs128 (YafL63) ] pre4T63)
La IZ9 10.0mm genet

(YafL631 qt i[I_+, EC] (PreR63, Ai i e.hem, genet (PreR63, i C Iz on
on Sb (YatL631
7.2 (Pre_63) i L_vA63, YafL63) LavA63) 016 In (PreH63)
' i chem, sep isotopes, e_oJJ i
"24 m (LavA63) A i-81 (MTW) ] bomb, 8enet (YafL63) :
_ ipare_t _x29 v_thtl/2 2.2oh 1

i i (_afLS_),21 _ 24 h
' ( I_vA63 )
'i '
i} idaus_t,r Ce 129 (LavA63) 1i
i i
La 130 8.7m (YafL631 "/' i_ +, EC (ShelR61, A!chem, cross bomb, genet Y i Ba X-rays, 0.356, 0.45, 0.511 Ba130(p,n) (YaIL631
9m (ShelR61) i YafL63) _ ensr$7 levels (ShelR61) i (Y_), 0.55, 0.72, 0.81, 0.91, Sb121(C12, 3n) (SheiK61)
/11-82 (MTW) i them, asp isotopes (YafL63) [ 1.01, 1.19, 1.45, 1.55 Sb123(C 12, 5_) (ShelR61)
La 131 56 In genet (YafL631 _ IEC 725, [5* 285 A (hem, mass spect (GrardvlSl) [5+! 1.94 max Bal30(d,n) (CreC60)
61 m (CreC60) i (CreC60) chem, jenet (YafL63)" e-i 0.078, others sblZ3(cIZ, 4n) (YafL63,
58 m (GranM51) A 1-83.9 (MTW) I parent Ba 131 (YafL63) HoreD63a)
' 13 lm
i not parent Ba , lira 1% Y :B& (55),
X-rays,0.2140.115
(8%), 0.28'5 0.169
(23%), (17f0),
(HoreD638) 0.364 (20%), 0.417 (205) _, 0.455
¥*),
I I (85), o.ssx (865, o.197
L_i3z 4sh (_ra.MS_) + (ar._sx). []_c] ,I _hom.mass.po_t(ar._sx) is+i

'tiI_ 3.8max p.oton,on_a(ar._Sl)
4.84.Z
hh (Gz4gE60)(WareW60) A i-83.1' (LHP, MTW) i daughter Ce132 (WareW60) ¥ i Ba X-rays, 0.47, 0.511 (Yi),
. i 1.22, 1.58,
0.56, 0.66, 1.92
0.90 (doublet), 1.03,
La 1334.0h (NauRS0) _IEC,

i _+ (weak) (NauRS0)
i
Aichem, mass spect (NauRS0) ¥ !BaX-rays, 0.511 (¥'), 0.8 Cs133(,,4n) (NauRS0)
A i1-85"5 (M'TW_ ijdaughter Ce 133 (StovB51) [5+i 1.2 max

i i .-i o 26
I_ 134 6.8 m (Girg5921 'It iv 62%, EC 38%

i,,+ iB e.hem, 8enet (StovBSl) 15+ !2.7 max daughter Ce 134 (StovB51}
6.5m (StovBSl) [ (GirR59_) daughter Ce134 (StovB51) Y _BaX-rays, 0.511 (124%, yi), Cs133(_,3n) (OirR592)
115+..445,
EC-865 I 0.60s(65)
i: (StovBSl) I
z i-as.1 0_TW) I
i i
307
Type of decay (a_); i
% abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; Major radiations: ] Principal means

Isotope Half-life (/k---M-A), MeV (C'_=0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV)
Z A Thermal neutron and intensities i of production
cross section (or), barns i
57La 135 19.4 h (MoriS65) ._ IEC {MounK42, ChubJ48) A I chem (MounK42) ¥ i Ba X-rays, 0.481 (1.9%), 0.588 Gs133(a, 2n) (GhubJ48,
19.8 h (MitA58) ' 13+ i chem, excit (GhubJ48) i (0.13%) 0.87 (0.24%, complex) NauR50, MitA58)
others (NauR50,
19.5 h (ChubJ48) i!no (MoriS65)
lira 0.002% i. chem, mass spect (NauR50) e- 0.181, 0.444,
' 0.475 Ba134(d,n) (MounK42,
i others (GrenH65, i daughter Ce 135 (GhubJ48) WeirnK43)
WeimK43) i MitA58) inot parent Ba 135m (MoriS65) i Ba138(p, 4n) (MoriS65)

AI-87.0 (MoriS65, MTW) i i ]Ba135(p,n) (WeirnK43)
i : i l !
La 136 9.5m (NauR50) %.!EC i =67%, 13+ =33% Aichem i (MauW47) Ii 13+i 1.gmax I 133c,
, Cs n) (KobeB50,
9.0 m (RoheB50) i (NauR50) i ehem, excit, sop isotopes NauR50, GirR59)
10.0 m (GirR59) A i-86.3 (MTW) i (RobeB50) Vii:: Ba 0.818
X-rays,(2.5%) 0.511 (66%, "t±), Ba135(d,n), Ba136(d, 2n
others (MauW47) : (RobeB50)
La 137 6 x 104 y sp act

(BrosA56)
%"IEC (BrosA56) Aimass spect (IngM48c) V ::
Ba X-rays ICe136(n,Y)Ge137(_- )
others (ChubJ48, A i-88 (MTW) chem (BrosA56) ] (IngM48c, BrosA56,
i BrosA55, Chub J48)
I.ngM48 c, BrosA55) i ::
: i
La 138 1.12x 1011y spact %.iEC =700/0, 13- =3090 Aich ........ pect (IngM47e) _-!i 0.21 max [
(G1oR57) :: (GIoR57) : ' [
1.1x 1011 _ : V!BaX-rays, 0.81 (30%), 1.426 ]
y sp act igc 53%, 13 47% :: (70%)
(TurW56) i
others (PriR5 I, i (TurW56) i I
MulhG52a) IEC =94%, 13- =690 i i [
i (MulhG5Za) i !
% i0.089 (Ing/V147e, WhiF56) i i
A i-86.7 (MTW) il :: II
La 139 % i 99.911 ( WhiF56, i i l
i IngM47e) i i !
A !-87 43 (MTW) i I
o"c 18.9 (GoldmDT64) !i
La 140 40.22 h (KirH54) %" !_- (PooLM38a) A In-capt (Mars3"K35) _-!!2.175 max (6%), 1.69 max (1590) La 139 (n, Y) (MarsJK35,
40.27 h {PepD57) : ' I
40.3 h (YafL54a) A i-84.36 (MTW) ichore, excit, n-capt 1.36 max [ PoolM38a, GotH42,
40.0 h (BallN51b, i chore, mass spect (HaydR48) IV 0.329 (20%), 0.487 {40%), 0.815 WelrnK43, SerL47b)
BisG50, WeimK43) i ( 1990), 0.9Z3 ( 1090), 1.596 fission, daughter Ba 140
idaughter
(PooLM38a)
Ba 140 (HahO39, ,, (9690), 2.53 (3%) (HahO39, HahO39c,
i : HahO39c, HahO40, HahO40, GlasG40,
i ! GlasG40, HahO42a,
i ', GrumW46, FinB51b) i HahO42a,
FinB 5 Ib, GrumW46,
GrumW48,
i i i GrumW47, FinB5 Ic)
i : i
La 141 3.87 h (Alsff60) i%. i_- (HahO42a) A chem (HahO42a) _-i 2.43 max fission (HahO4ga,
others3"90
h (FritK62)(SchumR59, A.I-83.06 (MTW) :ichem'nufR51a)genet
(BurgW51, !Y i 1.37 (290) i KatcS51i, Schum R59,
RydI-I58, KatcS51i, i i daughter radiations from Ce 141 ] AlsS60, rritKSZ)
HahO42a) : daughter Ba 141 (HahO42a)
i iP .... t cel41 (BurgW51, i !
i : descendant
DufR5 la) Xe 141 (BradE51) i }
i others (KatcS49, Curil3 9,
: i BallN51h)
i i _ I
La 142 92.5 m (FritK62) %" i_- (KatcS51i) AI chem (HahO42a, PresW64) i_ i4.51 max fission (PresW64,
81 m (RydH58) i sop isotopes, excit I
77 m {KatcS51i, A ::-80.1 (MTW) i {WolfsK60) _Y !i0.65 (48%), 0.90 (9%), 1.01 {5%), HahO42a, KatcSSli,
BonA53, WilleR60) i ::
goner energy levels : 1.06 (4%), 1.55 (5%, complex), HahO43a,
RydH58, BonA53,
GosH51,
1.74 (5%), 1.91 (990), 2.06 gritK62, SehurnR59)
others (HahO42a) i (PresW64, HansO63) : (6%), 2.41 (15%), 2.55 (II%),
' idaughter Ba 142 (HahO42a) ]] 2.99 (5%), 3.31 (1.9%), 3.65 Ge142{n,p) (WilleR60,
i idescendant Cs 142 (FritK62a) i (2.3%) WolfsK60)

i 142 :
" i descendant Xe (WolfsK60) :
i
: i
I
La 143 14.0 m (FritK61a) *'-'_
i_- (GosH51)
, Ai ,chore, genet (GosH51) _-::3.3 max {fission (HahO42a,
others (HahO43a, ' HahO43a, GosH51)
GosH51) A ::-78.4 (MTW) !parent Ce 143 (GosH51) Y ::0.62 (T I00), 0.80 (t 44), 1.07
i (t 26), 1.17 ('F57), 1.58
!daughter Ba 143 (HahO42a) i {_ 28), 1.98 (_ 35), 2.56 (_ 27)
idescendant Cs 143 (FritK62a)
: i
La 144 short (DilC51) %" i[_-]
, (DilG51) F:: genet (DilG51) i :descendant Xe 144 from
A !-75 (/k4TW) i[d ..... dant Xe 144 ...... tor i i fission (DilC51)
Ce 144] (DilC51) i
i
i :: r
58Ce 129 =13 m (LavA63) *_ i[_+, EC] (LavA63) E i chore, genet (LavA63) Y i ha X-rays, 0.080, 0.32, 0.75 prot .... n Pr (LavA63)
i parent La 129 (LavA63) daughter radiations from La 129,
: Ba129
Ce 130 30(AlboG65,WareW60)
m %. (Alb°G65'i
i[EG'
GersG65)
_+] Bich,
i ........ pect (AlboG65)] y idaughter[Lax-rays)'radiations0"13
from La 130 [ La139(p, 10n)(GersG65)
308
l I I
I Type of decay (a_); !
Major radiations: I
Isotope I % abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; approximate energies (MeV) i Principal means
Z A Half-life (Z_!M-A),
neutron Genetic relationships and intensities II of production
cross section (Or), barns i
1 + t t+
58Ce 13z 4.2h genet (WareW60) %_i[EC] (WareW60) B!chem, genet (WareW60) _¢ i[LaX-rays], 0.18 132 !Iprot(WareW60)
..... Ce
i A 1-82 (MTW) i parent La132 (WareW60) i daught .... diations from La i
_+ i !p+ 'La139(p, 7n) (StovBSl)

Ce 133 6.3 h (StovBSl) %a iEC, (StovBSl) B ichem, genet (StovB51) 1.3 max
IA !-83 (MTW) {parent La 133 (StovB51) ¥1La: X-rays, 0.511 (¥±), 1.8 133 i
i i i::daught .... diations from La [

E
Ce 134 72.0 h (StovB51) %a !EC (StovB51) B ! chem, excit (StovB51) ¥ ! La X-rays, 0.44? La139(p, 6n) (StovBS1)
72 h (LavA60) A i-84.9 (MTW) i parent La 134 (StovB51) i daughter radiations from La 134
i i ''a+A6+l
i daughter Pr 134 (LavA60, i
i 1
_<1% Ce 135 17.0 h (DzhB63a) _ IEC, _ (StovB51) AI chem, genet (ChubJ48) _/i La X-rays, 0.205 (I" 17), 0.265 La139(p, 5n) (StovB51,
17.6h (TakaKa64) 135 { (1.100), 0.300 (]' 56) 0.39 TakaKa64)
others {StovB51, A 1-85 (AITW) i parent La (Chub248) i (1.I0, complex), 0.5Z (1.46, iLa139(d, 6n) (ChubJ48)
ChubJ48) i idaughter Pr 135 (HandT54c) I complex), 0.59 (_ 98, complex),i
i i I i 0.777 (1" ZZ), 0.821 (1. ZZ), j
i ! e-i0048.0078.0166,0,25,025
i _ (1. 14), 0901 (t 10) i _0.865
i i daughter radiations from La 135
i i
Ce 136 tl/2 (ECK) % i0.193 (IngM47e) i
>2.9x lolly spact A 1--86.6 (MTW) i _ _::
(HohK65) _rci 6.0 (to Ce137) :' i [
I 10.6 (Goldm
i (to Ce DT
137m)
64) i
: I i i
i
Ce 137 9.0 h (DanbGS8) %_ !EC 99+%, _ AI chem, n-capt (BrosA55) La X-rays, 0.446 (2.3%,
i _ i Idaughter pr137
8.7h (BrosA55) i (StonN65a, LHP) ichem, genet (DanbG58) complex), 0.481 (0.06%, (DanbG58, DahC58)
A 1--86 (MTW) idaughter Ce 137m (DanbG58) ! complex) 0.698 (0.04%), 0.92 La139(p, 3n) (DanbG58)
i ,i daughter pr137 (DanbG58, ' e- ii[0.004,

(0.10% 0.009],
.... plex)
0.408 Ce 136(n, _/) (FranR64)
i alphas on Ba (BrosA55)
i i DahC 58) ,i
i
Ce 137m 34.4 h (DanbG58) %a iiT 99.4%, EC 0.6% A:: chem, excit (ChubJ48) ¥ iCe X-rays, 0.168 (0.4%), 0.255 La139(p, 3n) (DanbG58)
others (BrosA55, i (StonN65a, LHP) !n-capt, sepisotopes :: (II%), 0.762 (0.16%), 0.825 Ce136(n,_/) (HillR51a,
(HilIR5 Is) KelIH5 I, FranR64)
DanbG56, ChubJ48) 1-87 (LHP, MTW) ! (0.5%, complex)
I A i i p .... t Ce 137 (DanbG58) e-i 0.214, 0.248 alph .... Ba (BrosA55)
137 137
i inot daughter Pr (DanbG58) i daughter radiationsfrom Ce
,,+-87.7 (mTW)
_rci 1.0 (to Ce 139)
+
:
i
t +
!
+0.04 (to Ce 139m) i + !
Ce 139
!others
140 d (PoolM48,
PoolM43)
%a [EC i+°°'+°+++'
iEC(L)
++
(KetB56)
i
(EC(L)/EC(K) 0.37) A] chem (PooLM43) I¥ La X-rays, 0.165 (80%) Ce138(n, _) (HillR51a,
(WilleR60) /EC(K) , 0.Zl ' (PoolM48)

}chem,
[ excit, cross bomb :
ie-i
_ 0.126, 0.159 KelIH51,Zn)MosA50)
La139(d, (PoolM43,
i (PruC54) i n-capt, sep isotopes i PoolM48)

A i--87.16 (MTW) (HillR51a) i
i idaughter Pr 139 (StovB51, i
descendant Nd 139m (StovB51)
i ! HandT 54c, DanbG58)

: i
Ce 139m 54 s (JameR60) +# liT (KetB56) B in-capt (KetB56) _ iCe X-rays, 0.746 (93%) i Ce138(n, _/) (KetB56)
60 s (KotK60) i ': i La139(p,n) (JameR60)
55 s {KetB56) A 1-86.4 1 (LHP, MTW) not daughter Pr 139 (DanbG58) e-i 0.706, 0.740
Ce 140 %188.48 (IngM47e) i

i'--88.13(MTW) i
_rel 0.6 (GoldmDT64) i
t
Ce 141 3Z.5 d (FreeMS0a) _i_- (HahO40c) A I chem (HahO40c) 0-!! 0.581 max cel40(n,_ ') (PoolM43,
33.1 d (WalkD49a)
others (PoolM48, A!-85.49
i (MTW) i chem,
bomb excit, n-capt, BalIN
(PoolM43, cross5 Id) e-i' 0.104, 0.139 BallN51d, La 141
daughter IngM48c)
WilleR60) _cl 30 (GoldmDT64) ichem, mass spect (HaydR48) ¥ i Pr X-rays, O. 145 (48%) (BurgW51, DufR51a)
: La 141 (BurgW51,
[daughter i prl41(n' p) (PoolM43)
i i °um51a>
141 (FritK62a) i:
I
i
! DilC51, DilC51a)
descendant Xe 141 (OveR 5I,
i
+ i i
[ Type of decay (_); ;i
ZIsotope A Half-life (/k-M-A),

and energies
intensities (MeV) iI Principal means
of production
cross section (u), barns i
i i _ t
_ _4_ tl/2 (,_)>5_ lo_6y .p _oi 11.o7
¢_._47e_ i ]i
act (MacfR61a) %. ino a (MacfR61a, Seng59) : i !
others (SenF59, ia (KieW57) {
{
RieW57) A ! --84.63
_rcil (GoldmDT
(MTW)'
64)
{ i i
Ce 143 33 h (VasiI58, %. i[3- (SugaN46) AI chem (SugaN46, PoolM43) [3- i 1.39 max i Ce142(n,Y) (KeIIH51,
MartiDW56, Ba1IN51d, i-81.67 (MTW) !chem, cross bomb (PooiM481 -: Poo1M43, BotW46a,
StovB50, BotW46a) A! i, chem, genet (Ba11N51d) e _ 0.015, 0.051, 0.252 PoolM48, BalIN5 Id)
34 h (KondE51c, _rci6 (GoldmDT64) imass spect (LnKM48c) ¥i Pr X-rays, 0.057 (II%), 0.293
WilleR60) i idaughter La 143 (GesH51) i (7%),
(46%), 0.725
0.493 (8%), 0.88
(2.4%), (1.4%),
0.668 i
I
otherSpoolM43)(BunyD49, _ iparent Pr 143 (PooLM43, i 1.10 (0.6%)
i i BotW46a, BallNSld) i daughter radiations from Pr 143

i !descendant Xe 143 {BradE51, i I
i i DilC51a) :i l{
i -i
Ce 144 284 d (FIyK65a) %.i[3- (HahO40c) AI chem (HahO40c) [3 i 0.31 max [fission (HahO40c,
285 d (SchumR56, A i-80.49 (MTW) i chem, mass spect (HaydR48] e-i 0.038, 0.092 i BornH43a, DilC51a,
ik4erW57) : iparent Pr 144 i NewASla, BurgW51a,
277 d (EasH60) _rc!1.0 (GoldmDT64) : (HahO43a,
others (BurgW51a, : NewA51a) Y i Pr X-rays, 0.080 (2%), 0.134 i GrumW48, FinB51c)
JoliF44) id ..... dant Xe TM (DilC51) i (11%) {
: i daughter radiations from Pr 144 i
145 !- i i
Ce 3.0m (MarkS54) i%.i[3 (MarkS54) B:: chem, excit, genet (MarkS54) [5- i 2.0max fission (MarkS54)
3.1 m (WilieR60) A i _77 (MTW) iP .... t pr145 (MarkS54} ¥ i ¥ rays reported Nd 148(n, a)(WilleR60)
i
Ce 146 14m (CareA53) %.i[5-(GotH43) Bichem, genet (GotH43) [5-i 0.7max ]fission (GotH43:
others (GotH46) A
{ -75.8 (MTW) iparent
:
Pr 146GotH46,
HahO43a,
CareA53)
(GotH43,
]
¥
i
!
Pr (_X-rays, 0.II0
42), 0.22
0.32 (_ I00)
(_ 201,
(t 50), 0.270.142 {
(T 12),i HahO43a,
GotH46, SchurnR45,
BernsW54)
i i i daughter radiations from Pr 146
Ce 147 65 s genet (HoffD64) %. i[5- (HoffD64) B! chem, genet (HoffD64) i fission (HoffD64)
parent Pr 147 (HoffD64)
Ce 148 =43 s genet (HoffD64) %. i[5- (HoffD64) B I chem , genet (HoffD64) ! fission (HoffD64)
i i parent Pr 148 (HoffD64) i I
59Pr TM 17m (C1arJ65) %'i0 + (ClarJ65), [EC] B ichem, genet (LavA60, ¥ iCe X-rays, 0.22, 0.30, 0.409, I127(C12,5n) (C1arJ65)
others (LavA60) ! chem, excit, genet energy i 0.511 (¥±), 0.639, 0.96
40 m genet (LavA63) i i levels
LavA63) (ClarJ65) idaughter radiations from Ce TM,
134 134 I protons on Pr (LavA63)
: i parent Ce (LavA60, i La
i : LavA63) {
Pr i35 Z2m (HandT54c) %.i_ +, EC (HandT54c) Bichem, excit, genet {3+i2.5max Ce136(p, 2n) (HandT54c)
i (HandT54c)135 Y i Ce X-rays, 0.080, 0.22, 0.30, i

i iparent Ce (HandT54c) i 0.511 (Y±)
i daughter radiations from Ce 135 ]
Pr 136 1.2 h (HandT54c) %.iEC =67%, _+ =33% A I chem, excit (HandT54c) [3+i2.0 max Ce136(p, n) (HandT54c)
1.0 h (DanbG58) i
' (DanbG58) i ch.... ass spect (DanbG58) _/iC e X-rays, 0.177, 0.511 (66_0, prot..... Ce,
(DanbG 58) Pr
i :i'±'
Pr 137 1.5 h (DanbG58, %. iEC 73%, 13+ 27% B! chem, mass spect (DanbG58, _+i 1.7 max protons on Ce (DanbG58,
A (MTW) !p .... t Ce 137, not parent other _/Is(lirn 6_0)

DahC58) i-84i (DanbG581
i
i DahC58)
Ce 137m (DanbG58)
Y i Ce X-rays, 0.511 (54%, Y±), no
i daughter radiations from Ce 137
DahC581
i i daughter Nd 137 (GromK65)
Pr 138 2.10 h (DanbG581 %.IEC 77%, _+ 23% AI chem, excit (StovB51) [_+i1.65 max cel40(p, 3hi (StovBSl,
2.2 h (FujM64) i (FujM64) chem, mass spect (DanbG58) e-i 0.258, 0.292 [ celB8(p,n) (HandT54c)
2.0 h (StovB51, iEC 84%, _+ 16% ¥ i Ce X-rays, 0.298 (77%), 0.40
HandT 54c) i (DanbG58)
iothers (StovB51) i (9%), 0.511 (46%, Y+), 0.79

A 1-82.9 (FujM64, MTW) (100%), 1.04 (100%)
i i ' DanbG 58, FujM 64)
Pr 138 short (GromK64) %. i (GromK64) F] genet (GromK64) i daughter ---5 h Nd 138
i i [daughter =5 h Nd 138] i (GromK64)

{
i i (_romZ64, ]
310
Type of decay (a_);

Major radiations:
IsotopeA Half-life (A-=M-A),
Thermal MeV (C'==0); Genetic relationships of production
,.
59Pr 139 4.5 h (DanbG58, %_iEC 89%, t5+ 11%0 A ichem, genet (StovB51) fh+! 1.09 max prl41(p, 3n)Nd139(15-)
StovB51, HandT54c) i (BiryE63a) i chem, mass spect, genet _/iCeX-rays, 0.511 (18%, _/±), (DanbG58)
4.9 h (BiryE63a) i EC 93%o, 13+ 7% i (DanbG58) 139 i 1.35 (0.5%), 1.61 (0._%) cel40(p, 2n) (StovB51,
i (DanbG58) i parent Ce (StovB51, : DanbG58)
iEC =94%, _5+ =6% i HandT54c, DanbG58) i
i (StovB51) !not parent Ce 139m (DanbG58) i
iothers (BiryE63a,
(BoreO61) i
A i-85.0 MTW) ii
i
Pr 139m? =6 m (KolG63) %_i F igenet (KolG63) daughter Nd 139m
i daughter Nd 139 or Nd 139rn?

(KolG63)
i
i
(KolG63)
Pr 140 3.39 m (EbrT65) %a IEC 50%, [3+50%

L
A iexcit(AmaE35)
i
[3+!2.32max daughterNd 140
(WilkG49c, BrowCI52,
others (DWirJ42, (BrabV60) iexcit(PooLM38a) e-i1.862 (0.07%) HisK64)
HandT54c, PoolM38a, i EC(K)/EC(L) 8 i daughter Nd 140 (WilkG49c, '
BiryE6Z, WilleR60, i (BiryE60) BrowCI5Z) ¥ iCe X-rays, 0.511 (I00%, Y±),
StovB51, HubeO45, iothers (BiryE60, i : 1.596 (0.3%)
PerlmM49) i BiryE62, BrowCI5Z) i
A i-84.78 (HisK64, MTW) i
tl/2 (a) >2 x 1016 y sp %1100 (IngM48a, Co11T57) i i

act (PorsW54) A 1-86.07 (MTW) i
O'c! 12 (GoldrnDT64) i i
Pr 142 19.Zh (WyaE61, _i_- (DWirJ42) Ain-capt (AmaE35, MarsJK35) _-i2.16max prl41(n,'/)('Arnag35,
BotW46a) inoEC or _+, lim 0.5% Y i1.57 (3.7%)
19.3 h (DWirJ4Z) ' i '
i lviarsJK35,PoolM 37,
PooLM 38a, DWIrJ4Z,
19.1 h (JensE50) i (ReynJH50b) SerL475)
others (WilieR60) Ai-83.85 (MTW) i
_c Z0 (GoldmDT641 i
, _:
Pr 143 13.59 d (PepD57) *t i_- (BallN51e, JoliF44) Ai chem (BallN51e, JoliF44) _ i0.933max Ce142(n, Y) CeI43(_5 -)
13.76 d (WriH57) .".massspect (HaydR46a) - (PooLM43, BotW46a,
13.6 d (HoffD63) A 1-83.11 (MTW) : iaverage _ energy: (HovV64) BallN51d)
' idaughter Ce 143 (PooiM43, calorimetric
others (FelLAg, erci89(GoldmDT64) i 0.31 fission(HahO43a,
BallN51f, RoyL56, : i BotW46a, BallN51d) ino Y JoliF44, BallN51e,
i PooLM48, IVlartiDW56) i j. others (HahO43a, FinB51c) ¥ i FinB51c)

i ' i
Pr 144 17.Z7m (PepD57) _ i_- (NewA51a) AI chem, genet (NewA51a, _-i2.99max daughter Ce 144
others (NewA51a, A -80.81 (MTW) i HahO43a) (HahO43a, NewA51a)

!daughter Ce 144 (HahO43a, ! 2.186 (0.7%)
SeiJ51b, HahO43a, ' NewA51a)
17.30m (HoffD63)
GrurnW46) ii ] _ i10.695 (1.5%), 1.487 (0.29%),
Pr 145 5.98 h (DroB59) _ i@- (MarkS54) B ichem , excit (MarkS54) _-i 1.80 max fission(MarkS54,
5.9h (MarkS54, AlsJ60)A -79.66 (MTW) i chem, sep isotopes (HoffD64) y i0.07Z ' 0.68, 0.75, 0.92, 0.98, HoffD64)
daughter Ce 145 (MarkS54) i 1.05, 1.16
: Nd146(_/,p) (HoffD64)
i i DroB59, AlsJ60,
Pr 146 24.0 m (HoffD64) *t !_- (GotH43) B ichem, genet (GotH43) _-i 3.7max fission(GotH43,
others (SchumK45a, _-76.8 (MTW) idaughterCe 146 (GotH43, ;¥ i0.455 (77%), 0.74(16%), 0.78 HahO43a, SchumR45,
GotH46, BernsW54,
CareA53, GotH46) A i ! HahO43a, GotH46, i (15%), 0.92 (6%), 1.37 (6%), HofID64)
i i CareA53) i 1.72 (4%),
: 1.51(27%), 2.23
(4%), 2.39 (3%), 2.73 (1.7%) Nd146(n,p) (KamayA65)
Pr 147 12.0m (HoffD641

E
%" i_5-(HoffD64)
i
B ichem, genet (HoffD64) _-i2.I max
i NdI48(y, p), fission
IZm (WilleR60) iA 1-75.5 (HoffD64, MTW) iparentNd 147, daughterCe 147 ¥ i0.078(17%, complex?), 0.127 (HoffD64)
i complex), 0.56 (39%), 0.61

i (HoffD64) (9%, complex?), 0.32 (47%,
: i (I0%), 0.65 (24%), 1.26(11%)
Pr 148 2.0m (HoffD64) %" i_- B ichem, genet energy levels _- 4.2 max fission
, (HoffD64) (HoffD64)
A i-72.9 (HoffD64, MTW) : (HoffD64) Y 0.30
i daughter Ce 148 (HoffD64) i
E
i _i
Pr 149 2.3m (HoffD64) %_ i_- (HoffD64) E iexcit,sep isotopes(HoffD64) _ i2.8 max Ndl50(y,p) (HoffD64)
¥ 10.08,0.155, 0.325,0.36, 0.745 •
60Nd 137 55 m (GromK65) _ i_+, [EC] (GromK65) B !chem, atomic level spacing, _+!3max protons on Ta, Er
: i genet (GromK65) e-i0.067 (GromK65)
i
::
iparentPr 137 (GromK65)
:
]i
:
Y i[Pr X-rays, 0.109,0.511 (¥±),
i 0.55 (complex)]
i daughter radiations from Pr 137
i ! Ce137
i i
311

ZIsotopeA Half-life (AIM-A),
Thermal MeV (C'_--0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
neutron and intensities of production
cross section (0"), barns ]
60Nd 138 ZZm (StovB51) _]_+ (StovB51), [EC] Dichem , excit (StovB51) _+!2.4max prl41(p, 4n) (StovB51)
!
i _ iEVrX-rays. 0.511_*11
Nd 138 =5 h (GromK64) *t i (GromK64) F ichem (GromK641 i protons on Ta, Er
i (GromK64)
Nd 139 [<<5 h] (GromK63b) _P i[EC,_+1 F i[genet](GromK63b) _+, Nd139m [daughterNd TM]

A i-8Z (MTW) i[daughter Nd TM] _i see (GromZ63b)
i i (GromK63b) i
Nd TM 5.5 h (StovB51) %_!IT (+EC+_+?) B ! them, genet (StovB51) 3.1 max pr141(p, 3n) (StovB51)
5.2 h (BoncN61) i (GromK63b) i atomic level spacing '
EC =90%, _+ =10% (with i (GromK63b) e-! 0.072, 0.107, 0.189, 0.226
ii Nd 139) (StovB51) ;iancestor Ge 139 (StovB51) Y i Nd(_X-rays,801,
0.327PrX-rays,(_
50), 0.5110"
114
A i-8Z (LHP, MTW) i (]" 1400),

0.82 ('f 70, 0.73 (1" 210, 0.90
complex1, complex),
(t 251, 0.983 (1" 701, 1.03
: (l 301, 1.10 (1 30), 1.24 (T zo),
i 1.34 ('f 20), 1.48 (_ 10), 1.58 '
i (_ 8), z.05 (t 10)
i i daughter radiations from Pr 139
i i daughter
included radiations
in above listing
from Nd 139
Nd 140 3.3 d (WilkG49c) _ !EC (BrowGI52) A i chem, excit, genet ¥ i Pr X-rays prl41(p, 2n) (StovB51)
IEC(K)/EC(L) 6 i (WilkG49c) i daughter radiations from Pr 140 prl41(d, 3n) (WilkG49c,
i (BiryE60) i parent Pr 140 (WilkG49c, BrowClf2)
Ai-84 (/vfTW)_ i BrowCI52) i
i
Nd 141 2.42 h (WilkG49c) _ iEC 96%, _+ 4% (BiryE63) A i excit (KurbJ4Z) _+i 0.79 max prl41(p,n) (KurbJ42,
2.5 h (KurbJ42) iEC 98%, _+ 2% (PolH58) i ehem, excit (WilkG49c1 Y i Pr X-rays, 0.145 (0.2%) 0.511 WilkG49c1
2.6 h (BiryE63) iothers (AIfWL63) i others (PooLM38a)
others (WilieR60) : i i (6%, Y±), 1.14 (2%, complex?), prl41(d'Zn) (WilkG49c,
A i-84.27 (MTW) i i 1.30 (1%) VolH58)
Nd 141m 64 s (JameR60) _ i[IT] (KotK60) C i excit (JameR60) ¥10.755 prl41(p,n) (JameR60)

61 s (KotK60) A i-83.52 (LHP, MTW) ichem (KotK60) i
i
Nd 142 % ::27.13 (IngM48a) i i
iZ7.09 (WalkW53)
i27.3 (WhiF561 i: i
_ i-86.01(_w) i !
: 17 (GoldmDT64)
ci i
i i
Nd 143 % i l2. Z0 (IngM48a) i
::12.14 (WalkW53) ::
112.32(Whir56) i
A i --84.04 (MTW) !
% i330 (GoldmDT641 i
Nd 144 2.4 x 1015 y sp act *_ ia (WaldE54, PorsW54, A::sep isotopes,decay charac, a i1.83
(MacfR61a) i PorsW56) i chem (PorsW56, MacfR61a :
2.1 x 1015 y sp act %1 23.87 (IngM48a) i i
(IsolA65) 123.83(WalkW53) i
5 x 1015 y sp act 123.8(WhiF56) i i
(PorsW56, PorsW54) iothers (Inglv150a) i
Z x 1015 ysp act ,%i-83.80 (MTW)
(WaldE54) % 5 (GoldmDT64) i
i
: i i
Nd 145 tl/2 (a) >6 x 1016 y % i 8.29 (WhiF56, WalkW53) i i
(IsolA651 i8.30 (IngM48a) _
&ii-81"47 (MTW) ii i
o-c ! 50 (GoldmDT64) i
i
Nd 146 %117.18 (Ing/V148a) i :i
::17.36 (WalkW53)
i17.1 (WhiF561 i
A i°thers (InF_'l
(MTW)_D_ ) ii i
1-80.96
°'c i Z (G°1dmDT64) i i
! i
_ i i
312
Type of decay (a_);

Major radiations:
% abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; approximate energies (MeV) Princ/pal means
ZIsotopeA Half-life (AiM-A),
Thermal MeV (C'_=0); Genetic relationships of production
neutron and intensities
i i i
11.06 d (WriH57) _ i _- (MarinJ47, MarinJ51) A i chem, genet (MarinJ47, _-i 0.81 max Nd146(nj V) (BotW46a,
60Nd147 11.02 d (HoffD63) A i.-78.18 (MTW) ! MarinJ51a) e-: MarinJ47, Cork348a,
11.1 d (AlsJ60) i parent Pm 147 (MarinJ47, ! 0.046, 0.084 MarinJ51c)
others (KondE5
RutW5Z, la, I,
MarinJ5 ii .i MarinJ51a} V i 0.091(4%,(
2890),
complex)
,0"3190.533
( 390),( 139a)0"43 fission (MarinJ5 I)
EmmW51, BotW46a) i i daughter Pr 147 (HoffV64) i daughter radiations from pm147
i 5.74 (WalkW53)
5.67 (WhiF56) i i
iothers
_-gM50a_ i
Crc[4
: (GoldmVT 64) ] i
Nd 149 1.8h (RutW52, _i_- (PoolM38a) A[ exeit(PoolM38a) _-] I.5 max Nd148(n, ¥) (PoolM38a,
2.0 h (BotW46a, A -74.41 (MTW) i chem, genet (MarinJ51c) BotW46a, MarinJ51c,

PoolM38a) [parentPm 149 (KruP52, i 0.195
others (MarinJ51c) [ MarinJ51c) V Pm X-rays, 0.114 (18%), 0.156
i complex),
(4%), 0.ZI0 0.327 (5%),
(27%), 0.424
0.27 (26%,
_ i (99o), 0.541 (*0%), 0.654 (9°/,)
[ i daughter radiations from Pm 149
tl/z (P) >1016 Y "p act

!
9o[ 5.60
5.63 (_SM48a)
(WalkW53)
i
i
,
i
(DixD54a) i5.56 (WhiF56) i
tl/Z (_15) >Z x lolS y [others_73.67
(InglVlSOa) !i
sp act {CowC56) A] (MTW) ! i
others (MulhG52) _rc[ 1.5 (GoldmDT64) i [
i i i
Nd 151 12 m (RutW52, "ti_- (RutW52) Bi n-capt (MarinJ51c) _ [2.0max NdlS0(n,¥) (RutW52,
MarinJ51c) i sep isotopes, n-capt, atomic e-! 0.07Z
MarinJSlc, SchmL59a,
others (WilieR60) A -71.0 (MTW) [ parent
level Pm
spacing (RutWSZ) FosD65)
151 (RutW5Z) V i Pm(4090),
X-rays,0.138
0.086
(6%),
(590),
0.1740.118
(I09o,
i _ i complex), 0.256 (119o), 0.425
i i i (59.), 0.737 (59.), 0.797 (3%), i
i i
i i
! 1.122 .
{290},1.18o{99o_ [
61Pro 14122 m (Grat159) o# i_ EC 4390 AI chem, excit (FiscV52) _+[: 2.6 max" prl41(a, 4n) (GratiS9)
20 m (FiscV52) A {-80.71
(Grat/59)(MTW) i mass spect (Grat/59) _ iNd X-rays, 0.195 (13%), 0.511 Nd142(p, 2n) (FiscV52)
i i i (1149o,,:)
i daughter radiations from Nd 141
Pm 14240 s (Grat159) %_ =9590, EC =5% [B i chem, genet (MarsT58) 3.78 max (MarsT58) Nd142(a, 4n)Sm142(EC)
others (MarsT58) i (GratI59) ' [ excit (Grat/59) _ iNd X-rays, 0.511 (190_0, Ve) ! (GratI59, MarsT58)
i A [ -81.2 (MTW) i daughter Sm 142 (MarsT 58) i i NdI42(P, n) (GratiS9)

Pm 1430.73 y (Pag163, %_iEC (WilkG50e) A i chem, excit (WilkG50e) _ !Nd X-rays, 0.742 (479o) Sm144(p, 2n)[EuI43](EC)
0.78 y (WilkG50e) ,% (MTW) [ chem, mass spect (BalIN58) e-i 0.698 SmI43(EC) (FunE60)
BunnL64, FunE60) i_82.9
i
:
!
! i
i
prl41(a, (WilkG50e,
FiscV52, Zn)Ores59,
BunnL64)
i i Nd143 (P' n) (Pag163)
Pm 1440.96 y (BunnL64) J# iEC (FiscV5Z) A! chem (FiscV5Z) ¥ !Nd X-rays, 0.474 (459o), 0.615 pr141(a,n) (OfeS59,
1.03 y (Pag163) ino _+, lira 0.2% (OfeS59) i chem, mass spect (BalIN58) i (99%), 0.695 (99_0) TotK59c, FiscV52)
I.Iy
L2 y (TotK59c)
others (FunE60)
(FiscVS2) A i-82 (MTW) iexcit(OreS59) e-!0.430, 0.571, 0.651 Nd144(p,n)
SugiyK61, (Pag163,
FiscV52)
Pm 144? 60 d (Pag163) _ i (Pag163) F I sep isotopes (PagI63) V iV spectrum may be identical to Nd144(p, n) (Pag163)
i i 1.1 y Pm 144 (Pag163)
Pm 145 17.7y (BrosA59) %' iEC (ButeF51) A Ichem, genet (ButeF51) V iNd X-rays, 0.067 (I.0%),0.072 SmI44(n,_)SmI45(EC)
. !chem, mass spect (BalIN58) i (2.3%) (ButeF51, BrosA59)
others (ButeF51) [a 3 x 10-790 (NurM62) [daughter Sm 145 (ButeF51) e-i 0.023, 0.028, 0.061
"%i-81.33 (MTW) i
Pm 14516 d (LongJ52a) %mi_ + (LongJ52a) F[ sep isotopes (LongJ5Za) 3+i 0.45 max protons on Nd
i i
._
_ i. i, I
313
Type of decay (al_);

Isotope Half-life (A-=M-A), MeV (C'==0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
61Pm146:4.4 y (PagI63) %" iEC 65%, _- 35%0 (FunE60) A ichem, excit (Fiscg52) 0.78 max Nd146(p,n) (PagI63,
I.9 y (FunE60)
1 y (FiscVS2)
:
}EC
:
69%, _- 31% (Pag163)
ithem,
. sep isotopes,
genet _:i Nd X-rays, 0.453 (65%) 0.75
FiscVS2, LongJ5Za)
energy levels (FunE60, i (65%, doublet) Nd148(p, 3hi (FunE60)
;i'1-2 y (LongJ5Za) A]i -79.52 (MTW) FunE62) _

Pm 147 Z.6Z y (WheeE65) %" i_- (BallN51g) A Ichem (MarinJ47, MarinJ51a) 0.224 max Nd146(n, ¥)Nd147(_ -)
2.60 y (FlyK65a) : imass spect (HaydR48) (MarinJ47, lvlarinJ51a l
2.64 y (MerW57) A i-79.08 (MTW) . average _- energy:
O-c!:
IZ0 (to Prn 148) idaughter Nd 147 (MarinJ47, 0.070 calorimetric (HovV62) fission (BallN51g,
others2"66
y (SchumR56)(MelaE55, i MarinJ51a) SeiJ51c, MarinJ51a,
IngM50a, SchumR51a) II0 (to Prn TM)
(GoldmDT64) '
iparent Sm 147 (RasJ50) Y no Y GrumW48, IngM50a)
i
_ _.
Pm 148 5.4 d (ReicC62, EldJ61)l%" i_ (KurbJ43) A Ichem, n-capt, mass spect 13 2.48 max Nd148(p,n) (LongJ5Z,
others (SchweC62a, (ParkG47) FiscV52, KurbJ43,
ParkG47, KurbJ43, A _i
-76.89 (BabC63a, MTW) daughter Pm TM (BabC63a) Y 0.551(23%)
(27%) , 0.914 ( 15%), 1.465 SchweG6Za)
BhaS59) l_rci
:=2000 (GoldmDT64) Nd148(d, Zn) (KurbJ4Z,
KurbJ43, BabC63a)
l:h'n147(n,Y) (ParkG47,
ReicC62)
Pm TM 41.8 d (EldJ61) %" i_- 93%, IT 7% (BabC63a) A excit, sep isotopes (LongJ52) _-' 0.69 max Nd148(p,n) (LongJ5Z,
40.6 d (ReiC6Z) others (ReiC62, chem (FolR51) e-' 0.031, 0.053, 0.091, 0.242, 0.503, FiscV52, SchweC6Za)
45.5 d (SchweC62a) SchweC62a) chem, mass spect, genet 0.583 Nd148(d, Zn) (BabC63a)
others (FiscV52, (BabC63a)
FolR51, LongJ52) A -76.75 (LHP, MTW)
_rci.
30, 000 (Go] 4mDT 64) parent Fh'n148 (BabC63a) Y Pro(13%)
,X-rays'0.413Sm(17%),X-rays'0.5510"289
Prn 147(n, Y) (ReiC62)
(95%), 0.630 (87%), 0.727
, I (36%), 0.916 (21%), 1.015
(20%)
daughter radiations from Pm 148

i
Pm 149i 53. I h (HoffD63, %" i_- (MarinJ47) A chem (MarinJ47, MarinJ51b) _5-'1.07 max Nd148(n, _/)Nd149(_ -)
BunnL60) chem, spect (In_447d)
i others (ArtnA60, A -76.07 (MTW) mass Y 0.286 (2%0) 0.58 (0.1%) 0.85 (KruP52, MarinJ47,
', Fis cV52, ingM47d, MarlnJ51c)

RutW5Z, KondE 51c,
! BotW46a, MarinJ51b)
!
idaughter Nd 149 (KruP52, (0.2%) ' ' SchmL60a, BunnL60)
Pm 150, i 2.68 h (FiscV52) %" iP- (LongJ52) A: : excit, sep isotopes (LongJ5Z) p-' 3.05 max NdlS0(p,n) (LongJ52,
2.7 h (LongJ52) A i -73.6 (MTW) chem, excit, sep isotopes
(FiscV52) Y 0.334 (71%), 0.406 (7%), 0.71 I FiscV52)
(8%), 0.831 (18%), 0.88 (12%). I
1.165 (23%), 1.33 (22%), 1.75 I
(I0%o), 1.96 (2.5%0), 2.06 (1.2%),!
z.53 (0.9%)
Pm TM 27.8 h (HoffD63) %" i_- (RutW52) A genet, atomic level spacing [5-' 1.19 max Nd150(n, _)Ndl51(_ -)
28.4 h (BunnL60) (RutW5Z) (RutW52, BunnL60)
27.5 h (RutW52) A -73.40 (MTW) chem (BunnL60) e- 0.003, 0.018, 0.053, 0.058
daughter Nd 151 (RutW5Z) ¥ Sm X-rays, 0.07 (5%, complex),
0. I0 (7%, doublet), 0.17 (18%,
complex), 0.24 (5%0, complex),
0.275 (6%), 0.340 (21%), 0.45
(5%, complex}, 0.66 (3%,
complex), 0.72 (6%0, complex),
others to 0.96
Prn' 12.5 h (FolR51, E (PoolM38a) deuterons on Nd

(PoolM 38a) chem (FolR 5 I) (PoolM 38a)
fission (FolK51)
9 %" ii3- (PoolM38a)
Pm 152 6.5m (WilieR58, [%'i_-(WilleR58) B sepisotopes, excit _-! Z. Zmax smiSZ(n,p) (WilieR58,
WilieR60) A 1-71 (MTW) (WilieR58) WilieR60, AteA59)
genet energy levels (AteA59) Y [Sm X-rays], 0.1ZZ, 0.295
Pm 153 5.5 m (KotK6Z) %" i_- (KotK6Z) E excit, sep isotopes (KotK62) 15-:: 1.65 max Sm154(¥,p) (KotK6Z)
AI-70.8 (MTW) Y 0.090 (?), 0.12, 0.18
Pm 154 i 2.5 m (WilieR58, '

%" {[3- (WilieR60) C excit, sep isotopes I5-' Z. 5 max Sm 154(n, p) (WilieR58,
WilieR60) ' ( Wilier 58) WilieR60)

Nd142(a, 4n) (Crat/59,
6zSm 142 73 m (GratI59) %'iEC ---50%, 13+ =50% B chem (MarsT58) Y Pm X-rays, 0.15-0.35 (complex),
72 m (MarsT58) (DCapG59) excit (GratI59) 0.511 ( 100%, _/±) MarsT58)
parent Pm 142 (MarsT58) daughter radiations from Pm 142
Sm 143 9.0m (SilE56) %'iEC 52%, [3+48% B chem (13uteF50) Y I:h-n X-rays, 0.511 (I00%, ¥±) Nd142(a, 3n) (Grat159)
8.9 m (AlfWL63a) i (DCapG59) exeit (SilE56) Sm144(n, Zn) (WilleR60,
8.6 m (GratI59) i EC =63%, _+ =37% i chem, sep isotopes (MirM56) MirM56, AlfWL63a)
8.5 m (WilieR60) ' i
8.3 m (MirM56) i (GratI59) _ Sm144(y,n) (SilE56,
i others (SilE56, ButeF50, KotK60,
8.8 m (KotK60) i MirM56) i
others (ButeF50) A 1-79.6 (MTW)
, I[ i : DCapG59)
314
Major radiations:
%Type
abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
IsotopeA Half-life of decay
(A'-M-A), MeV (_);
(C'_=0); Genetic relationships of production
Z Thermal neutron and intensities
I cross section (G), barns
I i i i
62Sm 143m 64 s (KotK60) _ i[IT] (KotK60) C !ehem (KotK60) ¥ i 0.748 Sm144(n, 2n) (A2fWL63a)
I 61 ss (BroaK65) A 1-78.8 (LHP, MTW) [excit (A1fWL63a)
I 65 (AIfWL63a) :i i Sm144(V,n)
others ($ameR60) i Sm144(p, pn) (KotK60)
(3ameR60)
i
i i i
3.15 (Co11T57)
E_.02(AitK57)
1-81_8(MTW) 1 i
_cl =0.7 (GoldmVT64) i i
Sm145 340 d (BrosA59) _ i EC (ButeF51, RutW52)

J
A i mass spect (IngM47c) ¥ i Pm X-rays, 0.061 (13%), 0.485 Sm 144(n, _) (ButeF51,
others (ButeF51, i (5 x 10-3%)
CorkJ48a, IngM47c) A i-80.67 (MTW) i chem (ButeF51)145 BrosA59)RutW52'
IngM47c,
e'ci=100 (GoldrnDT64) iparent Pm (ButeF51) e-i 0.016, 0.054
i i i daughter radiations from Pm 145
Sm 146 7x1077spact _ia (DunlV53) B!chem, decaycharac ai2.46 Sm147(n, Zn) (NurM64)
(NurM64) % !<2 x 10-7 (MacfR60) i (Dun1D53) i alphas on Nd (DunlD53)
5 xyield(
DunlD
107 Y53 ) A i -81.05 (MTW) i i
Sm 147 1.05x 1011yspact

(WriP61) *t!a' (HevO32, LibW33) Aichem (HevG32)mass
i sep isotopes, spect -i2.23
others (DonhD64, % ii15.1
15.07 (Co11T57)
(Inglvt48) i WeaB50) i
MacfR61a,BearG54,
BearG58,GraeG61'Ii14.9
A i-79.30 (AitK57) Ii chem, genet, mass spect i
KarrM60, KarrM60a, (MTW) (Ras$50)
LatC47, HosR35, : i daughter Pm 147 (Ras350) i
PicE49) lercl =90 (GoldmDT64) i i
i
Sm 148 tl/2 (a) >2x 1014y sp I% 111.27 (IngM48)
i i
act (Macfl_61a) i[11.35
11.22 (AitK57)
(Co11T57) i i
tl/z (<,.I
1.z,<lo13y "tir,o _ (MacfR61a} i i
sp act (KarrM60) i a (KarrM60)
A ! -79.37 (MTW) i
i i
>1 X 1015 y sp act %113.82 (AitK57) i i
i
(MacfR61a) i 13.84 (IngM48)
4 x 1014 y sp act i 14.0 (Co11T57)
(KarrM60) q_ ino a (MacfR61a) i
A i-77.15(MTW) i
"c 141' 500 (GoldmDT64)
i
% i7.47 (IngM48, ColIT57)
i<,(KarrM60) i i
A i -77.06 (MTW) i
i7.4o(AirES71 i
"c i 100 (G°1drnDT64) ! i
=87 y (FlyK65a) _ !13- (IngM47c) A imass spect (Inglv147c, J3-i0.076 max fission (IngM50a,
=93 y yield _ IngM50a) MarinJ49a, AchW59)
spect (MelaE55) A :i-74.59 (MTW) ] chem (MarinJ49a) e-i : 0.014, 0.020 sml50(n, _) (IngM47c)
=120 y yield (IngM5Oa) i i
=73 y (KarrD52) _ci 15, 000 (GoldmDT64) i _ i Eu L X-rays, 0.022 (4%)
126.6 (Co11T57)
126.8 (AitX57)
A i-74.75 (MTW) i
46.8 h (WyaE61)
"c i21° <G°ldmDT64>
i i_- (KurbJ42)
i
i
l i n-capt, excit (PoolM38a)
i
3-i 0.80 max Sm 152(n, _) (HevG36,
i mass spect (HaydR46, PoolM38a, HaydR46,
CabM62)
47.1 h (CorI_58, A 1-72.56 (MTW) i IngM47d) e-i0.0220
: 0.055, 0.062, 0.095, 0.101 SerL47b, WinsL51)
46.2h (GreeRE61) ichem (WinsLSl) _ iEuX-rays, 0.070 (5.4%), 0.103 Ndl50(a,n) (KurbJ42)
46.5 h (HoffD63) : i (28%), 0.41to 0.64 (0.6%, 16 "/
others
BotW4(KurbJ42,
6a, Wins L51, !
RutW52) l i
_,,,'" I
47.0 h (LeeM54) i
:/oi-._3 (,..,g,,,,48) ii !
i rays}
22.4 (CollT 57) i i

i:,,
iothers (IngM 50a) ,
i i
'
A i -72._,9(iVITW) ! i
,,,, ,, o-Ci5 (GoldmD164) i . i
315
Type of decay (_);
% abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; Major radiations: • Principal means

Isotope Half-life (A-=M-A), MeV (C':=0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV)
cross section (u), barns
i ! i
k23.5 m (RutW52) _!{5- (KurbJ42) Ain-capt (ArosE35, MarsJK35) {5-i 1.53 max
62Sm155 i Sm 154(n,_/) (ArosE35,
t others
21.9 m (WinsLSla,
(SunR60) A i -70.14 (MTW) i chem
sep isotopes
(WinsLSla)(SunR60, e-i : 0.056, 0.097, 0.103 I MarsJK35,
PoolM38a, SerL4To,
HevG36,
SchmL59b) _iEuX-rays, 0.104 (73%), 0.246 IngM47c, WinsL51a,
PooLM 38a) i i Eul55 (4%) SunR60, SchmL59b)
i i parent (IngM47c)
Sm 156 9.4 h (GunR63) _t i{5- (WinsLSlc) B ichem , genet (WinsL51c) [5-i 0.72 max fission (WinsL51c,
9h (AlsJ60) Ai-69.33 (MTW) i parent Eu 156 (WinsL51c) e-i 0.014, 0.021, 0.030, 0.039 ' AlsJ60, GunR63)
i
'/i EuX-rays, 0.088 (30%), 0.166
i (10%), 0.204 (2070), 0.25 (5%,
i ii daughter
complex), radiations
0.291 from
(3%) Eu 156
Sm 157 0.5m (WilieR60) _ i[{5- ] (WilieR60) C I sep isotop ........ bomb Y i 0.57 Gd160(n,a) (WilieR60)
i i (WilieR60) :i
i
63Eu 143 2.3 m (KotK65) _ i{5+ (KotK65), [EC] E excit, decay charac (KotK65) 4.0 max
i ¥ i 0.511
[5+ (Y'+) 1Sm144(d, 3n) (KotK65)
i
Eu 144 10.5 s (MesR65) _ i{5+
(MesR65), [EC] i
C i excit, decay charac (Mesg65) i
{5+] 5.2 max Sm144(p,n) (lvlesR65)
AI-75.66 (MesR65, MTW) i ¥ i 0.511 (¥*)
Eu 144 18 m (HoffRS2) _i{5 + (HoffR52) G I excit, sep isotopes (HoffR52) : protons on Sm 144
i
activity not observed
(O1kJ59b, MesR65)
i (HoffR52)
i i i ,
Eu 145 5.9 d (FrieA63) _!EC 9970, {5+ 170 (FrieA63) A! chem, excit, sep isotopes Y i Sm X-rays, 0.23?, 0.33?, 0.53 Sm144(a, 3n)Od145(EC)
5.6 d (GrovJ59) A i -77.9 (MTW) i (GrovJ59) (complex), 0.656 (_" 30), 0.766 (GrovJ59, OlkJ59b,
others (HoffR51) i i chem, mass spect (FrieA63) i (j" 10), 0.894 (l" 100), 1.66 ($ 16) FrieA63)
i daughter Gd 145 (GrovJ59) i 2.00 (_ 8) Sm144(d,n) (GrovJ59)
i daughter radiations from Sm 145
Eu 146 4.59 d (TakekE64) _iEC 96.570, [5+ 3.5% A! chem, genet (GoroG57a, Y iSm X-rays, 0.511 (770, Y±), 0.634!Sm144(a, 2n)Gd146(EC)
others (FrieA63, i (FunE62) i GoroG58, GrovJ59) i (77%, (137o,

0.71 doublet),complex),
0.666 0.749
(12%), i (GrovJ59, FrieA63)
GrovJ59,
GoroG58, FunE62,
AntoN59a, 'iEC 95.5%, {5+ 4.5% i chem, mass spect (FrieA63) i (100%), 0.90 (8%, complex),
• ]! GoroG57a) i
!others
(TakekE64)
(FrieA63) i daughter
GrovJ59) Gd 146 (GoroG58, i 1.058
1.298 (6%)
(7%), 1.16 (6%,
1.408 (5%) complex),
1.535 !
i ' ' I
2.11 max (0.14%1, 1.47max

i (3.3%)
ii ii e-i 0.586, 0.702
Eu 146? 38 h (HoffR51) it i (HoffRSl) E :: excit, sep isotopes (HoffRSl) ¥ ! Y-ray spectrum may be identical Sm 147(d, 3n), alphas on
others (FunE62) :i i not

chem daughter
(FunE62) 50 d Gd 146 ii to that of 4.59 d Eu 146 Sm 144 (HoffRSl)
i
! i
!
i
(FrieA63,
daughter
(Guse157)
AntoN61)
7 h Gd 146?
i
i
i
Sm 147(p, 2n) (FunE62)
Eu 147 21.5d (FrieA63) _IEC 99.570, {5+ 0.57o Ai chem, excit, sep isotopes ¥ iSm X-rays, 0.122 (20%), 0.198 Sm147(p,n) (HoffR51,
24 d (SchweC62, (MNulJ64) (HoffR51) i (24%), 0.600 (7%), 0.680 (11%), RasJ53, SchweC62)
HoffRSl, RasJ53, ia 0.002% (SiiA62, i chem, mass spect (FrieA63) ! 0.800 (6%), 0.957 (9%), 1.079 Sm148(p, 2n) (MNuIJ64)
MackRC53) i TotK64) i daughter Gd 147 (GoroG57a) i (9%), 1.25 (1.2%) deuterons on Sm
A I -77.5 (MTW) a i:2.91

25 d (AntoN58c) i °thersFrieA63)(H°ffR51' i e-i 0.030, 0.075, 0.114, 0.151 (RasJ53)
: i
Eu 148 54 d (WilkG50c) i
atiEC 99+%, {5+ 0.13% Ai chem (MarinJ51d) ¥ iSm X-rays, 0.413 (18%, complex), Sm148(p,n) (HoffR51,
50 d (HoffR51) i (BabC63b) ! excit, sep isotopes (HoffRSl, i 0.551 (120%, complex), 0.62 MackRC52, WilkGS0c,
58 d (SchweC62a) i a 9 x 10-7% (TotK64) i MackRC52) i (90%, complex), 0.72 (18%, SchweC62a)
imass spect (BabC63b) :i complex), 0.872 (7%), 0.917 Sm 147(d, n) (KurbJ43,
53 d (MarinJ51d) AI-76.26 (BabC63b, MTW) i (5%), 0.967 (5%), 1.033 (7%), MarinJ51d)
i 1.16 (5%, complex), 1.345
: (8%), 1.62 (11%, complex) Sm148(d, 2n) (BabC63b)
i e-i ! 0.02-0.04,
0.505, 0.51,
0.544, 0.193,
0.584 0.366,
i i {5+
092max
i al 2.63
i i i '
V.u 149 106d (HarlO61) atigC (HarlO61, HarmB61, Aisepisotopes, excit (HoffR52) ¥iSm X-rays, 0.277 (l' 10), 0.328 Sm149(p,n) (HoffR52,
others (AntoN59, i AntoN59) !chem, excit (MackRC53, i (t 10) HarlO61, HarlO63)
DzhB62d, WanF62) ino a, lira 4 x 10-7% i Har1061, HarlO63) e-i 0.015, 0.021, 0.230, 0.281 Sm150(p, 2n) (HarmB61,
i (SiiA62) i genet energy levels (JhaS62b, i HarlO61)
A I -76 (MTW) { AIfV64)
316
Type of decay (_);
Isotope A
Z i' Half-life (Z_=-M-A),
Thermal MeV
neutron
(C'_=0); Genetic relationships approximate
and intensities
energies (MeV) Principal
of production
means
Eu 150 ! 12.55 h (SiiA62) *#i[3- 90%, EC 9%, 13+ 0.4To A ichem, excit (ButeFS0) 15-i 1.01 max smlS0(p.n) (HoffR52,
63 ; 12.8 h (YosY63) i (GutM65) i chem, excit, sep isotopes _3+i I.Z4 max MackRC52, WilkG50c,
113.7 h (MackRC53) i[5- 95%, EC 4%, _+ I% i (HoffR52) . HarmB61, YosY63)
14.0 h (RiceR62) i (YosY63) i excit, sep isotopes
(MackRC52) ¥ I! Sm X-rays, 0.334 (4%), 0.406 sml50(d, 2n) (YosY63)
15.0 h (WilkGS0c) (3%) 0.511 (0.8%, "/:_), 0.619
others
ButeFS0)(WilieR60, i_- 95%, EC 5% (SiiA62) ! parent Gdl50 (KarrM61, (0.2%), 0.713 (0.2%), 0.831
f A i -74.81 (MTW) i SiiA62) (0.5%),1.165

(0.4%)
,0"921 1.2"24(0"4%'(0.4%)
,d°ublet)'
1.224 (0.3%), 1.630 (0.09%),
[ i ! 1.964(0.2%)
Eu 150 =Sy (GutM61) *#1EC (HarmB61, GutlVl61) Aichem, genet energylevels ¥1Sm X-rays, 0.334 (96%), 0.439 smlS0(p,n) (HarmB61,
>Sy (HarmB61) i i (HarmB61, GutM61) ii 1.248

(21%,
(86%), (5%),
0.584 1.347
doublet), (60%), (4%)0.74
1.049 (9%), GutM61)
i '
e-! 0.287, 0.327, 0.392
% !47 77 (HessD481 i
147.86 (CollT 57) i

I
l
!
_ A i -74.67
"°°"°
2800 (to
(MTW)
Eu 152ml1
ii
Eu lbz 12.7y (LocE56, *#1EC

!
i
72%,
( GoldmDT 64)
[5- 28%, 13+

i
Ain-capt, mass spect (IngM471 [5- 1.48max EulSl(n,_ ') (IngM47,
LocE53) i 0.021% (LHP) ! ehem (MarinJ49) -: SerL47b)
12.2 y (GeiXW57) [-72.89 (MTW) :+[ 0.71

others (KarrD52, A : i [0.075,
: max0.115, 0.120
KasJ53) Wci 5000 (GoldmDT64) [ _/ [ Gd X-rays, Sm X-rays, 0.122
i i ii (37%),
0.245
(8%),0.344
0.779
(27%1,
(14%),
1.087 0.965 (15%),
J i
(12%),
(22%)
1.113 (14%), 1.408
Eu 15zml 9.3 h (BotW46a,

1
*# il3- 77%, EC 23%, [3+
'
Ain-capt (MarsJK351
i
[3-1 1.88 max Eul51(n,'/) (]VlarsJK35,
' PoolM 38a, HevG36,
i ChilG61a) i 0.011% (NDS) in-capt, excit (PoolM38a) e-i0.075, 0.115, 0.120
9.2 h (PoolM38a, ino IT, lira 0.003% i mass spect (HaydR46, [5+i FajK41, SerL47b,
HaydR49, AntoS59 i (TakaK65) i HaydR49) : 0.89 max HaydR49)
A 1-72.84 4LHP, MTW) ¥ i0.122 (8%), 0.344 (2.5%), 0.842
413%) 0. 963 ( 12%), 315
r
i i i
i i (1.2%), 1.389 (1.1%) i
I i
Eu152m2! i 96m (KirP63) *#lit
i (KirP63) Aichem, excit, sep isotopes, ¥ [EuX-rays, 0.090 (74%) Sm154(p, 3n) (KirP63)
ino _-, no EC, lim 5% cross bomb (KirP63) e-10.010, 0.016, 0.032, 0.039 Sm152(p,n) (KirP63)
A i-72.74 (LHP, MTW) i Eu151(n,_) (TakaK65)
__ I% 152.23 (HessD48)
i (KirP63) i
Eu153 j i i
l i_ 1-73.36(MTW)
]52.14 (ColIT57) i
Eu 154 16 y (KarrD52)
others ( HaydR49,
_c i 320
*# i_- (HaydR49)
'
(GoldmDT64)
A
i
[n-capt
mass
(ScheiH38)
spect (LngM47,
i
i_-1 1.85 max
e-i 0.073,
(I0%),
0.I 15, 0.122
0.87 max Eu153(n,
FajK39,
_)
FajK4
(ScheiH38,
la,
!no _ 0.003% i HaydR49) SerLAYb)
t GeiKW57, Kas353) ! (AlbuD58b) i chern (KarrD52) ¥ iGd X-rays, 0.123 (38%), 0.248
A 1-71.68 (MTW) i : (7%) 0.593 (6%) 0.724 (21%),
_rcil400 (GoldmDT64) i 0.759 (5%), 0.876 (12%), 1.00

i i (31%, doublet), 1.278 (37%)
i i i
Eu 155 1.811 y (PierrA59) *# i_- (WinsL51d) A[ chem (WinsL51d) _-i 0.25 max Sm154(n,¥)Sm155(_ -)
others (RutWS2, A i-71.79 (MTW) imass spect (HaydR49) e-[ 0.011, 0.017, 0.036, 0.054, 0.078, (IngM47c)
I WinsL51d, HaydR49) _cil3,000 (GoldmDT64) idaughter Sm 155 (Ing/v147c) [ 0.082
i ¥ :iGdX-rays,
(20%) 0.087 (32%), 0.105
E i i
Eu 156 15.4 d (WinsL51c, *# i0- (WinsL51c) A[ chem (WinsL51c) 0-i 2.45 max Sm154(n, N)SmI55(_ -)
IngM47c)
4MTW)
imass spect (IngM47d, e-i 0.039, 0.081, 0.087 Eu155(n, Y) (EwaG62,
!-70.05 i IngM47c) :
iGd X-rays, 0.089 (8%), 0.646 CliJ61)
i i daughter Sm 156 (WinsL51c) ¥
I i i (7%), 0.723 (6%), 0.812 (9%), daughter Sm 156
complex), 1.24 (16%, complex),
ii i !! 1.97
1.07 (7%,
(11%, complex),
complex), 2.098
1.15 (14%, (WinsL51c)
:: ! i (3%), 2.19 (5%, complex)
Eu 157 15.1 h (DaniW63) %* il3- (WinsL51b) A!chem (WinsL51b) 13 i 1.3 max Gd160(p,a) (HarmB62)
,15.4 h (WinsL51b) A -69.43 (LHP, MTW) i (HarmB62) e-}0.004, 0.014, 0.046, 0.056
i [cross
[genet energy
bomb (DaniW63)
levels ¥ iGd
• X-rays, 0.055 (5%), 0.064 neutrons on Gd (Kant J64) :
i isep isotopes (ShidY64) [ (27%), 0.32 45%, doublet), 0.37
i i (14%, doublet). 0.413 (27%),

i i 0.477 (5%), 0.623 46%)
317

IsotopeA Half.life (A-'M-A),
i
63Eu158 46 m (MunH65, o# !_- (WinsL51b) B i chem (W_xnsL51b) 15-i 2.5 max Gdl60(d, a) (DaniW63)
SchimF65a, DaniW63) i chem, genet energy levels e-i [0.049, 0.072] fission (WinsL51b)
60 m (WinsL51b) A -67.1 (MTW) (DaniW63) :
¥ i 0.080 (t 100), 0.182, 0.52 41"25,
(_ 95, complex), 1.11 (j" 11),

i 1.19 (1 16) 0.61 (1"8), 0.95
complex),
Eu 159 18.1 m (MunH65) _ 15- (KuroT61b) C i excit (Buteg50) 15-' 2.6 max Gdl60(¥,tp) (IwaT64,
19.0 (IwaT65) i sep isotopes, genet (lwaT64) ¥ 0.07 (42%), 0.09 (18%), 0.15 (14%), KuroT6,lb, ButeF50)
others (IwaT64, A -66.02 (IwaT65, MTW) ,iparent Gd 159 (IwaT64) 0.22 (5%), 0.67 (21%), 0.73
ButeF50, KuroT61b) (10%), 0.8 (11%, complex?), 1.1
(11%, complex), 1.5 (5%,
complex? )
Eu 160 =2.5m (TakaK61) %' 13- (TakaK61) Fidecay charac (TakaK61) 15-! 3.6max Gd160(n,p) (TakaK61)
_i -64 (MTW) i _ no¥

i (GrovJS9,
64Gd ]45 Z5m (GrovJ59) a#iEC , _+ (GrovJ59, Aichem, excit, sep isotopes, _+iZ.4max Sm144(_,2 n)
others (O1kJ59b) i OlkJ59b) i genet (GrovJ59) ¥ iEu X-rays, 0.511 (¥_') 0.80 (_ 9), OlkJ59]_
: iparent Eu 145 (GrovJ59) i 1.03 (I"I0),
i complex? ) 1.75(_ 'I00,
Gd 146 50 d (FrieA63) J# IEC. ( GoroG581 A chem,GoroG58)genet

( GoroG57a, ¥ i Eu(tX-rays,100,
complex)
,0"078 (t 0.15530)'
0.1_.115451Sm144(a'FrieA63)2n)
{GrovJ59,
46 d {GrovJ59) !EC =99"/0, [3+ =1% chem, excit, sep isotopes '
others (AntoN59a, (FrieA63) e-i 0.066, 0. I06
GoroG58, GoroG57a, (GrovJ59)
OlkJ59) A -76 (MTW) ehem, mass spect (FrieA63) daughter radiations from 4.59 d
parent Eu 146 (GoroG58, Eu 146
GrovJ59)
Gd I_'67 7 h {OlkJ59, SunK51a) *# a (SunKSla) F! chem (GuseI57,OlkJ57) ¥ 0.22, 0.34, 0.55, 0.72 alphas on Sm (SunK51a)
12 h genet (Guse157) a, [EC] (OlkJ59) parent 38 h Eu 146? protons on
protons on Ta
Tb (GuseI57)
(OlkJ59)
(GuseI57)
Od 147 35 h (AntoN58c) %_ EC, no _+, lira1.2% A! chem, genet (GoroG57a) ¥ Eu X-rays, 0.229 (_ 150), 0.39 Sm144(a,n) (FrieA63)
22 h (FrieA63) (ShirV57) !chem, excit (ShirV57) (_ 85, complex), 0.64 (_ 70, Sm147(a, 4n) (ShlrV57)
29 h (ShirV57) 6+ (weak) (FrieA63) ichem, mass spect (FrieA63) complex), 0.77 (_ 60, complex),
0.932 (_ 60) l.lO (t 19,
A -75 (MTW) i, parent Eu 147 (GoroG57a) complex) '
i daughter Tb 147 (TotK60) e-i0.181, 0.221, 0.321, 0.348, 0.388

{ i daughter radiations from Eu 147
84 y (SiiA62) o# a (RasJ53) B Iehem, excit,sep isotopes a 3.18 Sm147(a, 3n),

others (RasJ53, A -76.29 (MTW) (RasJ53) Eu 151(p,4n) (RasJ53)
SurY 57)
iEC 99+%, a =0.0007%, A chem, excit,sep isotopes, ¥ Eu X-rays, 0.150 (48%), 0.299 Eul51(p, 3n) (HoffR51,
9.59.3
dd(PraH62a)(shirV57) no 15+,lirn0.4% crossexcit
chem, bomb (ShirV57)
(HoffR51) (26%),
(II%), 0.347
0.790 (25%),
(I0%) 0.750
0.94 (5%, PraH62a)
chem, sep isotopes complex) ShirV57)
AntoN58b) a 0.0005% (SiLA65a) (PraH62a) 0.I01, 0.142, 0.250,0.298
A -75.2 (MTW)
others (HoffR51, (ShlrV57, RasJ53) _-i 3.01 ' Sm147(a, 2n) (RasJ53,
' daughter radiations from Eu 149
2.Ix 106y sp act %_ a (RasJ53) Ai chem (RasJ53) a 2.73 daughter 12.6h Eu 150
(SiiA62) A -75.82 (MTW) mass spect (FrieA63b) (KarrM61, SiiA62)
EulSl(d, 3n) (RasJ53)
1.4x 106 y sp act idaughter 12.6h Eu 150
(OgaI65) ! (KarrM61, SiiA62) alphason Sm (FrieA63b)
1.2 x 105 y sp act
(FrieA63b)
=I x 105y (KarrM61) i
120 d (AntoN58a) _ EC, no 6+ (HeiR50) A i them, excit(HeiR50) ¥ Eu X-rays, 0.0216 (3%), 0.154 Eul51(p,n) (ShirV58,
150 d (HeiR50) ia =8 x 10-7% (SiiA65a) ichem, genet
(BisA57, energy levels
ShirV58) (7%), (I%)
0.308 0.175 (3%), 0.244 (7%), EulSl(d,
SiiA65a)
2n) (FajK41,
A -74 (MTW) daughter Tb 151 (BaranV58) e-i0.014,0.0Z0, 0.105,0.127, 0.167 ShirV58, KriN48,
a 2.60 HeiR50, SteicE63)
l. lx 1014yspact %i0.20 (BalKS0) A chem, sepisotopes (RieW59, a 2.1

(MacfR61a) i 0.21 (Co11T57% MacfR61a)
=1015 y (RieW59) i# !a (RieW59, MacfR61a)
A i -74.71 (MTW)
O-cl<180 (GoldmDT64)
Type of decay (a_);
Isotqpe Half-life (AiM-A),
Thermal MeV (C'==0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
Z iA neutron and intensities of production
64Gd 153 242 d (HoffD63) %_iEC, no _+ (HeiR50) A!mass spect (IngM47c) ¥ i Eu X-rays, 0.070 (2.4%), 0.099 GdlSZ(n,¥) (IngM47c,
236 d (HeiR50) A ! -73.12 (MTW) i chem, n-capt (HeiR50) : ( 55%, complex) CorkJ48a, HeiR50)
! i daughter Tb 153 (MihJ57a, e-! 0.021, 0.049, 0.065, 0.101 Eu153(d, 2n) (HeiR50)
1 i BaraV58) ::
%12.15
(_ai_50) !
i2.23 (Co11T57) i i
A i -73.65 (MTW)
14.7 (BalK50)
Gd155 %1 15.1
i15.0 (LowW59) ! i
A!: -72.04 -(MTW) ! i:
"_i58,000,_oldmVT64) i i
Gd 156
J
%120.47 (BalK50)
j
_ i
!20.6
: (ColIT57) i i
i
Gd157 R A i -72.49 (BaiK50
%115"68 (MTW) ) i ii
15.7 (ColIT57) :
A :i°thers
I -70.77 (LowW59) i i::
(MTW)
Crci2.4 x 105 (GoldmDT64) i i
i
• i 24.9 (BalK50) i i
T° i 24.5 (Co11T57) !
A i -70.63 (MTW)
Crcl3.4 (GoldmDT64)
i
i
i
Gd 159 18.0 h (KriN48, %ai[3- (KriN481 A I n-capt (SerLA7b) 15-i 0.95 max Gd158(n,¥) (SerLA7b,
ButeF50, ButeF49, ButeF49, HeiR50)
BarlRS5a, WilieR60) A i -68.59 (MTW) i genet
chem energy
(ButeF49,levelsHeiR50) e-i 0.006, 0.049, 0.056
others (TotK60a, i i (JorW53a) _/ i Tb X-rays, 0.058 (3%), 0.363
TakaK62, SerLA7b) i i mass spect (NielZ58a) i (9%)
d_ %!21.9
i
(BalK50) :i daughter Eu 159 (IwaT 64) i
A i "67.89 (MTW) !
O'cl0.8 (GoldmDT64)
i21.6 (Co11T57) i
Gd 161 3.6m (ButeF49) *ti_- (KetB49c) Ain-capt (IngM46) _-i 1.6max Gdl60(n,¥) (IngM46,
3.7 m (JorW53a) i i n-capt, excit (ButeF49) e-i 0.005, 0.026, 0.049, 0.055, 0.263, ButeF49, KetB49b,
others (KriN48, A -65.5 (D(TW) n-capt, sep isotopes SchmL59)
(8%), 0.315 (25%), 0.361

WilleR60) i i (SchmL59)
iparent Tb 61 (KetB49e) i (66%)
0.309
¥iTbX-rays, 0.I02 (11%), 0.284
Gd 162 several years (?) _ ![_-] (FalK57) F_ chem (FalK57) i Gdl60(n, ¥)Gdl61 (n,_/)
: i {ralK57)
(FalK57) A i _64 (MTW) [i not parent Tb162 (Fa1K57) i
65Tb 147 24 m (TotK60) %"iEC, _+ (TotK60) C I excit, genet (TotK60) ¥ i Gd X-rays, 0.305, 0.511 (¥±) prl41(clZ, 6n) (TotK60)
Tb 148 70 m (TotK60) *t !EC, [5+ (TotK60) Bi chem, excit (TotK60) 13+i4.6 max prl41(clZ, 5n) (TotK60)
66m (BoncN61) A 1-70.7 (MTW) i _iGdX-rays, 0.511 (_±), 0.78, 1.12
i E
i E
Tb [<157] 17 h (RoLM53) *# :
i_- (RolM53) G ichem (RolM53) _-i2.34max alphason Eu (RolM53)
!existenceof a Tb isotopewith i
[i A
Q__<162, tl/2
>2 is =17 h, and
highlyimprobable i
:
i i( p) 1
Tb [<157] >17h (RolM53) %_i_+ (RolM53) G i chem (RolM53) [3+i 3.1 max alphas on Zu (aolM53)
i probably a mixture of e-i 0.076, 0.088, 0.126, 0.153, 0.20
Tb 152, Tb 155, and Tb 156
! i"
i !
319
Type of decay (_);
% abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; Major radiations: ! Principal means

ISOtope Half-life (A-:M-A), MeV (C':=0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV) i
Z A Thermal neutron and intensities I of production
cross section (Or), barns !
i i i t
65Tb 149 4.10 h (TotK60a) %'iEG 84%, a =16%, no _+ Ai chem, mass spect (RasJ50, "/ i Gd X-rays, 0.16, 0.35 pr141{clZ, 4n) (TotK59)
o,ho..' h
SurY57) Ai-71.4 (MTW)
.on.ij0 K
i daughter Dy 149 (TotK59)
oi0 0
a l 3.95
0 i j
i) i daughter Tb 149m (MacfR6Z) i daughter radiations from Gd 149 i
" idescendant Er 153 (MacfR63a) !i i

Tb 149m 4.3m (Macm6Z, %_i[IT+EC+_ +] 99+%, Biexcit ...... bomb, genet ¥i[TbX-rays] La139(O16,6n)
MacfR64) i a 0.025% (MacfR64) i (MacfR6Z) a i 3.99 'I (MacfR62, MacfR64)
: parent Tb 149 (MacfR6Z) i daughter radiations from Tb 149

i i
Tb 150 3.1 h (TotK59d, _ iEC, _+ (TotK59d, AI them, mass spect (TotK59d, j3+ 3.6 max I protons on Gd
TotK60a, BoncN61) i TotK60, BoncN61) i TotK60a) ' ' (TotK59d, TotK60a)
ino a, lira 0.05% "llGdX-rays, 0.511 (t 100, _±), !
: !
z_i-71.03(MTW)
: (TotK60a) i i 0.637 (t I00), 0.93 (_ 35) ,.l
Tb 151 18 h (TotK60a, %_ IEC 99+%, a 0.0005% A! chem, excit (RasJ53, ¥ i Gd X-rays, 0.108 (35%), 0.18 Eul51(a, 4n) (TotK58a,
BaranV58) i (MacfR64) i MihJ57a, TotK58a) :: (18%, doublet), 0.252 (35%), MacfR64)
19 h (RasJ53) i !chem, genet (BaranV58) i 0.288 (32%), 0.40 (complex), protons on Gd (TotK60a,
Z0 h (MihJ57a) A -71.6 (MTW) i chem, mass spect (TotK60a) i 0.44 (complex), 0.48 i HarmB6Z)
:: e-i 0.058, 0.I00, 0.130, 0.Z0Z, 0.237 1

a i3.4Z [
othersAntoN
58)(T°tK58a' i iiparent Gd 151 (B .... V58) i 0.7z(c°mplex)
,(complex)0.60, 0.87(c°mplex), i'
Tb 152 17.4 h (TotK60a) %J iEC =80%, 13+ =20% A chem, genet energy levels _+i 2.82 max _Eul51(a, 3n) (TotK59b)
18.5 h (TotK59b) i (GromK65a) (TotK59b) '
19.6 h (StriA6Z) : !chem, mass spect (TotK60a, e-! 0.221, 0.263, 0.Z94, 0.336, 0.382, Iprotons on Gd (TotK60a,
others (BoncN60, ino a, lira 10-5% i StriA6Z) 0.536, 0.565, 0.607 ! StriA6Z)
BoncN61, AbdurA60a) i (TotK59b) idaughter Dy 15z (BasiA60a) Y iGd X-rays, 0.Z71 (t 13), 0.344 !
A -70.5 (MTW) i i (t 100), 0.411 (t 6), 0.586 i
: i (_" 14), 0.779 (t 14), 0.974 I
i i i (_" 10), 1.1Z (_" 10, complex), ]
i i ] i 1.31 (_" 11, complex), 1.60 I
i i ] i (? 7.... plex), 1.95 (t 8, I
: : i complex), Z.40 (_" 9.... plex), i
Z.70 (_f6, complex) i
Tb 15z 4.0m (O1kJ59a) %AiEC, _+, a 0.002% C i excit, cross bomb, sep _ i TbX-rays, 0.14, 0.23, 0.511 (¥*)'!Eu151(a, 3n), Gd152(p,n)
i (Olkd59a) : isotopes (OlkJ59a) i ! (OlkJ59a)

I
Tb 153 55 h (TotK60a) . %* IEC (MihJ57a) A i chem, excit, genet ¥1Gd X-rays, 0.083 (11%, complex) ,! protons on Gd (MihJ57a,
63 h (StriA61) i (Mihd57a) 0.11 (IZ%, complex), 0.17 (9%, i HarmB6Z, TotK60a)
62h (MihJ57a) Ai-71 (MTW) ichem, genet (BaraV58) I i complex), 0.212 (30%), 0.250, i
others (TotK59a, :: !chem, mass spect (TotK60a) :: 0.33, 0.88 !
BaraV58, AntoN58) : i parent Gd 153 (MihJ57a, e 10.012, 0.034, 0.037, 0.040, 0.044, I
i i BaraV58) i 0.05Z, 0.057, 0.163
i i daughter Dy 153 (DobA58) i daught .... diations from Gd 153
Tb 154 Zl.0h (TotK60a) %_IEC, _+ =0.5% (?) Aichem, excit (WilkG50c) N i GdX-rays, 0.123, 0.187, 0.248, Eu151(a,n) (WilkGS0c)
17 h (WilkG50c, i (WilkG50c) chem, genet energy levels i 0.30 (complex), 0.347, 0.53 Eu153(a, 3n) (TotK59a)
RolM53, HandT55b) (MihJ57a) i { (complex), 0.65 (complex), protons on Gd
others (MihJ57a, A i -70 (MTW) i chem, excit, sep isotopes ] others to Z. 5
: (HandT 55b, MihJ57a,
AntoN 58, HenrR59, i (HandT 55b) ,
TotK59a) i ichem, mass spect (TotK60a) ie-i0.073, 0.115, 0.122, 0.198 I
L TotK60a)
:: inot daughter Dy 154 : I
i i (MacfR61) : I
: : .
Tb 154 8.5h (TotK60a) "t iEC, [3
+ (?) (HandT55b) Aichem, excit (HandT55a) _ iGd X-rays, 0.123, 0.18?, 0.248, protons on Gd (HandT55b,
=7.5 h (HandT55b) : ichem, genet energy levels i 0.53 (complex), 0.65 (complex) blihJ57a, TotK60a)
8 h (l%4ihJ57a) A i -70 (MTW) (MihJ57a)
i ichem, mass spect (TotK60a) e-i0.073, 0.115, 0.122, 0.198
i !not daughter Dy 154

i : (MacfR61) i
Tb 155 5.6 d (MihJ57a) %_ IEC (MihJ57a, HarmB62) A ichem, excit (WilkG50a) ¥ i Gd X-rays, 0.087 (37%), 0.105 protons on Gd (MihJ57a,
5.4 d (TotK60a) ::
chem, sep isotopes, genet :: (25%), 0.163 (8%, complex), HandT55b, TotK60a)
4.5 d (DzhB58) A -71 (MTW) : energy levels (MihJ57a) i 0.180 (8%), 0.262 (7%), 0.368
others (AntoN58) : ichem, mass spect (TotK60a) i (4%)
: iothers (HandT55b) e-10.011, 0.034, 0.053, 0.078, 0. II0,
i idaughter Dy 155 (GoroG57a, { 0.129, 0.210

: DobA58, MayM 64)
i
i
320
Type of decay (_); i

Major radiations: 4 Principal means
% abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; approximate energies (MeV) i
Isotope. Half-life (/kEM-A),
Z A neutron and intensities !
cross section (09, barns ]
65Tb 156 5.1 d (TotK60a) %a!EC, [3- (weak), no _-I- A i chem, excit (HandT55b) ¥ i Gd X-rays, 0.089 (17%), 0.199 i gu153(a,n) (HansP59,
5.3 (HenrR59)
5.6 d (MihJ57a) ! (HandT55b)
- i chem, genet energy
(MihJ57a) levels i (40%),
(70%), 0.356 (12%),
1.065 (13%), 0.535
1.16 i OfeS59a, WilkG50a)
, others (HandT55b, in° 15 (HolloJ59, Gd156(p,n) (WilkG50c)
WilkGS0a, ButeF4 9, i OfeS 59a) i I i 1.42(17%'(15%)

,complex)
'1.65
(5%),1"22
(29%)
,1.85 i
AntoN58, HolloJ59) A ! -70 (MTW) e- (4%) ;
i :0.039, 0.081, 0.087, 0.149 !
. i ii i' I
Tb 156m 5.5h (MihJ57, %SLIT (MihJ57, MihJ57a) Bichem , excit (WilkG50a, ¥i[Tb LX-rays, TbKX-rays Gd156(p,n) (HandT55b,
HandT55b) ! HandT55b) : (weak) 0.088 (weak)] MihJ57)
5.0 h (WilkG50a) igC, {5+<25% (WilkO50a) i : '
i
i[3-(weak), no _+
(HandT55b) ichem,Chem'
massSep
isotopeSspect
(TotK60)(MihJ57)
e-i0.036, 0.081
idaughter radiationsfrom Tb 156
A i -70 (LHP, MTW) i i '
Tb 157 1.5 x 102 y sp act

i
%' IEC (BhaM62, Fuji64,
i
A I chem, mass spect (NauR60a,
i
Y i Gd X-rays Dy156(n, ¥)DyI57(EG)
(Fuji64) i IwaS63) i TotK60a) i (NauR60a, BhaM62)
3 x 102 y sp act A _-70.71 (MTW) ! chem, sep isotopes, cross !
(GrigE64) ' i bomb (BhaM62) i Id156(a'3n)Dy157(_-)iGd157(p'n)
G (BhaM62)
others (IwaS63) i ii daughter
Fuji64) Dy 157 (IwaS63, i ' (IwaS63, Fuji64)
Tb 158 1.2x 103 y (LewisH61) %" !EC 86%, _- 14%, no _+, A! chem (ButeF60) _-i0.85max Dy156(n, _/)DyI57(EC)
others (TotK60a, i lira2% (Bha_162) ichem, mass spect (NauR60a) e-!0.029, 0.044,0.072, 0.078, 0.092, Tb157_n, ¥) (NauR60a,
i doublet),I.
(I0%), 0.782 (10%1, 0.95 (69%, ]
1
II0 (2.2%), 1.190
i i (l. 8%)
Tb 158m 10.5 s (SchmW65, i_ ilT (HandT55b) C iexcit (GovN58, HammC57) e-i 0.060, 0.102 Tb159(n, 2n) (SchmW651
GovN58)
II.0 s (HammC57) ino _- (lira0.6%), no _+ ! ITb159(y,n) (GovN58,
i (lirn0.04%) , no EC . _
10.2 s (BroaK65) iY Tb X-rays, 0.110 (0.5%) : HammC57)
others (HandT55b, i (lirn1.5%) (SchmW65) i i i
PoolM38) iA i -69.32 (LHP, MTW) i ii i
Tb159 tl/2 (a) >5x 1016y % iil00 (HessD48, Co11T57) i i i [

sp act (PorsW54) A 1-69.53 {MTW) i I i I
.c146 (GoldmDT64) : i ! i
Tbl60 I A ni _captl i!l i ! Tbl5?(n,

72.3 d (KreK54) ino EC(K), lira0.5% imass spect (IngM47c) - I BotW46a, SerL47b)
73.0 d (ThirH57) i (ClarM57) ichem (FolK51) ie i0.033, 0.079, 0.085 I
others (BotW46a,
BursS50, SmiRR56, A i-67.85 (LHP, MTW) i I¥ iiDyX-rays, 0.087
(6%), 0.299 (12%),
(30%), 0.8790.197 II
IngM47c, KriN48,
CorkJ50e, CorkJ48a) _c{525
' (GoldmDT64) ii i (31%), (15%),
1.178 0.966 (31%, (7%)
1.272 complex), II
i I
Tb 161 16.9d (HoffD63, BisA56) "1_i_-(KrLN48) Aiexeit (KriN48) _-i0.59max (10%), 0.5Z max IGdl60(n,¥)Gdl61(_ -)
6.8 d (ButeF49, i ehem, excit (KetB49e) e-i0. O17, 0.040, 0.048 i (KetB49b, KetB49c)
7.2 d (BaranS58, i (CorkJ56a, SmiW56b) Dy X-rays, 0.026 (21%), 0.049

SmiRK56) A 1-67.47 (MTW) iidaughter
genet .... Gd
gy161
levels Y
FunL64, HeiRS0, i (KetB49c) (19%), 0.057 (5%), 0.075
CorkJ56a) i i (10%) I
others (CorkJ5Zc, i i
BarlR55a) i i i i
i i : I
Tb 162 7.48m (SchnT65) _ i[_-](SchnT65) B igenet energy levels, excit Y iDy X-rays, 0.040 (_ 17), 0.081 Dyl6Z(n, p) (SchnT65)
A i-65 (MTW) i (SehnT65) i 0.258
(_ 8),(T
0.140 (_0.81
100), 6), 0.180 (_0.89
(_ 44), 26),
i e- I [0.027,0.0721 1
, : i 1
l i i :
Tb 162 12.24h (SchnT65) %_ i[_-](FalK57) C ichem, excit,sep isotopes Gd160(% pn) (FalK57)
!
2 h (FalK57) A i_65 (MTW) i (FalK57) i i

Tb 163 16.5h (AlsJ60, R#i_- (TakaK6Z) Bichem, excit (fissionyield) _-il.65max Gdl60(a,p) (FalK57)
TakaK62) i i (AlsJ60) '
others (FalK57) A -64.7 (MTW) isep isotopes(TakaK62) Y iDy X-rays, 0.025,0.235, 0.330, Dy164(¥,p)
: 0.510 high energy (TakaK62)
fission
(AlsJ60)
Tb 163 7m (WilleR60) *# [_-] (WilleR60) E_sep isotopes,excit Y 10.18 Dy163(n,p) (WilleR60)

: i (WilleR60)
i ipossiblyidenticalto 7.5m i
i i i_ !
i i li i
rb162,163 14 m (ButeF50) i F lexcit (ButeF50) i g....... Dy (ButeF50)'
, _j. . : I i
321
Type of decay (_); 1 i

Major radiations: i
Isotope Half-life (/k ='M-A), MeV (C" =0); Genetic relationships of production
%. i [_-] (AlsJ60) D _chem, excit (fission yield) I high energy fission

65_h16423h C_lsj6o) i
A i -62 (MTW) i
i (A/s J60) i
_ i (AlsJ60)
L i
66DY 149 10-20TotK58a)m
(TotK59, %. i EC (TotK582, TotK59) C iiexcit,TotK58a)genet( TotK59, _: i'!Pr14'TotK58a)
14 1(N 6n) ( TotK59,
: iparent Th 149 (TotK59) I ii !
i : i
Dy 150 7.2m {MacfR64) i
%.iEC, _ (TotK59) i
Cicross bomb (RasJ53) Y i TbX-rays, 0.39, 0.511 (¥±) prl41(N 14, 5n) (TotK59)
j8 m (TotE59) iEC+_ ¢18% i excit (TotE59) a i4.23 ICel40(O 16, 6n)
7 m (RasJ53) A i -69(l_acfR64)
(MTW) ii daughter
daughter Er
Ho 154
150 (MacfR63)
(MacfR63) ! i daughter radiations from Tb 150 iL
i Tb159(p,
(MacfR64) 10n)
(RasJ53)
: i
Dy 151 18.0 m (MacfR64) %. i

i_+ + EC 94%0, a 6% B i
icross bomb (Ras353) a ! 4.06 iprl41(Nl4, 4n) (TotK59)
19 m (TotK59, RasJ55) i (MacfR64) iexcit (TotK59) Y i Tb X-rays, 0.145, 0.511 (¥±) !Ce140(O 16, 5n)
A I -69 (MTW) (MacfK63) 35.6s

i daughter Ho 151 i daughter radiations from Tbl51 _: (MacfR64)
i : i i iTb159(p, 9n) (RasJ53)
: : i
Dy 152 2.41h (SiiA62) I%.IEC, _+ (o), o. (RasJ53," Aich ...... it (RasJ53, lYiThX-rays, 0.257, 0.5117 (¥±) !pr14](NI4,3n) (TotK59)
2.3 h [MacfK64, i TotK59i '. TotK58a)
RasJ53, SurY57, !a 0.05% (MacfK64) i (hem, genet (BasiA60a) a i 3.65 GdlS2(a, 4n) (TotK58a,
BasiA60a) A i: -70.11 (MTW) i parent 18 h Tb 152 (BasiA60a) idaughter radiations from 18 h i MacfR64)
2.5 h (TotK582) i i daughter

(MacfR63) 52.35 Ho 152 Ji : Tb 152 I
Dy 153 6.4 h (MacfR64) %" !EC, a 0.0030% (MacfR64) AI chem, excit, sep isotopes i ¥ i Th X-rays, 0.08 (complex), Gd152(¢, 3n) (TotK58a,
[ 5.0
5.5 h (TotK582)
(RydH6Z) A i -69.2 (MTW) !(hem,
: (TotK58a)
mass spect, genet i 0.029,
[0.25 0.047, 0.072, others
(complex)], 0.091, 0.192, MacfR64)
6.4 h (DzhB61a) (DobA58) e- 0.202
others (DobA58,
3.48
.... t Tb153 (DobA58) ¢ i
i GoroG57a) :i i I, ::daughter radiations from Tb 153 I "
I _ i i l
Dy 154 Et,/_
-/- >10 y (MacfR61)
6 %. ia (MacfR61) Bi i chem, exclt (MacfR61) a i2.85 ] Gd154(a, 4n) (MaefR61)
tl, 2 (a) =Ix 10 ysp A -70.5 (MTW) inotp .... tZlhor8.5h l i
/act (MacfR61) i Tb 154 (MacfR61) I i
Dy 154m_ 13 h (TotK58a) %. ia (TotK58a) Bi chem, excit, sep isotopes a 3.37 Gd154(a, 4n) (TotK58a)
i (TotK58a)
Dy 155 10.2h (PersL63c, %. iEC (TotK582) A chem, excit (MihJ57a) I¥ iTbX-rays, 0.227 (68%), 0.52 iTb159(p, 5n) (MihJ57a,
Iothers (MayM64, 2% (PersL63c) (8%, complex), 0.65 (5%, PersL64a)

I TotK582, GoroG57a, i -69 (MTW) parent Tb 155 (GoroG57a, 0.91 (5%, complex), 1.000 (6%), Gd153(¢' 2n),
DobA58, MihJ57a) :: daughter Ho 155 (DalB60a, 1.250 (4%), 1.39 (3%), 1.45
PersL64a) A i_+
:: , ! ehem, mass BasiA61)
KalyA59, spect (DobA58) i i complex),
(4%), 1.66 0.74
(2%) (4%, complex), Gd152(¢,n) (TotK61)
, BoncN60, DzhB58a, : DobA58, Maylvi64) [3+ : 1.08
1.091
max (5%), 1.16 0.85max
(0.14%), (6%, complex),
(2%) Gd154(¢, 3n) (TotK582)
i i le-i0.013, 0.038, 0.057, 0.175 i

: i I i
i i _daughter radiations from Tb 155 ]
: ! i
DV 156 t.1. (o.)>I x 1018y % !0.0524 (IngM48d) i i I

i,/_
, sp act (KieW58)
, i0.057 (ColiT57) i
i
i 1
i -70.9 (MTW) i
c i=3s (GoldmDT64) i i
_: i I 159
[ _+ Aichem, (HandT53) 'YiTb X-rays, 0.326 (91%) Tb (p, 3n) (HandT53,
Dy 157 8.1 h (PersL63b) %. iiEC, no (HandT53) excit PersL63b)
8.2h (MayM64, chem, sep isotopes (TotK61) e-i0.009, 0.031, 0.052, 0.074, 0.274
HandT53, RayG63) A -70 (MTW) chem, mass spect (DobA58) : [Gd154(¢,n) (TotK61)
others (DobA58, iparent Tb 157 (iwaS63, _ i
GoroG57a) i i Fuji64) i [
i [
i i i '
'% 10.0902 (IngM48d) i
10.100 (CollT 57) i
: ! i
A:: -70.37 (MTW) i I
Dy 159 144 d (KetB59) %" i'100

_rc IEC (KetB49)
(GoldmDT64) A !i (hem, n-(apt (KetB49) _/ i:i Tb X-rays, 0.058 (4%), 0.348 t Dy158(n,'/) (SerL47b,
151 d (HoffD63) ' !(hem, cross bomb (ButeF51a_, i ButeF49, HeiRS0)
138 d (RayG63, A :: -69.15 (MTW) i genet energy levels (MihJ57a) ! ( 9 x 10-4%) Tb159(d, 2n) (ButeF51a)
MayM64) :: e- 0.006, 0.049, 0.056 tTb159 (
others (ButeF51a, i { p, n) (KetB59)
KetB49, BjoS61, :
GrigE60a) i:: i !i
322
Type of decay (_);

Isotope Half-life (/%---M-A),
Thermal MeV (C ': =0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
Z A neutron and intensities of production
i :
% ! 2.35
2.294 (Co11T 57)
66DY16) (LngM48d) i :
D.D.D_
161 % 18.88 (IngM48d)
_ 1-68.05(MTW)
_c 1600 (GoldmDT64)
-6967
IMTwl i ii
Z5.5 (Co11T57) i
D--D
162 % i25'53 (IngM48d) i
i-68.18(MTw) i
"°i140
:
(Co1_n._641 ii
D-D-D
163 % i24.97 (IngM48d)
24.9 (ColiT57) i :
A ::-66.36 (MTW) i
O-ci130 (GoldmDT64) i :i
D.D__
164 z8.1 (Co11T57)
% iZ8.18 (IngM48d) }
i i
" A i-65.95 (MTW) { :
_ci8OO
: (to Dy165) i ii
i2000 (to Dy 165m) i
! (GoldmDT 64)
Dy 165 139.2 m {SherR52) at !,i_- (PoolM38a) A _:n-capt (HevG36, MarsJK35) 13-i 1.29 max Dy164{n, "Y) (MarsJK35,
139.0 m (PersL631
others (BotW46a, Ai-63.51
, (MTW) ::n-(apt, sep isotopes
(IngM47f) e-i ' 0.039, 0.085 HevG36,
MeiL40, PoolM38a,
SerL47b,
KetB49, SerL47b, _c14700 (GoldmDT64) imass spect (IngM47a) ¥ iHo X-rays, 0.095 (4%), 0.280 KetB49)
MangS62,
54) $1aH46, i i i: (0.6%), 0.361 (1.1%), 0.633
MayE : : (0.7%), 0.716 (0.7%) others
{ : I ! to 1.08
Dy165ml
i i
i ! _}
1.26 m (HardR64) at iIT (FlaA44a) A in-capt (FlaA44a) 15 i 1.04 max (0.4%), 0.89 max Dy164(n, Y) (FlaA44a,
othersFlaA44a,(FlaA46,HoleN48a) i_- 2.5% (HardR64) n-(apt, sep isotopes e-i . 0.054, 0.100, 0.106 FlaA46,
(IngM47f) CaldK 50, SerL47b,
HardR64)
i13- 2.4% (TorR60) : _/ ::Dy X-rays, 0.108 (3%), 0.152
iothers (JorW53b) : i (0.3%), 0.362 (0.6%), 0.514
A !-63.40 (LHP, MTW) i (1.8%o)
E i daughter radiations from Dy 165
Dy 165mz 32 s (HardR64) at I[IT] (HardR641 C in-capt'(HardR64)sep

isotopes ¥ i complex spectrum to 1.1 Dy164(n,Y) (HardR641
Dy 166 81.5 h (HoffD63) i (KetB49)

at i_- ::
A I(hem, genet (KetB49) i
_-i0.48max (5%), 0.40max Dyl64 (n,Y)Dy165(n, Y)
81.8 h (GunR62) A i-62.59 (MTW) ' (KetB49, ButeF50a,
others (HelmeR60, i parent Ho 166 (KetB49, e-i0.019,0.027, 0.046 RusL60, HelmeR60,
ButeF50a, KetB49) ButeF50a) "/::HoX-rays, 0.082 (12%), 0.372 GunR62, BrabV64,
i :: ! (0.5%), 0.426 (0.5%) HoffD63)
i iidaughter radiations from Ho 166

!
Dy 167 4.4 m (WilleK60) at [_-] (WilleR60) C ,i

sep isotopes,excit : Erl70(n, a) (WilleR60)
i i (WilleR60)
67Ho 150 =20 s (MacfR63) at i[EC, 15+] (Macro63) r!genet (MacfR63) i pr141(O16 7n)
i parent Dy 150 (MacfR63) i (MacfR63)
151
Ho 35.6 s (MacfR63) at i13+ + EC 80%, a 20% B iexcit, cross bomb, genet a 14.51 pr141(O16 6n)
i (MacfR63) (MacfR63) Y i[Dy X-rays, 0.511 (Y±)] (MacfR63)
: parent Dy 151 (MacfR63) i daughter radiations from Dy 151,
I--Io151 4Z s (MacfR63) at ia =30%, _+ =70% C excit, cross bomb (MacfR63) a ::4.60 016 on Nd 142 (MacfR63)
i (MacfR64) ¥ [Dy X-rays, 0.511 (Y±)]
i idaughter radiationsfrom Dy 151,
i i Tb 147
Ho 152 52.3 s (MacfR63) at i[EC+_+I81%, a 19% B iexcit, genet (MacfR63) a 14.45 ipr141(O 16, 5n)
: parent Dy 152 (MacfR63) i (MacfR63)
i
' i
i (MacfR63) i
i ....
323
Type of decay (_);

Major radiations:
ZIsotope A Half-life (A-M-A),
: prl41 (016 5n)

67Ho 152 2.4 m (Macro63) %"I[EC+[5+] =70%, a =30% C!excit (Ras353) a i4.38
m (Ras353) i (MacfR63) i excit, cross bomb (MacfR63, i (MacfR63)
i Mac fR64b)
A -63.8 (MTW) !daughter Er 152 (MacfR63a) i
_o1539m (_ac_631 %"i

c__+[5+]'(_ac_631°
0.3_0 _iexcit
C_ac_63) _i_
3.9_ L_r_41(016,
4n)(_ac_631
A i -65.0 (MTW) i
Ho 153 27 m (MayM64) %" i[a] (MayM64) F! genet (MayM64) i: protons on Dy (MayM64)
i ancestor Eu 145 (MayM64)

Ho 154 7 m (LagP66) %" i[5+, [EC] (LagP66) B i ehem, mass spect (LagP66) Y i [Dy X-rays], 0.335, 0.511 (Y±) protons on Dy (LagP66)
n!-65 (MTw) i
Ho 155 50 m (LagP66, %" i[EC], [5+ (KalyA59) A i ehem, genet (KalyA59, [5+ Z. 1 max protons on Dy, Ho
KalyA59) : i DalB60a, BasiA61) (LagP66)
46 m (DalB60a) i imass spect (LagP66) y iDyX-rays, 0.092, 0.138, 0.511
: (y+)
! parent Dy 155 (DalB60a,
i KalyA59, BasiA61) i daughter radiations from Dy 155
i
Ho 156 55 m (LagP66, %" i[EC] (Mihff57a) A i chem, sep isotopes Y [Tb X-rays], 0.138 (t" 100), 0.266 Dy156(p, n) (Mihff57a)
57BasiA61)
m (GrigE60d) i[5+ (GrigE60d) iichem,
(MihJ57a)
mass spect (LagP66) i (_" 99),
0.685, 0.367
0.89, (_ 23),1.410.511
l.Z0, (Y±),
others (Mihff57a) i i e-i0.084 , 0.130, 0. Z13
i i _+iZ'9max (_"1), 1.8max (]" 18)
Ho 157 14m (LagP66) %"i[5 +, [gC] (LagP66) B)[chem], mass spect (LagP66) Y iDyX-rays, 0.087, 0.15Z, 0.190, prot ..... Dy, Ho
i i 0.ZZ7, 0.511 (Y+), 0.71, 0.86, (LagP66)
) i ! 0.90, I.ZO 157

i ) ! daught .... diations from Dy
: i
Ho 158 11.5 m (SchepH6Z) %" igc, no [5+, lira 10% A I chem (DneI60) Y ! Dy X-rays, 0.099, 0.218, 0.329, Tb159(a, 5n) (SchepH6Z)
11 m (StenT65a) i (SchepH6Z) i chem, exclt (SchepH6Z) i 0.412, 0.52, 0.647, 0.73, 0.86,
A i-66.33 (MTW) i chem, genet (StenT65a) : 0.940, 1.21, 1.47, 1.6, 1.8,
( :)daughter Ho 158m (StenT65a) e-i ! 0.045,
2.05, 0.062,
Z.21, 2.87,
0.091, 3.10.097,
: : O.164 I
Ho 158m Z9 m (SchepH62) %" iIT (AbdurA61, AI chem (DneI60) Y iDy X-rays, Ho L X-rays, 0.099, Tb159(a, 5n) (SchepH6Z)
27 m (DneI60, i GromK61a) ! chem, excit (SchepH6Z) i 0.218, 0.3Z (complex), 0.356,
GromK61a) i[EC], _+ (BoncN61a) imass spect (LagP66) i 0.41Z, 0.46 (complex), 0.5Z,
22 m (LagP66) ( !daughter Er 158 (GromK61a, i 0.63 (complex), 0.73 (complex),
others (BasiA61, A i-66. Z6 (LHP, MTW) i BoncN61a, AbdurA61) ::
: 0.85
l.Zl, (complex),
1.47, 1.60, 0.95
1.80,(complex),
2.06,
BoncN61a) i iparent Ho 158 (StenT65a) i Z.Z0, Z.6Z
! : i 0.1320.044,
e-i 0.029, 0.07Z, 0.078, 0.092,
:: i [5+i1.3Z max
: i included in above listing
i i )daughter radiations from Ho 158
Ho 159 33m (LagP66, %"(EC (TotK58) Aichem, excit (TotK58) y )DyX-rays, 0.057, 0.080, 0.13, Tb159(a, 4n) (TotK58)
TotK58) ; i chem, sep isotopes (MayM64) :: 0.18 (complex?), 0.253, 0.309 ]Dyl60(p, Zn) (MayM64)
daughter Er 159 (AbdurA61a) e-i[0.0Z6], 0.048, 0.071, 0.121,
35 m (MayM64) Ai-67 (MTW) [ i 0.198, 0.243, 0.256, 0.300
: 159
Ho 159m 6.9 s (Borgff66) %" ilT (Borg366) AI excit, sep isotopes, genet 'YiHo
' X-rays, 0.206 daughter
(AbdurA6Er la, LagP66)
A i-67 (LHP, MTW) i energy levels (Borgff66) e-::0.150, 0.197 Dyl60(p, Zn) (BorgJ66)
Ho 160 25.6 m (StenT65, %. IEC 99+%, [5+ =0.4% A! excit (WilkG50c) see radiations of Ho 160m daughter Ho 160m
StenT65a) i (GrigE59d) i chem (HandT 54a) } (GrigE 62b)
28 m (TotK58, !others (WilkG50a) i chem, sep isotopes, excit Tb159(a, 3n) (WilkG50a,
MayM64) [ [ (MayM64) TotK58)
22.5 m (WilkG50a) A 1-66.4 (MTW)
=33 m (GoroG57a) i i daughter Ho 160m (GrigE62b) : protons on Dy (MayM64)
=22 m (HandT54a) [ [not daughter Er 160, lim 5% :
[ i (DzhB63e) i
: i
i i '
i i
, i
324
Type of decay (_); !

9_ abundance; Mass excess Major radiations:
Isotope Half-life (AIM-A), MeV (C_=0); Class; Identification; I Principal means
Z A Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV)
Thermal neutron and intensities i of production
cross section (09, barns I
3 i: i: I
AvHO TM 5.0h (StenT65, %_ iIT 66_0,,E C+15 _34%
A !chem, genet (NerW55) ¥ iDyX-ray, 0.087 (14%), 0.197 Tb 159(a, 3n) (TotK58,
-- _ NerW55, MihJ57, ! l*SUOl icnem, sep isotopes (MihJ57) (20%), 0.539 (5%), 0.646 I TotK59a, WilkG50a)
HandT54a, RayG63) i=+ _ ,,_ ........ ehem, exeit, sep isotopes ! (20%) 0729 (50%) 0.880 ! 160
F4.8 h (GrigE60a) IP =v._-/0tL,rzgzu_aj (Ma,,M64_
] i :: %/26%''
ii1 0 .7°65 I'370_
70 'c ompl "ex/" daughter Er (BjoS61 '
4.6 h (WilkG50a) : ! .... r RayG63 NerW55
5.3 h (DzhB57) A i 66.3 (LHP, MTW) i daughter E_ 60 (NerW55) _i others to 2.8 ! GrigE62b) '
others (DzhB57g) : ! e ........... e i 0.033, 0 051, 0.058 0.079 0.085 protons on D (Ma M64)
i ipar nr nO ttarzgr_o_o} i 0.144, 0.188 ' ' ' Y Y
i i 15+iI.9 max
! ! i daUngc_tuedre_adlaat%%ns
ffs_mgH°160
Ho 161 2.4 h (Dne158) %_ iEC (HandT54a, HandT54) A ichem, genet, exeit Y i Dy X-rays, 0026 (23%), 0.075 IThI59( _, 2n) (WilkG50a)
2.5HandT
54a,h
{RayG63,HandT 54) --A:-671 ,M__,(
TW% !: {HandT54al, IHandT 54) i: (15%) , 0.157 (1%) , 0.176 (2%) Iprotons on Dy (MayM64)
others (BjoS61, i idaughter Er 6 (HandT54, e-! 0.0170.024, 0.049, 0.069, 00761
I BasiA61, WilkG50c) i j HandT54a)
Ho 161m 6.1 s (BorgJ66) 't !IT (StenT65a, BorgJ66) Ai chem, g enet (StenT65a, y iHo X-rays, 0.211 (53%) daughter Er 161
6.8 s (StenT65a) A 1-67 (LHP MTW) i StenT65) e-I 01550202 {S_tenT65a, StenT65)
i ' i iexcit, sep isotopes (BorgJ66) i • ' " iDyI62( 2n) "Bor J66'
i daughter Er 161 (StenT65a, i ! P' | g /
i ! StenT65) i =:
Ho 162 15m (StenT65, I%_iEC 95%, 15+ 5% (JorM61) Aigenet (JorM61) Y iDyX-rays, 0 081 (8%), 0.511 daughter Ho 16zm
StenT65a) A 1-66.02 (MTW) ehem, genet (StenT65, :: (9%0 "/±) (JorM61, HarmB61)
12 m (JorM61) : _ten-,o_a/ ; ,
i i . .
iaaughter .
no 162m {dor_ol,
.... 15+: I' I0 max
! i StenT65, StenT65a) e-i 0.027, 0.072, 0.079
J
Ho 162m 68m (JorM61, %_ilT 63% EC37% Aichem, sepisotopes (MihJ57a)¥ iHoX-rays, DyX-rays, 0.081 JTb159(a,n) (JorM61)
, MayM64) i (JorM61) !chem, mass spect (JorM61) :: ( 10%), 0.185 (26%), 0.283 protons on Dy (MayM64)
Ix i-o_._Z _HP, .,vlzw) i WilkG50a) I i (24%)

67m (MihJ57a) _i i .... t,-- . _. _ iothers Ho
iparent (HandT54a,
162 {JorM61, e-ii0.027,
{12%),0036,
0.9400048,
(13%0), 1.2240.079,
0.072,
i i StenT65, StenT65a) i 0.131, 0.177 !
i ! idaught .... diations from Ho 162

I
163 I 3
Ho ,t.._
1/_ >10 y sp act A -66.35 (MTW) A I chem, mass spect (NauR60) ! ! Er162{n, Y)ErI63{EC)
I (NauR60) i i ! {NauR60)
others (BjoS61)
Ho 163m iI.I s (BorgJ66) %* IT (GovN58) iB excit (GovN58) Y Ho X-rays, 0.305 !Ho165(¥, 2n) (HarnmC57
I 0.8 s (HammC57) A -66.05 (LHP, MTW) I i excit, sep isotopes (Borg3"66)!e-i 0 249 0 296 GovN58) '
Ho 164 36.7 m (BrowHN54) %_ :i15- 53%0, EC 47%, no 15+, A: excit (PoolM38a) 115_!:0.99 max Iprot ..... Dy (WilkG50a,
34.0
41.5 m (WilkGS0a)
m (WafH50) i lira 0.05% (BrowHN54) ! e -I 0 019 0 034 0 065 0 071 0 083 MihJ57a)
]47m {PoolM38a) A i-64.84 (MTW) i i 0.089 ...... Ho165(¥,n) (WafH48,
others {HandT54a) i
i Y i
IDy, Er X-rays. 0.073, 0.091 HoBlr6°5wHN54)
(n, 2n) (PoolM38a,
I i i i Wam5O)
Ho 165 tl/2 (_) >6 x 1016 y sp % i l00 (LelW50, Co11T57) j [ i
[ act {PorsW54) Ac: "64 (to Ho

-64.81 166)
(MTW) ii iI i:i I
i=l (to Ho 166m) i ::
i ( G°ldmDT 64 ) i ::
No 166 i26.9h (GranP49, i ! 165

%J i15-(HevG36) A in-capt (HevG36) 15-i1.84 max Ho (n, ¥) (HevG36,
' CorkJ58)
27.0 h (HoffD63) A :!
-63.07 t'MTW') :!maSSchem
spect(KetB49b)
(IngM47) e-i:0.023, 0.072, 0.078 SerL47b_P°°IM
38a, MeiL40,
I°therSlngM47,(FunL63'BotW46a, i idaughter Dy 166 (KetB49,

ButeF50a) Y iE_X9_0_YS' 10808_0{ 50_0_)'
l i163680 daughter Dy 166 {KetB49,
AntoN50, AntoN50a, i i i (O"i0%i " ' ' ' ButeF50a, HoffD63)
_et_49h
0or_49_i i ii
166m 3 - ._i ! -i [
Ho 1.2 x i0 y sp act, mass_ :15 {ButeF5Z) A[chem, excit (ButeF52) 13 i[0.07 max] Ho165(n Y) IButeF52)
spect {FalK65) ' ' ' I ....
A : 6306 "LHP M-W" :chem genet energy levels -: _
others (ButeF52) i- • _ , T ) [ {Mi'ItJ55) ;e :0.023, 0.072, 0.078, 0127, 0.175 I
[ j _ [Er X-rays, 0.081 (12%), 0.184
i i i (90%), 0.280 (30%), 0.412
! [ i (12%), 0.532 (12%), 0.711
i i ! (58%), 0.810 (60%), 0.830
[ i i (11%), others to 1.43
Ho 167 3.1 h (WilleR60)

J_
*'_[15 (HandT55)
i
A [chem, excit (HandT55)
i
15-[ 096 max Er (p,a)
170 (HandT55)
3.0 h (HandT55) i igenet ener levels -i 167 .
A -62.3 (MTW) [ i;_X_,agY_ e :0.024, 0.048, 0.073, 0.150 0.180 Er (n,p) (WzlleR60,
[ [ " .......... ' i 0.199, 0.263 ' ' HandT 55)
[[ [ ¥ [ErX-rays [0.079, 0.083, 0.208,
i [ i 0.238, 0.321, 0.348, 0.387]
]i
325
! I Type of decay (_); [

I % abundance; Mass excess _ Major radiations: i
Isotope ! Half-life (A-=M-A), MeV (C':=0); Class; Identification; I Principal means
Z A ! Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV)
i Thermal neutron and intensities of production
cross section (c7), barns
67Ho 168 ! 3.3 m (WilieR60) l_i_- TakaK61) C! sep isotope ...... s bomb [3 i Z.Z max : Er168(n,p) (WilleR60,
A}-59.7 (MTW) ¥! 0.85
i
i 3.5 m (TakaK61) ! i (WilieR60) i i TakaK61)
Ho 169 4.8 m (MiyK63) %*i I_- (MiyK63) C i excit, sep isotopes, decay I_ } 1.95 max I Erl70(y p} (MiyK63)
i Ai-58.8 (MTW) i ch .... (MiyK63) Yi 1 0.15, 0.68, 0.76, 0.84, 0.92
Ho 169 96 m (ButeF50) _ (ButeF50) G[ excit (ButeF50) i gammas on Er (ButeF50)
i possibly Er 163 (LHP)
i i i
Ho 170 45 s (TakaK61) _a i6- (TakaK61) C i excit, sep isotopes _-i 3.I max Erl70(n, p) (WilleR60,
'40 s (WilieR60) i A! -55.8 (MTW) (WilleR60) ¥i 0.43 TakaK61)
: I
68Er 152 10.7 s (MacfR63a) i%Jla: =90%,=i0%

(MacfR63a)[EC+_+] C i excit,(MacfR63a,CrOSS
bOmbMac
fR 64b) a }4.80 Pr 141 (F 19, 8n),
152 i Nd142(O16, 6n),
" i ! parent(MacfR63a)2.4
m Ho _
i ,I (MacfR64b,
Ce 140 (NeZ0, MacfR63a)
8n)
5n)
Er 153 36 s (MacfR63a) %a i a >75%, EC+_ B iexcit, cross bomb, senet cLi4.67 Nd142(O 16
i {MacfR63a) ; {MacfR63a, MacfR.64b) i (MacfR63a)
i i ancestor Tb 149 (MacfR63a) : prl41(F 19, 7n),
{
i i {MacfR64b)
cel40 (Ne20, 7n)
{ i :
Er 154 5 m (MacfR63a) %'ia (MacfR63a) C I excit, genet (MacfR63a) a i4.15 Ndl4Z(O16,4n)
A 1-63 (MTW) i parent Dy 150 (MacfP,63a) i daughter radiations from Dy 150 (MacfR63a)
Er157 I_=25m {LagP66) ¢i_ +, [EC] (LagP66) Bi[chem]. ...... pect {LagP66) _/iHo X-rays, 0.117, 0.386, 0.511 IHo165(p, 9n) (LagP66)
' i : i {_4")' 1"32' 1'66' 1"82' z'0

i daughte r radiations from Ho 157
i i : i
Er158 I 2.3 h (StenT65, %_iEC, _+ (BoncN61a) B} chem, genet (GromK61a, V }Ho X-rays, 0.072, 0.250, 0.315, protons on Ta
i2.4GromK61a)h
(Dnel60) i i BoncN61a) i 0.387, 0.511 (Y±), 0.875, 0.906 BoncN61a,(Gr°mK61a'Dnel60)AbdurA61'
I 2.5 h (BoncN61a) : i P .... t So 158m (GromK61a, i 0.978
i :
: } BoncN61a, AbdurA61) e-i 0.058, 0.065 Ho165(p, 8n) (LagP66)
I, I i i _+i0.8max
i I : ! daughter radiations from Ho 1_m,
i i i Ho158
Er 159 36 m (LagP66) °t I[EC, I_+] (AbdurA61a) A! chem, atomic level spacing, _/ [ Ho X-rays, 0.206, 0.37, 0.511 Ho165(p, 7n) (LagP66)
1 h (AbdurA61a) ! i i mag:nse:pect(AbdurA61a)
(LagP66) i (¥*), 0.62 (complex), 0.84, protons
(AbdurA61a)
on Ta
1.20, 1.40, 1.80, 2.60 i
i parent Ho 159 (AbdurA61a) e-i 0.150, 0.197
I : I i daughter radiations from Ho 159
i: i i ii daughter
includedradiations
in above from Ho 159m
listing
' i
Er 160 I 29.4 h (NerW55) _fi[EC], no 13+ (NerW551 '
A! chem, mass spect (NerW55, Y i Ho X-rays protons on Er (RayG63,
Z8.7 h (BjoS61) i MieM54) i daughter radiations from Ho 160m BjoS61)

othersZ9"5
h (RayG63)(MicM
54, i: i parent Ho 160m (NerW 55) i and Ho 160 I
DzhB57, GoroG57a, i i not parent Ho 160, lira 5% :
! LagP66) _ i i (DzhB63e) :ii

Er 161 ! 3.1 h (NerW55, _i[EC], f5+ (NerW55) A i chem, cross bOmb, excit Y i Ho X-rays, 0.211 {9%), 0.305 protons on Er (RayG63,
i RayG63, GrenH61) IEC, no _+, lira 3% i (HandT54) i (3%), 0.592 (8%), 0.826 (63%), HarmB59, BjoS61,
3.2h {BjoS61, Dnel60a)
GromK61a, i (HandT54, GrenH61) : chem,
: mass
NerW55) spect {MicM54, }
i 1.17 (8%, ,complex),
complex)
1.37 (5%,
1.66 (2%, complex)
ButeF60)
iothers (HandT54, A}-65 (MTW) {parent Ho 161 (HandT54, e-! 0.059, 0.065, 0.155, 0.202
I MicM 54) ' [ HandT54a) 15*i 1.2 max
,I RayG63)
idaughter Tm 161 (ButeF60' i daught .... diations from Ho 161
i i I P .... t Ho 161m (StenT65a, ii daught ....

included indiations
above from
listing Ho 161m
I i i StenT65} :
--Erl6g i ' A i -66.4

%i0.: 136 (MTW)
(HaydR50) i i_i
I¢c{ 2 (GoldmDT64) i [
Er 163 75.1m
others
(PersL63d)
(HandT 53a,
l_imc
i
99+%,
(PersL63d)
_+0004% Aich
!
.....
PersL63dl
cit (HandT53a, ¥1HoX-rays,
i (0.04%)
0.43 (0.06%), 1.10 ]Ho165(p, 3n) (HandTb3a,
BjoS61, StenT65) A i-65.14 (MTW) i chem,

BjoS61) genet (ButeF60, _+i 0.19max Ii PersL63d)
} i daughter Tm 163 (ButeF60, i
i i Bj°S61) [
326
Type of decay (_);

Isotope Class; IdentificatiOn; Principal means
Z A ] Half-life (A='M-A), MeV (C'_=0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV)
I Thermal neutron and intensities of production
i
68Er164 ' %i 1.56 (HagdRS0) i i
i A !-65.87 (MTW) [
Er 165 10.34 h (RydH63)

10.3 h (StenT65)
"i
%a!EC
:
(ButeF50b)
'' A!chem,
i excit (ButeF50b)
i
¥ i Ho X-rays, continuous Ho165(d, 2n) (RydH63)
10.4 h (ZyU63) A 1-64.44 (MTW), i chem, mass spect (NierW56, i bremsstrahlung to 0.37
l others (RayG63, [ BjoS61) : Ho165(p, n) (RayG63)

: BjoS61, SchoR63, ![ i daughter Tm 165 (HandT53a, i Er164(n, _) (SchoR63)
ButeF50b, GrigO58, i [ NerW54) [
GoroG57) i i i
Er166 % i 33.41 (HaydRS0) i
i: -64.92 (MTW) i i
i
Er 167
_c112
% 122.94 *-6329 (GoldrnDT64)
(HaydR50)
(MTw)
i
i
i
i
_rc[l 700 (GoldmDT64) i i
J
Er 167m 2.3 s (AlexKF63) _ ,iIT (DMatE49) B in-capt, (DMatE49) _/i Er X-rays, 0.208 (43%) daughter Tm 167
2.5 s (DMatE49, [ i excit (HammC57) , (MihJ57, MihJ57a)
HammC57) A i -63.08 (LHP, MTW) i genet (MihJ57a) e-i 0.150, 0.199 167
' i daughter Ho
i i daughter Tm 167 (MihJ57a) i (HarrnB62)

Er166(n, ¥) (DMatE49,
i i AlexKF63)
Er168 ;_ % i27.07 (HaydR50) :

! A [-62.98 (MTW) i
Er 169 9.6 d (BjoS61) *t i_- (KetB48) AI chem, n-capt (KetB48) _-i 0.34 max Er168(n, ¥) (KetB48)
i .0 d (RayG63) i genet energy levels (HatE50a e-i 0.006
I 9.4 d (KetB48) A -60.91 (MTW) chem, mass spect (BjoS61)
I
, 9.0ButeF50)
d (BisA56e, i
i i Y i[Tm M X-rays], 0.008 (0.3%)
i others { WilieR60) : : i
17--___
Zr ° # _/o114.88(HaydR50) i i
i _ i-60.0(MTW)
_ci9i_oldm.T64) i i
i_ i
Er 171 7.52 h (CranF58) _ i_ lKetB481 AI n-capt (HevG36, NeunE351 _-i 1.49 max (2.3%), 1.06 max Erl70(n, ¥) (HevG36,
others {KellH51, i ' '
i chem, mass spect (NetD56) . BotW46a, NeunE35)
I KetB48) A i -57.6 (MTW) i chem, genet (KetB48) _ iTmX-rays,
e-! 0.004, 0.052, 0.112
0.065, (25%),
0.10Z, 0.124
0.115 PoolM38a, KetB48,
i parent Tm 171 (KetB48) (9%), 0.296 (28%), 0.308
I i [ (630/0) others to 0.96
I i i
Er 172 i49.5 h (HansP61a) _ i_- (OrtC61) AI chem, genet (NetD56) _-i 0.89max (<10%), 0.37 max Er170(n,¥)Er171(n,¥)
others (NetD56, i parent Tm 172 (NetD56) e-i 0.010, 0.020, 0.049, 0.058, 0.348
i HelmeR6 Ib, Hans P6 la,
OrtC61)
I48.7 h (GunR62) 41256.5 (MTW) i' ¥ [ Tm X-rays, 0.407 (40%), 0.610 GunR62)
(NetD56, OrtC61,
i i i (40_.)
[ [ } daughter radiations from Tm 172
p i i
Er173 I 2.0 m
'
(WilleR60)
i
%* i_- or IT (WilleR60)
! i yb176
(or Tm 176 ] F i sep isotopes (WilieR60) ¥ i0.18, 0.25, 0.36 neutrons on
yblT2) I i i
' i : i (WilieR60)
,54 i i
Tm 3.0 s (MacfR64b) "e ia
: (MacfR64b) C iexcit, cross
! (MacfR64b) bomb cti 5.04 Vr141{Ne 20 7n),
i i i NdI42(FI9' 7n)
' i ii
ii (MacfR64b)
Tm 154 5 s (MacfR64b) *t ia (MacfR64b) E [ excit, cross bomb a !4.96 prl41(Ne 20, 7n),
= i
i
)
[
(MacfR64b)
i NdI42(F 19 7n)
(MacfR64b)
i i a_.. ,,._
327
Type of decay (_); !
zIS°t°PeA Half-life (A!M-A),ThermalMeVneutron(C':=0); Genetic relationships approximateandintensitiesenergies

(MeV) Principalof
productionmeans
69Tm161 32 m (ButeF60) %J ii EC (HarmB59) A ii chem, sep isotopes i Er X-rays

Y i , 0.084, 0.106, 0.112, Erl6Z(p, Zn) (RayG63,
30 m (HarmB59) A i-62 (MTW) i (HarmB59) : 0.145 (complex), 0.172, others HarmB59)
m (GromK63) chem, excit, sep isotopes,
genet (RayG63) i 0.065, 0.075, 0.089, 0.115,
'Z0 to 30 m (RayG63) i i chem, genet (ButeF60) e-i 0.0Z7, 0.036, 0.050, 0.055,
! i parent Er 161 (ButeF60, others
i i i RayG63) ! daughter radiations from Er 161
Tm 16z 77 m (WilsRG60g) %_ .iEC (WilsRG60g) B i excit, sep isotopes Y i_ Er X-rays, 0.10Z (J" Z0), 0.236 ! protons on Er {RayG63,
90 m (RayG63) i (WilsRG60g) (t 10) WilsRG60g)
activity not observed, A 1-61.5 (MTW) ! chem, excit, sep isotopes
Tm 16z 2Z m {AbdumA631 %a i15+, EC (AbdumA63) D i chem {AbdumA631 15+ 3.82 max daughter Yb 16z
Aii-61.5 {MTW) idaughter Yb 16z (AbdumA63) e-! 0.045, 0.093, 0.100 (AbdumA63)
i
:
i
i
Yi[ErX-rays, OlOZ,o.511(Y_)]i
: 1
Tm 163 1.8 h (BjoS61, @ j EC (HarrnB59) A ichem, sep isotopes Y !iEr X-rays, 0.104 (t 8), 0.17 (t 1, Er164(p, Zn) (RayG63)
GromK63, RayG63) i15 + (BoncN60) i {HarmB59) complex), 0.240 (_ 5, complex),;

others (HarmB59, i chem, mass spect (BjoS61) i 0.29 {_" 3, complex), 0.34 (_" 3, i
BoncN60, ButeF60) A i-6Z.87 (MTW) i ch ..... p isotope ..... it ! complex)
(RayG63) e-i 0.047, 0.095, 0.184
i parent Er (ButeF60,
i BjoS61) l
: !i daughter radiations from Er 163
i i 163 I 15+i1.1
! max
Tm 164 Z.0m {WilsRG60g) %aiEC 50%, 15+ 50% Aichem, genet energylevels Y iEr X-rays, 0.091 (4%), 0.356, Er164(p,n) (RayG63,
1.8 m {RayG63) i (WilsRG60g) (DalB60, AbdurA60,
A i-61.91 (MTW) i AbdurA60b) i 0.773,0"361'

0.862,0"391'0.907,0"511
( 100%,0.930
Y+)' I WilsRG60g)
, { :!excit,WilsRG60g)Sep
isotopes (RayG63, 15+! Z. 94 max [
idaughter Yb 164 (DalB60, e-i 0.034, 0.083, 0.089 {
i i AbdurA60, AbdurA60b) { ]
Tm165 i 30.1 h {BjoS61) %" iEC, no 15+ (HandT53a) A I chem, excit (HandT53a) Y ::Er X-rays, 0.054, 0.113, 0.243 protons on Er (RayG63)
others {MicM54, !15+ 0.007% {PreiZ65) i chem, mass spect (MicM54) i {_ 50), 0.Z97 {_" 35, complex),
RayG63, GoroG57,
HandT53a) A !-62.87 (PreiZ65, MTW) i parent Er 165 (HandT53a, i 0.34 (_ 10, complex), 0.44 i
I i i NerW54) i (_ 5, complex), 0.70 iT Z), I
{ i : :i 0.807(t
I) (? 15), 1.13 (t 5), 1.30 I
i e-i 0.038,0.045,O.05Z,0.056,0.068,
i i i 0.161, 0.185, 0.2-33, 0.240
: i !
15+ 0.30 max
i i daughter radiations from Er 165
: i
Tm 166 7.7h {WilsRG60d, %a!EC 98.2%, 15+ 2% Aichem, excit {WilkG49a) 3+i 1.94 max Ho165(a, 3n) (WilkG49b)
GrigE60a, WilkG49b, i {GrigE61) :: chem, mass spect {MicM54) e-i 0.023, 0.072, 0.079, 0.127 protons on Yb {WilkG49b,
RayG63, MicM54) iothers {WilsRG60d, RayG63, WilsRG60d)
others {BjoS61, i WilkG49b) i daughter Yb 166 (FolR51,
: : NerW55, GoroG57) Y iEr X-rays, 0.081, 0.19 {doublet),
BoncN60, PariP63) A i-61.88 (LHP, MTW) i 0.69 {complex), 0.78 (complex),

0.215, 0.46,
1.180, 1.277,0.60 {complex),
1.378, 1.873,
: ii :: 2.06 (doublet)
Tm 167 9.6 d (NaraH60, %P EC,i no 15+ {WilkG49b) A{ chem, excit {WilkG49a, Y iEr : X-rays, 0.057 {4%) , 0.208 P Ho165(a, Zn) (RayG63)
WilkG49b, NerW55, ino 15+, lira 0.3% i RayG63) ] (43%), 0.532 (Z%) protons on Er (RayG63)
l_ayG63) i chem, mass spect (MicM54, :
9.3 d (BjoS61, i {GromK62) ! NerW55, BjoS61) e-i 0.048, 0.150, 0.199
BormN62) A ::-6Z. 13 (GromK62, MTW) i parent Er 167m (MihJ57a) i daughter radiations from Er 167m
" ii i'daughter Yb 167 {WilsRG60f) i included in above listing
Tm 168 85 d (WilkG49b) ¢ !EC, 15- (?) =2T0 AI chem, excit {WilkG49b, Y igr X-rays, 0.080 (II%), 0.19 In) (RayG63)
86d
87 d (RayG63)
{HandT54b) i {WilkG49b) i RayG63) i {77%, complex), 0.448 (Z7%), n) {WilkG49b)
93 d (BonnN6Z) /% i-61.Z7 (MTW) ichem, mass spect (BjoS61) ! 0.63 ( 14%, complex), 0.73 168(p
others (BjoS61, i i
: ! complex),
:: (40%, complex), 0.8Z (88%,
0.917 (4%), 1.280 Er ,n) (RayG63)
GoroG57) ' i (3%)
i i e-i0.022, 0.071, 0.077, 0.127, 0.141
Tm 169 tl/2 (a) >5 x 1016y sp % 100 {LagC50, Co11T571 i
act (PorsW54) a i-61 25 (MTW) i

,r c ! 125 (GoldmDT64) ::
Tm 170 134 d (FlyK65a) %_i15-"(BotW46) A in-capt (NeunE36) 15-i 0.97 max Tm169(n, Y) (HevG36,
125 d (BonnN6Z) iEC(K) 0 15% (DayP56) !chem (KetB48a) e-! 0.023, 0.075, 0.082 NeunE36, SerL47b)
i others {BotW46, !no EC(K), lira 0.3%, no i V Yb X-rays, 0.084 (3.3%) Erl70(p,n) (RayG63)
i CaldR50, KetB49b) 1 15+' lira

{GrahR 0.01%
52) { i
/%!-59.6
(MTW)
i
_r
c i150
ii
{GoldmDT64) i
i .!
r
328
[ Type of decay (_); Major radiations: Principal means

II % abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; approximate energies (MeV)
Isotope Half-life (AiM-A), MeV (C'-'=0); Genetic relationships of production
I cross section (C7), barns
I Er 170 {n, _) Er 171 (1_-)

69Tin 171 1.92 y (FlyK65a) *t i [3- (KetB48) A I chem, genet (KetB48) _-i 0.097 max
; 1.9 y (KetB49b) A [ -59.1 (MTW) i chem, mass spect (NetD56) e-i 0.057, 0.065 (KetB48)
i i i daughter Er 171 (KetB48) _ i Yb X-rays, 0.067
Tml7Zi 63.6 h (NetD56) %" i_- (FolR51) A ichem (FolK51) _-i, 1.88 max dau ghter Er 172 (NetD56 ,
I
!63.5
others
h (HansP61a)
(KuroT61b, A i-57.4 (MTW) i chem,.n-capt,
! (NetD56) mass spect Y :
i Yb (2.2%),
X-rays, 0.91
0.079 (5%), 1.09
(1.4%), 0.181
(7%), HelmeR61a,
OrtC61) HansP61a,
I FolK51) i idaughter Er 172 (NetD56) i 1.39 (7%), 1.46 (7%), 1.53

i : { (6%), 1.61 (5%)
i
i i : -
Tm 173 8.Zh (OrtC63, %'i_- (KuroT61b) Bichem, sepisotopes, cross @ i 1.3max (2%), 0.89max grlY0{a,p) (OrtC63)
KuroT63) i bomb (OrtC63) '
Lothers (KuroT61b) A i-56.4: (MTW) e-_i0.008, 0.056, 0.064 yb173(n,p) (OrtC63)
:: i ¥ i Yb (89%),
X-rays,0.465
0.066(8%)(1.1%), 0.399 OrtC63,
yb174(¥, p)KuroT61b)
(KuroT63,
i : i
Truly 4 i 5.5 m (WilleR60) _ i_- (TakaK61) E !sep isotopes (WilleR60) _-i 2.5 max yb174(n, p) (WilleR60,
5 m (TakaK61) A ::
-54.6 (TakaK61, MTW) !i
decay charac (TakaK61) Y ino ¥ TakaK61)
i - : -{ yb174(n, p) (KantJ64b)
Tm 174 5.2 m (KantJ64c) _ i[5 (KantJ64c) B i genet energy levels i[3i 1.2 max
AI-54.1
, (MTW) i (KantJ64c, OrtC64) e-i 0.015, 0.067, 0.074
! :i (85%), 0.3660.176(93%),
.¥ !YhX-rays, (67%), 0.50 (15%)
0.273
] i i 0.99 (89,/,)
Tm 175 Z0 m (KuroT61b) *a_i_- (KuroT61b) E iexcit (ButeF50) _-i 2.0 max yb176(_/, p) (KuroT61b)
: iexcit, decay charae i 0.51
i 19 m (ButeF50) A 1-52.3[ (LHP, MTW) !' (KuroT61b) Y !
i
Tm 176 1.5m (TakaK61) %'!_- (TakaK61) Fidecay charac (TakaK61) _-!4.2max yb176(n,p) (TakaK61)
A i -49.2 (MTW) i ¥ i no ¥
Z.0 m (WilleR60) *'*liT or _- (WilleR60) F_ sep isotopes (WilleR60) Y 0.18, 0.25, 0.36 neutrons on Yb 176.
(or ErI73 ! * i
i i
:
i (WilieR60)
yb177) i : : i
70Yb154 ;0.39 s (MacfR64b) , %" ia

' (MacfK64b) C!i excit, cross bomb a i 5.33 Sm 144(O 16 6n),
: i (MacfR64b) i Nd142(Ne20, 8n)
4
i[ [ : i ! (MacfR64b)
J i i ! Sm 144(O16' 5n)
i °" lot (MacfR64b) C excit, cross bomb a i 5.21
yb155 i 1.6 s (MacfR64b) J" i (MacfR64b) Nd142(Ne 20, 7n)
ybl6Z I=24 m (AbdumA63)

. *_ I[EC]
i (AbdumA63) D ichem (AbdumA63) Y i[Tm
{ X-rays] protons on Ta
i iparent 2Z m Tm 162 e-! 0.03g, 0.039 (AbdumA63)
1 ! i (AbdumA63) ] daughter radiations from 22 m

, I I ] i Tm 162
Yb 164 ;75 m (DalB60, %" IEC {DalB60, AbdurA60, A I chem (NerW55) Y iTm X-rays Tm169(p, 6n) (ButeF60,
AbdurA60b, ', AbdurA60b) ]them, genet (AbdurA60, i daughter radiations from Tm 164 ParlP64)
i
AbdurA60) i i DalB 60, AbdurA60b)
i78 m (PariP64) i i chem, mass spect (ParlP64)
I 74 m (ButeF60) : i parent Tm 164 (AbdurA60b,
] others (NerW55, I
i KalyA 59) ' i
i i
: DalB60, AbdurA60) i
i i
yb 165 I0.5 m (PariP64) _ [EC, _+] (PariP64) C imass spect (PariP64) i Tm169(p, 5n) (PariP64)
A i-60 (MTW) i i
: i
Yb 166 57.5 h (PariP63) *'_iEC
° (FolR51) AI chem, genet (FolR51) Y iTm X-rays, 0.082 (17%) Tm169(p, 4n) (PariP63)
54 h (NerW55) ::chem, mass spect (MieM54, e-! 0.023, 0.072
62 h
i60 h (GoroG57)
(FolR51) !A !-61.6
i (MTW) i NerW55) !
i iP .... t Tm 166 (FolR51, daughter radiations from Tm 166
ii NerW55, GoroG57) i
yb167 ] 17.7 m (WilsRG60f) ::
*t iEC, no 6 + (HandT54b) B_-c,hem, excit (HandT54b) Y i Tm X-rays, 0.113 (90%, ._ daughter Lu 167
17.3 m (WanC64) i_+ 0.4_0 (WanC64) igenet (WilsRG60f) i complex), 0.176 (15%) (HarrnB59)
others (HandT54b, i_+ 0.2% (TamT65) iparent Tm 167 (WilsRG60f) e-i 0.047, 0.055, 0.096 Tm169(p, 3n) (HandT54_
I BasiA60b) A 'i-60.17 (MTW, GromK6Z iIdaughter

ButeF60)Lu 167 (AroP58, i Er164(a, n) (WilsRG60f)
329
Type of decay (_);
zIS°t°peA ] Half.life (A sM-A),ThermalMeVneutron(C'::0); Genetic relationships approximateandintensitiesenergies

(MeV) i Principalof
productionmeans
cross section (Or), barns i
i 10.135 ( CollT 57)
70 Ybl68 IIi i (BaiK50)

_i-613
% i0.140 (M_w) i i T
Yb 169 31.8 d (WalkD49a) .EC (BotW461 A i n-capt (BotW461 ¥ T m

30.6 d (CorkJ56) : _.
33 d (BotW46, A i-60 (MTW) i ch ...... it (KetB48a, 5 0.K1Xo rays Y
MartiDSand
l. 54b, i i'
: daughter Lu169 ( GoroG57b, 00: 0:Ig m169(d.
2n,,KetB48a,
i i MerE61)
i 1°°50?
Yb TM !46 s (HoffK60a)
_iliT (DMatE491 B i n-eapt
i
n-capt,
(DMatE49)
sep isotopes
50 s (DMatE49) i Ai-60 (LHP, MTW) i
(HoffK60a)
i
i il i!daughter Lu 169 (HarmB60)
yblTO [ 3.03 (BalK50) i

i
% 13.14 (Co11T57)
: i
ybl71 % i 14.31 (BaiK50) i
14.4 (ColIT 57) i

A 1-59.2 (MTW) i
A ii -60"5 (MTW) :i ] 171
Yb 171m <<8d (MihJ57) ,liT1-59.1(MihJ57a,

A (LHP, MTW)
MihJ57) D!ehern
i daughter (Mih257)
Lu 171 (MihJ57a, _ :bLX07::: 2002: :Z da _;5LUMlhJ57a)
i MihJ 57, I-larmB 60)
ybl7 2 I % i21.82 (BaiK50)
121.9 (ColIT57) i
i A i-59.3 (MTW)
-- 16.13 (BaiK50)
ybl7_ ] %i16.2 (ColIT57) i
i A i -57.7 (MTW)
_b TM _ _% !31.84 (BalK50) i
A;-57.1
i31.6 (MTWl
(CollT571 .
_r i 9 (to Yb 1751 ii
c!46 (to 0.513 level of i
i yb175) i
! i (GoldmDT 64) i
Yb 175 101h (AttH45,

(CorkJ56) *i_-(A'ctH45,
i-54.8 (MTW) Ain-capt
i rnass (BotW46.
spect AttH45,
(IngM47a) 15- 0.466 rnax r B
n;M47a-)lYb'ot'fn_Y)IlAttH45
_r4
10Zh h (BotW46)
99 (IngM47a) A i i chem (KetB49b)
12.6 (ColIT 57)

i 2.73 (BalKS0)
A i-53.4 (MTW)
_r : 7 (GoldmDT64)
yb176 % _ i
I cl
Yb 176m 11.7 s (KantJ62) J.'_ [IT] (KantJ62) Bi sep isotopes, excit (KantJ62)
{ i (DBoeJ64, KantJ6Z)
yb 177 1.9 h (CorkJ56, %a 113- (BotW46) A i n-capt (MarsJK35, HevG36)
AttH45)
2.4 h (BotW46} A i -50.8 (JohaH64, MTW) i chem, genet (BetR58)
I i iparent Lu 177 (BetR58)
i i
6.4 s (HoffK60a) i (HoffK60a, FetP62a)
others (DMatE49, A -50.5 (LHP, MTW) .16 ,
KahJ51) i i
0.15 s (KahJ52) "t,_iLlT] (KahJ51) F!n-capt (KahJ51)
_ !
330
Type of decay (_);

• % abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; approximate energies (MeV)
Isotope Half-life (_-'M-A),
Z A neutron and intensities
cross section (_7), barns
70Yb 177 2.0 m {WilieR60)

i
%_!IT or [3- (WilieR60)
i
F i sep isotopes (WilieR60)
i
¥ i 0.18, 0.25, 0.36 neutrons on
b176
(or Er 173, i i (WilieR60)
i
71Lu 155 0.07 s (MacfR65a) _tia (MaofR65a) Cicross(MacfR65a)
bomb .... it a i 5.63, Sm144(F19,
(MacfR65a) gn)
i !
Lu 156 0.23 s (MacfR65a) %aia (MacfR65a) Cicross bomb, excit a i 5.54 Sm144(g19, yn)
i (Macm65a) i (Macm65a)
Lu 156 0.5s (MacfR65a) %_i¢ (MacfR65a) C i ..... bomb, excit a i 5.43 ISm144(F19,7n)
i i (MacfR65a) iE (MacfR65a)
Lu 167 54m (HarmB59, %*lEG (AroP58, HarmB59) !Bichem, genet (AroP58, YiYbX-rays,
(complex), 0.030,
0.278, 0.18-0.24 yb168(p, gn) (HarmB59)
ButeF60) !_+ =1% (BoncN60) i ButeF60) 0.372, 0.402,
55 m (AroP58) : i parent Yb 167 (AroP58, i 0.511 (¥i)
others (BasiA60, i Ai-57.1 (MTW, GromK62) : ButeF60)
i _+ 1.5 max
i daughter radiations from Yb 167
Lu 168 7.1m (WilsRG60b) %_iEC,

i no t3 lira 1% Aisepisotopes, excit Y !YbX-rays, 0.087 (7%1, 0.223, yb168(p,n) (WilsRG60b)
7.0 m (MerE61) i: E(,WilsRG60b)

_+ =12% (MerE61) i chem
(WilsRG60b)
(MerE61) i 0.71,
1.41, 0.90 (10%),
1.81, 2.1 0.99 (13%), Lu(MerE61)
175(p, 8n)Hf 168(EC)
A -57 (MTW) i daughter Hf 168 (MerE61) e-! [0.026, 0.078, 0.085]
Lu 169 34 h (DzhB64a)
i
%aiE c (GoroG571
i
Ai chem, excit (NerW551
0m
i
¥ i Yb X-rays, 0.063, 0.111, 0.191, protons on Yb (HarmB59)
others (MerE61, i[3+ (DzhB59g) i chem, genet (GoroG57b, i 0.577, many others to 2.2 daughter Hf 169 (MerE61)
DzhB59g, GoroG57b, i MerE61) e-i0.010, 0.014, 0.022, 0.026, 0.050,
NerW55) A 1-58 (MTW) i parent Yb 169 (GoroG57b, ! 0.053, 0.060, 0.066, 0.077,
i parent
MerE61)
Yb 169m (HarmB60) _+ii 1.2others
max to 2.2
daughter radiations from Yb 169m

] included in above listing
Lu 169m 2.7 m (BjoS65) _ ilT (BjoS65) B! excit, sep isotopes (BjoS65) ¥ i[Lu L X-rays] yblY0(p, 2n) (BjoS65)
Lu 170 2.05d (WilsRG60e)

A 1-58 (LH1°, MTW)
%alEC (WilkG51)
i
Aichem, excit (WilkG51)
'
e-i 0.019, 0.027
¥ {Yb X-rays, 0.084 (13%), 0.193, Tm169(a, 3n) (WilkG51)

2.0 d (DzhB64a) i_ + (DzhB59g, MerE61) i chem, mass spect (MicM56) i 0.24, 1.01, 1.03, 1.17, 1.27, daughter Hf 170
others (MerE61, , i daughter Hf 170 (ValenJ62, i 1.41, 2.03, 2.32, 2.67, 2.89, (ValenJ6Z, DzhB64a)
MihJ57a, DzhB592, A i-57.1 (HansP65a, MTW) i MerE61) i 3.09, many others to 3.2 protons on Yb
WilkG51) i e-i 0.023, 0.075, 0.082, others to 3.2 (WilsRG60e, HarmB60',
i i p724max
Lu 170m 0.7 s (BjoS65) %_ilT (BjoS65, ValenJ65) B i excit, sep isotopes, genet ¥ 'i Lu L X-rays daughter Hf 170
: ' (ValenJ65)
A !-57.0 (LHP, MTW) i energy levels (BjoS65) e-i 0.036, 0.044 yblT0(p,n) (BjoS65)
i
Lu 171 8.3 d (WilsRG6Oh) %*iEC (WilkG51) Aichem , excit (WilkG51) ¥ iYbX-rays, 0.019 (20%1, 0.075 Tm169(a, Zn) (WilkG51)
i excit, sep isotopes i (8%, complex) 0.668 (14%), yb171
8.2d (BonnN62) i_+ =0.007% (VitV65a, ' (p,n) (WilkG51,
others (RaoC63, ! {WilsRG60h) i 0.741 (68%), 0.842
, (7%) WilsRG60h)
WilkG51, MihJ57a, i LHP) i genetenergy levels(lodM60a, e-i0.010, 0.017,0.057, 0.066,
Valen_62) AI-58 (MTW) i ChupE58a) i 0.074, others to 0.85
i i parent Yb 171m (MihJ57a, :
' i ] MihJ 57, HarmB 60) i
i i daughter Hf 171 (WilkG51) i
Lu 171m 76 s (BjoS65) %_ilT (BjoS65) B ! excit, sep isotopes (BjoS65) ¥ i Lu X-rays, 0.071 (0.2%) daughter Hf 171
igenet energy levels (BjoS65, e-!0.061, 0.069
A -58 (LHP, MTW) ! BarnD65) yblYl(p,n) (BjoS65)
i : (BarnD651
Lu 172 6.70 d (WilkG51, _ iEC (WilkG51) A ichem , excit(WilkG51) ,¥ iYb X-rays, 0.079 (13%, complex), yb172(p,n) (WilkGSl,
others
WilsRG60a)
(BonnN62, A 1-57 (MTW) isep
(WilsRG60a)
isotopes,excit i
! 0.182 (26%),
{45%, complex),
0.811.09{60%)
(21%), 0.90 Tm169(a,n)
WilsRG60a){WilkG51)
ValenJ62b, RaoC63) i 0,120, others to 2.1

i i
z i
331

Major radiations:
ZIsotope A Half-life (A-=M-A),
Thermal MeV (C'=0);
cross section (G), barns [
T
71 3.7 m (ValenJ6Zb) it liT (ValenJ6Zb) B i them, genet (ValenJ62b) Y _Lu L X-rays !daughter Hf 172
AI-57 (LHP, MTW) idaughter HflTZ (ValenJ62b) e-i0.032, 0.040 i (ValenJ62b)
4.0 h (WilkG51) %J i15 +, EC (WilkG51) i G i chem, excit (WilkG51) [alphas on Trn, protons on
i i activity not observed i Lu (WilkG51)
i (WilsRG60a) !
1.37 y (BonnN621 _ IEC (WilkG51) A ichem, excit (WilkG51) Y i Yb L X-rays, Yb K X-rays yb173(p, n) (WilkG51,
1.4 y (WilkG51, 1-57.0 (MTW) isep isotopes (WilsRG60a) i (150%o)
0.079 (14%), 0.I01 BicJ59, WilsRG60a)
MihJ57a) A i '
1.3 y (BicJ59, daughter Hf 173 (WilkGSl) i 0.272
(7%), (18%e)
0.17 (5%,
0.637
complex),
(1.5%) Lul 75(p, 3n)Hf173(EC)
' (BicJ59, WilkG5 I)
GrigE60a) e-i 0.017, 0.039, 0.068, 0.077, 0.090
1.7 7 (WilsRG60a)
others (GoroG58a) ! i
i
3.6 y (BonnN6Z) %" IEC, no _-, [3+ A Ichem, excit (WilkG51) Y iYb X-rays, 0.076 (6%), 1.24 (9%) yb174(p,n) (WilsRG60,
>800 d (BalaV64) ! (WilsRG60) iexcit, sep isotopes '
<<160 d (HarmB60) iothers (WilkG51) i (WilsRG60) e-: 0.015, 0.067, 0.074 i HarmB60, PraH6Z)
others (WilkG51,
WilleR60) A !-55.6 (MTW) i daughter Lu 174m (HarmB60) i '1
140 d (BonnN6Z) %_ iIT (Han'nB60, RomV60) B ichem, genet (HannB60, Y iLu L X-rays, 0.067, 0.176, 0.Z73, Iyb174(p,n) (WilsRG60,
150 d (BalaV64) IEC (FunL65, RiccR65a) i RomV60) { 0.994 HarmB60, PraH62)
others (WilkG51, e-i 0.004, 0.034, 0.050, 0.057
WilieR60) Ai-55.4 (LHP, MTW) ichem (BonnN62) '
i i parent Lu 174 (HarmB60) i daught .... diations from Lu 174
tl/2 (a) >I x 1017 y sp %oi 97.40 (HaydR50) !

act (PorsW54) 197.41 (ColiT57)
z_i-55.3
(MTw)
c i5 (to
o" Lu 176) i
{GoldrnDT 64)
Lu17s Z.Zx1010yspact ¢i_-.noEC,l_ 10% Aichem¢HeyM381 _-i043max natural

......
(DonhD64) i (ArnJ54) irnass spect (MattaJ39) e-i0.0Z3, 0.078, 0.086, 0.137
ino EC (GloR57b) i
3.6 x I0 I0 y sp act iEC(K) 3% (DixD54) i y iHf X-rays, 0.088 (15%), 0.202
(MNaiA61b, : i ] (85%), 0.306 (95%)
BrinGA65) % i2.60 (HaydR50) i
iL59 ( CollT 57} i
2.4 x 1010 y sp act ,
¢ArnJ54) A i-53.4 (MTW)
2.I x I0 I0 y sp act _C 12100 (to LuI77) :i il
• 4.6 (G1oR57b)1010
x y sp act (to Lu 177m)
ii=1 (GoldmDT64) ii i I
others (HerrW 58a,
(DixD 54) i i
Lib W 39a ) i i
i i :
'_u176m 3.69 h (SchmL60) %a i_-, no IT (SchaG52) A in-capt (MLenJ35b, _-i 1.31 max Lu175(n, Y) (MLenJ35b,
others (BetR58, ino 13+, lirn 0.0005% : MarsJK35) e-i 0.023, 0.078, 0.086 MarsJK35, HevG36,
AttH45, BotW46) i (LanghH61b) !chem, excit (WilkG48a) FlaA43, BotW46,
A 1-53.1 (LHP, MTW) i Y iHfX-rays, 0.088 (10%0) AttH45, SerL47b,

i: ji _toNS0a)
i
Lu 177 6.74 d (SchmL60) %a ii5- (BotW46) A in-capt (HevG36) 15-i 0.497 max i Lu176(n, _) (HevG36,
others (BetR58, imass spect (IngM47a) I FIaA43 AttH45
BotW46, WilkG48a, A i-5Z.2 (MTW) Y iHfX-rays, 0.113 {2.8%0), 0.2.08 I BotW46', SerL47b,
: !them, excit (WilkG48a) (6. I%) AntoN50a, AlexP64)
DouDG49, CorkJ49b, i idaughter Yb 177 (BetR58) e-i0.048, 0.103, 0.111, 0.143
FIaA43, AttH45) i i
i i
Lu 177m 155d (JorM62) _ i{3- 78%, IT 22% (KriL64) Aichem, n-capt, mass spect Y iLu X-rays, HfX-rays, 0.105 Lu176(n,¥) (JorM62,
' i (JorM62) : (13%), 0.113 (23%), 0.128 AlexP64)
A i-51.3 (L/-IP, MTW) iP .... t Hf 177m (BodE66) i

: (17%),
(13%), 0.153
0.208 (17%),
(62%), 0.174
0.228
(37%), 0.281 (14%), 0.319
: (10%) 0.327 (18%), 0.378
i : (29%), 0.414 (17%), 0.418
¢21%), many others between
iS- i [0.165 max]
ii i e-i i very00.05
and 0.47 0.47 spectrum
and
complex between
i i idaughter radiations from Lu 177
i i i daught .... diations from Hf 177m

! i included in above listing
Lu 178 30 m (KuroT61b) %Ail3- (KuroT61b) F i decay charac (KuroT61b) 13-i Z. Z5 max Hf179(N, p) (KuroT61b)
A i-50.0: (MTW) i Yi n°¥
i i
332
Type of decay (_);
abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; Major radiations: _ Principal means

Isotope
Z A Half-life (AIM-A),
and intensities _b of production
J cross section (0% barns !
i .... i !i r
71Lu TM 22.0m (PouA60) _i15-(KuroT61b) Bichem (ButeF50) '15-i 1.50max ITal81(n,a) (GleP61,
l 19m (GleP61) (KuroT61b) e- i 0.023, 0.028, 0.077, 0.083, 0.091, StriT57)
i 18.7 m (StriT57) Ai-49.6 (LHP, MTW) ii chem, genet energy levels PouA60, BakH64a,
! 22 m (ButeF50) i j 0.148, 0. 204 _'
16m (KuroT61b) i i ]¥ iHfX-rays,i
0"427 0.089, 0.214, 0.326, i
30 m (BakH64a) }'i j 1 idaught.... diationsfrom Hf178m i!
! II i includedin above listing i
!
Lu 178 5m (BakH64a) _ i15-(BakH64a) F ichem (BakH64a) 15-i
2.25 iTal81(n, a) (BakH64a)
t i i ¥10.090, 0.22, 0.33, 0.43 ._;
i i_i
Lu 179 4.6h (StenW63) _115- (KuroT61b) Bidecay charac (KuroT61b) 13i 1.35max i!Hfl80(_, p) (StenW63,
I 7.5 h (KuroT6 lb) A i -48.9 (MTW) i chem,characSeP(stenW
63)isotopes' decay _i: 0.213 _l KuroT61b)
i 15- F
Lu 180 2.5m (TakaK61) _i15-A

i -46.z(TakaK61)(MTW) F characi
i decay (TakaK61) V no3"3
max¥ _!Hfl80(n, p) (TakaK61)
72Hf
157012s(Mac 65a) ,Mac ,Sa} Cicr°ss
h°mb,
Mac ....it
65a) ai568 iSm144(Ne20
7n)(MacfR65al
Hf 158 3 s (MacfR65a) _ i a (MacfR65a) C i crosS(MacfR65a)bOmb,
sep isotopes I_Fa!!5.27 iI Sm(MacfR65a)
144(Ne20 6n)
Hf 168 22m (MerE61) _4

a [EC], 15+7=2% (MerE61)Bichem, genet (MerE61) 0.129,0.17 iLu175(p,8n) (MerE61)
i parent Lu 168 (MerE61) ,? 1.7max !
! j i idaughter radiationsfrom Lu 168 !
Hf 169 1.5h (MerE61) J4_iEC,15

+ (MerE61)
i
Bichem, genet (MerE61)
i
¥ iLu X-rays, 0.I15
I
ILu175(p,7n) (MerE61)
others (WilkG51) i iparent Lu 169 (MerE61) 15+i

1.3max I
daughter radiationsfrom Lu 169 l
!
' :i i i '
Hf 170 12.2 h (ValenJ62) _ EC (ValenJ621 Ai chem, genet (MerE61) ¥ i Lu X-rays, 0.120, .0.165, Lu175(p, 6n) (MerE61,
! 9 h (MerE61) ! chem, genet, mass spect i 0.99, 1.28, 0.65, 2.03, 2.36, ValenJ62)
t i (ValenJ62) 1 i 2.52, 2.94
i i P....t Lu 170 (MerE61, le
' -::0.035, 0.057, 0.102, 0.145, i
i i
i
!I
i idaughter radiationsfrom Lu 170
° I
!
Hf TM 10.7h (ValenJ62) IEC (WilkGSl)

_ i B!, chem, genet.... it (WilkG51) I¥ iLuX-rays, 0.122,0.188, 0.29, ILu175(p, 5n) (WilkG51,
i
16.0 h (WilkG51) i i chem, mass spect (ValenJ62) i 0.34, 0.47, 0.66, 0.86, 1.07 ! Valen262)
i 13 h (BaranV59a) parent Lu 171 (WilkGSl) i daughter radiations from Lu TM

others (BrabV61a, i i I
RaoC63) i I i [
Hf 172
12 h (NerW55)
5 y (RaoC63, WilkGS1)
i
_ {EC (WilkG51)
i
i
A ichem , genet (WilkG51) _/ i Lu X-rays, 0.024 (22%), 0.082
i alph .... Yb (WilkG51)
iLu175(p, 4n) (WilkG51)
chem, sep isotopes I i (10%), 0.125 (21%, complex) lalph .... Yb (WilkG51,
i i (ValenJ62b) ;e-10.014, 0.018, 0.032, 0.040, 0.063 i ValenJ62b)
i i parent Lu 172 RaoC63)

ValenJ62b, (WilkG51, i daughter radiations
idaughter from
from Lu 172
172m Ii
i iparent Lu 172m (ValenJ62b) _ includedin above listing

Hf 173 23.6 h (WilkG51) @ I EC (WilkG51) A I chem, excit, genet (WilkG51) ¥ i Lu X-rays, 0.13 (96%, complex), Lu175(p, 3n) (WilkG51,
24ValenJ622,
h (RaoC63, MalyT62, i i parent Lu 173 (WilkG51) :i 0..162 (5%), 0.55
complex), 0.30 (1.1%
(52%, complex), alphas
BicJ59)on Yb (WilkG51,
others (NerW55, RaoC63, MalyT6Z) : complex), 1.20 (0.4%,

WapA54c) : complex)
BaranV59a) i ,i daughter Ta 173 (FalK60, i 0.898 (1.9%), 1.04 0.113,
(1.0%, ValenJ62a)
e-i0.060, 0.072, 0.076, 0.127,
Hf 174 2.0x 1015y spact _@ia (RieW59, MacfR61a) Aisepisotopes, decay charac a i2.50
(MacfR61a) % 10.163 (WhiF56) i (MacfR61a) i
4 x 1015 y sp act i0"20 (ReynJH53) } i 1
(RieW59) A i-55.6 (MTW) !
:
ec 1400 (GoldmDT64) i !i
Hf 175 70 d (WilkG49) _ IEC (WilkC,49) A ichem, excit (WilkG49) ¥1Lu X-rays, 0.089 (3.4%), 0.343 Hf174(n,¥) (HedA51,
I A 1-54.7 (gunL65f, MTW) i n;-capt, sep isotopes :: {85%), 0.433 (1.4%) ] HatE56, MizJ55)
I ! (BursSSl)
}mass spect (HedA51) e-i ' 0.026, 0.079, 0.280, 0.333 I Lu175(d, 2n), Lu175(p,n)
' ' 175
i daughter Ta (RaoC63, (WilkG49)
,] J ,, i FalK60) li i i
333
Type of decay (_);
ZIS°t°PeA Half-life (AaM-A),ThermalMeVneutron(C'=0); Genetic relationships approximateandintensitiesenergies

(MeV) Principalof
productionmCans
cross section ((7), barns [
72"* %[s.21(Whlr56} [ :
5.23 (ReynJH53) i i i
A _-54.4 (MTW) i i i
°"C ,[<30 (GoldrnDT 64) ! i i
Hf 177 % [ 18.56 (WhiF561

18.6 (ReynJH53) [I ii ;
A [ -52.7 (MTW) i
_c[ 370 (to Hf 178) i i [

1.4 (to Hf 178m) [ i
i (GoldmDT64) [ i
[ii i
HI 177m 1.1 s (BodE66) %J[IT (BodE66) Aichem, genet (BodE66) Yi Hf X-rays, 0.105 (17%), 0.113 !daughter Lu 177m
AI-51.4
i (LHP, MTW) idaughter Lu 177m (BodE66) ii (30%),
(22%), 0.128
0.174 (21%),
(16%), 0.153
0.208 [ (BodE66)
: (81%), 0.228 (48%), 0.281
[ _ (18%), 0.327 (23%), 0.378 :
i [ :: (37%0), 0.418 (27%0), many
i i i others bet .... 0and 0.47 i

i : e-::very complex spectrum between :
[ i
: i 0 and 0.47 i
Hf 178 %oi 27.1 (Whir56) : !

i27.2 (ReynJH53) [
*
A i--52.3 (MTW)
i [
:
¢ci30 (to Hf 179) i
_ ] ii [
II
i50 (to Hf 179m) [
: : i
(GoldrnDT 64) i : [
Hf 178m 4.3 s (AlexKF62) *tilT (FelF58) A[ chem, genet (FelF58) Y ::
Hf X-rays, 0.089 (54%), 0.093 daughter Ta 178 (FelF58)
4.85 (FelF58)
3.5 s (CamE59, A i-51.1 (MTW) in-capt, sep isotopes :: (14%0), 0.214 (75%), 0.326 Hf177(n,¥) (FetP62a)
FetP6Za) ! i (FetP62a) i (94%), 0.427 (97%) I
idaughter Z.l h Ta 178 ie ::0.023, 0.028, 0.077, 0.083, 0.091, I
i [ (FelF58) i 0.148, 0.204
Hf 179 0/0 i 13.75 (Whir56) :

113.7 (ReynJH53) i !i
A }--50.3 (MTW) : i !
"c [ 65 (to Hf 180) i

i0.2 (to HI 180m) [ i r
(GoldmDT 64) [ [
i _ li I
Hf 179m 18.6 s (HoffK59) %a !IT (glaA46) A! n-capt (FlaA44a) Y !Hf X-rays, 0. 217 (94%) iHf178(n, Y) (FlaA44a,
DMatESla,
others AlexKF62)
(FlaA44a, A I -49.9 (LHP, MTW) (BursS51,
[ n-capt, DMatE51a)
sep isotopes le ::0.096, 0.150 [ FIaA46,
BursS51) DMatE51a,
• _ i i i
H'_8° %i35.22 (WhiF 56) i
: i !
g i -49.5 (MTW) [ I i I
_rc :[ 10 (GoldmDT64) [i :: [
Hf 180m 5.5h (BursS51) _IIT (BursS51) A( chem, n-capt, sep isotopes [ X-rays, 0.058 (48%), 0.093 Hf179(n,Y) (BursSSl)
[others (RaoC63) !
ino [3-, lira 5% (GalIC62) [ (BursS51) (16%), 0.215 (82%), 0.333
A [ -48.4 (LHP, MTW) (MihJ54b) i

. i genet energy levels i (93%), 0.444 (80%),.... 0.501
(17%) [I
[ , : e-:: 0.028, 0.047, 0.055, u.uoa, 0.091, i
[ [ 0.150, 0.206, 0.267 !
i [ _ [
Hf18,
..Sd(' iodn 60, (HevO38, A[ch
.... -capt
(HerO38) 041max ( evO38,
44.6d (WriH57) e-::0.066, 0.069, 0.122, 0.415
45.5 d (CaliJ59) A i-47.41 (IVlTW) ! mass
i spect (HedA51)
sep isotopes, n-capt . '
[ SerL47b,
Lind!M60) BursS51,
others (MurH53, _c[--40 (GoldmDT64} [ (BursS51) Y ITa X-rays, 0.133 (48% .... plex),[
CorkJ50d, BeneJ48a, i 0.346 (13%), 0.482 (81%) I
i i
SerLA7b) [ [ [
i
i J
Hf 182 9 x 106 y sp act _ i[3- (HutWH61, WingJ61, A chem, mass spect, genet _,-i[ [0.5 max] Hf 180 + 2n (HutW61,
(HutWH61, WingJ61) i NauK61) (HutW61, WingJ61, WingJ'61, NauR61)
=8x 106y spact Ai-45.8 (LHP, MTW) i NauR61) Y i0.271 (84%)
(NauR61) i iparent Ta 182 (HutW61, daughter radiations from Ta 182 i
[
::: [ WingJ61, NauR61) i ,'[
Hf 183 65 m (BlacJe65) %_ii5- (GatO56, GatO58) D i chem (GatO56, GatO58) 13-i 1.6 max i W186(n, _) (GatO56,
64 m (GatO56, GatO58) A [-43.0 (MTW) i -- 0.46 (r 58), 0.82 (t i00) i Gat058,
P BlacJe65)
i i
: i i
334
, I
Maior radiations: !
Isotope Half-life (/k=-M-A), MeV (C'==0); Genetic relationships I of production
! cross section (_7), barns i
..
73Ta 172 44m (AboH64a) *tlt5 +, EC (AboH64a) B!chem (Buteg61) ¥ iHfX-rays, 0.092, 0.208, 0.511 Iprotons onHf (AboH64a,
24 m (ButeF61) ! i chem, mass spect (AboH64a) i ButeF61)
: ,
i i (y*), others to 3.3 ji
Ta 173 3.7h (FalK60, SanA63, %alEC, _+ (FalK60) A!chem, excit, genet (FalK60, ¥iHfX-rays, 0.090 (complex), O.1701HoI65(NI4,6n)WI73(EC)
RaoC63) iEC, no [3+ (SanA63) i RaoC63) i (complex), 0.64, 1.00 i (FalK60)
3.5h (MalyT6Z) i chem, genet (MalyT62) e_ 0.059, 0.069, 0.095, 0.107, 0.161 protons on Ta 181
2.5 h (HarmB60) iparent Hf 173 (FalK60, (RaoC63, SanA63)
i RaoC63, MalyT62) i daughter radiations from Hf 173
i daughter W 173 (SanA63) ::
Ta 174 1.2 h (Deme165) %" iEC, [3+ (FalK60) Ai chem, excit (FalK60, ¥i Hf X-rays, 0.091, 0.125, 0.160, I Ho165( NI4' 5n)W174(EC)
1.3 h (FalK60, RaoC63) i RaoC63) (FalK60)
I.I h (ButeF61) ichem, mass spect (Abort65) i 0.205, 0.280, 0.350, 0.511 (Y±) protons on Hf (HarmB60,
idaughter W 174 (DemeI65) e-i 0.026, 0.081, 0.089 I protons on Ta 181

ButeF61)
i i (RaoC63),
!
Ta 175 10.5h (SanA63) . %alEC (FalK60) A ichem, cross bomb, excit, _/!HfX-rays, 0.08, 0.13, 0.21, 0.27, Lu175(a, 4n) (FalK60)
ii h (FalK60, RaoC63) i genet (FalK60)
i ! ichem, excit, genet (RaoC63) i 0.35,1.7,
al10"45'complex0"60'
0.83, 1.2, 1.4, Hf176(p, Zn) (HarmB60)
Ho 165(N 14,4n) W 175 (EC)
iparent Hf 175 (RaoC63, e-i 0.016, 0.039, 0.061, 0.070, 0.116, (FalK60)
protons on
daughter
i: Fa1K60) W 175 (SanA63) : 0.202, others between 0 and 1.6 (RaoC63, Tal81
SanA63)
Ta 176 8.0 h (WilkGS0d) %aiEC (WilkG50d) A i chem, excit (WilkG48a, Y iHf X-rays, 0.088, 0.202, many ILu175(a' 3n) (WilkG50d,
WilkG50d) others to 3.0 i VerhH63, HasA63)
A i-51
ino _+, lirn 0.2%
(NDS, MTW)
(FelF56)
L
genet energy levels (FelF56)
daughter W 176 (WilkGS0d)

le-!0.023,
i
0.078, 0.086, 0.137,
to 3.0
others Hf176(p,n) (HarmB60)
Ta 177 56.6h (WestH61) l%a iEC (WilkG50d) AI ch ...... it (WilkG48a, _/ i !

56 h (RaoC63) A !-51.6 (MTW) i WilkG 50d) iHf(,X-rays'0.4250"
I.0%) 113(0.13%)
,(6%)' 0.2080.509 iLua,We
175stH6
( l)Zn)(WilkG 50d,
53 h (WilkG50d) / i genet energy levels (WestH61, i (0.10%), 0.746 (0.22%), 1.058 protons on Hf
HarmB60) i (0.30%),
and 0.95 others between 0.07 Ta (WilkGS0d,
181 (p, 5n) WHarmB60)
177 (EC)
e-::0.048, 0.102, 0.111, others (WilkG50d)
Ta178 iI 9.35m (WilkGS0d) %_ IEC 99%, [5+ 1%0 AI i_chem, genet (WilkG50d) Y ii bet ....
iHfX-rays, 0 and
0.093 1.06
(t" 100), 0.511 I daughter W 178
9.5m (CarvJ58) /t i!others(GallC61a)(FelF58 i daughter W 178 (WilkG50d) i (_±, J" 10) , 1.10 (T ll) , 1.18 BodE62,(WilkG50d'KarlE62a)GallC61a'
I i BisA56b, WilkG50d) ii i
:: complex),
(1 1.45 (t1.35
4, complex), complex)
9, (1" 46,
A -50.4 (MTW) i _+i 0.89 max
i 'i
i
'i
e-i 0.028, 0.082
i
Ta 178 2.1 h (WilkG50d, %_!EC, no _+, lint 2% :A! chem, excit (WilkG50d, ¥ iHfX-rays, 0.089 (54%1, 0.093 Lu175(a,n) (WilkG50d,
RaoC63) i (CarvJ58) i RaoC63) i (14%), 0.214 (75%), 0.328 GallC62a, FelF58)
2.5 h (CarvJ58) !EC =97%, [3+ =3% i ch ........ bomb, genet :: (120%, complex), 0.427 (97%) deuterons on Hf
: (FelF58) :e-i 0.023, 0.028, 0.077, 0.083, 0.091, (FelF58)
! (WilkG50d) iparent: Hf 178m (FelF58) i daughter0"

148, 0.radiationsZ04,
'0.263from Hf 178m j prot ..... Hf (WilkGS0d)
i i included in above listing i
Ta 179 =600 d (WilkG50d) %" iEC (WilkG50d) B i chem, excit (WilkG50d, '_/ i Hf X-rays on
A i'50.2 (MTW) i RaoC63) i i (RaoC63)

i excit (CarvJ58) { Lu176(a, n) (WilkG50d)
Ta180
t12 %10
0123
(WhiF56 i ! I
-- / A i-48.86 (MTW) i i
>1 x 1012 y sp act i i
(CarvJ58) :
>1 x 1013 y sp act
(BaurnE58) !i
tl/z (EC) : _: :
>4 x 109 y sp act

(Ba_ZS8) i i
(CarvJ 58)
others (EberP55, i i
i EberP58) i i
>2 x i013 y sp act I i
180m }
Ta 8.15 h (BrowHN51) *_ IEC 87%, _" 13% A i i i
8.00 h (WilkG50d) i (GAIIC62) ichem, excit (OidO38) e-i0.028,
_-i 0.71 max0.083, 0.091 Tal81(n,
Hfl80(d, Zn) (GalIC62)
2n) (PoolM37,
others (OidO38) i lira 0.005% (BrowHN51) (0.6%)

:Y HfX-rays, 0.093 (4%), 0.103 TaI81(y, n) (GelK60,
8.1 h (RaoC63) iEC =79%' _-=21%' n° _+ i i i OidO38, WilkG50d)
I !i 1
335
Type of decay (aJ_); i
% abundance;Mass excess Class; Identification; Major radiations: !'_ Principal means

Isotope Half-life (AIM-A), MeV (C"=0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV) i of production
, cross section (0"), barns
_ 181
WhiVS5)
%i 99.9877
(WhiF56, i i: ii
i100(WhU48)
Aj-48.43(MTW) i i i
_rclZl (to Ta 182) i i i
Ta TM 0.33 s (CamE49,
GooM50, KahJ51)
i
%* !
( GoldmDT
iIT (GooM50)
641
i
E i
i critical
excit (CamE49)
abs (GooMb0) Y i Ta
i
L X-rays
1
neutrons
(CamE49,on Ta
GooMb0,
i i i KahJ5 I)
Ta 182 115.1 d (WriI-157) %*i_- (HouF40) A i ehem, n-capt (FomV36, _- 1.71 max (0.3%), 0.5ZZ max Tal81(n,Y) (FomV36,
others (EicGbZ, [ OidO38) e-: OidO38, HouF40,
SinW 5 I, SerL47b) A 1-46.35 (HansP64, MTW) i daughter Hf 182 (HutW6 I, :E0"030'
0.110,0"044'many
0.054,others
0.073,between0.089,0
SerL47b, MeiL48)
wci8000 (GoldmDT64) [ WingJ61, NauR61) and 1.6
i Y i W (14%),
X-rays, 0.15Z
0.068(7%),
(42%), 0.I00
0.ZZZ (8%),
i i I.IZZ (34%), 1.189 (16%),
i i i
i
i I.ZZZ
others (Z7%),
between 1.231
0 and(13To),
1.6 many
Ta 18zm 16.5m (HoleN48b) %*iIT (HoleN48b) A i chem, n-capt (SerL47b, ¥!Ta X-rays, 0.147 (40%), 0.17Z TalSl(n,Y) (SerL47b,
16.Zm
others (SerL47b)
(WilkGb0d) in° _ - (SunA61) i
i HoleN48b) i (40%), 0.184 (0.3%)
(5%), 0.356 (20%), 0.319 HoleN48b, SunA61)
Ai-45.84 (LHP, MTW) e-i 0.080, 0.105, 0.117, 0.173
Ta183 5.0d (VoeASS)

5. Z d (MurJ55,
%*i_-(ButeFS0,
VoeASS) Ai cb...... it (ButeF50) i: i 0.62max Ta181(n,Y)TalSZ(n,y)
(MurJ55)
DMonJ53) A 1-45.Z0 (MTW) i n-capt,
levels chem,
(MurJ55)genet energy Y i W X-rays, 0.046 (5%), 0.053
others (SumO57a, i i (5%), 0.099 (7%), 0.108 (II%),

MosA51) parent W 183m (GalIC6 I) i 0.161(33%,
(17%,complex)
,Complex)
30 ,0.
(11%,0"246
! i
:
__
: complex) 0.354 (11%)
i i eiio034-0
0.093, 043, 0o50,
0.177, many 0073,
otherso088,
i i between 0 and 0.40

included in above listing
i i daughter radiations from W 183m
Ta 184 8.7h (ButeF55a) %*i_- (ButeF55a) B I chem, sep isotopes _-i 2.64 max (0.2%), 1.76 max W186(d, a) (VerhH64)
A i-4Z.9 (MTW) i (ButeF55a) i (0.9%), 1.19max W184(n,p) (ButeF55a)
:: i e-i [0.04Z, 0.I00]
i Y iW 0.30 (Z4%),0.Iii
X-rays, (71%), 0.16
0.41 (21%), 0.53
i i (7%)' 0"Zl (7%)' 0"25 (42%)'
i (19%), 0.79 (16%, complex),
i i :i 0.90 (49%,
(15%), 1.16complex),
(iz%) 0.95
i i !
Ta 185 50 m (PoeA55) %* i_- (DufR50) B i chem, excit (ButeFb0) _-i 1.7 max W186(y,p) (DufRb0,
48ButeFb0)
m (MosA51, Ai-41.3 (NDS, MTW) i excit, sep isotopes (DufR50) Y iW X-rays, 0.075 (5%), 0. i00 ButeF50,
W186(n ' MoriH60a)
others (DufR50) i not parent W 185m (PoeA55) i (6%), 0.175 (60%), 0.245 (5%) pn) (PoeA55)
Ta 186 10.5 m (PoeA55) %* i-38.7

A i_- (PoeA55)
(MTW) C i sep
(VoeA55)
isotopes, cross bomb _-!
Y iWZ.ZX-rays,
max 0. IZ3 (18%), 0.20 W186(n,p) (PoeA55)
i i i (74%), (33%),
0.51 0.30 (18%), (33%),
0.61 0.41 0.73
(15%),
i i (48%) , O. 94 (11%)
74 WI60?
i
%* ia (MacfR65a) F i excit (MacfR65a) ail 5.75 S 32 on Sm 144 (MacfR65a)
W 173 16.5 m (SanA63) {

%*!EC (SanA63) IB ichem, excit, genet (SanA63) :i Ta 181 (p, 9n) (SanA63)
i i parent Ta 173 (SanA63) i

i
• i i i
W TM 31 m genet (DemeI65) %* i[EC] (DemeI65) B I chem, genet (DemeI65) i C 12 on Er (DemeI65)
i i parent Ta TM (Deme165) i
W 175 34 m (SanA63) %* IEC (SanA63) A ichem, mass spect, genet Y iTa X-rays, 0.26, 0.80, 1.3, 1.6 Tal81(p, 7n) (SanA63)
_ i i (SanA63) i daught .... diations from Ta 175

i parent Ta 175 (SanA63) i
W 176 Z.3 h (ValenJ63) %*IEC 99+%, _ AI chem, genet (WilkGS0d, Y i Ta X-rays, 0.034, 0.100 _=0.5% Tal81(p, 6n) (RaoC63,
2.7 h (RaoC63) i (WilkG50d) { GrigE62) ' WilkGS0d)
others (GrigE62) A 1-50 (NDS, MTW) i chem, mass spect (ValenJ63) e-i 0.017,0.0830.023, 0.027, 0.033, 0.050,
!parent Ta 176 (WilkG 50d) daughte r radiations from Ta 176
E i '
i
336
Type of decay (_);

Isotope Half-life (/k-M-A), MeV (C'==0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
74 W177 135m (SanA63) _IEC 4WilkG50d) Aichem, genet (WilkG50d) ¥ _TaX-rays, 0.20, 0.42, 0.62, Ta181(p, 5n) (RaoC63,
130 m (WilkG50d) : !chem, mass spect (SanA63) i 0.83, 1.00 SanA63, WilkG50d)
132- m (RaoC63) A i-50 4NDS, MTW)
others (MalyT63a) i i chem, excit (RaoC63) e-i 0.020, 0.028, 0.048, 0.059, 0.068,
i daughter Re 177 (HaldB57) i daughter radiations from Ta 177

i iparent Ta 177 (WilkG50d) i 0.075, 0.088, 0.119, 0.360
W 178 21.5 d (WilkG50d) *t ,iEC (WilkO50d) A i chemchem,

(WilkG50d)excit
(RaoC63) ¥ ! Ta X-rays Tal81(p,
4n)WilkG50d) 4RaoC63,
22.0 d (BisA56b) A i-50 (NDS, MTW) i daughter radiations from 9.35 m
i iparent 9.35 m Ta178 i Ta178

i (WLIkG 50d)
W 179 37.5 m (ValenJ63a) _ iEC (WilkG50d) A i chem, excit 4RaoC63, _/ i Ta X-rays, 0.031 (22%) Tal81(p, 3n) 4RaoC63,
38 m (SanA63)
others (RaoC63, A :1-49 (NDS, MTW) i_ chem,
WLIkG50d)
sep isotopes - 0.020, 0.029 WilkG50d)2n)Re179(EC)
W180(p,
WilkG 50d, RocT 56) ! i (HarmB60)
i !chem, mass spect 4SanA63, i (HarmB60)
i ! ValenJ63a) !
W 179m 5. Z m (WilkGS0d) %" iIT 4HarmB60) B!

i chem, excit (WilkG50d)
:
i
I i W X-rays, 0.222 daughter Re 179
J
=7 m (RocT56) i-49 (NDS, MTW) i genet energy levels e-! 0,152, 0.211 (HarrnB60)
: W179 Ta181(p, 3n) (WilkG50d)
(SofS55) i daughter radiations from
actlvlty n°t °bserved A i 4HarmB60) i
W 180 tl/2 (a): %i0.135: (WilliD46) i

>1.1 x 1015 y sp act A !-49.37 4MTW)
4BearG60) Crc! i
>9 x 1014 y sp act i<20 (GoldmDT64) ! i
tl/Z(a) <2 x 1017 y _ ia (PorsW56) GI (PorsW56) a 3.0 natural source

sp act (PorsW56) i !activity not observed 4PorsW56)
w[18°1 i
W 181 140 d 4RaoC63, *t iEC 4WilkG47) A i chem, excit (WilkG471 ¥ i Ta X-rays, 0.006 (1%1, 0.136 Tal81(d, 2n) (WilkG471
WilkG47, SinB59) : _+ i chem, n-capt (LindnM51a) -i (0.1%), 0.152 40.1%) TalSl(p,n) (MuiA61)
120 d (GodK61) !no (BisA56b, BisA55) i Rel81
126 d (KreW60) A i-48.24 (MTW) daughter 4Ga11C57) e i0.004, 0.006 wl804n , ¥) (MuiA61,
145 d (BisA56b) i i i LindnM51a, CorkJ53d)
W 18z tl/z (a) >Z x 1017 y sp % i26. 4 4williD46) i

act (BearG60) A 1-48-16 (MTW) i
0.5 (to W 183m)

-ci'°
i
4tow1%64)
(GoldrnDT
iI
W 183 tl/2 4_) >I.I x 1017y % 14.4 (WilliD46) i

sp act 4_earG60) _ i-,_6.z7(MTw_ i
Gr
c !11 (GoldmDT64) i i
W 183m 5.3 s (GallC61) _

i
::IT (DMatE49) Ai
j sep isotopes, n-capt
i
_/ i W X-rays, 0.046 48%), 0.053 daughter Ta 183 4Ga11C61]
5.1 s (SchrnW61) : i 4DMatE49) i (II%), 0.099 (9%), 0. I02 (4%), W182(n,¥) 4SchmW61,
5.5 s (DMatE49) A -45.96 (LHP, MTW) i chem,
levels genet, genet
(GalIC61) energy e-i 0.108
0. 034, 419%),
0.040 0.160 46%) DMatE49)
i daughter Ta 183 (Ga11C61)
W184 % i 30.6
i
4WilliD46)
-45.62j (MTW)
A !i Z" 1 ( _ w185)
°'c ii :
i0.01 4to W 185m) i i
i ( GoldmDT 64) i
W 185 75 d (AndeR64, _ _5- (MinaO40) A i, chem, excit, n-capt _-i 0.429 max W1844n, ¥1 (MinaO40,
FajK40a, KreW55)
others (ThirH57, A -43.30 (MTW) i mass
(MinaO40)
spect (BisA58a) i average _ - energy: FajK40a, SerL47b,
i 0.14 calorimetric (ShlmN56a) CorkJ49a)
GodK61, DoyW63a) ! ¥ino _/ Re1874d, a) (FajK40a)
W 185m 1.6Z m (PoeA55) */_liT (Duff%50) B iexcit, sep isotopes (DufRS0, _/iW X-rays, 0.075 4_ 8), 0.100 W1844n ,_/) (PoeA55)
155 m 4MangS6Z)
1.85 m (DufR50) A
i--42.93 (LHP, DITW)
i
:
PoeA_S) 185
i (t16),
(_ I00)
0.13
4t70).
0.*7 Wls6f_.n)
4DuS50.
i (PoeA55)
i
!not daughter Ta i bloriH60a)
!
337
/
Type of decay (_Q);

Isotope Half-life (A--M-A), MeV (C'_=0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
! cross section ((7), barns
74 W186 tl/z (_) >6 x 1015y % 28.4 (WilliD46) I

sp act (FremJ52) A I-4Z.44 (MTW)
i_c!40 (GoldrnDT 64)

l
W 187 23.9h (EicG53) _ _- (MinaO40) A chem, n-capt (AmaE35) _-i 1.31 max (15%), 0.63max WI86(n,Y) (MinaO40,
23.7 h (AndeR64) chern, n-capt, excit ' AmaE35, MLenJ35,
24.0 h (WriH57) A -39.83 (MTW) (MinaO40) e-i 0.063, 0.122, others between 0 FajK40a, SerL47b,
others (MinaO40, _ci=90 (GoldmDT64) I i and 0.8 CorkJ49a)
CorkJ53, FajK40a) : Y::ReX-rays, 0.072 (II_o), 0.134
, ! (9%), (6%),
0.618 0.479 (Z3%), 0.552 (5%),
0.686 (27%), 0.773
i } (4_/o)
W 188 69.4 d (RoyJ62) ".'__B- (LindnM51a) A ichem, genet (LindnM51a, _i 0.349 max W1"86(n, y)W187(n, Y)
others (LindnM51a) A -58.44 (BursS64, MTW) i RoyJ6Z) y Re X-rays, 0.227 (0.ZZ%), 0.290 (LindnM51a, LindnM51
iparent Re 188 (RoyJ6Z, (0.40%) RoyJ62)
i LindnM 5 la, LindnlvI51 )
: [ daughter radiations from Re 188
W 189 ll.5m (KauP65a) ea,:_- (irlej63) Aichem, sepisotopes, genet _-' 2.5max (weak), 2.0 max oslg2(n,a) (FleJ63)
ii m (FleJ63) A -35.3 (KauP65a, MTW) (FleJ63)
chem, genet (KauP65a) ReX-rays, 0.032 (?), 0.130
' (T 12), 0.178 (T 13), 0.258
parent Re 189 (FleJ63, 1 (t I00), 0.417 (t 96), 0.55
KauP65a) (_ 28), 0.86 (_ 201 0.96 (_ 17)
r
75Re 177 17m (HaldB57) l'a'i_+ (HaldB47) , [EC] B chem, genet (HaldB57) I
iV [W X-rays, 0.511 (Y+)] protons on W (HaldB57)
A i-47 (NDS, MTW) parent W 177 (HaldB57) daughter radiations from W 177
I
I +.
Re 178 15 m (HaldB57) "-"i_+ (HaldB57), [EC] D chem, sep isotopes (HaldB57)]_ i 3.I max protons on W, Re
{ (HaldB57)
I Y ::Lw
X-rays,
o.511
(Y±)]
Re 179 Z0 m (HarmB60) %" iEC (HarmB60) B chem, sep isotopes "/::W X-rays wl80(p, 2n) (HarmB60)
18 m (FosJ58) A ::-46 (NDS, MTW) (HarmB60)
. others (FosJ58) daughter radiations from W 179m
: W179
: i
Re 180 Z.4m (FiscV55) m,_!_+, EC (FiseV55) C excit (FiscV55) _+i l.lmax W182(p, 3n) (FiscV55)
Y i[W 0.88
X-rays], 0. ii, 0.511 (_/+),
!
Re 180 Z0 h (HaldB57) !_" !_+ (HaldB57), [EC] D chem, decay charac, cross _+i 1.9max prot ..... W, Re
bomb (HaldB57) Y [W X-rays, 0.511 (Y±)] (HaldB57)
Re 180 18 m (FosJ58) ::[EC] (FosJ58) G chem, excit, sep isotopes protons on Re (FosJ58)
(FosJ58)
179
activity assigned to Re
(Harms 60)
Re 181 18 h (GranG63) J.'_EC (GalIC57) B chem, excit, genet (GalIC57) Y W X-rays, 0.365, many others Tal81(a, 4n) (GalIC57)
19 h
20 h (FosJ58)
(GalIC57) A -47 (NDS, MTW) parent W 181 (GalIC57) -. between 0 and 1.5 WI82(p 2n) (HarmB60)
daughter Z3 m Os 181 e 0.008, 0.040, 0.053, 0.296,
(FosJ58) many others between 0 and 1.5
daughter 2.7 h Os 181

(SurY60)
Re 182 12.7h (WilkG50) %" EC (WilkG50) A}chem, excit (WilkG50) _/ W X-rays, 0.068, 0.I00, I.IZZ, Ta181(a, 3n) (WilkG50,
13 h (GalIC59) 3+ 0.3% (BadN63) chem, genet energy levels 1.189, 1.23 (complex), Z.01, GalIC59)
(GalIC59) 2.05, many others between 0 W182(p,n) (WilkG50,
A -45.30 (MTW) daughter Os 18Z (StovB50, and 2.05 HarmS61)
FosJ58) 3+i 1.74 max daughter Os 182 (FosJ58,
e-i 0.015, 0.031, 0.056, 0.089, 0.098, I StovB50)
i many others between 0 and 2.05

Re 182 64.0 h (WilkG50) %" EC (WilkG50) A:: chem, excit (WilkG50) Y iW X-rays (very strong), 0.068, Tal81(a, 3n) (WilkG50,
chem, genet energy levels 0.I00, 0.15-0.36 (complex) , GallC58a)
60 h (GallC58a) no _+, lirn 5 x 10-4% (GallC58a) 1.08, l.llZ (complex), 1.19,
(BadN63) I 1.22 (complex), 1.43, many wl8Z(p,n) (WilkG50,
others between 0 and 1.4 I HarmS61)
e-'0.015, 0.031, 0.044, 0.061, 0.089,
0.098, 0ll00, 0.122, 0.160, I
0.187, many others between 0
and I.4
J
i
338
Principal means
% Type
abundance;
of decayMass(_); excess Class; Identification; approximateMaj°rradiationS:energies
(MeV)
Z A I Half-life (/k_M-A),ThermalMeVneutron(C'_=0); Genetic relationships and intensities of production
' cross section (0"), barns
75Re 183 71 d (BliP65, GallC58) %a EC (WilkG50) A ehem, excit (WilkG50) Y W X-rays, 0.046, 0.053, 0.109 Tal81(a, Zn) (WilkG50,
68 d (FosJ58) chem, genet energy levels (complex), 0.209 (strong), ThuS56)
others (ThuS56, A -45 (MTW) (ThuS56) 0.246, 0.zgz
TurS51, StovBS0) daughter Os 183 (StovB50) e- i 0.030, 0.034, 0.040, 0.088, 0.093,
many others between 0 and 0.40
Re 184 38 d (BodE60, DzhB62b'. 0ij EC (WilkG50) A chem, excit (FajK40a) Y W X-rays, 0.111, 0.78 (complex), Tal81(a,n) (WilkG50)
34 d (BliP65) chem, excit (WilkG50) 0.90 (complex) deuterons on W
33 d (JohnN63) A -44 (MTW) chem, genet energy levels e_ 0.04Z, 0.100 (BisK63a, BodE60,
others (WilkG50, (GallC58) DzhB62b, GallC58)
TurSSl) ! protons on W (WilkG50,
: HarmB64)
: Re185(n, Zn) (GallC58,

i JohnN 63 )
Re 184m 169 d (JohnN63) _ ilT 70%, EC 30% A them, genet energy levels _/_ Re X-rays, W X-rays, 0. Iii, See Ke 184
160 d (HarmB64) (HarmB64) (JohnN63, HarmB64) ! 0.78 (complex), 0.90 (complex)
166 d (BliP65) :
others (DzhB6Zb) A ::-44 (LHP, blTW) e-! 0.035, 0.04Z, 0.073, 0.081, 0.100
daughter radiations from Re 184
Re 1847 Z.Z d (WilkG50) %* iEC or IT (WilkG50) D chem, excit (WilkGS0) Y i 0.159 Tal81(a,n) (WilkG50)
] W184(p, n) (WilkG50)
Re185 %i 37.07 (WhiJ48) i

a -43.73 (MTW) i
_e II0 (GoldmDT64) ,
Re 186 88.9h (PortF56) _i_- 95%, EC 5% Ain-capt (KurtI35) _ i 1.07 max Re185(n,Y) (Kurtf35,
' SinK39, FajK40a,
92.8 h (GooLJ47) i (MalyL64) n-capt, excit (SinK39) e-i 0.063, 0.125
91 h {CorkJ48b) others (PortF56, chem, n-capt, excit SerL47b)
90h (SinK39) JohnM56, MetF51) (FajK40a) Y W X-rays, Os X-rays, 0.137
ino _+, lirn 10-5% mass spect (HessD47) (9%), 0.632 (0.032%), 0.768
(MetF51) (0.035%)
A -41.9 (DITW)
Re 186? 1 h (HaldB57) %a (HaldB57) D ichem (HaldB57) protons on Re, W

(HaldB 57)
Re 187 4.3 x 1010 y genet _ _- (NalS48) A ichem (NalS48) _-' 0.003 max (in about 1/3 of the
decays the electron goes into a
(HirtB63) % 6Z.93 (WhiJ48) stable atomic orbit)
1.Z x 1011 y sp act
(WolfC62) A -41.14 (MTW)
other s (HerrW58, _c170 (to Re 188)
WatD6Za, HinH54, 1.3 (to Re 188m)
SutA54, DixD54a, (GoldmDT 64)
NalS48, SugaN48)
Re 188 16.7 h (FlaA53, AjzF56 %* _3- (SinK39) Ai chem, n-capt (AmaE35) _-i 2.1Zmax Re187(n,_) (KurtI35,
DzhB54) n-capt, excit (SinK39) -' AmaE35, PoolM37,
16.9h (LindnM51a) A -38.79 (MTW) chem, n-capt, excit (FajK40) e 0.081, 0.143 SinK39, FajK40a,
18.9h (GooLJ47) _ci<Z (GoldmDT64) mass spect (HessD47) ¥ Os X-rays, 0.155 (10%), 0.478 SerL47b)
(0.6%), 0.633 (0.9%), 0.829
others (PoolM37, . daughter W 188 (LindnM51a, (0.3%) 0.932 (0.4%) other
DoyW63a) :i LindnM 51, RoyJ6Z) weak _/Is' to 2.0 '
:: daughter Re 188m (HerrW52)
Re 188m 18.7 m (TakaK64, _ iIT (MihJ53b) A n-capt, sep isotopes _/ Re X-rays, 0.092 (5%), 0.106 Re187(n, Y) (MihJ53b)
FIaA53) A I-38.6Z (LHP, blTW) (MihJ53b) (10%)
others (ButeF50, them, genet (HerrWS2) e-i 0.004, 0.013, 0.021, 0.034, 0.051,
MihJ53b) parent Re 188 (HerrWSZ) 0.061, 0.080, 0.09.3
idaughter radiations from Re 188
_i
Re 189 24.3 h (BliP65) _ i_- (CrasB63) A them, excit, cross bomb [3 i 1.00 max W186(a, p) (CrasB63)
Z3 h (CrasB63) A -37.8 (MTW) (CrasB63) e-i 0.023, 0.028, 0.057, 0.074, 0.11Z, osl89(n,p) +
genet energy levels 0.143, others between 0 and Os 190(n, pn)
(CrasB63, ResD61) 0.25 (CrasB63)
daughter W 189 (FleJ63,
KauP65a) Y Os X-rays, 0.150 (4%, doublet), oslgZ(d an) (FleJ63)
0.187 (3%, doublet), 0. Z18
(10%, doublet), 0.Z45 (4%)
Re 189 140 d (BliP65) _ i[3-(LindnM51a, TurS51) F chem (LindnM51a, TurS51) ¥ 0.211, 0.57, 0.67 W186(a,p) (BliP65,
chem, genet energy levels TurSSl)
150 d (LindnM51a) ![3-,IT (?) (BliP65) (BliP65)
activity assigned to Re 184m

(CrasB63, JohnN63)
339
I
Type of decay (_);
zIS°t°PeA Half-life (A-M-A),ThermalMeVneutron(C''=0); Genetic relationships approximateandintensitiesenergies

(MeV) Principalof
productionmeans
75Re [189? ] ->5y (LindnM51a)

i i :
' i
%" i[3- (eindnM51a) F ichem (LindnM51a) [5-i0.75 max ineutrons on Re
i i activity not observed i activity not observed i (LindnM51a)
i (SmiRR56a) : i
Re 190 Z.8m (AteA55) %*i_- (AteA55) B ichem, genet energy levels, D-i!.
1.6 max [osl9Z(d,a), osl90{n, p)
others (BaroG62) A 1-35.4 (MTW) i cross bomb (AteA55) Y :: Os X-rays, 0.191 (_ i0), 0.392 (AteA55)
i i ::(ti0),0.57(tI0),0.s3
(t3)
Re 190m g.8h (FleJ64, %* [IT] (FleJ64, BaroG6fi) B ehem, cross bomb, sep f)-!1.6max osl90(n,p),
BaroG67) i
: i isotopes (FleJ64, BaroG6g) '
Y::[Os] X-rays, 0.12, 0.19, 0.23, OsIr193{n,a)
19g{d' a)' (FleJ64,
i : 0.38 (complex), 0.56 (complex),[ BaroG62)
0.82
i i i(th ...... probably daughter

: i
i i radiations of 2.8 m Re 190
i : ! according to FleJ64) ,
Re [191] 9.8 m {AteA53c) %* i_- (AteA53c) D ichem (AteA53c) _-i 1.8 max [oslgg(n, np)] (AteA53c)
A i-34.6 (NDS, MTW) iexcit (AteA55)
i idecay charac (CrasB63) :
Re 19z
J6 s (BlacJe65a) ii
"-*if3- (BlacJe65a) C i:
sep isotopes, genet
i levels (BlacJe65a)
energy _- 2.5 max oslgZ{n,p) (BlacJe65a)
i 0. Z0, 0.29, 0.37, 0.48, 0.57
76Os 181 Z3 m (FosJ58)

r
%* i[EC] (FosJ581 B!ich ..... cit, sep isotopes, "Y i[Re X-rays], others Re185(p, 5n) (FosJ58)
genet (FosJ58) e-::0.093, 0.I01
A -44 (NDS, MTW) !activity not observed
: {SurY60) idaughter radiations from Re 181
iP .... tRe 181 (Fos358) i
i I
Os181 IZ.T h (SurY60) %* I[EC) (SurY60) E ichem, genet (SurY60) Y !Re X-rays, 0.Z3 protons on Au (SurY60)
I
i i parent Re 181 (SurY60) daughter radiations from Re 181
Os 182 _21.9h (FosJ58) %* IEC, no (StovB50) A Ichem, genet (StovB50) ¥ ::Re X-rays, 0.180 (_ 7), 0.263 Ke185(p, 4n) (StovBS0)
It1.1 h {NewJ60a)
Ig0 h {GranG63) A :i-44 (NDS, MTW) ichem,(Newj60a)eXcit,
sep isotopes ,[ (_ 1.4), 0.510 (_ i0) W 18g(a, 4n) (NewJ60a)
iothers (StovB50) :: e-i 0.015, 0.025, 0.043, 0.052, 0.108,
i :parent 1z.7 h Re 182 : 0.438
i :: (StovB 50, FosJ58)
', !daughter Ir 182 (DiaR61) idaughter
i Re 18Z radiations from IZ.7 h
Os 183 12.0 h (NewJ60a, %* iEC {StovB50) A:: chem, genet (StovB50) Y iRe L X-rays, Re K X-rays Re185(p, 3n) (FosJ58,
StovB 50)
15.4 h (FosJ58) A ::-43 (NDS, MTW) ::parent Re 183 (StovB50) i: (170%), 0.114 (5%),
(I0%), 0.Z36 (Z7%),0.382
0.168 StovB50)
alphas on W (NewJ60a)
others (GranG63, i idaughter Ir 183 (DiaR61, i (90%), 0.48 (9%, complex),
daughter Ir 183 from
SurY60) i :: LavA61) :: 0.86 (5%, complex), 1.44 (1%) Lul75 cl z
i ]e-!0.043, 0.10g, many others between ( ,4n)
i i i 0 and 1.4, all weak 1 (DiaR61)
I i ! I
Os 183m i 9.9 h (NewJ60a)
i0 h (FosJ58)
%* ::EC =54%, IT =46%
! (NewJ60a, NewJ60b)
A ichem, excit, sep isotopes
i (FosJ58, NewJ60a)
Y iOs X-rays, 1.035 (6%),
i (48%, complex)
i. 105 Re185(p, 3n% (FosJ58)
alphas on W (NewJ60a)
A 1-43 (NDS, MTW) i genet (DiaR61) ie-:: : 0.055, 0.096, 0.158, 0.168 daughter Ir 183 from
] i daughter Ir183 (DiaR61) idaughter radiations from Os 183 Lu175( C 12, 4n)
i i : (DiaR61)
i : i
Os184 i % i0.018 (NierA37) i :
-44.0 (MTW)
A :: i
_c I<Z00 (GoldmDT64)
*s 185 93.6 d (JohnM57) %* !EC (MillM51a) A i chem, cross bomb (GooLJ47, Y ::Re X-rays, 0.646 (80%), 0.875 Re185(d, Zn) (GooLJ47,
0 others (FosJ58, ino _+, lira 4 x 10-4% i KatziLA8) i (14%, complex) ChuT50)
GooL$47, KatzilA8, i chem, genet energy levels
TurS51, SurY60, i (MallS58) : (MartyN57) e-:: 0.059, 0.091, 0.574, 0.634 Os184(n Y) (KatziL48)
Re 185(p, n) (FosJ58,
GranG63) iA 1-42.74 (MTW) i i StovB50)
_s186 % 11.59 (NierA37) :

A 1-43.0 (MTW) :: i
s 187 % il.64 (NierA37) i :i

A i-41.14 (MTW) i
187m i ! i
O 39 h (GreeG56) %* i(ChuT50) G !chem (ChuT50)
35 h (ChuT50) : iactivity not observed
! (NewJ60a, MerE63)
i : i
340
Type of decay (a_);

Class; Identification; approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
Isotope Half-life (AsM-A), MeV (C':=0); Genetic relationships of production
Z A 1 Thermal
cross section neutron
(<7), barns and intensities
i i ii
_b 0/, i 13.3 (NierA37)
i ii
,,!-,o.91(,_Tw_ i i
Os? I 26 d (GreeG56) _ i (GreeG56) F ilchem (GreeG56) _/ i X-rays N 14 on Os (GreeG56)
i ! ,i •
o._S9i %E161
A i-38.8 (NiorA37)
(MTW) ! i
I ,rciO.O08(to0s190_)
! (GoldmDT64) ii i
I i ! !
Os 189m I 5.7 h (SchaG58) _ :iIT (SchaG58) A I chem (ChuT50, GreeG56) ¥-ii Os L X-rays daughter Ir 189 (SchaG58)
!others (ChuT50, i chem, genet (SchaG58)
i GreeG56) A i -38.8 (LHP, MTW) i genet energy levels (NewJ60c, e i 0.019, 0.028
; i i CrasB63) i
i
i daughter Ir 189(SchaG58) ]
Os 190 0/0iZ6.4 (NierA3?) : ::

/-i-38.5 (MTW) i
°'cl
3"9 (t°Os191) i i
( GoldmDT 64) i
i8.6 (to Os 191m)
i
Os 190m 9.9 m (SchaG58) _ liT (SchaG58, AteA55c) A i chem, genet (ChuT50, ¥ !Os X-rays, 0.187 (70%), 0.361 daughter Ir 190m2
others (ChuT50, A: i AteA55e) i (940/0), 0.502 (980/0), 0.616 (ChuT50, AteA55c,
AteA55c, MalyT61, i -36.8 (LHP, MTW) _genet energy levels (SchaG58, ! (990/0) SchaG58)
daughter Ir 190m 2 ( ChuT 50,
I MangS62) i E
iii AteA55c)
ReaD61) e-i0.026,
i 0.036, 0.113, 0.1,75
Os 191 ! 15.0 d (KatziL48) _ i[5- (SeaG41b) A in-capt (ZlnE40) [5-i 0.143 max osl9O(n, _/) (SeaG41b,
i 14.6
I6.0d (ChuT50)
(NabS58) '
A 1-36.4 (MTW) !!chem, n-capt (SwanJ52)
chem, excit (SeaG41b) e-i0.030,
: 0.042, 0.053, 0.116, 0.127 ZinE40, SerL476,
SwanJ52)
i
daughter Os 191m (SwanJS2) _/ ilr X-rays, 0.129 (25%)
i i parent Ir 191m (NauR54a, i daughter radiations from Ir 191m
i i CamE56) i included in above listing
i i :
o.191mi130h,PlaZ63)_i,_.no¢._5%) Aichem
genot,Swan_52,
_iOsLX-rays Os(n
_)(Swan,52)
i 14 h (SwanJ52) i (SwanJ52) I i parent Os 191 (SwanJ5Z) e- 10.062, 0.072
! i A i-36.3 (LHP, MTW) i i daughter radiations from Os 191
tl/2 ([sp)>1014y sp 0/. 141.0 ,NierA37a) i

act (FremZ5Z) A i-35.9 (MTW) i i
, O'ci 1.6 (GoldmDT64) I :
Os 193 31.5 h (NabS58) *t :[5 (SeaG41b) A: n-capt (Kurt135, ZinE40) [5-i 1.13 max Os192(n,_/) ,KurtI35,
30.6 h ,ChuT50) A 1-33.32 (MTW) i chem, n-capt ,SeaG41b) e-i 0.060, 0.070 ZinE40, SeaG41b,
others ,GooLJ47, : ] chem, excit (SwanJ5Z) . SerL476)
SeaG416, ZinE40) ¢ciZ00 (GoldmDT64) ¥ iIr X-rays, 0.139 (3%), 0.28
i 0.38 (2.0%, complex), 0.460
: (3.90/o), 0.558 ,2.1%)
i ,2.10/0, complex), 0.322 (1.4%),
Os 194 6.0 y (JohnN65b) _ i[5- ,WilliDC64) Ai chem, genet (LindnMS0) [5-i 0.053 max Os192(n, "/)Os193(n, _/)
5.8 y (WilliDC64) ' i ehem, genet, n-capt e-i [0.029, 0.040] WilliDC64, LindnM50,
others (LindnM51a) A I-32.39 (MTW) { (WilliDC64) : LindnM51a)
t LindnM 5 la, WilliDC641 i:daughter

(0.030/0) radiations from Ir 194
o,19565m(_aro057. "i[5-,_aro_57.
_eyP57,
_:chem.
genes
(_aro057.[5-i
2max _19_(n.o)
(_:ro057.
parent Ir 195 (BaroG57,
! i ReYp57) i
74r 182 15 m (DiaR6]) _ iEC, [[5+](DiaR61) IAI eh..... oss bomb, genet _ iOs X-rays, 0.133,0.278, 0.510, Lu175(C 12,5n),
1-39 (NDS, MTW) i (DiaR6I} i othersto =4 Tm169(O 16,3n)
i iparent Os 182 ,DiaR61) ii ,DiaR61)
Ir 183 0.9h
1.0 h (DiaR61) *at iEC ,DiaR61, LavA61) A! chem, genet (DiaR61, ¥!Os X-rays,radiations
0.24 Lu175(C12,4n) (DiaR61)
(LavA61) LavA61) i daughter from Os 183m
341
Type of decay (a_);
ZIS°t°PeA Half-life (AtM-A),ThermalMeVneutron(C'_=0); Genetic relationships approximateandintensitiesenergies

(MeV) Principalof
productionmeans
nl
i i i
77/r184 3.2 h (DiaR61) _iEC,
I p B i chem, decay charac Y iOs X-rays, 0.125 (_ 100), 0.267 Lu175(G12 3n) (DiaR61
3.1h (BaranV60) ZI!-40 (NDS, MTW) i (BaranV60) i (_ 200), 0.392 (_ 90), 0.51
i i chem,
(DIaR61)
excit, decay charac !i (¥i?),
to 4.3 0.83, 0.96, 1.09, others
i ,i daughter 42 m Pt TM ::
ii ! (QaiS65) il
Ir 185 14 h (EmeG63) %_ iEC (DiaR58) B ,

i chem, excit (DiaR58) ¥ •
i Os X-rays, 0. I01, 0.254, others Re185(a, 4n) (DiaR58,
EmeG63)
15 h {DiaR58) Z_ i -40 (NDS, MTW) idaughter Pt 185 (OaiS65) _ Os ,2n) (HarrnB62)

i sep isotopes (HarmB62) le--0.024, 0.034, 0.047, 0.085, 0.180 186(p
i i
Ir 186 15.8 h (EmeG63) _ IEC 97%, 3% A ichem, excit (Dial%58) Y i Os X-rays, 0.137 (45%}, 0.297 Re185(a, 3n) (DiaR58,
14 h (SmiW55) i (EmeG63) igenet energy levels (EmeG63) i (74_o), 0.434 (35%), 0.511 (6%, EmeG63)
16 h {DiaR58)
others (Ma17T60 , ,_ 1-39.1 (MTW) idaughter Pt 186 (SmiW55, i ¥±), 0.64 (9%, complex), 0.77
KryL6l) i QaiS65) complex), many others between

:i 0(8_0,
and complex),
3.0 1.60-1.75 (4_o,
!
i ! p+i1._ max
!: i e-i°'°63' °'125'°'135'°'226
Ir 186 1.7 h (MalyT63) _ j_+, EC (BoncN62, B i chem (BoncN62, MalyT63) Y i Os X-rays, 0.137, 0.295, 0.511 Irl91(p, p5n) (GranG63)
2.0h (BoncN62, ! GranG63) !chem, excit (GranG63) i (¥_), 0.630, 0.77, 0.99, others
. 2.6 max
GranG63) i i n°t daughter pt 186 (QaIS65) _+i
i i e-i 0.063, 0.125
Ir 187 10.5h (EmeG63) _iEC (DiaR58) Bichem, excit (DiaR58) _/ !Os X-rays, 0.18 (_ 45), 0.31 Re185(a, Ln) (DIaR58,
others (DiaR58, i i (_ 14), 0.41 (_ I00), 0.50 EmeG63)
MalyT60, KryL61) A 1-40 (MTW) daughter Pt 187 (BaranV60) i (, 35), 0.61 (_ 45), 0.90 (_ 401
! many otl_ers
: _j
0.98
0. I04,(_ many
50), all _/ rays
others complex,
between 0
i e i 0"007' 0"013' 0"053' 0"063' 0"073'
i i and 1.1
Ir 188 41.5 h (ChuT50) _# iEC 99+%. p+ =0.3% A Ichem, excit, sep isotopes _ iOs X-rays, 0.155 (34_o), 0.478 alphas on Re (ChuT50,
others (SmiW55, i {ChuT50) i (ChuT50) i (16%), 0.633 (29°/o,doublet), WarnL62, YamaT63)
KryL61, MalyT60) _ -38.08 (MTW) i (GrahR62, Mark163) (4_0), 2.08 (16_0, complex), Os189(p, 2n) (HarmB64)
NauR54, GranG63, i igenet energy levels i 0.829 (7%), 1.210 (7%), 1.717
' 2.217 (13_0), many others deuterons on Os
i ildaughtersmiW55)pt188 (NauR54, i between 0 and 2.7 (ChuT50)

i
i
i '
_,+!1.66 max
e- i 0.081,
[ between
0.143, many others
0 and 2.7
Ir 189 13.3 d (GranG63, %_ iEC (SmiW55) A Ichem, genet (SmiW55) _fiOs X-rays, 0.245 (18% I Irl91(p, 3nlPt189(EC)
LewisH64)
others (ChuTb0, A i -38 (MTW) idaughter Pt 189 (SmiW55) e-i 0.023, 0.046, 0.058, 0.067, 0.171, (GranG63,
187( a LewisH64)
SmiW55, MalyT60, ] i parent Os 189m (SchaG58) i many others between 0 and 0.27 Re ,2n) (DIaR58)
KryL61) i i ii osl90(p, 2n) (HarrnB6Z)
Ir 190 II d (GranG63, %J !EC (AteA55c) A i chem, excit, cross bomb 'Y !Os X-rays, 0.187 (51%) 0.37 !Re187(a,n) (ChuT50)
AteA55c) ino _3
+, lirn 0.002% (Gool.J47, AteA55c) i (39%, complex), 0.40 (39°7o, osl89(d,n) (GooLJ47)
40.7-d
12.3 d (KaneW60)
(GooLI47) i
: (KaneW60) i genet energy levels : complex),
72%, complex)
0.518 (39°),
0.604 (47%),
0.56 190{p , n) (HarmB64)
i others to 1.7
- 12.6 d (ChuT50) A i-36.5 (MTW) i (KaneW60, ResD61) i (
e-i0.113, 0.175, ,
others to 1.7 Os
Ir 190ml 1.2 h (HarmB64) _

i
!IT (HarrnB64)
i
iB i chem, sep isotopes, excit
*
Y ilr L X-rays osl90(p,n) (HarrnB64)
A 1-36.5 (LHP, MTW) i {HarmB64) e-i 0.015, 0.024
! i i daughter radiations from Ir 190
Ir 190m2 3.2h (ChuT50) %JlEC 94_o, IT 6_o Aichem, excit, sep isotopes ¥ iOs X-rays, Ir X-rays, 0.187 Re187(=,n) (ChuTb0)
3.0 h (GranG63) iiE(HarrnB04)

C 90_0, _+ 10% (AteA55c) , (ChuT50)
ichem, cross bomb (AteA55c) i (66a/0),
(92%) 0.361 (88%),
0.616 (93%) 0.502 deuterons
osl90(p,n) on (HarmB64)
Os (ChuT50
: igenet energy levels e-i0.026, 0.036, 0.I13, 0.175
A !-36.3 (LHP, MTW) i (HarrnB64)
iparent Os 190m (ChuT 50, !daughte r radiations from Ir 190m I,
i AteA55c) i Ir 190
i daughter radiations from Os 190m
i i i included in above listing
Ir TM
i
% 138.5 (SamM36a)
i '
i
i
¢c 750 (to (MTW)

A i-36"7 Ir 192) ! i
(toIr192ml_
i25o i i
i0.3 (to Ir 192m2) i i
i-'--(-G°ldrnDT 64) i
: i
342
I % Type
abundance;
of decayMass
(_); excess Major radiations: II Principal means
ZIsotope A I Half-life (A'-M-A), MeV (C'_=0); Class; Identification;
Genetic relationships
of production
I Thermal neutron and intensities
i cross section (O), barns I
!
771r 191m! 4.9 s ( FiscV55, %*! IT (NauR 54a) A ! chem, genet (NauR54a, _f i Ir X-rays, 0.129 (25%) daughter Os 191
I CamE 56) Ai--56.5 (LHP, MTW) i CamE56) e-: (NauR54a, CamE56)
i4.5 s (CloJ58) ' } daughter Os 191 (NauR54a, 10.030, 0.042, 0.053, 0.116, 0.127 Os 192(p, 2n) (Cloj58)
others (NauR 54a, i i Came 56)
Mih$ 54a) i i
i i
:
Ir 192 74.2d (AlliJ60) %*!_- 95.5%, EC 4.5% Ajn-capt (AmaE36) p--.::0.67 max Irlgl(n,¥) (ArnaE36,
74.4 d (Kas351) i (BashA56) i mass spect (RalW46) e_:' 0.2'17, 0.230, 0.239, 0.390 MMilE37, 3aeR38,
others (WyaE61, I_- 96.5%, EC 3.5% i chem (WilkG48) SerL476)
HarbG63, SinWSl, (BaEL55) i daughter Ir 192_nl ' ¥ i Os (29%),

X-rays, 0.308
Pt (30%),
X-rays, 0.317
0.296 Os 192(d ,Zn) (GooL347,
(AntoS60) (SchaG59) (4%), 0.604 (9'I,),0.612 (6%)
ChuTS0) A i-34.7 (MTW)

_+ 1.5x I0-5% il daughter Ir19_2 ii (81%), 0.468 (49%), 0.589 ChuTS0)
rcl 700( GoldmDT 64)

(to Ir 195m) i i
Ir 192mI 1.42 m (HoleN48b, %*iIT 99+%, _- 0.017% A I n-capt (MMilE37) _/i Ir L X-rays, 0.058 (0.005%), Ir191(n, _t) (MMilE37,
i 0.317 (0.008%), 0.612 (0.003%) GoldhM47, SerL47b)
Mi2354) (SchaG61, SchaG59) _ resonance neutron activation -_
1.45 m (SchaG61,
others (WebG53) Z_ i -34.7 (LHP, MTW, NDS) ! (GoldhM47) • i 0.046, 0.056 Os192(d, 2n) (GooLJ47)
MMilE37) i i parent Ir 192 (SchaG59) _-! 1.5 max ChuT50)
i i n°t daughter Ir 192m2 i
(SchaG59)
Ir 192m2 >5 y (SchaG59) %*{IT (SchaG59) B genet,, n-capt (SchaG59) Y i Ir K X-rays (weak), Ir L X-rays Ir 191 (n, Y) (SchaG59)
: 192
A !--34.6 (LHP, MTW, NDS)i not

parentparent
Ir (SchaG59)(SchaG59)
Ir 19_1 e-i i 0.149,
daughter 0.158
radiations from Ir 192
%16i5
(SamM,, !
_i -34.45(MTw) i i
_cl 110 (GoldmDT64) i i
Ir193m i ll.9d (BoeF57) %*lIT (BoeF57) B! chem, n-capt (BoeF57) Y ilr L X-rays Ir19](n,Y)Ir192(n,Y)
LXi -34.37 (LHP, MTW) i e-i 0.069,i 0.078 (BoeF57)
Ir 194 17.4 h (PeiM64) %*i_- (MMilE37) A! n-capt (ArosE35) 15-i 2.24 max Ir193(n, _/) (ArosE35,
others
19.0 h (GooLJ47)
(WitC41, _ i -32.49 (MTW) i chem
}mass spect
(WilkG48)
(RalW46) Y 0.328 (10%), 0.64 (1.0%, doublet), MMilE37,
PoolM37, SerL476,
JaeR38)
0.939 (0.4%), 1.16 (0.8%,
' ArosE35, MMilE37, i i daughter Os 194 (LindnM50, complex), 1.48 (0.6%, complex), daughter Os 194 (PeiM64)
SerL4To) : LindnMSla, WilliDC64) i 1.7 (0.2%, complex), many
i
i i others
ir 194m 47 s (HermH60, %* i I5-, IT (HennH60, G i n-capt, decay charac 15-i 2.3 max (HennH60a) neutrons on Ir (HennH60,
HennH61) _/ 0.13, 0.32, 0.63 (HennHb0a)

i activity not observed
HennH60a) i HennH60a) ii activity

(HennH60,
(SchaG61) HennH60a,
produced by thermal i HennH60a)
enriched Ir 193 (FetP6Za)
!' i -! pt195(n, p) (ButeF54)

Ir 195 4.2 h (C1afA62) %*i_- (ChrisD52) B I chem, excit (ChrisDS2, _ ! 1.0 max
2.3h2.7
h (ChrisD52)
(ButeF54) A i -31.8 (MTW) ! sepButeF54,
isotopes HornS61)
(ClafA62) ¥ i.Pt X-rays, 0. I0, 0.13, 0.33, 0.37, pt196(_,p) (ChrisD52,
iidaughter Os 195 (BaroG57, i 0.43, 0.66 HornS61) p)

Os192(¢, (ClafA62)
i ReyP57) i
i , i
Ir 196 120 m (BisW65) %* i_- (BisW65) B !chem, genet energy levels, _-i 0.95 max pt198(d, a) (BisW65)
(95%), 0.44 ( 95%1, 0. SZZ ( 99%1
i o.65
(ioo%)
Ir! 96 9.7 d (ButeF54) '%* i13- (ButeF54) G i chem, cross bomb (ButeF54) i
Ir 190 (GardD571; not
i i (GardD57)Produced
by pt194(d, ¢) i
Ir 197 7 m (ChrisD52, %*iJ_- (ButeF54) DI chem, excit (ChrisDS2) J_-i Z.0 max pt198(n, pn) (ButeF54)
ButeF54, HornS61) Z_i-28.4 (MTW) ichern, cross bomb (ButeF54)_i0.50 pt198(_,p)

HornS 61) (ChrisDS2,
i t J
Ir 198 50 s (ButeF54) _i# (SuteF54) Cj excit, cross bomb (Buter54) I_-i 3.6max pt198(n,p) (ButeF54)
_i -25.5
(MTw) i ' i °'TS
343
] Type of decay (a_);
zIS°t°PeA Half-life (/X sM-A),ThermalMeVneutron(C'=0); Genetic relationships approximateandintensitiesenergies

(MeV) Principalof
productionmeans
78Pt 173 short (SiiA66) aaa! a (SiiA66) F i cross bomb, excit (SiLA66) a ! 6.19 016 on Yb, Ne Z0 on Er
i i i
i (SiiA66)
E i i
Pt 174 0.7 s (SiiA66) _ !_ 80%, [EC+_ +] 20%0 B i cross bomb, excit (SiiA66) a 16.03 016 on Yb, Ne 20 on Er
1 i {SiiA66) i! i (SiiA66)
Pt 175 2.1 s {SiiA66) _t i a (SiiA66) B i cross bomb, excit {$iLA66) a i 5.95 016 on Yb, Ne 20 on Er
i i
i
(SiiA66)-
Pt 176 6.0 s {SiiA66) @is 1.4%, [EC+_ +] 98.6% Bicross bomb, excit (SiLA66) a i 5.74 O16 on Yb, Ne20 on Er
i {SiiA66) : {SiiA66)
Pt 177 6.6 s {SiiA66) _::a 0.30/0, [EC+_ +] 99+% B i cross bomb, excit (SiiA66) a I 5.51 016 on Yb, Ne 20 on Er
(SiiA66) i i (SiLA66)
Pt 178 21 s (SiiA66) _ ia (SiiA66)

i 1.3%, [EC+_ +] 98.7% B i cross bomb, excit {SiiA66) a i 5.44 016
(SiLA66)
on Yb, Ne z0 on Er
Pt 179 33 s (SiiA66) _ i a 0.1%, [EC+I 3+] 99+% B i cross bomb, excit (SiiA66) a i 5.15 016 on Yb, Ne 20 on Er
i {SiiA66) : (SiiA66)
i : i
Pt 18° 50s {SiiA66) _ ia (SiLA66)
0.3%, [EC+_ +] 99+% B i ..... bomb .... it {SiLA66) a i
15.14 016(SiiA66)
on Yb, Ne z0 on gr
Pt 181 51 s (SiiA66) _ia

! 0.0006%, [EC+_ +] 99+%
i
Bicross bomb, excit (SiLA66)
i
a15.02 O16on yb, Ne20 on Er
] (SiiA66) i i (SiLA66)
i i
Pt 182 3.0 m (SiiA66) _ i a 0.02%, [EC+_ +] 99+% B I chem, decay charac a ii4.84 016 on Yb, Ne 20 on Er
2.5 m (GraeG63) i (GraeG63, SiiA66) i (GraeG63) i daughter radiations from Ir 182 (SiiA66)
A 1-36 (NDS, MTW) i cross bomb, excit (SiiA66) i proto .... Ir (OraeG63)
Pt 183 6.5m (GraeG63) _t ia 0.001%, [EC+[5 B ci hem,: decay charac a ii4.73 O16 on yb, Ne20 on Er
7 m (SiiA66) i (GraeG63, SiLA66) i (GraeG63) (SiiA66)
i cross bomb, excit (SiiA66) protons on Ir (GraeG63)
Pt TM 20m (GraeG63) ¢ia 0.0015%, [EC+_ +] 99+% B ichem, decaycharac a i4.50 016 onYb, Ne 20onEr
16 m (SiiA66) i (GraeG63, SiiA66) i (GraeG63) i (SiiA66}
ii i ..... bomb .... it (SiiA66) i Ir193(p, 10n) (GraeG63)
i i i
Pr TM 42m (QaiS65) _iEC (QaiS65) Vichem, genet (OaiS65) ¥ i[Ir X-rays], 0.68, 1.72, 1.85 Nl4onTa (QalS65)
i i parent Ir 184 (QaiS65) i daughter radiations from Ir TM
E
Pt 185 1.2 h (AlboG60) m i[EC]

_4 (AlboG60) C i genet (AlboG60) Y ,![Ir X-rays], 0.035, 0.63, 1.56 descendant Hg 185
1.0 h (QaiS65) i i chem, genet {QaiS65) i daughter radiations from Ir 185 (AlboG60)
i idaughter 7 m Au 185
i parent Ir 185 (OaiS65)
(A1boG60)
i N 14 on Ta (Qai..q65)
Pt 186 3.0 h (GranG63) _ IEC (SmiW55, AlboG60) B i chem, genet (SmiW55, 3t fir X-rays, 0.67 protons on Ir (GranG63)
2.9 h (AlboG60) i AlboG60)
2.8 h (QaiS65) ia 1.4 x 10-4% (GraeG63) i chem, excit (GranG63) a 14.23
i daughter Au 186 (SmiW55)

2.02"
5 55)h
h ((SmiW
a) (GraeG63) iin°tli
parent
QaiS
(QaiS
65)Parent
65)
16 h 1.7
Ir 186
h Ir (SmiWS5'
186 i daught
Ir 186.... diati°ns fr°m 16 h
Pt 187 2.0 h (BaranV60) ¢ IEC (BaranV60) B Ichem, genet (BaranV60) Y ilr X-rays, 0. II (?), 0.18 (?), 2.0 iprotons on Ir (GranG63)
3.1 h (GranG63) i parent Ir 187 (BaranV60)

2.2 h (AlboG60)
2.1 h (QaiS65)
others (KryL61, ii ii daughter
chem' excit (GranG63)
Au 187 (AlboG60) i daughter radiati°ns fr°m Ir 187
MalyT 60) i i
Pt 188 10.2 dd (SmiW55)

10.0 {GraeG63) _ iEC (NauR54) Aichem,
i genet
SmiW55) (NauR54, ¥ i It (_"
X-rays, 0.140
100, complex), {_ 22),
0.38 0.19
(_ 15), Irl91(p, 4n) (GranG63)
others (NauR54, ia 3 x 10-5% (GraeG63) i 0.42 (1' 7)
KarrM63, GranG63) i a 5 x 10-5% (KarrM63) iparent Ir 188 (NauR54, _!
i SmiW55) • _0.042, 0.111, 0.119, others
A i-37.6 -MTW) i daughter Au 188 (SmiW55) i between 0 and 0.4
i ! idaughter radiations from Ir 188
: i a[3.93
344
Type of decay (_);

Major radiations:
% abundance; Mau excess Class; Identification; approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
Isotope Half-life (AIM-A), MeV (C==0); Genetic relationships of production
crou section (0"), barns
78Pt 189 10.9h (LewisH64) _IEC (SmiW55, AlboG60) Aichem, excit, genet (SmiW55) _/ iIr X-rays, 0.094 (1" 120), 0.114 Irlgl(p, 3n) (GranG63)
10.5h (GrigE62) A_-37 (MTW) ichem, excit (GranG63) i (1" 61), 0.141 41' 124), 0.187
11.1 h (AndeG61) i iparent Ir 189 (StaiN55) ! (t" 137), 0.243 (_/ 100), 0.31
others (KryL61, ! (_ 96, complex), 0.404 (_ 32),
GranG63, Poflq60, i idaughter Au 189 (SmiW55, i 0.56 (1' 230, complex), 0.61
AlboG60, SmiW55, i ] ChacK57) i (T 180, complex), 0.722 (1' 156),

QaiS65) i ,_ i descendant Hg 189 (AndeG61, __ 0.80 (1' 27, complex)
i i po_6O,AIb_G60) e i0.037,0.058,
0.168, 0.231,
0.068,
0.241,
0many
.082,0.092,
! i i others between 0 and 0.8
i i daughter radiations from Ir 189
Pt 190 6.9x 1011 y sp act _i_

i (PorsW54)
i
ildecay charac (PorsW56)
i
¢ i 3.18
(MacfR61a) % 1 0.0127 (WhiF56) i chem, sep isotopes

5.4 x 1011 y sp act i (MacfR61a)
(GraeG63)
other s ( PetrK61, A !-37.3
_rci =150 ( (MTW)
GoldmDT 64) i ii
GraeG61, PorsW56, i i i
Pt 191
PorsW_)
3.00 d (WilkG49a) _!EC
i
(WilkG48)
!i
A! chem, excit (WilkG48)
ii
¥ i Ir X-rays, 0.096 (I%), 0.129 protons on Ir (GranG63,
others (Cork354a, A 1-36 (MTW) i genet energy levels (GilIL54) i (2%), 0.175 { I%, complex), HarmB62)
LindsJ62, KryL61, 0.410 (3%), 0.457 (1%), 0.539
GranG63) ! e-i i 0.020,

(9°/,), 0.053,
0.624 0.069,
(1%) 0.080, others
SwanJ53a, SmiW55, i i daughter Au 191 (SmiW55) ii 0.269
between (1%),0 and0.36
0.6 (5%, complex), irlgl(d, gn) (WilkG49a)
Pt 192 =1015 y sp act "t i¢ (PorsW561 E i decay charac (PorsW561 a i Z.6 ?

(PorsW56) %1 0.78 (WhiF56) i
>1014 y sp act A 1-36.2 (MTW) i i

(GraeG63) ¢c i <14 (to Pt 193)
12 (to Pt 193m) !
i ( GoldmDT 04) !
i
i i i
Pt 193 <500 y yield (Naug56) _ I EC (L/K>I000), no _-, B I n-capt, chem (NauR56) _/ i lr L X-rays ptlgZ(n, _/) (NauR56)
>74 d, or <I h (no 0+
activity ob, erred i n° (NauR56) i i
(Swan353a) A 1-34.41 (MTW)
Pt 193m 4.3 d (WilkG49a) _ liT

i (SwanJ53a)
i
B I chem, excit (WilkG481
'
_/ i Pt X-rays Ir193(d, 2n),
4.4
3.4 d (EwaG57)
(CorkJ54a) A _-34.26 (LI-IP, MTW) i daughter Au 193m (0.03%) e-i 0.01, 0.057, 0.124, 0.133 pt192(n, _/) (WilkG49a)
4.5
3.5 d
d (Swan353a)
(BrunnJ55) ii i daughter
(BrunnJ55)Au 193 (WilkG4 9a) i
Pt 194 % i32.9 (WhiF56) 1
A 1-34.72 (MTW) i
Wcil.l (to Pt 195)
i ( GoldmDT 04) !
Pt 195
i009(to_195m)
i % .i 33.8
(WhiF56)
ii i
IA 1-32"78 (MTW) i i
Crc_ 27 (GoldmDT04) i
Pt 195m 4.1d (BresM60) !_ilT (DShaA52) Aichem (MMilE37) [¥iPtX-rays, 0.099 (11%), 0.129 lat194(n,¥) (MandeC48d,
others (HoleN48b, A 1-32.52 (LHP, MTW) i chem, genet (?) (DShaA52) i (1%) HaldBSZ, DShaA52,
DShaAS2, HaldB52, e-i 0.018, 0.028, 0.051, 0.085, 0.116,
MMI1E37, MalyT60) i i genet energy levels : SerL4To,MMilE37'
HubeO51)P°°lM37'
i (C°rkJ54a' BernsE55} i 0.126
i pt194(d, p) (KriR41c)
Pt 196 % 125.2 (WhiF56) i
A 1-32.63 (MTW) _ i
_rc!0.9 (to Pt 197) !

i0.05 (to Pt 197m)
! (GoldmOT04) i i
Pt 197 18 h (MMilE37) _ iJ3- (MMilE37) Ai chem (CorkJ36) _-! 0.670 max pt196(n, _/) (MMilE37,
20.0 h (Bresbl60) : ! chem, excit (MMilE37) " SherrR41, SerL476,
17.4 h (Cork.T52a) A 1-30.42
: (MTW) e-i 0.063, 0.074, 0.110 HaldB52)
i i ¥ iAu X-rays, 0.077 (20%), 0.191
i i i
'-x
i i ,
......
345
Type of decay (_b_ ); i "
% abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; Major radiations: !

IsotopeA Half-life (AiM-A),
Thermal MeV (C'==0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV) ir Principal means
Z neutron and intensities I of production
cross section (0% barns !i
78Pt197ml 78 m (HoleN48b) _i, IT (HoleN48b) A_ chem (SherrR41) _ i Pt X-rays, 0.279 {2.6%), 0.346 i pt196(n, y) (HavA65)
I 80 m (SherrR41, i chem, excit, cross bomb !(13%) i pt196(d,p) (SherrR41)
J 88MangS62) A i[5- 3% (HavA65) i genet,
(ChrisD52) e-i 0.040, 0.050, 0.268, 0.332
m (ChrlsD52) i-30.02 (LHP, MTW) genet .... gy levels
i i (HavA65) i3_ 0.737 max (3%) i
i iparent Au 197m (PraK64, ' idaughter radiationsfrom Pt197 '
i i HavA65) i
includedin above listing
i j i daught .... dlations from Au 197m
Pt 198 tl/2 (1315)>1015 y sp %i 7.19 (WhiF561

act (FremJ52) A !-29.91(MTW) _ i
_rci4 (to Pt 199) j :: !!
i0.03(GoldmDT64)
(to pt199m) i i: !i
pt 199
31 m (MMilE37) stir- (MMilE37) A i n-capt (MLenJ35, AmaE35) p_ 1.69max I t198(n,¥);
p (AmaE35,
30 m (LBIaJ56) A i-27.40 (MTW) ! chem, n-capt, excit ¥i 0.075 + Au K X-ray (9%), 0.197 ! SherrR41,
MLenJ35, MMiIE37,
SerL47b,
. parent Au 199 (MMilE37, doublet), 0.475 (12%, doublet),
i i BeacL49, MeeJ49, 0.540 (24%), 0.715 (3%), 0.790
29m (SherrR41) _rci=15 (GoldmDT64) i (SherrR41) I i (9%), 0.245 (4%), 0.32 (8%, HumV51)
i i
i Hi11R50a) (2%), 0.960 (2%) I
i
Pt 199m 14.1 s (WahM59) at[IT (WahM59) B i n-capt, sep isotopes ¥iPt X-rays, 0.393 (90%) i pt198(n,¥) (WahM59)
Ai-26.98 (LHP, MTW) i (WahM59) le i0.018, 0.029, 0.315, 0.381 i
i _ i !i !
Pt 200 11.5 h (RoyL57a) stir5 (RoyL57a) Bi n-capt, chem, genet j i
A i-27 (MTW) _' (RoyL57a) ! i daughter radiations from Au 200 il pt198(n
,(RoyL57a)_/)pt199(n,¥)
i i parent Au 200 (RoyL57a) ii ii il
Pt 201 2.3 m (gacJ62) atil3- (FacJ62, GopK63) B i chem, genet (FacJ62) ii3-i 2.66 max Hg204(n,a) (FacJ62,
[j 2.5 m (GopK63) A!-23.5 (MTW) i parent Au TM (FacJ62) ¥ i 0.15, 0.23, 1.76 GopK63)
i i !daught.... diationfrom Au 201
79Au 177 1.4 s (SiiA65b) Iatiai{SiiA65b) Ciiexcit,sep isotopes{SiiA65b)laii6.II iF 19 on Yb (SiiA65b)
Au 178 ' 2.7 s (SiiA65b) at ia

: (SiiA65b) Cii excit, sep isotopes (SiiA65b) a i 5.91 F 19 on Yb (SiiA65b)
I i ' I
Au179 " 7.1 s (SiiA65b) at ia (SiiA65b) Ci excit, sep isotopes (SiiA65b) a i 5.84 F 19 on Yb (SiiA65b)
I
i i
Au TM 10 s (SiiA65b) at ia (SiiA65b) C I excit, sep isotopes (SiiA65b) a i 5.60, 5.47 !F 19 on Yb (SiiA65b)
: i t i
! _ iF 19
Au 183 44 s (SiiA65b) alaia (SiiA65b) C Iexcit,sep isotopes (SiiA65b} a i5.34 i on Yb {SiiA65b)
I i i ]
Au 185 7 m (AlboO60) atI[_-C](AlboG60) Ci
i genet (A1boG60) I
Idaughter Hgl8 5
} i i daughter Hg 185, p .... t Pt 185 : i (AlboG60)
I i i (AlboG60 ) 'i
_; i
$ [ i possibly identical to 4.3 m i i !
i i Au
ig5(,.HP) i i i
Au 185 4.33 m (SiiA65b) _ iEC, {3+, a =0.01% B I chem, excit (ThornS49) a i 5.07 iF 19 on Yb (SiiA65b)
4.3 m (RasJ53) :i (ThomS49,

E RasJ53) i excit, sep isotopes (SiiA65b) i I protons on 9,
(ThornS4 Pt, RasJ53)
Au
: : j
i : [
Au 186 12 m (AlboG60) _4_ iEC (SmiW55, AlboG60) B i chem, genet (SmiW55, ¥ i Pt X-rays, 0.16, 0.22, 0.30, 0.40 I daughter Hg 186
=15 m (SmiW55) i i AlboG60) i daughter radiations from Pt 186 i (AlboG60)
} i parent Pt 186 (SmiW55) !
i ii ii
daughterHg 186 (AlboG60) i
Au 187 8 m (AlboG60) at iEC (AlboG60) C Igenet (AlboG60) ¥ iPt X-rays daughterHg 187
l iparent Pt187, daughter Hg 187 idaughter radiationsfrom Pt 187 (AlboG60)
i { (AlboG60) E i
Au 188 :8 m (PofN60, AlboG60) at iEC (SmiW55, PofN60, :Bichem, genet (SmiW55, I¥ iPt X-rays, 0.25, 0.33, 0.63 Tal81(Cl2, 5n)
i=10 m (SmiW55) : AlboG60) i PofN60, AlboG60) : i (ChacK57)
14.5 m (ChacK57) _+ (ChacK57) !chem, excit (ChacK57) i iprotons on Pt (SmiW55)
) l i i daughter
parent Pt Hg
188188 (PoflN60,
(SmiW55) i Idaughter
(PofN60, Hg AlboG60)
188
I i i i
I ii i Ii
346
% abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; Major radiations: I
ZIsotOpeA Half-life (AIM-A),

Thermal MeV
neutron
(C':=0); Genetic relationships approximate
and intensities
energies (MeV) IL Principal
of production
means
cross section (a), barns i
i i I
79Au189 30m (PoIN60, AlboG60!*ti[EC] Bichem, genet, crossbomb _/iPtX-rays :!Au197(p, gn)Hg189(EC)
<<40 m, activity not _no a, lirn 3 x 10-5% i (SmiW55) Ie-
Tal81(C 12 4n) (SmiW55)
observed (LilG64) i (KarrM63) chem, mass spect (Ki1Pi65) i 0.027, 0.036, 0.088, 0.137, 0.154, : (PofN60, AlboG60)
42m (SmiW55) . iparent Pt 189, daughter Hg 189! " 0.166, 0.269 i '
i i (SmiW55, ChacK57) i daughter radiations from Pt 189 I

Au 190 39 m (AndeG61, _ i EC (AlboG59, AlboG60, B i genet (AndeG61, JasJ61a) _ i Pt X-rays, 0.29 (_ I00, complex) ,i daughter Hg 190
JasJ61a) ! PofN60) i daughter Hg 190 (AndeG61) _ 0.60 (_ 5, complex), other weakl (AndeG61, 3asJ61a)
45m (PofN60) IEC 98%, _+ 2% (JasJ61a) _ i _/Is to 3.5 i
!_+ <1% (ilboG59) i e-!: 0.22, 0.29
i ( KarrM63 ) i
i no a, llm I x 10-6% i i
AI-33 (MTW)
Au 191-193 2.0 s (HenrA531 _i (HenrA531 F i excit (HenrA531 i [protons on TI, Hg

i i :i I, (HenrA53)
i E _ t
Au TM 3.2 h (AndeGbla) !*t!EC (SmiW55) A i chem, genet (SmiW55, ¥ i Pt X-rays, 0.14 (t 10), 0.30 protons on Pt (MarkI62)
others (SmiW55, ino ¢, lira 5x 10-6% i Gi11L54) i (t 60), 0.39 (T 5), 0.48 (_ 4), Ir191(a, 4n) (WilkG49a,
Gi11L54) i (KarrM63) !parent Pt TM (SmiW55) 0.60 (_ 10), all ¥'s complex EwbW60)
t A _-34 (MTW) i daughter Hg TM (SmiW55, e-i 0.035, 0.046, 0.054, 0.080, 0.089 pt192(d, 3n) (WilkG49a)
i i GiIIL54) many
i daughter others betweenfrom 0 and
radiations Pt | 2.0
91
Au 192 4.1 h (FinR52) I_IEC , _+ =1% (WilkG49a) Aichem , excit (WilkG49a) _/ iPt X-rays, 0.137, 0.158, 0.296, ,daughter Hg 192 (HuqM57,
others (WilkG49a, A i -33.0 (MTW) i chem, genet (FinR52, i 0.308, 0.317, others between Gi11L54)
EngeT53) i i GIllL54) i 0.1 and 1.2 (WilkG49a)
i
genet energy levels (Gi11L54) e-i 0.032, 0.143, 0.23, 0.30 Ir191(¢, 3n)"
i daughter Hg 192 (FinR52, _+i 2.2 max
Au 193 15.8h (WilkG49a) _iEC,' no _+ (lira 0.08%1 Bichem, genet (WilkG49a) _/ iPt 0.18
X-rays,(11%, 0.114 (5%,
complex), complex),
0.26 (9%, Irlgl(¢,2n)
deuterons on (WilkG49a)
Pt
17.5 h (EwaG57) i (EwaG57) i daughter Hg 193 (GilIL54, i

doublet), 0.378 (1.4%), 0.440 (WilkG49a)
15.3 h (FinR52) iin°(KarrMb3)a'
lira I x 10-5% !_ FinR52)pt193m (3%) daughter Hg 193
:A [-33 (MTW) iparent (WilkG49a) e-i 0.034, 0.095, 0.108, 0.177 (EwaG57)
protons on Pt (MarkI62)
Au 193m 3.9 s (FiscV55) I_ ilT (FiscV55, BrunnJ55, B i genet (BrunnJ55) _/ i Au X-rays, 0.258 (65%) daughter Hg 193m
3.8 s (BrunnJ55) i {ECGillL54)
0.03% (BrurmJ55) i daughter Hg 193m (GillL54, e-i 0.019, 0.030 (Brunn355)
protons on Pt (FiscV55)
: i BrunnJ55) i
i
!A]-33 (LHP, MTW) (BrunnJ55)
iparent pt193m (0.03%) i
Au TM 39.5 h (WilkG49a) *# IEC =97%, _+ w3% AI chem, excit (WilkG49a) _+i 1.49 max deuterons on Pt
others (StefR49) i (WilkG49a) i genet energy

(ThieM56a) levels e !i0.250,
between0.315,
0.02 many
and 2.4
others Ir (WilkG49a)
I 93(a , 3n) (WilkG49a)
A 1-32.21 (MTW) i daughter Hg 194 (Brunn355a, i Pt X-rays, 0.294 ( 12%), 0.328 protons on Pt (StefR49)
MerEbla, BelIL64) ¥ i (68%), 1.469 (8%), 1.596 (3%),
i
i
i others
1.887
between
(4%),
0. I and 2.4
2.044 (4%), many
Au 195 183 d (HarbG63) @ i EC (WilkG49a) A i chem, genet (WilkG49a) _/ i Pt X-rays, 0.099 (10%), 0.129 deuterons on Pt
192185dd(BisA59)(B°nnN62) !A i-32.55 (LHP, MTW) i descendant Hg 195m !i (1%) , (WilkG49a)

199 d (BresM60) i i (BradC54) e-! 0.018, 0.028, 0.085 Ir193(% 2n) (WilkG49a)
othersWilkG49a)(StefR49, i i daughter Hg 195 (GilIL54) i pt195(p, n) (StefR49)
Au 195m 30.6 s (FiscV55) %a !IT (HubeO52a) B! chem, genet (HubeObZa) ¥ i Au X-rays, 0.261 (77%1 daughter Hg 195m
others (HubeO52) AI-32.23 (LHP, MTW) !excit (FiscV55) e-i 0.044, 0.056, 0.180 (HubeO52a, JolyR55)
daughter Hg 195m (HubeO52a, ' protons on Pt (FiscV55)
i JolyR55) i
i not( HubeO53,
daughter Hg 195
GilIL54)
Au 196 6.18 d (IkeH631 %' IEC 93.8%, _- 6.2% A i chem, excit (MMilE37) _-i 0.259 max 16%) pt196(d, 2n) (WapA62)
others (BonnN62, i (BergO61) i e-i0.255, 0.277, 0.343 pt196(p,n) (StefR49,
WapAbZ,LingE62,
TilR63a,BakM60, + 5x
iothersi_ 10-5%(Stem49,(IkeH63)_i _ i Pt X-rays, 0.333 (25%), 0.356 IkeH63, MarkI62)
WilkG49a,
Wafl-I48, StefR49,
KriR41c) i WilkG49a, ThieM56) ii i (94%), 0.426 (6%), 1.091 pt195(d,n)
WilkG49a, (KriR41c,
StahP52)
A 1-31.15 (MTW) i i (0"2°/°) Ir 193(a, n) (EwbW60)
WilkG4 9a, WapA62)
i
,
i
1
i Au197(n, 2n) (MMilE37,
.... i i
347
f_
Type of decay (*J_);

% abundance; Mass excess Maior radiations:
Class; Identification; approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
IsotopeA Half-life (AsM-A),
Thermal MeV (C"=0); Genetic relationships of production
79Au 196m 9.7 h (BonnN62) _ iIT (WapA62a) A ichem, excit (MMilE37, ¥ iAu X-rays, 0.148 (42%), 0.188 2n) (WapA62a,
others (KavT60, : - ] TilR63a) _ (32%), 0.285 (5%), 0.316 (5%) VLieR59)
BakM60, AdemM60, A !-30.56 (LHP, MTW) i
i
VLieR59, TilR63a, i e-i0.069,
i 0.160 0.081, 0.094, 0.108, 0.135, Au197(n, Zn) VLieR59)
WilkG49a, (MMilE37,
WilkG49a, MMilE37) ! i daughter radiations from Au 196 AuI97(D, pn) (TilR63a)
Au 197 % !100 ! i
1-31.17(MTw) i
crc 198.8 (GoldmDT64) i i
i
Au 197m 7.2 s (FiscV55) %*liT (WieM45a) A {excit (WieM45a) _/ iAu X-rays, 0.130 (8%), 0.279 daughter Hg 197m,
7.4 s (FrauH47) i : ! (75%) Pt 197m (HavA65)
7.5 s (WieM45a)
i
_ -30.76 (LHP, MTW)
i
!daughterHg 197m (FrauHS0a,
i DShaA52, HavA65)
idaughterPt197m (PraK64,
.
e-!0.050,0.117, 0.127,0.198, 0.265
i: i HavA65) :i
Au 198 2.697 d (LocE53, %* i_- (MMilE37) A ichem, n-capt (AmaE35, _-:
0.962 max Au197(n,¥) (AmaE35,
JohaK56) no EC(K) lira 0.01% i MMilE37) i average _ - energy: DzhB41,
MMilE37, SerL47b;
PoolM37,
2.687 d (StarS63) no _+, lira0.003% ' 0.29calorimetric (LecM64) pt198(p, n) (StefR49,

2.699Robej60)d
(BelIRE54, (BashA56) i i 0.32calorimetric (ShimN50a) HumV51)
2.686 d (KeeJ58)
(TobJS5) (MimW51)
A i-29.59 (MTW) e-i 0.329, 0.398 SteiR48)
2.704 ,126, 000 (GoldmDT64) i Y ii 0.412 (95%), 0.676 (1%), 1.088
others (SasC56, (0.2%)
SinW51, SILL51, °'c i i
DieG46, HumV51,
SerL47b, SherrR41, i i :i
PoolM37, WriH57) ]i !i i
Au 199 3.15d (BelIKE55) %*i_- (KriR41c) Aichem , genet (MMi1E37) _-] 0.46 max (6%), 0.30max (MMUE37, HahR63,
pt198(n,_/)pt199(_ -)
others (Wri/-I57,
DShaA52, MMilE37, A [-29.09
, (MTW) idaughter
i BeacLA9a,Pt 199 (MMi1E37,
MeeJ49, Y !Hg(8%)
X-rays, 0.158 (37%), 0.208 LindsJ63a)
GleG64) _rc i =30 (GoldmDT64) : Au 197 (n, ¥) Au 198(n, _t)
i i Hi11R50a) e-}0.075, 0.125, 0.145 (HIllRS0)
i i pt198(d, n) (KriR41c)
Au200 48.4 m (RoyJ59) %*i[3- (SherrR41) B ichem (SherrR41) [3 i2. Z max HgZ0Z(d,a) (GirR60)
iothers (ButeF52a, ' i chem, sep isotopes, excit
MauW42, GirR60) A i-27.3 (MTW) i (ButeF52a) ¥ !0.368(24%), 1.227(23%), 1.593 TIZ03(n,a) (ButeF52a)
idaughter Pt 200 (RoyL57a) i (1%) HgZ01(_/, p) (ButeFSZa)
Au 201 26 m (ErdP57,
i
%*i_- (ButeF52a) B !chem, excit, sep isotopes 3-i 1.5 max Hg202(¥, p) (ButeF50,
ButeF52a) ' i (ButeF50, ButeFSZa) i 0.53 ButeF5Za, EutP62)
others (FacJ62, Z_ i-26.2(MTW) _/
EutP6Z) i i daughter Pt 201 (FacJ62) i
i i H 202, 204(n p)
A_t20Z, 204 =25 s (ButeF52a) %*i_-
: or IT (ButeF52a) E i! excit (ButeF52a) _ButeF52ai'
Au 203 55 s (ButeF5Za) "%*i_- (ButeF5Za) B i chem, excit, sep isotopes _-] I. 9 max HE204(_o p) (ButeF52a)
1-23(MTW)
: i (ButeF52a) _ 10.69
! i
80Hg <195 0.7m (RasJ53) ;%*ia.(RasJ53) E ichem (ThomS49, RasJ55) a i5.6 deut....... Au 197
i i probably Hg 185 or Hg 186 (RasJ53)
E
i i (LHP) i
Hg 185 50 s (AlboG60) %*![EC] (AlboG60) C!chem, mass spect (AlboG60) Au197(p, 13n) (AlboG60)
i parent 7 m Au 185 (AlboG60)
i i. Au197(p, 12n) (AlbOG60)

Hg 186 I. 5 m (A/boG60) %*iEC (AlboG60) B i chem, mass spect (AlboG60) Y i Au X-rays, 0.125, 0.27, 0.35,
i daughter radiations from Au 186

ii ip .... t Au 186 (AlboG60) 0.44
Hg 187 3m (AIboG60) %* iEC (AlboG60) B ichem, mass spect (AlboG60) ¥ iAu X-rays, 0.175, 0.255,0.40 Au197(p,lln) (AlboG60)
!a? (KarrM63) iparent Au 187 (_._boG60) idaughterradiationsfrom Au 187
! i
Hg 188 3.7m (Poi!N60, %* iEC (PofN60, AlboG60) B ichem, mass spect (PofN60, Y iAu X-rays, 0.14 Au197(p,10n) (PofN60,
AlboG60) ia (?) (KarrM63) i AlboG60) a !5.14(? may be Hg 187) AlboG60, KarrM63a)
3.0 m (a) (KarrM63) i iparent

AlboGAu
60)188 (p°fN60' ! daughter radiati°ns fr°m Au 188
1
i E
348
Type of decay (a_);
ZIS°t°PeA Half-life (A!M-A),ThermalMeVneutron(C'_:0); Genetic relationships approximateandintensitiesenergies

(MeV) Principalof
productionmeans
cross section (tY), barns
80Hg 189 9.6 m (AndeG61) _IEC, ?i _+ (PoIN60, A I chem,imass spect (PofN60, i

_/ i Au X-rays, 0.165, 0.24, 0.32, Au197(p, 9n) (PoIN60,
9m (Poflq60, AlboG60 [ AlboG60, AndeG61) i AlboG60, AndeG61) _ 0.50 AlboG60, AndeG61)
ino a, lirn 3 x 10-5% i parent Au 189 (SmiW55, i daughter radiations from Au 189
, i (KarrM63) ii ancestor
ChacK57) Pt 189
AlboG60, (Poflq60,
AndeG61) iii
Hg 190 20 rn (AndeG61, _IEC (A1boG59, AlboG60, A i. chern, mass spect (AlboG59, ¥! Au X-rays, 0.14 (complex) Au197(p, 8n) (AlboG59,
JasJ64) i PoiN60) i AndeG61, JasJ61b) -i AndeG61, 3asJ61b,
21 m (AlboG59, . _+, i e i 0.015, 0.026, 0.049, 0.062, 0.076
J
AlboG60,
others PoiN60)
(Gi1IL54, ino
ino ¢, liralirn 5 1% {AlboG59)
x 10-5% parent Au 190 (AndeG61) i daughter radiations from Au 190 AlboG60, PoiN60)
ChacK57, SmiW55) ! (KarrM63) i
gg <191 90 m (GilIL541 _i (GtlIL54) F I excit (GilIL54) protons on Au 197
i i! (GilIL54)
Hg<191 =3 h (GilIL54) @ i (Gi1IL54) F i excit (GilIL54) e-i 0. 088 protons on Au 197
i i (GilIL54)
Hg TM 55 m (PoIN60, _ IEC (SrniW55) AI excit (GillL54) Y iAu X-rays, 0.26 (complex) Au197(p, 7n) (Gi11L54,
SrniW55) ! i chem, genet (SrniW55) e-i 0.170, 0.191, 0.239 AndeG61a, PofN60)
57 m (GilIL54) ! irnass spect (AndeG61a, .
no 12 h Hg 191 observed i i PoiN60) i daughter radiations from Au TM

(SmiW55) i i parent Au TM (SrniW55, i
Hg 192 4.8h (Jas_1611

5.7 h {FinR52) _!EC,_+ _+ (FinR52) Bich ..... cit (FinR52, ¥ iAuX-rays, 0.114 (t I0), 0.157 Au197(p, 6n) (GilIL54,
6.3 h (VinA55a) i <1% (JasJ61) i GilIL54) . (_ 20), 0.274 (_ I00) HuqM57)
i
no a, lirn 4 x 10-6% i parent Au 192 (FinR52, e- 10.017, 0.028, 0.034, 0.039, 0.077
i (KarrM63) i GilIL54) ! daughter radiations from Au 192
_ i-32 (MTW) i
Hg 193 =6h (GilIL54) _IEC (GilIL54) Bigenet (GilIL54) ¥ iAuX-rays, 0.187, 0.574, 0.762, Au197{p, 5n) (FireE52,
4 h (MalyT 58) _ -31 (MTW) i daughter Hg 193rn (GilIL54, i
iBrunnJ55) e-i0.025, 0.035, 0.108, 0.174
i i parent Au 193 ( Gi1IL54, i: daughter

0.855, radiations
1.04, 1.08 from Au 193 GilIL54, EwaG57)
i! i FinR 52) i
Hg 193m I0.0 h (FireE52) @ IEC 84%, IT 16% B i chem, excit (FireE52, Y i Hg X-rays, Au X-rays, 0.218, Au197(p, 5n) (FireE52,
II h (BrunnJ58) i (GilIL54) i GilIL54) i 0.258, 0.574, many others GilIL54, EwaG57)
others {VinA55a, i_ + 1.5% (BrunnJ58) i parent Hg 193 (GilIL54) ! between 0. I and 1.6
GilIL54) iEC(E)/EC(L) 7.3 i parentAu 193m (GilIL54, e-i0.020, 0.025, 0.029, 0.036, 0.087,
i (BrurmJ58)
' i BrunnJ55) i 0.178, 0.243, many others
}no ¢, lirn I x 10-5% i between 0 and 1.6
i (KarrM63) i i daughter radiations from Hg 193
i-31 (LHP, MTW) ! i daughter radiations from iu 193m
i i i included in ab°ve listing
Hg TM 1.97 y (BelIL64)
0.40 (same activity? ) _iEC{L),
i (BeIIL64)no EC(K) MerE61a,
Bichem, genet BelIL64)
(BrunnJBSa, y iAuX-rays Au197(p, 4n) (BrunnJ55a,
(MerE61a) !EC(K) (MerE61a) i parent Au 194 (MerE61a, i daughter radiations from Au TM BelIL64)
=1.6 y (Brunn358) ino _+, lirn 1%
0.4 y (BrunnJ55a, i BrunnJ55a, BelIL64) i
MalyT 58) i (MerE6 la)
_ i_32 2 (BeIIL64, MTW) i i

!i
i :
Hg 195 9.5 h (JolyR55, _ IEC (JolyR551 A! chern, genet, excit (GilIL541 ¥ i Au X-rays, 0.20 (complex), daughter T1195 (Kni;ID55,1
BrunnJ54, HubeO53) Z_ i -31 (MTW) i mass spect (JunB61a) i 0.261, 0.59 (doublet), 0.780, JunB61a)
idaughter Hg 195m (GillL54) -i 0.930, 1.110, 1.172 Au197(p, 3n) (TilR63a,
ii ii daughter
parent Au T1195 (KniJD55)
195 (GilIL54) e !0.048, 0.058, 0.099 GillL54)
' (HubeO53, GilIL54)
Hg 195m 40.0h (HubeD53, _iEC 50%, IT 50% Aichern, excit (FinR52) Y !HgX-rays, Au X-rays, 0.200 Au197(p, 3n) {Ti1R63a,
JolyR55, BrunnJ54) i (JolyR55, BrunnJ54) ichern, excit, genet (GillL54) i {35%), 0.261 (20%), 0.560 GilIL54)
others (TilRb3a) IEC 52%, IT 48% imass spect (JunB61a) i (20%)
i (GilIL54) I P.... t Au 195rn (HubeO52, e- i 0.0QI4, 0.013, 0.022, 0.034,
1-31(LHp,MTw) i JolyR55) i 0043, 0048, 0053, 0.058,

i iparent Hg 195 (GillL54) i 0.109, 0.120, 0.180
i i not daughter T1195 (KniJD55) !daughter radiations from Hg 195°
! included in above listing

i i ancestor Au 195 (BradC54) i
i daughter radiations from Au 195rn
349
t Type of decay (a_); Major radiations: Principal means

Isotope Half.life
% abundance;
(AeM-A),
Mass exce_J
MeV (C'_=0);
Class; Identification;
Genetic relationships
of production
. 196 1014 .
(¢) >I x y i% i0.146 (NierA50a)
sp act (MacfR61a) A i-31.84 (MTW) i
t _rc]880 (to Hg 197) ! i
125 (tO Hg197rn) i
Hg 197 65hTilRb3a)
(HubeOSl, _EC' (FrieG431 iA{chern,(WuC41,
excit, FrieG43)
cross bomb _/!AuX-rays,
: (2%), 0.2680.077 (18%1,
(0.15%) 0.191 Au197(p,n}
Au197(d, 2n) (TilR63a)
(FrieG43,
others (CorkJ52, & ii-30.75 (DWitSb5, MTW) i daughter Hg197r n (HubeO53) e-i 0.064, 0.074 WuC41)
FrieG43, SherrR41, i i daughter T1197 (KniJD55) i
KriR40b, KriR41a) i ii i
Hg 197m 24h (BradC54, _IIT 94%, EC 6% (HavA65) Ain-capt (AndeEB36) YiHgX-rays, 0.134 (42%), 0.279 Au197(p,n) (TilR63a)
TilRf3a) iothers (DShaA52, i chem (MMilE37) i (7%) Au197(d, 2n) (WuC41,
others (FrieG43, : JolyR55) !chem, excit, cross bomb e-i 0.051, 0.082, 0.120, 0.131, FrieG43)
HubeO51, MMilE37) & i-30.45 (LHP, MTW) (WuC41, FrieG43) i 0.152, 0. 162
i i P.... t Au 197rn (FrauH50a,
i ! DShaA52, HavA65) i daughter radiations from Hg 197
i i parent Hg 197 (HubeO53)
197 ii daughter
{ncluded radiations
in above from
listing Au 197rn
i i n°t daughter TI (KniJV55) i
%i1002 , ierAS0a,
A i30.97 (MTW)
i
: i
.el002.oHglg i
( Goldm DT b4) i
! i i
• j
,, i-29.55(MTW) i
erc i 2000 (GoldrnDTb4) i
Hg 199m 43m (SmeF65, _IIT (FrieG431 Aichern, excit (HeyF37, _/ iHgX-rays, 0.158 (53%1, 0.375 Hg198(d,p) (KriR40b)
i MMilE37, HeyF37) : i MMilE37) i (15%) pt196(¢ n) (SherrR41)
44 rn (HoleN47a, I A i--29.01 (LHP, MTW)

MacD48) i i rnassnot
daughterSpect
(BergI49a)T1
I99 (BergI53) e-_i 0.075, 0. I44, 0.285, 0.354 HgZ00(n,HeyF37)2n)(MMilE37,
WuC41, SherrR41, i Hg199(n, n) (FrieG43,

I WieM45a) i : WuC4 I, BergI49a)
I °ther" (P°°lM 37' i i
i i i
__O0 %123.13 (NierAS0a) i i
_rc i <50 (GoldmDT64)

i
i
i
i
% i 13.22 (Nieri50a) i i
A i-27.66 (MTW) i i
!
!<50 ( GoldrnDT 64) i
arc: i i
%i2920
,.ior 50a, i i
i-27.35 (MTW) ! i
erci4 (OoldmDT64) i "i
Hg 203 46.9 d (EicG56) _ i_- (FrieG43) AI excit (KriR40b) I1_-i 0.214 max Hg202(n, _) (FrieG43,
46.6 d (GleG64) i (MTW) i chern, excit, n-capt (WuC41, e-! 0.194, 0.264, 0.275 WuC41, IngM4?b,
47.9 d (CorkJS2) _ -25.26 i FrieG43) SerI.ATo)
WilsH51, WriH57, BergI49)

Call J59, SherrR41,
IngM47b, Se rL4To, i
MauW42) i i i
_4 %i6.85
i (NierA50a)
i
_
'
i
A 1-24.69 (MTW) i
erc! 0.4 (GoldmDT64) i i
Hg 205 5.5rn (MauW42, _i_- (KriR40h) . Ain-capt, excit (KriR40b, _-i 1.7 max HgZ04(n,¥) (LyoW51)
5.6KriR40b)
m (LyoW51) Ai-22.2
i (btTW) i sepKriR42)
isotopes, n-capt ¥ i0.205
: Hg204(d,p)
KriR42) (KriR40b,
others (WuC41, : i (LyoWSI) i
FrieG43) i i
Hg 206 8.
8.5I m
rn (WolfGK64)
(KauP62) *tiP-
: (NurMbl) A I chern,
KauP62)genet (NurM61, P-i
_/ i [1.3
0.31 max] daughter
KauP62, Pb WolfGKb4)
210 (NurM61
others (NurM61) A i-20.95 (MTW) i daughter Pb 210 (RaD), i daughter radiations from T1206 pb20_(p, 3p) (KauP62)
i parent T1206 (NurM61, i
i KauP62, WolfGK64)
350
Type of decay (_);

Isotope Half-life (AsM-A), MeV (C'_=0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
i i i
I I0 m (ChacKY0) *# !gc, _+ (ChacK60) B i chem,' sep isotopes (ChacK60: _ i Hg X-rays, 0.511 (_/±) WI82(N14 5n) (ChacK60)
81TI191 <I0 m (AndeG61a) Ii chem, mass spect (AndeG61a i (AndeG61a)

protons on Hg
T1192 llm (AndeG61a) °#i[EC,_ +] (AndeG61a) B[chem, mass spect (AndeG61a ¥ ![Hg X-rays], 0.424, [0.511 (¥±)] Tal81(ol6,5n) '
10 m (DiaR63a) i excit, cross bomb (DiaR63a) e-i 0.341
i i C 12 on Re (DiaR63a)
i :
i (DiaR63a)
protons on Hg
i i i (AndeG6 la)
T1193 23 m (AndeG61a) e# iEC, [5+ {ChacK60, B i chem, sep isotopes ¥ ! Hg X-rays, 0.158, 0.169, 0.178, wIg4(N 14 5n)
30m (ChacK60) i AndeG61a) : (ChacK60) i 0.187, 0.208, 0.216, 0.238, (ChacK60)
ioo
Q, lira 2 x 10-4'70 i chem, mass
(AndeG61a)
spect
i 0.247, 0.511 (¥+), if
protons on Hg
(AndeG61a)
(AndeG61a) are all K-lines
i converted in Hg
i (KarrM63' i: _ii electrons ob ..... db 7
i i
i ei024 i
T1193m 2.1 m (DiaR63a) %_I[IT] (DiaR63a) C i excit, cross bomb (DiaR63a) ¥ i T1 X-rays, 0.365 Tal81(O 16, 4n),
i 0.280 Re ,4n)
i e-!i 1851c12
! i (DiaR63a)
T1TM 33.0 m (JunB60) %" IEC (JunB60) A Ichem, mass spect, genet ¥ iHg X-rays, 0.427 protons on Hg (JunB60)
ino a, lira l x 10-7% i (,TunB60) e-i 0.344 daughter Pb 194 (JunB60)
i (KarrM63) i daughter Pb TM (JunB60)
A[-26(_Tw) i i
i
T1194m 32.8m (JunB60) _IEC, no IT observed Bichem,. mass spect (3unB60) ¥ iHgX-rays, 0.097 prot ..... Hg (JunB60)
(JunB60) inot daughter Pb 194 (JunB60) e-i 0.083
T1195 1.16h (JunB61a) _IEC (AndeO57) Bichem, genet (ZniJD55) ¥ IHg LXirays, others Hg196(d, 3n) (KniJD55)
others (KniJD55, i[5+ (weak) (JunB61a) _mass spect, genet energy e-i 0.022, 0.034 protons on Hg (JunB61a)
AndeG57) i levels (AndeG 57) .
ino a, lira 3 x 10-7'7• i parent Hg 195 (KniJD55)
3*i 1.8 max
[ (ZarrM63) : 195
A !-28 (MTW) [ not parent Hg 195rn (KniJD55) [ daughter radiations from Hg
i i
T1195m 3.5 s (AndeG57a) _ }IT (AndeG57a) B i chem (AndeG57a) _/ iTI L X-rays, 0.383 (95%) daughter Pb 195
(AndeG57a)
3.6 s (Diaa63a) A i
i_28 (LHP, MTW) i(DiaR63a)daughter
excit Pb 195 (AndeG57a) e-i0"096[
0"084' Re (DiaR63a)
187(C 12, 4n)
T1196 1.84 h (JunB60) J# }EC (AndeG55) AI chem, genet energy levels, _/ i Hg X-rays, 0.426 daughter Pb 196
VVijR63) A [ mass spect (AndeG58, e- i 0.343 (AndeG57, AndeG58,

others (AndeG58, i-27.2 (MTW) i JunB60)
AndeG55, AndeG57, : protons
JunB60) on Hg (JunB60)
T1196m 1.41 h (JunB60) _

i
iEC 96%, IT 4'7o (JunB60)
i daughter
A[ chern, mass
Pb 196 (AndeG57)
spect, genet
'
i
_/ i Hg X-rays, 0.426, others

Au197(a,
protons
5n)
on Hg
(VVijR63)
(JunB60)
A i -26.8 (LHP, MTW) e-i 0.071, 0.081, 0.107, others Au197(a, 5n) (VVijR63)
. i excit
energy(VVijR63)
levels (JunB60) .
i [not daughter Pb 196 (JunB60) i daughter radiations from T1196
i z'
T1197 2.842 (JunB61) %'IEC (AndeG55) A[chem, excit, genet (KniJD55) ¥ iHgX-rays, 0.152, 0.426 Au197(a, 4n) (VVijR63,
others (KniJD55, A i --28.5 (MTW, DWitS65) i mass spect, genet energy e-i 0.067, 0.137 KniJD55)
AndeG57, AndeG55) : i levels (AndeG55) 197 Hg198(d, 3n) (KniJD55)
i i parent Hg 197 (KniJD55) i daughter radiations from Hg

i
i not parent Hg 197m (KniJD55)
197m [
T1 0.54 s (HenrA53) *# lIT (AndeG57a) A I excit (HenrA53) _/ i T1 X-rays, 0.222 (40%), 0.385 :daughter Pb 197m
0.55 s (SchmW65a) i-27.9 (LHP, MTW) i chem (AndeG57a) (90'7•) (AndeG55, AndeG57)
others (DiaR63a, A i i excit, genet
(DiaR63a) energy levels e-i i0.136, 0.207, 0.219, 0.300 Au197(a, 4n) (DiaR63a)
T1198
ndeo
5.3 h (MicM54) %tiEC
i., (AndeG551 [A:
! chem, genet energy levels
i
¥ i Hg X-rays, 0.412 (90%1, 0.65 daughter Pb 198 (JunB59,
others (Beryl53) i_+ s0.7% (GupR61) (Beryl53) i (40%, complex), 1.20 (21%), GupR61, LindgI58)
. excit (VVijR63) 1.42 (24%), 2.01 (15%), 2.45 Au197(a, 3n) (VVijR63)
ino a, lirn 3 x 10-7'7• mass spect (MicM54) [ (5%), 2.78 (2'7•)
deuterons on H E
i (KarrM63) genet (JunB59, GupR61, _+i 2.4 max (BergI53)
A 1-27.5 (MTW) LindgI58) .
i 'daughter
GupR61, Pb Lindg158)
198 (J'unB59, e-[ 0.111, 0.201, 0.317, 0.329, others
• i i
[descendant P° 198 (BrunC65a)
,. i i i
351
Type of decay (_);

Major radiations:
Isotope A
Z Half-life (AiM-A),
cross section (dr), barns
81T1198 1.87h (JunB60) *#.IT 55%, EC45% Aichem , excit (OrtD49, ¥ !HgX-rays, T1 X-rays, 0.283 Au197(a, 3n) (FiscP56,
1.90h (FiscP56) i (JunB60) i BergI53) : (30%), 0.412 (45%), 0.586 MicM54, BrinGO57)
I others (OrtD49, iothers (FiscP56, :mass spect (MicM54, i (35%), 0.635 (35%)
i BergI53) ! BergI53) i JunB60) '
! A i-27.0 (LHP, MTW) i genet energy levels (FiscP56) e-i 0.033, 0.046, 0.175, 0.197, 0.246
' i daughter Pb 198m (NeumH50a, i daughter radiations from T1198.
i KarrD51)
i
T1199 i Y.4h (JunB60a, _]EC. (OrtD49) AI chem (KriR40b) ¥ i Hg X-rays, 0.158 (5%) , 0.208 Au197(a, 2n) (VVijR63)
othersMiCM54)(OrtD49) ino [3+ (IsrH51) imassi

chem'specteXcit (MicM54,(OrtD49) ! (12%), 0.247 (9%), 0.455 (14%) Hg199(d, 2n) (KriR40b)
A]-28.5 (MTW) i 2unB60a) e-i 0.035, 0.125, 0.161, 0.193
i i daughter Pb 199 (NeumH50a) J
i ]not parent Hg 199m (BergI53) i
i i descendant Po 199 Po 199m [

! i (BrunC65a) ' !
T1200 i 26.1 h (JansJ62) %a ::EC (OrtD49) A I chem, exclt (OrtD49) Y i Hg X-rays, 0.368 (88%), 0.579 deuterons on Hg
]others (HerrlC57, il3 + 0.37% (VNooB62, !mass spect (MicM54) i (10%), 0.829 (8%), 1.21 (35%, (KriR40b, VNooB62,
i LHP) i daughter Pb 200 (NeumH50a) i complex), 1.364 (4%), 1.410 GupR60a)
OrtD4 9, MicM 54)
A [-27.05
, (MTW) i descendant Po 200 (BrunC65a) [3+ 1.44 max (0.06%),
(1.6%), 1.07others
1.517 (4%), max Au197(a,n) (OrtD49)
J i : (0.3%) T1203 (P' 4n) pb200(_-)
, (SakM65)
i i e-i 0.285,0.354
: i
T1201 174 h (HerrIC60) , IEC (NeurnH50a) A i ch .... ass spect, genet , iHg X-rays, 0.135 (2%), 0.167 daughter Pb 201
others72
h (NeumH50a)(KriR40b) A 1-27.3 (MTW) i ohem,
(JohaB59,
excit, HerrlC60)
cross bomb i (8%) (NeumH50a)on Hg
deuterons
i (NeumH 50a) (KriR40b, LingdI58)
i i e-io. ol6, o.o52, 0.084
i JohaB 59, HerrlC60)
!daughter TMTM,
i descendant Pb po (NeurnH50a,
po 201m
i : (BrunC65a)
i
:
T1202 12.0 d (HameH57) %_ iEC (KriR40b, MauW42) A i chem, excit (KriR40b, Hg X-rays, 0.439 (95%) 0.522 Hg202(d, 2n) (KriR40b)
others (MartiHC52, _+ i FajK41a) i (0.1%), 0.961 (0.07%)
WilkG50b, FajK41a) ino 0- (WilkG50b) Hg201(d,n),
A i --26.13 (MTW) daughter Pb 202 (HuiJ54) e-i 0.356 T1203(d, t) (BornP59)
T1 z03 % i;_9.50 (BalK50) i

,, i-25
75(MTW) i
O'cill (GoldmDT64) :]
T1204 3.81 y (LeuH62) %* il3- 97.9%, EC 2.1% A i chem, n-capt (FajK40) [5- i 0.766 max T1203(n,Y) (FajK40,
3.80 yy (FinR59)
3.78 (HarbG63) i
i[3- (LeuH62)
97.5%, EC 2.5% imass spect (blicM54) Y i Hg X-rays SerL4To)
3.91 y (WahA59,
NilR62)
i (ChrisP64)
iothers ( LidL52,
i
i
i
3.68 y (F1yK65a) i
others (EdwJ58, i DMatE5Z) ::
MerW57, TobJ55c, A i-24.34 (MTW) i i
WyaE61, HorrD54) i E
SpenH64) i i i
T1205 %i70.50 (BaiK50) i
i-23.81
(MTW)- _i
_c i0"111 (GoldmDT 64) i i:
T1206 4.19 m (SargB53) %* il5- (FajK40, KriR42) A i n-capt (PreiP35) [3-i 1.52 max TlZ05(n, Y) (PreiP35,
4.23 m (FajK40) ! i chem, genet (BrodE47) : PoolM37, HeyF37,
AlbuD51a, PoolM37, i (NeumH50) :: daughter Bi 210m from

others
HeyF37)(PouA59, A i-22"26 (MTW) ii excit,
daughter sep Bi isotopes
210 (RUE) ¥ ino ¥ NeumH50)
:i ,i (BrodE47) i Bi209(n' ¥) (NeumHS0)

i i daughter BiZlOrn (NeurnH50, i
idaughter Hg 206 (NurM61, i
i KauP62, WolfGK64) i
i i LevyHB 54)
T1207 4.79 m (SargB53) %_ !_- A ichem, genet (CuriM31) [5-i1.44 descendant Ac 227
(AcC") SargB39a)
4.76 m (CuriM31, A i-21.01 (MTW) idaughter
' Bi TM (AcC) ¥ 10.897 (0.16%) (HydE64)
others ( FajK40, : i :i
BretE40, BaldG46). i i i
T1207m 1.3 s (EccD65) %a !IT (EccD65) E iexcit (EccD65) ¥ i0.35, 1.00 pbZ08(t,a) (EccD65)
A 1-19.67 (LHP, MTW) i i

352
Type of decay (_);

Major radiations:
ZIsotope A Half-life (/XeM-A),
cross section (<7), barns
" s i
3.10 m (Bau1D57) _ _- A chem, genet (CuriM31) [3-i 1.80 max natural source,
others (CurLM31) _ -16.76 (MTW) daughter Bi 212 (ThC) e- i 0.187, 0.423, 0.495 descendant Th 228
¥ ! 0.511 (23%), 0.583 (86%), 0.860 (HydE64)
i (12%), 2_614 (100%)
2.2 m (HageF50a) _ _- (HageF50a) A I chem, genet (HageF50a) P-I 1.99 max descendant U 233, Th 229
Z_ -13.65 (MTW) daughter Bi 213 (HageF47, e- 1 0.03, 0.10 Ac 225 (HydE64)
Eng1A47, HageF50a) ¥ PbX-rays, 0.12 (50%), 0.45
parent Pb 209 (HageF47, (100%), 1.56 (100%)
EnglA47) daughter radiations from Pb 209
1.32 m (CuriM31) _ _-; A I chem, genet (CuriM31) _:' 2.3 max descendant Ra 226
others (BisG50, in =0.02% (KogA56, daughter Bi 214 (RaC), e-i 0.208, 0.28 (HydE64)
DevoS 37) i KogA57)
Z_I-9.23 (MTW) parent Pb 210 (RaD) _/ 0.296 (80%), 0.795 (100%), 1.08
( 19%, complex), 1.21 (17%),
1.31 (21%), 2.01 (7%), 2.09
(5%), 2.36 (8%), 2.43 (9%)
i
11 m (JunB60) _P EC (3unB60) Ai chem, mass spect, genet ¥ i 0.204 protons on T1 (3unB60)
(3unB60)
parent T1194 not parent i daughter radiations from T1194

• ,
T1194m (JunB 60) i
17 m (AndeG57) _ EC (AndeG57) B! chem, mass spect ¥ i TI X-rays, 0.39 (doublet) TIZ03(p, 9n) (AndeG57)
i (AndeG57) e- 1 0.084, 0.096, 0.30
i parent T1195m (AndeG57) i daughter radiations from T1195
i i daughter radiations from T1195m

i included in above listing
37m (AndeG57, _!EC (AndeG57) AI chem, genet (AndeG57) _I!TI X-rays, 0.192, 0.240, 0.253, T1203(p, 8n) (AndeG57,
Sve361) no 6, lirn 3 x 10-5% i chem, mass spect (Sve361) i 0.367, 0.503: others Sve361)
(KarrM63) !parent T1196 (AndeG57) e- 1 0.155, 0.168, others
Z_ -24 (MTW) i not parent T1196m daughter radiations from T1196
(JunB60)
E
[EC] Fi [AndeG57] ¥ TI X-rays, 0.386 (doublet) [daughter Pb 197m]
A -24 (MTW)
42 m (AndeG55) _ EC 80%, IT 20% A! chem, mass spect (AndeG55, ¥ T1 and Pb X-rays, 0.085, 0.222, T1203(p, 7n) (AndeG55,
(AndeG57) i 3unB62) 0.234, 0.386 (doublet) AndeG57)
no o, llm 3 x 10-4% e-i 0.069, 0.136, 0.146, 0.207, 0.219,

(KarrM 63) 0.300 (doublet)
Z_ -24 (LHP, MTW) i daughter radiations from Pb 197,

T1197m included in above
listing
2.4 h (3unB59, _ EC (AndeG55) A I chem, mass spect (AndeG55, ¥ T1 X-rays, 0.117 (3%), 0.173 TI203(p, (m) (AndeG55,
AndeG57) !no 6, lira 1 x 10-7% i JohaB59, 3unB59) (28%), 0.259 (8%), 0.290 3ohaB59, 3unB59)
(KarrM63) i parent T1198 (3unB59, (16%), 0.38 (40%, complex),
0.575 (4%), 0.649 (2%), 0.865
i_ -26 (MTW) i GupR61, LindgI58) (6%)
i
i
e- i 0.031,
0.270,
0.088,
others
daughter
0.159,
radiations
0.172,
from T1198
0.205,
25 m (KarrD51) _ EC (KarrD51) G! chem, genet (KarrD51) protons on T1 (KarrDSl)

activity not observed
(AndeG57)
90m (AndeG55) _ EC (NeumHS0a) Aichem, genet (NeumH50a) ¥ TiX-rays, 0.353 (17%), 0.367 T1203(p, Sn) (3ohaB59,
_80 m (NeumHS0a) +,
i_ (weak) (AndeG57) i chem'(AndeG55)mass
spect e- i 0. 267(80%)' 0.720 (10%) AndeG55, AndeG57)
Z_ -25 (MTW) i parent T1199, daughter Bi 199 _+i 2.8 max (7)
i (NeumHS0a)
i descendant Bi 199 (NeumH50a) daughter radiations from T1199
Pb 199rn 12.2m (AndeG55) _ IT (AndeG55) Bichem, mass spect (AndeG55) Y PbX-rays, 0.424 (20%) T1203(p, Sn) (AndeG55)
others (StocR56) Z_ -25 (LHP, MTW) i daughter Bi 199 (SiiA64) e-i 0.336, 0.409
i i daughter radiations from Pb 199
i . ..._._..._
353
Type of decay (_); I

Isotope Half-life (Z_!M-A), MeV (C"=0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
82Pb 200 21.5 h (BergK55) _ iEC (NeumHS0a) A !chem, genet (NeumHS0a) ¥ i T1 X-rays, 0.109, 0.146 (doublet) T1203(p, 4n) (Jo_l_°_,
otherSGerhT(JOhaB59,56a,
Nem_aH50a, A 1-26 (MTW) .ichem' mass spect (WirB63) i 0.236, 0.26 (complex) , 0.290 BashE60, WirB63)
i iparent T1200, daughter lgi 200 i (doublet), 0.450, 0.605
BelyB61) i i (NeumHS0a) e-i0.024, 0.06, 0.133, 0.150, 0.172,
i idaughter
i
Po 204 (KarrD51) i 0.183,
i daughter
many
radiations
others
from T1200
Pb 201 9.4h (BergK55) _IEC

i (NeumH50a)
j
A!chem, mass spect (JohaB59) Y iTIX-rays, 0.330, 0.361, 0.406,
i
T1203(p, 3n) (JohaB59,
others (WapA54d, i_ + (weak) (AndeG57, ichem, genet (Nem-nH50a) i 0.585, 0.766, 0.907, 0.946, LindsJ60)
NeumH50a) i BergK57) iparent T1201, daughter Bi 201, i 1.30, 1.40, others T1203(d, 4n) (WapA54d)
Ai-25 (MTW) i daughter Bi 201m e- i 0.244, 0.275, 0.316
i (NeumH50a)
i parent T1201 (JohaB59,

_+i 0.55 max
i daughter radiations from T1201

i i HerrlC60) i
' : i daughter Po 205 (KarrDSl)
: i
Pb 201m 61 s (StoeR56) *t !IT (HopN521 B i chem, excit (HopN52) ¥ ! Pb X-rays, 0.629 (51%) daughter Bi 201 (StocR561
others (FiscV55, i-25 (LHP, MTW) ichem, genet (StocR56) '
HopN52) A: e-i 0.541, 0.614 T1203(p, 3n) (HopN52)
i i daughter Bi 201 (StocR56)
Pb 202 =3 x 105 y yield %" iIEC(L), no EC(K),

0.5"/0 (HuiJ54) lim Aichem(HuiJ54)
, genet, mass spect Y i TI LX-rays T1202 T1203(d, 3n) (HulJ54)
others
(HuiJ54)(TemD47a, ' ] daughter radiations from
Nem'nHS0a) A i!-26.08 (MTW) i parent T1202 ('HuiJ54)
Pb 202m 3.62 h (AstB57a) _ liT 90%, EC 10% A i chem, excit (MaeD54a, !_/ i T1, Pb X-rays, 0.390 (7%), 0.422 T1203(d, 3nl (MaeD54a,
i others (MaeD54a, i (MDonJ57) i MaeD54b) (90%), 0.460 (8%), 0.490 (10%) MaeD54b)
MaeD54b) A [i-23"91 (LHP, MTW) ichem': mass spect (MDonJ57) i 0. 90"/o)

658( (35%), 0.787 (45%), 0.961
! i !e-iO.
i ll5,
0.772 0.126, 0.302, 0.334, 0.699,
[ i i daughter radiations from T1202
Pb 203 52.1h (BartlA58, _iEC (MauW42) Aichem, excit (MauW421 Y iT1X-rays, 0.279 (81"/01, 0.401 T1203(d, 2n) (TemD47a)
others (FajK40,
PersL61a) A i -24.94 (MTW) i chem, excit, cross bomb (5%) , 0.264
0.680
(TemD47a) !e-i i 0.193, (0.9"/o)
TemD47a, KriR40b, i i genet energy levels .
FajK4 la, BaldG46) i i (WapA54d)
:i i mass spect (PersL61a) i
:i i daughter Bi 203 (HeumH50a) i
Pb 203m 6.1 s (AstB57a) _ liT (HopN52) Ai excit (HopN52) ¥ i Pb X-rays, 0.825 (70%) daughter Bi 203 (StocR56,
others (StocK56, i i chem, genet (StocR56, e- i0.737, 0.810 FritA58)

FiscV55, BergI55, A -24.11 (LHP, MTW) i FritA58)
FritA58, HopN52) i i daughter Bi 203 (StocR56,

i FritA58)
i
Pb 204 % ! 1.40 (WhiF56) i :
i 1.48 (NierA381
1-25.11 (MTW)
_rc 10.7 (GoldmDT64) i

i i
Pb 204m 66.9 m (BartlA58) _ liT (MauW42) A i chem (FajK41a) ¥ i Pb X-rays, 0.375 (93%), 0.90 daughter Bi 204 (20"/o)
67.5 m
others (HerrlC56)
(MauW42, A i-22.92 (LHP, M]_W) ]chem, excit, KarrD51)
(TemD47a, genet e-i i 0.287,
(189"/0,doublet)
0.360, 0.824, 0.897 (StocR58,KarrD51)
SunA50, TemD47a,
FajK41a, DVriH39, i i mass spect (MaeD54a)

BaldG46) i daughter Bi 204 (TemD47a, i T1203(d, n) (FajK41a)
i i i
Pb 205 3.0x 107yspact %_IEC(L) (HuiJ56) Aichem, genet (HuiJ56) ¥1TILX-rays pbZ04(n,Y) (WingJ58)
(WingJ58) ino EC(K), lirn 0.06"/0 ! chem, mass spect (WingJ58)
A i1-23.77
(WingJ58)
(MTW) i daughter Bi 205 (HuiJ56) ii
J i
pb 206 % i25.1 (Co11C52) i
125.2 (WhiF 56) i
i23.6 (NierA38) ! i
41-23.79 (MTW) i i
ec 10.03 (OoldmDT64) i i
i i
Pb 207 i% i21.7 (WhiF56) ! i
121.3 (ColIC52) i i
!22.6 (NierA38) i i
: A i-22.45 (MTW) , i
°'c i 0" 72 (G°ldmDT64) i 'i

354
Type of' decay ('St );
• Major rKliidom: Principal mesas

%_abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; approxima_ emergles (MeV)
IsotopeA
Z Half.life (A•M-A),
ThermalMeV (C"=0);
neutron Genetic relationships and intensities d ptoductlem
cross section (O), barns
8zPbZ0?m 0.80 • (BendWSS, _ lit (CamES0l

1
A exctt, •ep isotopes lCamES0l
i
Y !0.570 19851, 1.064 18351 daughtor BI z07
HopNSZ, FariUS8) A 1-20.81 (LHP, MTW) ichern, genet (FrteG53) •-i 0.48>, 0.975, 1.048 (FrieGS3)
0.81• (_.v611 i idaughter
_iz°71r_ea53, i m,Z0T(n,n,),
0.82 • (LasJ51) i ! CamE56, MGowF53, [ pb20S(n, Zn) (GlagV59)
others (CamE56, : i WapA54b)
l_etdJSt, XamPS5, ! ! pbZ08(% n) (FariUS8)
StelP55, VeeN56) i !daughter Po zllm (JentW541
inot daughter Po TM, lirn i
i!| i o.oo5%IFrieG531
' i
PbZ08 %I5z.3lConCSz,
51.7 (WlsiF561
NierA381 i
A i-Zl.75
: (MTW) ! i
Pb 209 3.30h (WapA53 _i_- lKriIt40b, FajK41al Aichem (ThorRL37a, KrIlt40bl p-! 0.635 max pb208(d, pl (Kam1W591
other• (FaJK41a, i c.hem; sep isotope• (FajK41bl y i no _ descendant U 233, Th 227,
KrLK42, MauW42_ A i-17.63 (MTW) i daughter Po 213 (Hag•F47, i Ac225 (HydZ64)
KrlR40b) i i HageFS0, EnglA47,
.i ! daughter
MeiW49, TIMeiW51)
z09 (EnKIA47, ! pb20S(n,Y) (MauW4Z,
i' i HageF47) -_i]

Pb zl0 Z0.4y (HarbG591 ,!iS-; A,chem, ,enet (CuriM31) J5_O.061max d..cendutKa z26
(R_D) 22.0 y (Ra_ntH641 tQl 7 x 10-65 (KauP62) i daughter T1210 (RaC") e-i 0.030, 0.043 (HydZ64)
Z2,8 y (hnrL63)
Zl.4 y (EckW60) ,ia 2 x 10-65 (WolfGK64) i daughter Po TM (RaC') , Y :!Bi L X-rays, 0.047 (4%1
19.4 y (Tob;55b) iothers (NurM61) i parent Bi ZI0 (RaE); a !3.7Z
others (CuriM31) i not parent lira 10-45 radiation•
23.3 y (PatBSg) A !--14.73 (MTW) !; ( LevyHB 54
Bi )zl0m, i daughter from Bi zl0,
I_uP6Z, WolfGK64) ii poZl0

i parent Hg 206 (lqurM6 I,
!
Pb 211 36.1 m (SarzB39a, ","iJS-. A i chem, genet (CuriM31) 5- i 1.36 max descendant Ac 2p-7
(AcB) 36.0NurM65a)m
(CurlM31) A 1-10.46 (MTW) i daughter Po z15 (AcA); Y i 0.405 (3.45), 0.427 (1.8%1, 0.702 (HydE64)
i daughter radiations from Bi TM,

i i parentBi211 (Acc) .i 0"832(3.4%1
(0"4%1' 0'76610"6%)'
_ZlZ 10.64 h (TobJ55a, '_ i_- Ai chem, genet (CuriM31l _-i 0.58 max descendant Th zz8
(TI_) MtrinP53) A i-7.55 (MTW) !daughter Po 216 (ThA), -i 0.148, 0._2 (HydE64)
o_,r,(B._sz,
CurlM31, OshB55) i i parent Bi ZI2 (ThC)
_lBl X-ray,.0.Z39
147%1.
0.300
I (3.z%1
i i [!daughter TIZ08
P°ZlZ, radiation• from ni zlz,
i
1_o_13 10.Z m (ButeF64a) _ i_- (ButeF64a) B i chem, genet (ButeF64a) i daughter radiations from Bi 213, descendant Rn 2zl
A i-3 (IviTW) i pa rent BiZl3 (ButeF64al i poZl3, pb209 T1209 (But•F64•)
Pb 214 _6.8 m lCuriM31l *t iJ3- lSargB33, RasF361 AI chem, genet (CuriM31l iS-1 1.03 max (6%1, 0.67 max descendant I_ zz6
(KaB} A i-0.15 (MTW) i daughter Po _18 (llaA}, e- i 0.037, 0.049 (HydE64}
! 0.z95
(1_o), 0.352 (365)
, daughter radiations from Bi TM,
i i parentBiZ14(RaC) ¥i0"053 ('1%)' 0"242(451'
1
83Bi '_198 1.7 m (lqeun_-IS0a) _i" (TemD48) El i chem (Ne_u_HS0a)
(TemD48) ¢_i6. Z (TemD48,on NeurnHS0a)
deuterons Pb
Bi 1977 8.0 m (SiiA641 qtiEC 99+5, a 0.05% D i chem (TemD48, NeumHS0al _ i 5.81 protons on Pb lTemD48,
7 m 8•net (NeumHS0a) i (NeumHS0al !: parent

(NeumH50a)
"Z5 m Pb" i NeumHS0a)
i decay charac (SiLA64)
]i ' i formerly assigned to Bi 198 il
] i (Heu''nH 50a) i
Bi 199 24.4 m (SiiA64) qtiEC 99+%, _ -0.01% A] chem (TemD48) Y i Pb X-rays protons on Pb
others (NeumHS0a) i (NeumHS0a, SiiA64) i chem, genet (NeumH50a, z (NeumHS0a, TemD48,
i-0 imass spect (SiiA64) "i553
daughter radiations from Fo 199 s641
parent 1_ TM (SiiA641
t possible existence of Z
i i isomers noted by SiiA64 i
i
355
Type of decay (d_e);

Isotope Half-life (/k'-M-A), MeV (C"=0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
83Bi Z00 35 m genet (NeurnHS0a) %a i EC (NeumH50a) B i chem, genet (NeumH50a) i protons on Pb
others (VinA55) A i-20 (MTW) iiparent

daughter Pb Po
200z00(NeumHS0a)
(KarrD51a) ii (NeurnH50a)
Bi 201 1.85 h (StocR56)

i
%_ i EC (NeumH50)
i
A i chem, genet (NeumH50a) V i Pb X-rays protons on Pb
others (NeumH50a, i chem, mass spect (SiiA64) i daughter radiations from Pb z01m, (NeumH50a)
VinA55) A -21 (MTW) i parent Pb 201 (NeumHS0a) :: pbZ01 T1201
i parent Pb 201m (StocR56) i
i daughter Po 201 (?) i

(KarrD51a) i
Bi z01m 52 m (SiiA64) %a ia/KX-rays 0.02% A ichem, mass spect (SiLA64) _/i Pb X-rays protons on Pb, Bi
others (NeumH50a, { (SiiA64) ic.hem, genet (NeumH50a), a ! 5.28 (SiiA64, NeumH50a)
VinA55) iEC(NeumH50a)
99+%, a 0.003% iparent Pb z01 (NeumH50a) ! daughter radiations from Pb 201,
: idaughter Po Z01 {SiiA64, i T1201
i i KarrD51a) i
Bi 202 95 m (KarrD51) %a iE C (KarrD51) Ai chem, genet (KarrD51) ¥ iPb

: X-rays, 0.422, 0.961 daughter Po 202
(KarrD51)
others (VlrLA55) A i--Zl (MTW) daughter Po 202 (KarrD51) i
Bi g03 11.8 h (StocR60a) _ IEC (NeumH50a) A ichem, genet (NeumH50) 6+i 1.35 max pbZ06(p, 4n) (NovaT58a,
others (StocR56,
FritA58, NeumH50a) !6+ weak (NovaT58) iparent Pb 203 (NeumHS0) e-i'0.045, 0.098, 0.112, 0.176, 0.737 StocR60a)
no a, lira 6x 10-7% iparent Pb 203m (StocR56, _/{ Pb X-rays, 0.186 (6%). 0.264
i (NDS) : FritA58) : (6%), 0.381 (9%), 0.82 (78%,
ia =10-5% (DunlD52a) idaughter Po 203 (KarrD51) complex), 1.034(16%),

(31%, complex), 1.52
1.87 (35%,
A 1-21.8 (MTW) !daughter At 207 (BartoG51) i doublet)

i idaughter radiations from Pb 203
i idaughter radiations from Pb 203m
i i included in above listing
Bi 204 II.2 h (StocR60a) _ IEC, no 6 + (TemD47a) Ai chem, sep isotopes, cross ¥ iPb X-rays, 0.21 (complex), Pbg06(p, 3n) (StocR60a)
11.6 h (WerG56) ino _+, lira 0.07% i bomb, genet (TemD47a) :: 0.375, 0.671, 0.91 (complex), TlZ03(a, 3n) (StocR58)
II.0 h (FritA58) i i 0.98, l.Zl (complex) many
others (StocR56, i {StocR58) parent Pb z04rn (21%)
TemD47a) A i-Zl (MTW) i (TemD47a, SunA50, i others Pbg04(d, 2n) (TemD47a,
i i KarrD51, StocR58) e-i0.063, 0.075, 0.087, 0.128, 0.133, SunAS0)
i idaughter Po 204 (KarrD51) i 0.583,
i 0.161, 0.811,
0.201, 0.824,
0.287 0.360,
0.897,
i i i many others
i i idaughter radiations from Pb 204m
i L i
i
included in above listing
Bi 205 15.31 d {BrunnJ61) _ iEC {KarrD51) A i chem, genet, sep isotopes B+ 0.98 max pbZ06(d, 3n) (HerrlC61,
: StocR60, Bergl6g,
others (FritA58, i_+ 0.06% (PerdC62) i (KarrD51) e-i 0.011, 0.023, others BonaE6Z)
KarrD51, VinA55) i daughter Po 205 (KarrD51)
A i-21.07
: (MTW) idaughter At 209 (BartoG51) 'fi Pb0.51
X-rays,
(4%, 0.26 (3%, complex),
complex), 0.57 (14%, BiZ09(p, 5n)po205(EC)
(BonaE62)
: : complex), 0.705 (28%), 0.911
i iparent Pb 205 (HuiJ56) i (4%), 0.988 (17%), 1.044
i i !i (8%0),
1.864 (6%),
1.615 (4%0),
1.906 (2%)
1.766 (27%),
Bi 206 6.243 d (BrunnJ61) _# IEC (LutA44, AlbuD51) A I chem, sep isotopes (FajK41b, ¥ i Pb X-rays, 0.184 (21%), 0.343 pbZ06(d, 2n) (FajK41b,
others (ArbE57, i_+ i TemD47a) ! {26%), 0.398 {I0%), 0.497 WieK63)
AlbuD51, KriR40b) 8 x I0-4% {PerdC6Z)
A i-20.18 (MTW) ! genet energy level, i (18%), 0.516 (46%), 0.538
(72%), 0.895 (19%), 1.019
i daughter
(AlbuD54a,Po 206
StelP55b)
(TemD47) ii (34%), 0.803 (13%),
(8%0), 1.099 (99%), 1.596
0.880 (8%),
i daughter At 210 (NeumH50b) { 1.720 0.168,

e-i0.096, (36%) 0.255
! : i
Bi 207 30.2 y (HarbG59) _# iEC (GermL50, Ai chem, genet {blGowF53a) ¥ ::Pb X-rays, 0.570 (98%), 1.063 Pb{d, xn), daughter
28 y (SosJ59) i NeumH51) idaughter At zll (NeurnH51) :: (77%), 1.771 (9%) At 211 (HydE64)
38 y (AppE61) e-i 0.482, 0.975, 1.048
others {AlbuD55, A i-ZO.04 (MTW) iparent Pb Z07m (MGowF53,
NeumH51) i FrieG53, WapA54b, idaughter radiations from Pb 207m
i CamE56) i included in above listing

Bi 208 3.68 x 105 y sp act, ,gaiEC, no 6 + lira 0.3% B ichem (NeumH51) ¥ iPb X-rays, 2.614 (100%) Bi209(n, 2n) (RoyJ58,
others
•mass (RoyJ58,
spect (HalpJ64) i (biillC59) (Roy J58,
iexcit, genet MilIC59)
energy levels i HalpJ64)
Mille59) A -18.88 (MTW) i :i
Bi z09 >2 x 1018 y sp act

(HinE58)
_ !no a (HinES8)
{a (FaraH51, PorsW56)
i
i
a
i ? 3.0
2 x 1017 y sp act %!100 (NierA38) i i

(RieW52, PorsW56)
others (FaraH51a) A i-18.26 (MTW) i
0.015 (to Bi 210)
_ci0.019 (to Bi 210m) !

i ( G°ldmDT 64 ) i i
356
Type of decay (_k_);

05 abundance; Mass exceu Class; Identification; Major radiations:
IsotopeA Half-life (AsM-A),
Thermal MeV (C'*=0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
Z neutron and intemitia d prodoc_
83Bi 210 5.013 d (Robe,S6) "t i_- 99+%. ¢ 1.3 x'10"4% A ichem . genet (CuriM31) J3-i 1.160 max ]M2D_(n,Y) (SiegK4To)
IRaE) others
BegF52,(LocE53,
SleeK47, :iothers
(KauP62)
(NurM61, daughter Pb 210 (RaD), a i 4.69 (5 x I0-5%) , 4.65 descendant Ra 226
CuriM31, HeleN45, i BrodE47) parent Po 210 (RaF); ! (7 x 10-5%} (HydE64}
TemD47a,Liv336, A ]i-14"79(MTW)
CorkJ40,SerL47b' :!parent T1Z06 (BrodE47) Y i Po X-rays (weak)
Bi 210m
Ho.D.0i
_,Z.6x 106yyield *tia 99.6%, p-0.4%
f
Aichem, genet (NeumH50)
i
a I 4.96158%), 4.92136%1, 4.57 BIZ09ln, Y) (NeumH50)
(HugD53) i (LevyHB54) [chem, mass spect [ (6%)
A!-14.52 (LHP, MTW) i parent(LevyHB54)po

210 (RaF) (0.4%), ¥ ii 0.2620.61(45%), 0.30 (23%), 0.34,
i i parent T1206 (99.6%) i daughter radiations from TI z06

I_HS 54) i
i dater Pb
i lO"45(_WHS_) !!
i °' 1
Bi 211 2.16m
2.15 m (curLM31) "tlQ 99+%, _- 0.27% Ale.hem,
i daughtergenet (CuriM31) e¥ i_ 6.62
0.351 184%1,
(14%) 6.28 116%) descendant
(AcC) (SpiesF54) (NurM65a) Pb Zll (AcB), (HydE64) Ac ZZ7
z.13m INurM65a) i_ 99 _- 0.Z95 i parentPo

zlx. IAcC'), le-i 0.Z65 _-x_6z_
Ai-11"84 (MTW) i
! (AcC'');daughter
parent T1207
At 215 (KarlB44) i
! daughter
TIZ07'I
P°ZII radiati°n8 fr°m
Bi 212 60.60 m (AppK61) _ iJ3- 64.0%, Q 36.0% A i chem, genet (CuriM31) J_-i Z.25 max descendant Th 228
(ThC) 60.5 m (CuriM31) i (WalkJ65) i daughter Pb ZIZ (ThB), e-i 0.025, 0.035 (HydE64)
i_- 64.2%, Q 35.8%
i]others
IBertG6Z,
(SchupG60,
BertO60) i T1208
parent (ThC");
]PoZ12 IThC') and -i6.09
Y ]TI X-rays,
110%), 0.040
5.05 (25%)
(2%), 0.288
j BarkS61, RiceP58a, i dau_ter At 216 (KarlB43a, i (0.5%), 0.46 (0.8%, complex),
i SenF56,
FlaF62, MarinPS3,
ProsD58, i GhiA48, MeiWSl) i 0.727(1.8%)17%),
0.785 (1.1%), 1.620
i FerrJ61, KovAF38) i
i-8.13 (MTW) i i daughter radiations from TI Z08,
Bi 213 47 m (HageF471 't iJ3- 97.8%, a 2.2% A! chem, genet (EnglA47 , J3-i 1.39 max descendant U 233, Th 229,
46 m (EnglA47) i (GraeG64, ValliK64) ! HageF47) Ac 2ZS (HydE64)
i-5.24 (MTW) ii daughter At 217,
(I-lageF47, parent
gnglA47, POZl3 aY i!0.437
5.87
i ! HageFS0) i daughter radiations from Po213,

i i parent T1 Z09EnglA47)
HageF47, (HageFS0a, i 17°209 ' TIZ09
i i daughter I:ro213 (BnteF64a) !
Bi 214 19.7m (CuriM31) _'i0" 99+% (CuriM31) Aichem, genet (CuriM31) _-i3.26max descendant Ra 226
(RaC) 19.9m IDaniH56) ia 0.021% lWaleR60) idaughter Pb 214 (RaB), Y [0.609 147%), 0.769 15%), 0.935 (HydE64)
i-1.19 (MTW) _ daughter At 218 parent (3%), 1.120 (17%), 1.238 165),
i i Po 214 (aaC");
(RaCe), ' parent 1.378
1.509
2.2o4 12%),
T1210 i (17%), (55),
1.848 1.40
1.728
(25), (45,
(35), complex),
2.117 1.764
(1%),
(55), 2.445 (25)
idescendant
: Hyde 51a) Fr ZZZ (HydES0a, • _5.51 (0.008%), 5.45 (0.012%)
i [ idaughter radiations from Po 214
Bi 215 7 m (NurM65a) _ i0- (HydES3) A! chem, genet (HydE53) idaughter radiations from Po 215, descendant Ac 227,
8 m (HydE53) _ i 1.7 (MTW) idaughter At 219, parent Po 215 i Po 211 natural source
j (AcA) (HydE53) ! (HydES3, HydE64)
84PO 193 short ISiiA65b) * jo,IStiA65b) E]exctt, decay charac (SiiA6Sb) . !7.0 F 19 on Re ISiiA65b)
Po TM 0.5 s (SiiA65b) "_ ia (SiiAbSb) B iexcit, decay charac (SiiA65b) • 16.85 F 19 on Re (SiiA65b)
,others (TovP58) ! i
Po 195 3 s (SiiA65b) %"[4 (SiiA65b) B iexcit, decay charac (SiiA65b) • i 6.63 F 19 on Re (SiiA65b)
others (TovP58) i ! !
Po 195m 1.4 s (SiiA65b) *t !a (SiiA65b) B iexcit, decay charac ISliAbSb) c_ i6.72 Fl9on Re (SiiA65b)
Po 196 6 s (SiiA65b) _ let ISiiA65b, TovP58) B iexcit, decay charac (TovP58, a i6.53 BIZ09(p, 14n) (TovP58)
formerly assigned to PO 193 i

(TovP58) i
4 s (TovP58) i i SiiA65b) [ F 19 on Re (SiiA6Sb)
357
l
Type of decay (a_);
ZIsotopeA Half-life (A-'M-A),ThermalMeV

neutron
(C'"=0); Genetic relationshiln approximate
and intensities
production
means
84PO 197 54 s (SiiA65b) a_i (SiiA65b, BrunC65a) B iexcit (SiiA65b) i 6.30 IF 19 on Re (SiiA65b)
58 s (BrunC65a) !- i chem (BrunC65a) o i BiZ09(p 13n) (BrunC65a
Po 197m 25 s (SiiA65b) %*i a (SiiA65b, BrunC65a) I%idecay charac (TovP58) a i 6.39 BiZ09(p, 13n) (BrunC65a
Z9 s (BrunC65a) i ithem (AttH59a, BrunC65a) : TovP58)
AttH59a) i on Re (SiiA65b)
: I Z0, ZZ
Ne on W (AttH59a)
PO 198 1.7m (SiiA65b, %*i a >34% (BrunC65a) BI chem (AttH56, AttH59a) al 6.16 BiZ09(p, iZn) (BrunC65a
1.8 m (AttH59a, i chem, genet {BrunC65a) on Pt (AttH59)

BrunC65a, BrunC64) i i excit (SiiA65b) i C 12
AttH 59) i i F 19
others (AttH56) i ancestor T1198 (BrunC65a) : on Re (SiiA65b)
i i formerly
(AttH56, asAttH59a,
signed to AttH59,
Po 196 i Ne Z0, 2_Zon W (AttH59a)
i i Br c64' i
Po 199 5.0 m (TieE651 %*! EC 97.3%, a Z.7% AI chem (RosS54b) a{ 5.94 BiZ09(p, lln)
5.Z m (BrunC65a) i (BrunC65a) i chem, mass spect (TieE65) i (BrunC65a, TieE65)
others (RosS54h, i i chem, genet (BrunC65a)
AttH59, BrunC64) ! iancestor T1199 (BrunC65a) i
(RosS 54b, AttH59, i

i BrunC64) assigned to Po 198
iformerly
i i
Po 199rn 4.Zm (SiiA65h) %*IEC 740]0,a 2-6% A ichem (KosS54b) a i6.05 BiZ09(p, lln) (TieE65,
4.1m_TieZ65, i IB_nC65a_ iexcit
CSiiA65b_ , BrunC65al
others (RosS54b, i them, genet (BrunC65a) F 19 on Re (SiiA65b)
AttH59, AttH59a, !anceStor T1199 (BrunC65a)
BrunC64) i formerly assigned to I_o

_197 i
(RosS54, AttH59, AttH59a,
BrunC65a) ! i chem,
i mass
BrunO64) spect (TieE65)
Po z00 10.5 m (HoffR631 %*iEC 88%, a IZ% AI chem {KarrDSla) a ! 5.86 !C Iz on Pt (ForW61a,
11.4TieE65,m
(SiiA65b,BrunC65, i {BrunC65a) i chem, mass spect (ForW61a, i AttH59, BrunO65)
BrunC65a) A i-16 (MTW) i TieE65) AuI97(CIZ 9n)AtZ00(E C
others (KarrD51a, i parent Bi 200 (KarrD51a) i (HoffR63i
AttH59, ForW61a, i daughter At z00 (HoffR63) i BrunC65, TieE65)

RosS54b, BrunC64) i iancestor T1 z00 ¿BrunC65a) i BiZ09(p, 10n) (BrunC64,
i i formerly assigned to Po 199 i
i {RosS 54b, AttH5 9,
i : ForW61a, BelyB61, i
i BelyB6Z. BrunC64) !
Po 201 15.1 m (TieE65) %' iEC 98.90]0,a 1.101o A i chem, genet (KarrDSla, a i 5.68 BiZ09(p, 9n) (BrunC64,
15 m (HoffR63) i (BrunC65a) i SiiA64)
others (ForW61a, iEC 99.20]0,a 0.80]0 ichem, mass spect (ForW61a, idaughter radiations from Bi z01m BrunC65a, TieE65)
C Iz
BelyB 6 I, AttH
BrunC65a, BrunC
59, 65, i {BelyB6 I, BelyB 6Z) i TieE 65) _: Fo la)°n
rW6Pt (AttH59,
KarrD51a, BrunC64) A 1-16

i (MTW) iparent
KarrDSla)
Bi z01m (SiiA64, i daughter At 201
: (HoffR63)
i iparent Bi z01 (?) (KarrDSla) i
:: idaughter At 2-01 (HoffR63) J
!{
i iancestor T1 z01 (BrunC65a) :!
Po z01m 8.9m (TieE65) _ ia 30]o,EC 970]0 A Ichem (RosS54b) a i5.78 BZ09(p, 9n) (TieE65,
9 mBrunC65a,
(HoffR63, BrunC65) ia
i (RosS54b,
(BrunC65a) HoffR65) i
i chem, mass spect
excit, decay charac (TieE65)
(HoffR63) i C 12 on Pt (BrunO65)
BrunC65a)
others (BrunO65, i ancestor TI 2-01 (BrunC65a)
RosS54b) i i formerly assigned

(RosS 54b, AttH59, to Po z00 ii
i i '
! ForW61a, BelyB61,
BrunC64)
Po 202 45 m (BelyB61, %_ iEC 98%, a 2% (StonA57) A i chem, genet, excit (KarrD51) a i 5.58 BiZ09(p, 8n) (BrunC64,
others (StonA57,
HoffR63, TieE65) A i-18 (MTW) i chem, genet, mass spect i daughter radiations from Bi 20z BrunC65a)
RosS54b, BurcW54, i (ForW61a,

! parent Bi z0z ForW61)
(KarrD51) il pb 198 ' ClZBrunC65)on
Pt (ForW61a,
BrunC64, BrunC65, idaughter At z0z {ForW61, i AuI97(C IZ, 7n)AtZ0Z(EC}
BrunC65a) i daughter
HoffR63)Rn z06 (StonA57, i ¿ForW61, HoffR63)
i MomF55a) i
AttH59, I_orW61a, i
Po Z03 42 m (BelIRE56) %* iEC 99+%, a 0.0Z% A Ichem, genet {ForW61, a i 5.49 ;BiZ09(p, 7n) (BelIRE56,
47 m (KarrDSl) i (BelyB6Z, BelyB61) i KarrD51) i daughter radiations from Bi z03 KarrD51)

i Au197(clZ
£_ i-17
i (MTW) iidaughter
parent BiAt
z03203
(KarrD51)
(ForW61) i (F°rW61)6n)AtZ03(EC)
, i i i I
358

ZIsotope A Half-life (AIM-A),
Thermal MeV (C"--0);
3.6 h (ForW61a) *t !EC

i 99+_ a 0.6%
i
A i chem, genet (KarrD51)
i
¢ i 5.38 Bi209(p, 6n) (AxeS61)
84P°204 othersKarrD51,(BelyB61,RosS
54h, iE (BelyB63) i daughter Rn 208 (MomF55a) i daughter radiations from Bi 204 AuI97(C 12, 5n)At204(EC)
BurcW56) _ _-18 (MTW) i parent Bi 204, parent pb200 LatR61,(HoffR63'ThorP64)ForW61'
ii daughter
(KarrDSl) At 204 (ThorP64) i pt196(C12
ForW61a') 4n) (AttH59,
i i alphas on Pb (KarrV51)
Big09{p, 5n) (Be11RE56,
po 205 1.8h (BelIRE56) _IEC 99+%, _ 0.07% Aichem , genet, sep isotopes, _i 5.25
others (KarrD51) i (HalIK51) i chem,
excit mass
(KarrD51)
spect (ForW61a) AxeS61)
pb204(¢, 3n) (KarrD51)
_i-18(MTw) IParentBi2°5,
ParentPb201i
daughter At 205 (BartoG51)
i
i i (KarrvSl)
i
i
_5o 206 8.8 d (ArbE57, 't EC 95%, ¢ 5% AI. chem, genet, sepisotopes _i BiX-rays, 0.286 (_ 35), 0.338 Bi209(p, 4n) (AxeS61)
3ohnW56) (MomF55a) i (TernD47) i (_ 40) 0.51 (_ 100, complex), pb204(a, Zn) (TemD47)
others (TemD47, _+, lira 0.1% (ArbE57) !chem, mass spect (ForW61a) 0.807 i_ 60), 1.02 (_ 85,
BarabS57, Bur(W54) :thers (TemD47) i parent Bi 206 (TemV47) i complex) pb206(¢,4n) (JohnW56)
0.045, 0.196, 0.248
]-18.33(_TW) idaughter
MomF52) _210 (_omF55a, e-i
a i 5.22 (5%)
i i daughter At206 (ThorP64) i daught .... diations from Bi206
TemD47) i (TemD47) (TemD47) 0.41 (_ 13), 0.74 (_ 36), 0.95 pbZ06(a, Bn) (JohnW56)
Po 207 5.7 h (BelIRE56, i'a" i EC 99+%, a =0.01% A i chem, exclt, sep isotopes _i Pb X-rays, 0.25 (_ 5), 0.35 (? 4), Bi209(p, 3n)(Be1IRE56)
6.2 h (JohnW56) i_+ 0.5% (ArbE58a) i (hem, genet (StonA56) (_ 84), 1.15 (_ 6), 1.37 (_ 4),
'i-17.14 (MTW) i daughter Rn 211 {StonA56) i complex2"06
(_ 1.6), others, all ¥ rays
' idaughter At 207 (BartoG51) e-i0.159,, 0.255, 0.315, 0.652, 0.902,
[3+ I.14 max
i
!
i
z
!
|
__,oo.
i 5.11
!
po 207m 2.8s (HargC62) "tilT (HargC62) Biexcit, critical abe (HargC62) ¥ iPoX-rays, 0.26 (42%), 0.31 Bi209(p, 3n) (HargC62)
A I-15.75 (LHP, MTW) i .i (40%), 0.82 (100%)
i i e-i 0.22, 0.24
{ i Bi209(d, 3n) (Ram1W59)
Po 208 2.93 y (TemD50) _ iaEC(TemD47)=0.006%

(AsaF57a) Aii che(TemV47)it, sep isotopes ¢ i5.11
-17.47 (MTW) i(hem, mass spect (ForW61) ¥ iBi X-rays, 0.285 (0.003%), 0.60 Bi209(p, 2n) (AndrC56)
] i daughter Rn212, daughter i (0.006% .... plex)
po 209 103 y sp act (AndrC56) 't i¢ 99+%, EC _0.5% A I chem, excit (KelIE491 a i 4.88 (99%1 Bi209(d, Zn) (RamlW591
i
1-16.37
(PerlmI50,
(MTW) AsaF57a) i daughter At 209 (BartoGSl) _ i Bi complex),
X-rays, 0.261
0.91 (0.4%,
(0.5%) Bi209(p,n) (AndrC56)
i i e-i 0.173
i i i
Po 210 138.40 d (Eic354) *t is; : A I them, genet (CuriM31) ¢ i 5.305 (I00%) daughter
natural Bi 210
source from
or
(RaF) others (CurtM53, i_ stable (cons energy) Bi210
GinD53, BeamW49, i (ForB58) i daughter (RaE); _ i 0.803 (0.0011%) Bi209(n, _)Bi210( _)
TemD47,
CorkJ40, HurD40,
CuriM3 I) A 1-15.95
: (MTw) ii daughter
(LevyH54) Bi 210m (0.4%) ! (HydE64)
O'ci<0.03 (to Po 211) i daughter At 210 (KelIE49, i
i<0.0005(
GoldmDT(t°Po
)64)
211m i BartoG51) i
i i ! de s cendant Ac 227
Po 211 0.52 s (SpiesF54, 't i_; A! genet (CurLM31) ¢ i 7.45 (99%)
others (TovP58, i (ForB58) !daughter (AcC); R 0.570 (0.5%), 0.90 (0.5%)

(AcC t) LeiR51) ' stable
i_ (cons energy) 'i daughter At 211
Bi211 (CorsD40, i (HydE64)
WinnM54a) _ 1-12.43 (MTW) i CorsD40a) i
! i daughter Rn 215 (MeiW52) i
ii not0.005%
parent (FrieG53)
Pb 207m, lirn
i
! ] n°t I(JentW
daughter54 ) P°21 Ira' lira I%
Po 211m 25 s (JentW54, _ia (SpiesF54) Ai (hem, excit (SpiesF54) a I 8.88 (7%), 7.28 (91%) pb208(a,n} (SpiesF54)
SpiesF54, KarnV62) i genet energy levels (JentW54) ¥ i 0. 570 (92%), 1.063 (77%) Bi209( a, pn) (Perlm162)
others (WinnM54a) A i-ll.00 (LHP, MTW) i parent Pb 207m (JentW54) e-] [0.482, 0.975, 1.048]
( JentW
parent 54Po
) 211, lira 1% i
i n°t daughter At211' lirn 0"0 I% i

i (SpiesF54)
i ioo, i
!
i :
;
[
L
359
Type of decay (_k fib );

Isotope Half-life (AoM-A), MeV (C'2=0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
cross section (_), barns
84POZ12 3.04 x 10 -7 s delay _ia; i A i genet (CurLM31) a i 8.78 ( 100%); also long range a's descendant Th 228
(ThC t) coinc (BunyD49) ]_ stable (cons energy) Bi212 (HydE64)
others (FlaF62, i (ForB58) i daughter (ThC) ; i following decay of Bi 212 parent
Hi11J48,VNarnF4
9,JelJ48'
DunwJ39, A i-10.37: (MTW) i daughterMeiW51)Rn216(MeiW49, :
BradH43, HayaT 53) i ii i:

Po 212m 45 s (PerlmI62) _ !a, no IT, lira 1.5% A i chem, cross bomb, genet a i 11.65 (97%) BiZ09(a,p),
others (KarnV62) i (PerlmI62) i energy levels (PerlmI62) ¥i 0.57 (2%), 2.61 (2.6%) : PbgO8(B 11, Li 7)
A]I-7.44 (LHP, MTW) ! ! (PerlmI62)
i i i
Po 213 4.2 x 10 -6 s delay coinc *_ia (HageF47, EnglA47) i A! genet (HageF47, EnglA47) a i 8.38 !daughter Bi 213 (HydE64)
(Je1J48) A 'i-6.66 (MTW) i daughter

( HageF47,Bi 213, parent
EnglA47, Pb 209 i: i
i i HageFS0) :
i (MeiW4 9, MeiW51) i
i daughter Rn 217, parent Pb 209
Po 214 1.64 x 10 -4 s delay is; A i genet (CuriM31) a l 7.69 (100%); also long range a's, descendant Ra 226, from
(RaG I) coinc (DobT61, i_ stable (cons energy) i Bi 214
others
DarG50)(OgiK60, i (ForB58) Pb 210
i daughter (RaD) (RaC), parent ii following
principally decay
9.06 of(0.0022%),
Bi 214 parent descendant
natural U 230
source
BalIR53, DunwJ39, A i-4.47 (MTW) (HydE64)
i i daughter Rn 218 (StuM48) ¥ i 0.799 (0.014%)
Rot J4 la, WardAG42, i
JacoJ43, LunA47, i
BunyD48, RowS47) i i :
Po 215 1.778 x 10 -3 s delay *t !a 99+%, _- 0.00023% A i genet (CuriM31) a i 7.38 (100%) descendant Ac 227, from
(AcA) coinc (VolY61) i (AviP50) i daughter Rn 219 (An), parent i daughter radiations from Pb 211, RaZZ6(n, ¥)Ra227)13-),
others (WardAG42) ia 99+%, p- 0.0005% Pb 211 (AcB}; i etc. or natural source
A !-0.52 (MTW) parent (KarlB44)
(KarlB44) i At215 i (Hyde 64)

! i daughter Bi215 (Hyde 53 )
Po 216 0.145 s (DiaH63) _ is; A i genet (CurLM31) a ] 6.78 (100%) descendant Th 228
(ThA) others (WardAG42) iJ3 stable
(ForB58) (cons energy) i daughter Rn 220 (Tn), i daughter radiations from Pb 212, i (HydE64)
!others (Kar1B43a) i parent Pb 212 (ThB) i etc.
A i 1.78 (MTW) i i i
!a (MomF56) B igenet (MomF56) a i6.55 :daughter Rn 221

Po 217 <I0 s (MomF56) _ !no _-, lin_ 0. l_0 !daughter Rn 221 (MomF56, i , (1%4omF52)
i (ValliK64) i MomF52) i
A 16 (MTW) i i i
: i i !
Po 218 3.05 m (CuriM31) _ ia 99+%, _- 0.0185% A i chem, genet (CuriM31) a i 6.00 (100%) descendant Ra 226,
(RaA) iiothers
(WaleR59a)
(HieF52) i daughter Rn 222 (Rn), parent ! daughter radiations from Pb 214, from
(HydE natural
64) source
: pb214 Bi z 14 po214
A 18.38 (MTW) i (RaB) ;
i i parent At 218 (KarlB43) i
i i i AuI97(CI 2
85At 200 0.9m {Hoffl_63) *tla (HoffR63) :Bich ...... it (BartoG51) a i 6.47, 6.42 I (H°ffR63j 9n)
others {BartoGSl) :a, EC (BartoGSl) i chem, excit,
(HoffR63) genet i
parent Po 200 (Hoffg63)
At 201 1.5m {HoffR63) _ia, EC (HoffR63) i

:Aichem, excit, genet (HoffR63) i
:a 16.35 Jau197(C12 ,8n)
At 202 3.0 m (LatR61, %t IEC 88_0, a 12% (LatR61) A ichem, mass spect (ForW61) a ::
6.23 (4.3%), 6.12 (7.7%) AuI97(CI2, 7n)
HoftR63) A 1-10 (MTW) i chem, excit, genet (HoffR63) i daughter radiations from [Bi198], (ThomT62)
others (ForW61) i i parent Po 202 (ForW61, i po 202
i
i i H°ffR63) i
At 203 7.4m (LatR61, %'IEC 86%, a 14% (LatR61) Aichem, excit (BartoG51, a 16.09 Au197(C12,6n)
HoffR63) i MillJF50) i (ThmnT62)
others {ForW61, A i-11 (MTW) i chem, mass spect (ForW61) i daughter radiations from Po 203,
BartoG51, BurcW56) i i parent po203 (ForW61) i Bi199. etc"
At 204 9.3 m (LatR61, %1 i

iE C 95.5%, a 4.52% A i
ichem, mass spect (ForW61) a i 5.95 AuI97(C 12 5n)
HoffR63) } (LatR61) ichem, genet (ThorP64) i[daughter radiations from Po z04 (HoffR63, ForW61,
8.9 m genet (ThorP64) 1-11 (MTW) i chem, excit (HoffR63) i Bi200] ' LatR61)
others (ForW61) A i parent Po 204 (ThorP64) i BiZ09(a, 9n) (ThorP64)
' i i
360
Type of decay (_);

Major radiations:
% abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; approximate energies (MeV) Principal meam
Isotope Half-life (A--M-A), MeV (C= = 0); Genetic relationships of production
85At TM =25 m genet (BartoG51) %" i EC (BartoG51) G! chem, excit, genet i alphas on Bi 209
| ( BartoG 51) i (BartoG51)
i i activity not obs

( Tho rP64, ....
• LatR61) d i
At 205 4n)
26.2 m (HoffR63, %'iEC 82%, a 18% (LatR61) A i chem, mass spect (ForW61) a i 5.90 Au197(C 12
LatR61) i chem, excit, genet i
others (BartoG51, A 1-13 (MTW) _ (BartoG51, MiI1JF50) daughter radiations from Po z05, (ThomT6Z)
Bi201, pb201, pb201m, TI201 Bi209(a, 8n) (BartoG51)
BurcW54, ForW61, i parent Po 205 (BartoG51) ii iu197(N14' 6n)[RnZ0_
At 206 32.8 m (ThorP641

,
%'i a :8890, EC =1290
1
AI chem, mass spect (ForW61) al 5.70 (88e_1 AuI97(C 12, 3n) (ForW61,
29.5 m (LatR61) i (LatR61) i chem, genet (ThorP64) ¥ i B_X-rays, Po X-rays, 0.068 LatR61, HoffR63)
31 m (HoffR63) A ::- 12 (MTw) i parent Po 206 (ThorP64) ! (10%) Au197"(N 14 5**) Rn206(EC)
i ] e'_, 0.052, 0.064 (Hofflt63)
i i i daughter radiations from Bi202; Bi209(., 7n) (ThorP64)
iiiE i i P°z°6
At 206 2.9h (StonA56) %" IEC (BartoG51, G i ch ...... it, genet ] alph .... Bi (BartoG51)
2.6 h (BartoG51) ! i (BartoG51)
ii i:iactivity(
ThorP64)not observed i
At 207 1.8 h (BurcW54, %" i EC :90%, a :10% Ai chem, excit, genet a i 5.76 Bi209(_, 6n) (TemD48a,
StonA57, ForW61) i (BartoG51, TemD48a) i (TemD48a, BartoG51) i daughter radiations from Po 207, BartoG51)
Z.0 h (BartoG51) A 1-13.41 (LHP, MTW) parent Po 207, parent Bi 203 : AuI97{NI_ 4n)RnZ07{EC]
i (BartoG51) ! Bi203' pb203 (Holm63)
Rn 207 ( BurcW54, ]
StonA57) i
i daughter
i daughter Fr 211 (GrifR64) i

At 208 1.6 h (StonA56, %" iEC 99+90, a 0.590 A i chem, genet (HydE50, Y i Po X-rays, 0.18 (25%), 0.25, Bi209(a, 5n) (ThorP64)
ForW61) :: (HydE50) i ThorP64) i 0.66 (100%)
1.7 h (BartoG51) A i-lZ (IviTW) ! chem, mass spect (ForW61) a 5.65
daughter Fr 212 parent Po 208 :
(HydE50, MornF52) i daughter radiations from Bi 204
At 208 6.3 h genet (BartoG51) %'lEG (BartoG51) G i chem, excit, genet i alphas On Bt 209
i i (BartoG51) i (BartoG51)
(ThorP64) i
i activity not observed i
At 209 5.5 h (ForW61, %'iEC :95%, a :5% AI chem, genet, excit ¥ i Po K X-rays, 0.195 (23%), 0.545 BiZ09(a, 4n) (RamlW59)
BartoG51) i (BartoG51) i (BartoG51) i (62%_, 0.780 (94%)

Ai-IZ..89 (MTW) } chem, mass spect (ForW6i) e-i 0.076, 0. I02, 0.178, 0.451, 0.686
parent Po 209 parent Bi 205
IBartoG51J'
I l
a i 5.65 (5%)
MomF55a)
::[ i daughter Fr 213 (GrifR64)

idaughter Kn 209 (MomF52, [
At 210
8.3 h (KelIE49) %'::EC 99+%. a 0.17% A! chem, genet, excit (KelIE49) V _iPo X-rays, 0.245 (79%), 1.180 Bi209(a, 3n) (RamlW59)
A i-12.12
i (MTW)
(HoffR53) (KelIE49,
[parent Po 210 BartoG51)
(RaF) i (48%),
(100%), 1.436 (14%)
1.599 (29%), 1.483
parent Bi 206 (NeurnH50b) e-! 0.023, 0.031, 0.043,

5.36 (0.06%) 0.152, 0.229
ai 5.52 (0.05%), 5.44 (0.05%),

At Zll 7.21 h (AppE61) %'!a 40.970, EC 59.19o A i chem, excit, genet (CorsD40, a I 5.868 Bi209(a, Zn) {Raml'W59)
others (GrayP56, i (NeumH51) [ KellE49) Y i PO X-rays, 0.67 (weak)
CrofP64)C°rsD40'
KelIE49, A :i-11.64 (MTW) ilparentdaughterBiZ07Rn
211(NeumH5
(MomF55a,
I) i daughter radiations from PO 211
i MomF52)
[ i parent Po 211 CorsD40a)

(CorsD40, (AcC')
i inot(SpiesF54)
parent Po 211m, lirn 0.0170 i
i
At 212 0.30 s (JonWB63) %'is (JonWB63) B{ excit, decay charac a i 7.66 (80%), 7.60 (20%) Bi209(a,n) (JonWB63)
others (RitJ6Z, iEC unstable (cons i (JonWB63) e-[ 0.047, 0.059
WinnM 54a) i energy) (MTW) i
A i-8.64 (MTW) i 1
' i
i i 'i
361
Type of decay (a_);

Class; Identification; Principal means
IsotopeA Half-life (AeM-A),
Thermal MeV (C"=0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV)
i
85At 212m 0.12 s (JonWB63) _ia, no IT, lim 1%0 B!excit, decay charac a i 7.88 (20%), 7.82 (80%0) BiZ09(a, n) (JonWB63)
others (Rit362) i (3onWB63) i (JonWB63) e- i 0.047, 0.059
i i_-, EC unstable (cons ii :
i .... gy) (MTW) i
A i -8"42 (LHP' MTW) ] i

At 213 [short] (KeyJ51) _ia (KeyJ51) Eigenet, decay ch .... (KeyJ51) a i 9.2 d ..... dant Pa 225
A i-6"5 (MTW) :i descendant paz25 (Key351) i (Key351)

At 214 =2 x 10-6 s est _i ¢ (MeiW49) B i. genet (MeiW49) a i 8.78 (99%) descendant Pa 226
(MeiWS1) i EC unstable icons i daughter Fr 21g (MeiW49, i (MeiW49, MeiW51)
energy) (MTW) i MeiW51) i
A ii--3.42 (MTW) i J i
i i
At 215 =10-4 s delay colnc _ia (KarlB44, GhiA48) A i genet (KarlB44, GhiA48) a l 8.01 descendant Pa 227
(GhiA48, MeiW 51) A (MTW)i

i -1.25 i daughter
p(AcC) (GhiA48,
Fr219' MeiWt Bi211
.... 51, i daughter
lletc. radiati°ns fr°m Bi2 (HydE 64)
i i daughter
MeiW49) Po 215 (AcA), I ii
i (KarlB44)
1i : parent Bi 211 (AcC) i i

At 216 10-4
=3 x s delay coinc _ia (KarlB43a, GhiA48) A i genet (GhiA48) ¢ i 7.80 (97%) descendant pa 228
, (MeiW49, MeiW51) i_-, EC unstable icons daughter Fr 220, parent Bi 212' ! (HydE64)
J
J
i energy) (MTW)
A12.25 (MTW)
i
(ThC) (GhiA48, MeiW51)
'p .... t Bi 212 (ThC)
(KarlB43a) ]
At 217 0.0323 s delay coinc ml_ia (EnglA47, HageF47) AI genet (EnglA47, HageF47) a i7.07 (99+%) d..... dant Ac gZ5
(DiaH63) ifS- unstable ( ........ gy) i daughter Fr zzl, p .... t Bi z13 i daught .... diations from Bi z13, (Eng1A47, HageF47)
i others (HageF47,
! HageF50, EnglA47) i (MTW) i (EnglA47, HageF47, : etc.
A i14"38 (MTW) i HageF50, CranT48) l i!

At 218 1.5-2.0 s (WaleR48) _ ia (KarlB43) B I genet (KarlB43, WaleRS9a) a 16.70 (94%), 6.65 (6%0) daughter Po 218
(WaleR48) ii daughter Po 218 (RaA), daughter radiations from Rn _-18,
others (KarlB43) !a 99+%, _- 0.1% i (KarlB43, WaleR48)
I A i 8.11 (MTW) i (KarlB43, WaleR48,
parent Bi 214 (RaC) i Bi g14, etc.
I i i waleR59a) i
At 219 O.9 m (HydE53) _i¢ =97%, _- =3% (HydE53) B I chem, genet (HydE53) ¢ [6.28 descendant Ac 227,
A i: 10.5 (MTW) i daughter Fr 223 (AcK), i daught .... diations from Bi 215 ' natural
(HydE53)source
ii i p....
Bi 215 t (HydE53)
Rag19 (An), p .... t i an219, etc.
i
86Rn
<z°2 short (NurM66) "":i_(NurM66) F I e_cit (NurM66) _ i6.90 O16on _. N14on Au.
i i C 12 on Hg (NurM66)
Rn <20g 1 s (NurM66) *t )¢ (NurM66) F I excit (NurM66) I = ) 6.85 0 16 on Pt, N 14 on Au,

: i C 12 on Hg (NurM66)
Rn?'017 3 s (NurM66) iJ1_i¢ (NurM66) E i cross bomb .... it (NurM66) a [6.77 Au197(N 14, |0n),
i i! il o16onPt(NorM66)
Rn<202 <1 s (NurM66) _ia (NurM66) F i excit (NurM66) a ! 6.69 0 16 on Pt, N 14 on Au,
i : i C 12 Hg (NurM 66)
i i : on
Rn 202 13 s (NurM66) _ia (NurM66) D i ..... bomb .... it (NurM66) a 16.64 AuI97(N 14, 9n),
i i
i
•0 16 on Pt, C 12 on Hg
(NurM66)
Rn 203 45 s (NurM66) _!a (NurM66) Di cross bomb, excit (NurM66) ¢ 6.50 Au197(N14, Sn),
i :i 016 on Pt," C Ig on Hg
(NurM66)
Rn 203m 28s (NurM66) _ia (NurM66) Di cross bomb .... it (NurM66) a i6.55 Au197(N14,8n),
ii (NurM66)
! • O16 on Pt, C12 on. Hg
362
Major radiations:
% _madm_; __ Class; Identification; approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
Isotope Half-life (A _M-A), Icy ('C"=_; Genetic relationships of production
Z A 'Nherml mems,_ and intensities
......... _ll I I "f IlI "l .... l I .... _l _ i ] i i i,
86Rn 204 75 s (NurM66) _t, i¢

i-7 (Nur_)
(MTW) B i cross bomb, excit (NurM66) ¢ il[daughter
6.42
radiations from po200] AuI97(N
016 on 14,
Pt, 7n),
C 12 on Hg
!
Rn 205 1.8 m (NurM661 _ ia (NurM_6) B icross bomb, excit (NurM661 a i 6.26 AuI97(N 14, 6n),
i -7 (MTW) ] 6.29 ¢ (tl/2 3 rn) formerly 016 on Pt, C 12 on Hg
: i assigned to Rn204 i (NurM66)
R_ 206 6.5m {BurcW54,

i
:
_i¢65%, EC 35_0 (StonA57, Bichem, genet (BurcW54,
i
ai6.26 Au197(N 14 5n)
(NurM66) i MomF55a) _ StonA57) i daughter radiations from At 206, (BurcW54,

NurM66) StonA57,
BarabS57, WinnM54a) i (BarabS57} i MomF55a) C 16 on Hg, O 16 on Pt

i-9 (MTW) i6.29 ¢ (tl/_ 3 m) formerly (NurM66}
others (StonA57, ia 2290, EC 789o i
i parent Po 202
assigned (StonA57,
_o Rn 204 i Po 202, etc.
Rn 207 11 m (BurcW54) T iEC 9690, a 490 (S_onA57, A ichem , genet (BurcW54} a i 6.15 Au197(N14,4n} (StonA57,
10 m (StonA57) i MomF55a_ i parent At 207 {BurcW54, i daughter radiations from At 207, BurcW54)
i-9 (MTW) i StonA57) i Po 203, etc.
Rn 208 23m (MomF55a) _iEC =80%, a=20% BiChem , genet (MomF55a) i¢ i6.15 Au197(N14,3n) (StonA571
21 m (StonA57) _ i-101(M°mF55a'
I(MTW) StonA57) !iparent Po 204 (MomF55a) :idaughterpo
204, radiationsBi
204 from At 208, protonS(MomF55a)on
Th 232
Rn 209 30 m (MomF55a) _ iEC 83%, ¢ 1790

i
B i chem, genet (MomF55a)
i
¢ i 6.04 daughter Ra 213, from
i (MomF55a} i daughter Ra 213, parent At 209 i daughter radiations from Po 205, protons on Th 232
A_-9 (MTW) } {MomF55a, MomF52) i At 209 (MomF55a)
Rn 210 2.42 h (CrofP64)

E
_ ia =96%, EC =4°/0
i
A I chem, genet (MomF55a,
!
¢ 16.04 protons on Th 232
2.7 h (MomF52, i (MomFBSa) i MomF52) (MomF52, MomF55a)
MomF55a) i daughter radiations from At 210,
2.1h(GhiA49) Ai-9"74(MTW) i parentP°206(M°mF52,MomF55a) i p°206
Rn 211 15 h (CrofP641 _
E
!EC 74%, ¢ 2_%
i
A i chem, genet (MomF52)
i
a i 5.85 (9%1 5.78 (17%) protons on Th 232
MomF55a) _ -8.75 (_TW) iparent At 211 (MomF52, (74%), 0.865 (18%), 0.946 (21%),
16 h {MomF52, i i MomY55a)
imass spect (AstG63) y i At X_rays, 1.13
(23_0),1.37
0.445 (38_0)
(29%), 0.680 ,MomF55, MomF55a}
!parent Po 207 (StonA56) e-i0.053 , 0.065, 0.073, 0.153, 0.168,
! i i 0.200, 0.237, 0.349, 0.584,
i
i daughte r ,
i i 0.665 radiations from At 21 l
Rn 212 25 m (CrofP641 _
i
i_ (HydE50)
,i
A i chem, genet (HydE50 ,
°i
" i6.27 daughter Fr 212 (HydE50)
23MomF52)m
(GhiA49, HydE50, A i-8.66 (MTW) iaughter:
d Ghii49)Fr 212, parent Po 208 i
i
i
i
1 (HydE 50, MomF521
i
Rn 215 =10 -6 s est (MeiW52) _ i¢ (M_IW5_) B igenet (MeiW52) a 18.6 descendant U 227
i-1.2 (MTW) idaughter Ra 219 parent Po 211 idaughter radiations from Po 211 (HydE64)
i i (AcC')(MeiW 52) i
Rn 216 4.5x 10-5 s delay coinc _ ia (MeiW49, _eiW51) Aigenet (_eiW49, MeiW51) • 18.05 descendant U 228
(RuiC61) i_ stable (.cons energy) ]daughter Ra 220 parent Po 212 i daughter radiations from Po 212 (HydE64)
i (Fo,_58) i (ThC') (MeiW49, MeiW51) i
i_ io.z5(_w)
i
Rn 2175.4 x 10 -4 s delay _ i¢ (MeiWSl) A igenet (MeiW49, MeiW51) a i7.74 descendant U 229
coinc (RuiC61) i_ stable (cons ener_/) idaughter Ra 221 parent Po 213 idaughter radiations from Po 213 (MeiW49, MeiW51,
others (MeiWSl) i (For]S58) i (MeiW49, Me'iW51) HydE64)
i3.65 (MTW)
Rn 218 0.035 s delay coinc _ i" (Stu_4_) A i_penet (Stu_48} a 17.14 (99.890) descendant U 230
(DiaH63) i_ stable (co_s e_e_} idaughter Ra222 parent po214 Y i0.609 (0.2_0) (HydE64)
otherSstu_48){RuiC6I,
,
_ i 5.Z£{
For]%_W)
i
il (RaC _) {Stu_48)
i
i daughter radiations from Po 214
! i, ii "
363
,.,_j,,,,r
, ......
Type of decay (a_);
% abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; M'_or radiations:
ZIS°t°PeA Half-life (AsM-A),ThermalMeVneutron(C"=O); Genetic relationshiln a4_°ximateamdintensitiesenergies

(MeV) Prlncipalof
productionmeans
cross section 40"), barns
i i ' "'"
86RnZ19 4.00 s (RodenH61) %" i¢; A ichem, genet (CuriM31) a i6.82 (81%), 6.55 (I I%), 6.4Z (8%) descendant Th Z27
fAn) 3.92 s (CuriM31) i_- unstable (cons energy) idaughter Ra Z23 (AcX), ¥ i Po X-rays, 0.Z72 (9%), 0.401 (HydE64)
i (MTW) i parent Po 215 (AcA) (5%)
A18.85 (MTW) idaughter At 219 (HydE53) e !0.179, 0.255, 0.308

i i daugkter radiati°ns fr°m P° 215
Rn 220 55.3 s (GinJ63) %'!a;

!
Ai them, genet (CuriM31)
iec.
_i 6.29 (100_0) natural source,
(Tn} 56.3 s (RodenH61) i_ stable (cons energy) idaughter Ra 224 (ThX), Y! 0.55 (0.07_0) descendant Th 228
54.5 s (CuriM31) i (ForB58) i
51.5 s (SchmH55) A i 10.61 (MTW) i parent Po z16 (ThA) daughter radiations from Po 216 (HydE64)
_cE <0.Z (GoldmDT64)
E !
Rn 221 Z5 m (MomF56) %'i_- =80_o, a '_20°_o B! chem, genet (A4omF56, a 6.0 protons on Th 232
. _ 221 _ _ 217 daughter radiations from Fr zzl, (MomF5Z)

i (MomF56) ! MomF5Z) i
A i 14 (MTW) i parenz _r , parent _'o Po 217, etc.
i ! (MomF56, MomF5Z) i
Rn ZZZ 3.8229 d (MarinP56) %" ia; A Ichem, genet (CuriM31) a i 5.49 (100%) natural source (HydE64)
(Rn) 3.825 d (Tob355, i_ stable (cons energy) i Ra226, po218
Tob351, Robe356a, ! (ForB58} daughter parent iY i 0.510 (0.07%)
(RaA)
Curl]M31) ino p-, lira 1 x 10-4% i daughter radiations from Po 218,
i (KarlB46) i etc.
A i 16.39 (MTW) i i
_rc 0.7 (GoldmDT64)
Rn 223 43 m (ButeF641 %" i[_-] (BelIA61) B I genet, chem (BelIA61, i daughter radiations from Fr 223 protons on Th 232
i i ButeF64) (BelIA61, ButeF64)
i ' i ancestor Ra zz3 (AcX) i

i i (BeIIA6 I, ButeF64)
Rn zz4 1.9 h (ButeF64) %" i[_-] (BelIA61) B i genet, chem

ButeF64) (BelIA61, protons
(BelIA6onI)
! i ThZ3Z
i (BelIA6 I, ButeF641
i
87Fr z04 Z.0 s (GrifR64) I%"ia (GrifR64) C! excit, decay charac (Grim64) Q i7.03 Au197(O16, 9.) (Grim64)
Fr 205 3.7 s (GrifR64) %" ia (G*/fR64) B i excit, genet (GrifR64) a i6.92- Au197(O 16 8n) (GrifR64)
i
i i parent At z01 (GriiR64) i daus_hter radiations from At z01
Fr 206 15.8 s (GriiR64) %" ia (GrifR64) B excit, cross bomb (Grifl%64) a i 6.g0 Au197(O 16 7n),
i-0 (MTW) T1203(CI'2 9.)
i i (GrifR64) '
i-2 (MTW) i TIZ03(C IZ, 8n)
Fr 208 37 s (GrifR641 %" i¢ (GrifR641 B iexcit, cross bomb (GriIR641 a i 6.66 Au197(O 16, 5n),
A i-Z (MTW) i (GrifR64) '
i
i T1203 (C Iz 7n)
Fr 209 55 s (GrifR64) %" i¢ (GrifR64) B i genet, excit, cross bomb a i 6.66 Au197(O 16 4n),
_i-3 (MTW) i (GrifR64) TIZ03(C I'z 6n)
i ii parent At 205 (GrifR64) (Grifl%64) '
Fr 210 2.6m (GrifR64) %'ia (GriIR64) BI excit, cross bomb (GrifR64.) a 16.96 T1203(C12, 5n),
Au197(O 16, 3n)
i i i (GrifR64)
Fr 211 3.1m (Grifl%64) %'ia (GriiR64) Bichem, genet, excit (GrifR64) i

(ti6.56 T1203 (C IZ, 4n),
iIEcenergy)unstable(MTW)(c°ns !iparent At z07 (GrifR64) i daughte r radiat" o_ns__from At Z07 TIZ05

Iz(GriIR ( 64)
C ' 6n)
-4.3
(MTw) !
Fr ZIz 19.3 m (HydE50) %" IEC 56%, a 44% (HydE50) Aichem, genet (HydE50) o i6,4Z (16%), 6.39 (17%), 6.35 protons on Th 23z
i chem, mass spect (MomFSZ} i ( 1 I%) (Hyde 50)
(HydE50, MomF52) At286
Ai-4 (MTW) ]parent Rn 212, parent At 208 I II I

idaught ....
i • ' _Lt_l flJl
dictions from
.
Rn 212,
364

Zisotope A Half.life (Z_aM-A),
' i .... i j
ia i i T1205(C 12 4n),
87Fr 213 34 s (Gri/R64) _: 99 0.5% A Echem, genet, excit, cross a 6.78 ™_N_EC
i (GriIR64) i bomb (Grif1164) i pb208(Bll 6n)
"ì-3.55 {MTW) iparent At 209 (Grif1164) {Grifl_64) '
Fr 217 [ short] (KeyJ51) _ia {KeyJSI) E !genet, decay charac (Key_51) a i 8.3 descendant Pa 225
IEC unstable (cons i descendant Pa 225 (KeyJSl) i {KeyJSl)

i energy) (MTW)
"` _4.4 (MTW) ]
Fr 218 5 x 10 -3 s est (Me(W51) _ i¢ (Me(W51) B igenet {Me(W49, Me(W51) a i 7.85 {93%1 descendant Pa 226
IEC unstable {cons i daughter Ac 222, parent At 214 i daughter radiations from At 214 {Me(W49, Me(W51}
i energy) {MTW) i (Me(W49, IvieiWS1)
(MTw)
,,17.oo _ i
Fr 219 0.02 s delay coinc _ !a (GhiA48) i
A igenet (GhiA48) a ii 7.31 descendant Pa 227
{MeiWSl) i_ stable {cons energy) i daughter Ac 223, parent At 215 i daughter radiations from At 215 {HydE64)
i (ForB58) i (GhiA48, Me(W4?, Me(W51)
A i 8.61 (MTW)
Fr 220 27.5 s (MeiWSl) _ ia

i {GhiA48) Ai genet {GhiA48) a i6.68 (85%), b.64 {1390) descendant Pa 228
i_-, EC unstable (cons ] daughter Ac 224, parent At 216 i daughter radiations from At Z16, {HydE64)
"ì11.47
[ energy)(MTW)
(MTW) i (GhiA48, Me(W49, Me(W51) i etc.
i
i E
Fr 221 4.8 m (HageFS0) _ ia (Eng1A47, HageF47) A I chern, genet (HageF47, a !6.34 (82%), 6.12 {15%) ancestor Th 229 (EnglA47,
others {EnglA47) ino _-, lirn 0.19o i EnglA47) _/ iAtl X-rays, 0.218 (14%) HageF47, HageF50)
i {Vail(K64) i daughter Ac 225, parent At 217 e-] 0.122, 0.202

i_-unstable {cons energy) i {Eng1A47,
CranT48, HageF47,
HageF50) i daughter radiations from At 217
i (MTW) i daughter Rn 221 (MomF56, i etc"
A113"27
{ (MTW) i MornF52) i
Fr 222 14.8 rn {HydE50a) _ i_- 99+%, a 0.01-0. I% B i chem, genet {HydES0a) [daughter radiations from ga 222, protons on Th 232
i {HydESla) i parent Ra 222, ancestor Bi 214 i etc. {HydES0a)
"` i 16.34 (MTW) i {Rat) {HydES0a, HydE51a) i
Fr 223 22rn genet {PereyM56, _ i_-{PereyM39a, GuiM47) A i chem, genet {PereyM39, _-_.] 1.15 max natural source {HydE64)
(AcK) AdlJ55, PereyM39) ia =4 x 10-390 (HydE53) i PereyM39b)
ia =6 x 10-3%
PereyM56) (AdlJ55, ii daughter
{AcX) Ac 227, PereyM39b,
PereyM39a,
{PereyM39, parent Ra 223 e_/ ira
i 0.031,
{ 1390), 0.045,
LX-rays, 0.234 0.062,
0.050
(4%) 0.075
(40%), 0.080
A i 18.40 (MTW) i GuiM47,PereyM41'LecM50)PereyM46'

i
Fr 224 <2rn (ButeF641 _ i[_-] {BelIA61) F igenet {BelIA61) daughter Rn 224 (BelIA61)
"` i zz (MTW)
{ThX) {BellA61)
i i daughter Rn224' parent Ra224 i
i i i
88Ra 213 2.7 m {IvlornF55a) _ ia {MornF52) B i chem, genet (MornF52) a i 6.91 pb206(C 12, 5n), protons
• "` i-0 (MTW) i parent Rn 209 {MornF52, : i on Th 232 {MomF52,
MomF55)
i i M°mF55a) !
genet (Me(W52) ! 8.0
Ra 219 =10 -3 s eat (Me(W52) _ ia {Me(W52) B i daughter Th 223, a descendant U 227

"` i9.4 (MTW) i (Me(W52) parent ILn 215 idaughteri
Po 211 radiations from gn 215, {HydE64)
Ra 220 0.023 s (RuiC61) _

i
!a (MeiWSl)
i
A_ genet {Me(W49, MeiW51) a !7.46
J {99%) descendant U 228
"` i: 10.27 (MTW) [: daughter Th 224, parent Rn 216 _ i. 0.465 (19.) {HydE64)
Ra 221 30 s (Me(W51) _ ia {Me(W51) A i chern, genet {Me(W49, a i 6.76 (309o), 6.67 {20901, 6.61 descendant U 229
28 s (TovP58) i_ stable (cons energy) i MeiW51) i (34%), 6.59 {8%) (MeiW49, MeiW51,
i {ForB58) idaughter Th 225, parent Rn 217 Y iRn X-rays, 0.091 {3.5%), 0.151 RuiC61)
"` i12.96 (MTW) i {Me(W49, MeiWS1) ! .{13%), 0.175 (290)

i i i daughter radiations "from Rn 217,
!i i
i
i etc"
i
365
Type of decay (_);
ZIS°t°PeA Half-life (/k eM-A),ThermalMeVneutron(C'=0); Genetic relationships approximateand intensitiesenergies

(MeV) Principalof
productionmeans
!
i i i
88Ra zzz 38 s (StuM48) %" ! a (StuM48) A i chem, genet (StuM48) a i 6.56 (96%) descendant U 230
37 s (AsaF56) i_ stable(.gorB58)(consenergy) iidaughter(stuM48)Th226, parent Rn 218 _/ ii 0.325(0.004%),

0-85(4%)'0.473(0.003%)(0.007%),
I 0.52 ! (StuM48)
A i 14.32 (MTW) i daughter Fr 222 (HydE50a, i daught .... diations from Rn 218,
!i i
HydE 51a) :
::
etc.
Ra 223 11.435d (KirH65) %'_a; Aichem, genet (CuriM31) a i 5.75 (9%), 5.71 (54%), 5.61 daughter Th 227 (HydE64)
(AcX) 11.2 d (CuriM31) 115 stable (cons energy) !daughter Th 227 (RdAc), : (26%), 5.54 (9%)
11.7 d (HageG54) i (ForB58)
others
'SeaG47a)(BaeA53, A i 17.26 (MTW) i parentRn 219 (An); : 0.270
Y!Rn X-rays,(10%0),0.1490.33 (10%,
(60/0, complex),
complex]
i daughter Ac 223 (MeiW51) '
_rcil30 (GoldmDT64) e-i 0.024, 0.046, 0.056, 0.126, 0.136,
i daughter Fr 223 (AcK) i 0.171

( PereyM39, PereyM39a, ,
! PereyM39b, PereyM41, !idaughter radiations from Rn 219
i i PereyM46,
LecM 50) GuIM47' : p°215' pb211' etc"
i descendant Rn 223 (BellA61,
!i i ButeF641
Ra 224 3.64 d (CuriM31) %'is; A i chem, genet (CuriM31) a i 5.68 (94%), 5.45 (6%) daughter Th 228, from
(ThXJ others {SeaG47a) 115stable (cons energy) natural source
i (ForB58) i daughter Th 228 (KdTh), "/ i Rn X-rays, 0.241 (3.7%), 0.29
A! 18.82 (MTW) i parent Kn 220 (Tn); (0.008%), 0.41 (0.004%), 0.65 (HydE64)
I i daughter Ac 224 (GhiA48, . (0.009%0)
_rcl 12 (GoldmDT64) i MeiW49, MeiW51) e-! 0.144, 0.225
i i descendant Kn 224 (BellA61, daughter radiations from Rn 220,

i ButeF64) Po 216, Pb 212, etc.
aa 225 14.8 d (HageF50) %'i15- (EnglA470 HageF47) Aichem, genet (EnglA47, 15-i 0.36 max id ..... dantU 233, Th 229
others (EnglA47) ino a, lira 10-4% i HageF47) (HydE64)
i (MalkL60) "idaughter Th 229, p.... t Ac 225 e-i0"021' 0.035
iothers (MomF56) (EnglA47, HageF47, Y i Ac L X-rays, 0.040 (33%)
: i HageF50) i daughter radiations from Ac 225, ,i
A_ 22.01 (MTW) i : etc.
Ra 226 1602yspact %'is; A i chem, genet (CuriM31) a !4.78 (95%), 4.60 (6%) [natural source (HydE64)
1622yspact
(MartiG59) (KohT49) ii_ stable
(ForB58) (cons energy) i daughter Th 230 (Io), parent "/ i RnX-rays, 0.186 (4%), 0.26
1590yspact
1617 y sp act (SebW56) A i 23.69(MTW) i Rn 222 (Rn) i (0.007%), 0.42 (2x 10-4%),
(CuriM31) _rc_ 20 {GoldmDT64) i _i
:: o.61(2xlO-4%)
others (GorsG58, i i e i0.087, 0.170
GorsG59) i i i daughter radiati°ns fr°m Kn222'

i i po218, pb 214, Bi 214, po 214
B.a 227 41.2 m (ButlJP53) %" 115- {PeteS49) A I n-capt, genet (PeteS49) 15-1 1.31 max Ra 226 (n, "/) (PeteS49)
A i27.18 (blTW) i parent Ac 227 (PeteS49) e-i 0.008, 0.023
i i Y ':
i [Ac(0.6%)
X-rays]' 0"291 (4%)' 0"498
Ra 228 6.7 y (CuriM31) %" 115-; AI chem, genet (CuriM31) 15-i 0.05 max natural source (HydE64)
(MSThl) _no a, lirn 2 x 10-6% i '
i (FeaN57) i daughter Th 232, parent Ac 228 e- 10.005
A i28.96 (MTW) i (MsTh2) daughter radiations from Ac 228,

O-ci=36 (GoldmDT64) i i Th 228, Ra 224, etc.
Ra 2z9 [short] (DepF52) %" i[13-] (DepF52) F i n-capt, genet (DepF52) Ra228(n, ¥) (DepF52)
i _ i [parent Ac 229] (DepF52) i

Ra 230 1 h (JenkW52) %" i15 (JenkW52) D I chem (JenkW52) _3-1 1.2 max [Th232(d, 3pn)]
' : (JenkW52)
A i 35 (LHP, MTW) i parent Ac 230 (JenkW52) i
i
8srAc 221 [short] (KeyJSl) %" {a (Key$51) E i genet, decay charac (KeyJ51) a :: 7.6 ancestor Pa 225 (KeyJ51)
i energy) (MTW) descendant Pa 225 (KeyJ51) ::

A IEC
{14.bunstable
(MTW) (cons i i
Ac 222 5.5 s (MeiW52) %'ig (MeiW51) B igenet (MeiW49, lvleiW51) a l 7.00 (93%) daughter Pa 226 (MeiW49,
4.2 s (TovP58) IEC unstable (cons
i energy) (MTW) i daughter

(MeiW49, Pa 226, parent
MeiW51, Fr 218 ii daughter
etc. radiations from Fr 218, MeiW51, 5n)MeiW52)
RaZZ6(p, (TovP58)
A 116.55 (MTW) i MeiW52) ,
i i
366
f
Type of decay (_); [

Isotope Half-life (_'-M-A), MeV (C'" =0); Genetic relationships of production
cross section (_), barns
89Ac223 2.2 m (MeiW51) !%* i a 99%, EC 1% (MeiW51) A i genet (GhiA48) a i 6.66 (38%), 6.65 (42%), 6.57 daughter Pa 227
I A ! 17.82 (MTW) idaughter Pa 227, parent i (13%) (MeiW51)
i
i (GhLA48, MeiW49, IVieiW51) ! (0.2%)
daughter radiations from Fr 219,
Fr 219 parentRa 223 (AcX) Y EFt LX-rays, 0.082 (0.2%), 0.096
i ii i, °'°"
Ac 224 2.9 h (MeiW51) %* i EC =90%, a =10% A i chem, genet (GhiA481 ¥ i Ra X-rays, 0.132 (28%), 0.217 daughter Pa 228 (MeiW51)
(MeiW51) ] (62%) "
i [5_ unstable ( con s ! daughter pa228, parent

i energy) (MTW) ! Fr 220, parent Ra 224 e-i 0.067, 0.080
A!20.21 (MTW) i (GhiA48, MeiW49, MeiW51) a i 6.20 (3%), radiations
6.14 (3%),from6.04Fr (3%)
220,
i E
i i etc.
Ac 225 I0 0 d (HageF50, %* i a (Eng1A47, HageF47) A ichem, genet (HageF47, a i 5.83 (54%1, 5.79 (28%1, 5.73 descendant U 233, Th 229
EnglA47) i[5 stable (cons energy) ! EnglA47) (10%, doublet) Ra226(d, 3n) (HydE64)
i (ForB58) idaughter Ra 225, parent Fr2211y iFr X-rays, 0.099, 0.150, 0.187
A i21.62 (MTW) (HageF47, EnglA47, e- i 0.020, 0.032, 0.044, 0.081
I i HageF50, CranT48)
i i daughter radiations from Fr 221,

! i daughter Pa 229 (HydE49a) At217
i i daughter Th 225 (MeiW49, i , etc.
Ac 226 29 h (StreK50)
i
%*i 0- =80%, EC =20%
i
A i them, genet (StreK481 _-i
i 1.2 max Ra226(d, 2n) (HydE64)
i (StepF57d) i daughter Pa 230, parent Th 226 e-i 0.053, 0.067

ia ? (weak) (IvICoyJ64) i (StreK48, StreK50,
Ai24.31 (MTW) i MeiWS0) ¥ !ThLX-rays,
(32%) RaX-rays,
(9%) 0.230 0.158
(47%), 0.Z53 (11%)
i , O. 185 ,
etc.
i i a i15.44
daughter
? radiations from Th 226,
Ac 227 21.6 y (TobJ55) %* i_- 99% (PereyM39, A ithem, genet (CuriM31) 3-10.046 max Ra226(n, Y)Ra227([_ -)
22.0 y (HollaJ50) } PeteS49a) idaughter Pa 231, parent Th 227 e- 10.005, 0.010 (PeteS49)
21.7 y (CuriI44) }a 1.4% (NurM65a) natural source (HydE64)
21.2y (ShimH56b) ia 1.2% (MeySI4, i (RdAc); y iTh LX-rays, 0.070 [0.08%],
others (CuriM31) i PereyM39, PereyM46, iparent Fr 223 (PereyM39, i 0.166, 0.190
] PeteS49a) i Pereylv146, GuLM47, a 14.95 (1.2%, doublet), 4.86 (0.18%,
A i25.87 (MTW) i LecM50) i doublet)
_c 830 (GoldmDT64) ! . ,
i i daughter Ra 227 (PeteS49) i daughter radiations from Th 227
i i Ra, 223 Fr223 etc.

Ac 228 6.13 h (Curil_31) _ 6-; A i them, genet (CurDCI31) [3-! 2. II max natural source (HydE64)
(MsTh2) A i28.91 (MTW) idaughter Ra 228 (MSThl) , e-!0.040, 0.054, 0.110
L parent Th 228 (RdTh) ¥ !Th X-rays,

E
0.34 (15%,
0.908 (25To),
complex),
0.96 (20%,
i
: i complex)
Ac 229 66 m (DepF52) %" i_- (DepF52) B ichem, n-capt (VepF52) ! Ra228(n, Y)[Ra22_ -
"i
i!31 (MTW) ! daughter Ra229 (DepF52) i (Depg52)
Ac 230 <1 m genet (JenkW52) _ il5- (JenkW52) F igenet (JenkW52) _-i 2.2 max daughter Ra 230
IA }34 (MTW) i daughter Ra230 (JenkW52)i i ( JenkW 52)
Ac 231 15 m (TakaK60a) %* 16- (TakaK60a) C i excit (TakaK60a) 6- I 2. I max Th232(y, p) (TakaZ60a)
A13s.9(MTW) i Y i0.188,"
0.re, 0.39, o.71
90Th 223 0.9 s (TovP58) %* ia (MeiW52) B igenet (MeiW52) l a i7.56 !daughter U 227 (MeiW52)
_-0. I s est (IvleiW52) !EC unstable (cons i daughter U 227 parent Ra 219 i[daughter radiations from Ra 219
i energy)
A !19"5 (MTW) (MTW) ii (MeiW52) ' i etc.] '
Th 224 1.05 s (TovP58) %*ia (MeiW51) A igenet (MeiW49, MeiW51) a !7.18 (79%), 6.91 (19%) daughter U 228 (MeiW51,
_ (ForB58)
stable (cons energy) (MeiW49, U228MeiW51) Ra220 (0.4%), 0.297 (0.3%), 0.410 RuiC61)
i daughter parent Y ira X-rays, 0.177 (9%), 0.235
120.00 (MTW) i (0.8%)
i ! i daught .... diations from Ra 220 ,
i i \ '
i
367
Type of decay (_);
ZIsotope A Half-life (/k sM-A),

Thermal MeV
neutron
(C':0); Genetic relationships approximate
and intensities
energies (MeV) il Principal
of production
means
cross section (09, barns i
90Th 2z5 8.0m (MeiWSl} %'!a=90%, EC =10% Aiehem, genet (MeiW49, a::6.80 (8%), 6.75 (6%), 6.50 (12%),_daughter U 229 (MeiW49,
i (MeiW51) ! MeiW51) :: 6.48 (39%), 6.44 (13%) i MeiW51)
A i 22"30 (I_TW_) idaughter U229

i parent Ac 2250"246'
parent Ra221''
(MeiW49, !:
i[Ac
(5%),
X-rays]'
0.45 0.3220.49
(I%), Ra
(27%),
X-rays'
(I%) 0.362 (5%0), il
!
i " I
Th 226 30.9m (Stu_M48) %ala (StuM48) Aichem , genet (StuM48) al 6.34179%), 6.22 (19%) Idaughter U 230 (HydE64)
!_ (ForB58)
stable (cons energy) i (StuM48)U230,
!daughter p.... tRa 222 (0.34%),
YiRaX-rays, 0.20
0.III(0.4%, complex),
(3.4%), 0.131
A i23.19 (MTW) i daughter Ac 226 (StreX48, 0.242 (I.2%)

i i StreKS0) e-:: 0.094, 0. I07
! i daughter radiations from Ra 222, I
i i Rn 218, etc.
! i :
Th 227 18.2 d (HageG54) %')a; A i chem, genet (CuriM31) a:: 6.04 (23%o), 5.98 (24%0), 5.76 I daughter Ac 227, from
(RdAcJ others (PeteS49b, i_ stable {cons energy) i daughter Ac 227, parent Ra 223 ::: (21%), 5.72 (14%0, doublet) natural source or from
CuriM31) i (ForB58) ! (AcX) ¥i RaX-rays, 0.050 (8%), 0.237 RaZ26(n,Y)Ra227(_ -)
A125.82 (MTW) i daughter Pa 227 (MeiW51, i (15%, complex), 0.31 (8%, (HydE64)
_rf i =I 500 (GoldmDT64) _ GhiA48) complex)

i daughter U 231 (CranWS0) e-i 0.013, 0.026, 0.044, others
i daughter radiations from Ra 223,
etc.
i : Rn 219, po 215,
Th 228 1.910 y (KirH56) _i a; A i chem, genet (CuriM31) a i 5.43 (71%), 5.34 (28%) Inatural source
(RdTh) others (Curl_M31) i_ stable (cons energy) Ac228 I U232
(ForB58) i daughter (MsTh2) ; Y ::Ra L X-rays, 0.084 (1.6%0), 0.132 daughter
t
A ] 26.77 (MTW) i parent Ra 224 (ThX) ;
(0.2%), 0.167 (0.1%), 0.214
(0.3%)
Ra226(n,Y)Ra227{_ -)
: i daughter U 232 (GofJ49) AcZZ7(n, Y) Ac228(_ -)

_rci123 (GoldmDT64) e- i 0.067, 0.080 (HydE64)
_rfl <0.3 {GoldinDT64) i daughter Va 228 (MeiW51) ) daught .... diations from Ra 224,
! Rn 220, Po 216, etc,
Th 229 7340 y genet (HageF50) %'i a; A i chem, genet (EnglA47, a i 5.05 (7%), 4.97 (complex, 10%), daughter U 233 (HydE64)
others (EnglA47) i_ stable (cons energy) i HageF47, HageF50) i 4.90 (11%), 4.84 (58%), 4.81
i (ForB58) i daughter U 233, p .... t Ra 225 i (11%)
A i 29.61 (MTW) { (EnglA47, HageF47, _ _ Ra X-rays, 0.137 (=3%, [
: HageF50) complex), 0.20 (=i0%, doublet) !
_fl 32 (GoldmDT64) : __ i
i ) e i 0.006-0.090
daughter radiations from Ra 225
i
i _ Ac225,
etc. ,
Th 230 8.0 x 104y sp act _) a; A i chem, genet (CuriM31) a i 4.68 (76%), 4.62 (24%) natural source (HydE64)
(Io) (HydE49) )_ stable (cons energy)
7.5 x 104 y sp act ) (ForB 58) :)daughter U234 (UII), Y X-rays,i
i Ra (0.07%),
L 0.1840"068(0.6%),
(0.014%), 0.25310'
142 i
(AttR62) A ]{30.87 (MTW) ) parent Ra226; :: (0.017%) )i

8.2 x 104 y genet "c) 23 (GoldmDT64) ) daughter Pa 230 (Stu_M48a) e-) 0.051, 0.064
(CuriM30) _rfi-<0.001 (GoldmDT64) i daught .... diations from Ra 226, ]
tl/2 (SF) zi.5 x 1017y i )" Rn 222, etc. )
i i.
(SegES2) i
Th 231 25.52 h (CabM58) J#i _-; AI chem, genet (CuriM31) _-.:'

0.30 max ThZ30(n,Y) (BaranS60,
(UY) 25.6 h (JafAH51) A i33.83 (MTW) ) daughter U 235 (AcU), e_ 0.040, 0.054, 0.061 HoltzM66)
others (CuriM 3 I)
25.5 h (KniG49) :
i i parent Pa 231 Y I Pa L X-rays, 0.026 (2%), 0.084 daughter U 235
GratO32' NisY38) i ) ri: (10%, complex)

1.41 x 1010 y sp act, %'i a; A i chem, genet (Curibt31) ai 4.01 (76%), 3.95 (24%) natural source (HydE64)
(FarlT60) i_ stable (cons energy) Ra228
others (KovAF38, i (ForB58) ) parent (MSThl) ¥- [Ra L X-rays]
PicE56, MackR56, %) I00 (AstF35, DempA36) e ! 0.042, 0.055
SenF56) : ) i daughter radiations from Ra228.
I
tl/2 (SF)'- Ai35.47 (MTW) ) ! Ac 228 Th 228 Ra 224 etc.
' i i ' ' '
>I021 y (FIeG58) arci7.4 (GoldniDT64) ] i
otherSsegE5Z)
( PocA55, _fl) <0.0002 ( GoldmDT 64 ) )
Th 233 22.12 m (JenkE55) _) _- (SeaO47) A) ch .... -capt (MeiL38) 15_ 1.23 max Th 232 (n,N) (MeiL38,
22.4 m (DroB57) A i 38.76 (MTW) parent Pa 233 (MeiL38, e_ 0.009, 0.024, 0.036, 0.05}; 0.067, GrossA41).
22.3 m (Bunk-M50a) : GrossA41, SeaG41a, :: 0.082
22.5m (SeaG47) _ci 1500 (GoldmDT64) HahO41, SeaG47) Yi Pa X-rags, 0.029 (2.1%), 0.087
i SeaG47, SeaG4 la,
" others (RutW52,
GrossA41) _fl . 15 (GoldmDT64) (2.7%), 0.171 (0.7%), 0.195
i ) i (0.3%), 0.453 (1%), 0.67
i ) ) (0.25%),0.895(0.14%)
J
: ' i
1
368
Type of decay (_);

Major radiations:
IsotopeA Half.life (/%-'M-A),
I ......
90Th 234 24.10 d (KniG48) o# i_-; A I chem, genet (CuriM31) _-i 0.191 max natural source (HydE64)
others (SargB39a, ino a, lim 10-4% idaughter U 238, parent e-i0.012,0.025, 0.072,0.088
(uxl) CuriM31) A }i (De_S55)

40.64 (MTW) !i paZ34m(UX2); YiPaLX-rays,
doublet), 0.063(3.5_0,
0.093 (4%, doublet)
_rc! 1.8 (GoldrnDT64) i ancestor Pa 234 (UZ) i

_rfi<0.01 (GoldmDT64) i (ZijW54) i daughter radiations from Pa 234m
i E
Th 235 <<I0 m genet (HarvB50) %"i[_-] (HarvB50) F ! n-capt, genet (HarvB50) i Th234(n' ¥) (HarvB50)
i !
[parent pa23_ (HarvB50) i
0.6 s (TovP58) %_ ia (TovP58) F decay charac (TovP58) ThZ32(p, 9n) (TovP58)
91Pa224 *# i: E ii excit, i Th 23z (p, 8n) (TovP58,

Pa 225 0.8 s (TovP58) i a (KeyJSl) decay charac (Keyff51,
2.0 s (KeyJ51) A 1.25(MTW) i TovP58) i Keyff51)
i ancestor Ac 221, Fr 217, i

i At 213 (KeyJ5I) i
Pa 226 1.8m (MeiW51) *#!a 74%, EC 26% ]Bichem , genet (MeiW49, a i 6.86 (38%), 6.82 {34%) Thg32(p, 7n) (MeiW49,
i (MCoyJ64) MeiWSl) i daughter radiations from Ac 222, MeiWSl, MeiWS2)
A I 25.96 (MTW) i parent Ac 222 (MeiW49, i Th 226, etc.

i MeiW51, MeiW52)
i i i
Pa 227 38.3 m (MeiW51) _ ia =85%, EC _15_0 Ai c.hem, genet (GhiA48) Y i[Th X-rays], Ac L X-rays, 0.065 ThZ32(d, 7n) (MeiW56,
others (OConP48) A ii 26.83

(MeiW51)
(MTW) i parent Ac 223,
(RdAc) parentMeiW51)
(GhiA48, Th 227 a _i 6.47
(6%,(43%),
complex), 0. II0 complex),
6.42 (23%, (2%) SubV63) 6n) (MeiW56e
Th232(p,
idaughterNp 231 (MagL50) idaughter

6.40(8%), 6.36(7%)
radiations from Ac 223, Hi1LM58)
Pa 228 22 h (MeiW51)
ii
%" IEC =98%, a =2%
i
A ic.hem, genet (GhiA481 i_ iTh X-rays, 0.14 (3%), 0.20 (9%), Th232(p, 5n) (ArbE60)
0.46 0.33
i (MeiW51) idaughter U 228, parent Ac 224 ' i 0.28
(13%),(5%), (18%),
(32%), 0.95 0.41
(93%), Th232(d, 6n) {HydE64)
A i28.86 (MTW) parent Th 228 (RdTh) i 1.57 (7%), 1.85 (470),allYts Th230(d, 4n) (HillM58)
i (GhiA48, MeiW49, MeiW51 i complex

e-[O.040, 0.054, 0.110
6.03 ( 0.2%), 5.80 (0.2%), other_

i a i 6.11 (1%, complex), 6.08 (0.4%),
etc.
i i daughter radiations from Ac 224,
! i
Pa 229 1.5 d (HydE49b) _ ]EC 99+%, a 0.25% AI chem, genet (HydE49a) "l i Th X-rays daughter U 229 (1%4eiW51,
i (S1aLM51) i parent Ac 225 (HydE49a) e-i 0.023, 0.038 SubV63)
!others (MeiW51) : Thg30(d, 3n) (HydE49a)
i MeiW49) complex), 5.58(0.I0%), 5.54 ThZ32(p,4n) (SubV63)
! (o.o3_/o)
Ai29.88 (MTW) idaughterU 229 (MeiW51, ai5.67 (0.05%), 5.62(0.07%,
Pa 230 17.7 d (OsbD49) %_IEC 89.6%, _- I0.4%, A ichem, excit,genet (StuM48) _-i0.41max ThZ32(p, 3n) (TewH55,
17.0 d (StuM48) i a 0.0032% (BastG65a) iparent U 230 (StuM48, e- i 0.034, 0.048 MeiW56)
others (HydE49a, i_+? (=0.03_0)(OngP55a) i OsbD49) _iTh X-rays, 0.45 (18%, complex), ThZ32(d,4n) (MeiW56)
HydE49b) iothers(BriaJ65a, iparentTh 230 (Io) (StuM48a) i 0.51 (8%, complex), 0.91 (24%, ThZ30(d, 2n) (HydE64)
MCoyJ64, MeiW51) : ! complex), 0.954 (50%)
A i32'i 17 (MTW) i parent Ac zz6 (MeiW50) • !5.26-5.34(complex)
_rf i 1500 (GoldmDT64) i daughter radiations from U 230,
i i E i Th226' etc"
Pa 231 3.25 x 104 y sp act %' !a; A i c.hem, genet (CuriM31) a ! 5.06 (10%), 5.02 (23%), 5.01 natural source (HydE64)
(KirH61) i_ stable (cons energy) ]daughter Th 231 (UY), parent i (24%), 4.95 (22%), 4.73 (11%)
3.43x 104yspact i (ForB58) ¥ iAcX-rays, 0.027 (6%), 0.29
(VWinQ49) A i33.44 (MTW) i Ac227; _ (6%, complex)
3.2x I04y spact _rci200 (GoldmDT64) idaughter U231 (CranW50) e-i0-0.10, 0.195, 0.323, 0.350
(GrossA30) i0.010 (GoldmDT64) i i daughter radiations from Ac 227,
i°'f! i i Th 227, Fr 223, Ra 223, etc.
Pa 232 1.31d (BrowC154) %' i_- (GofJ491 Ai chem, genet (Gofff49) _-i1.3max (0.7%), 0.32max paZ31(n,¥), Th232(d, 2n:
iothers (ffafAH50, ]no EC, lira2% iparent U 232 (GofJ49, e-i0.028,0.043, 0.091 (HydE64)
OsbD49, Gofff49, i (BrowCI52a) ThZ32(p,n) (TewH55)
StuM48) A i 35.95 (MTW) i OsbD49) ¥ i U X-rays, 0.107 (5%, doublet),
IEC unstable(cons i i 0.46(9%,
0.150 doublet),
(12%), 0.57(8%,
0.39 (9%, doublet),
i energy) (MTW) i 0.87(51%, complex),
_r i
c =760 (GoldmDT64)
i ! 0.971 (40%)
doublet),
o-f ii=700 (GoldmDT64) i
i
i i !
369
Type of decay (aoQ); [
Half-life (A-_M-A), MeV (C'_=0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
Thermal neutron and intensities of production
% abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; -_ Major radiations:
!i
27.0 d (MIsaL56, Jti_- (MeiL38, GrossA41, AI chem, genet (MeiL38, - 0.568 max (5%), 0.257max ThZ3Z(n,¥)Th233(_ -1
WriH57) i SeaG41a) i GrossA41, SeaG41a)
27.4 d (GrossA41) 0.013, 0.023, 0.036, 0.054, 0.065,1 (MeiL38, GrossA41,
others (StuM48, A i 37.51 (MTW) idaughter Th 233 (MeiL38, 0.185, 0.197, 0.291 SeaG41a, HahO41,
GofJ49) _c!i21 (to Pa 234) ! GrossA41, SeaG41a, SeaG47)
i2Z(GoldmDT64)
(to Pa 234m) iparent U 233SeaG47)
i HahO41, (SeaG47) i U X-rays, 0.31 (44%0, complex) GofJ49)
ThZ3Z(d,n) (StuM48,
idaughter Np 237 (HageF47,
_f i<0.1 (GoldmDT64) i MagLA7)
!
pa 234 6.75h (BjoS62) _i_-; Ai chem, genet (CuriM31) _- 1.3max (-<2%o), 1.13max (13%o), natural source (HydE64)
(UZ) 6.66 h (ZijW54) ' ' 0.53 max
6.7 h (CuriM31) A i 40.38 (MTW) parent U 234 (UII) ;
: e-0.024, 0.039, 0.080, 0.095, 0. I12
_rf.i
<5000 (GoldmDT64) daughter Pa 234m {UX2)
i" (ZijW54) ¥ U (26%),
X-rays, 0.22
0.100 (50%),0.36
(14%), 0.126
(13%o),
: 0.56 (15%), 0.70 (24%0), 0.90
! (70%), 1.08 (12%), (many of
i the _/rays are complex)
Pa 234m 1.175m (BareF51) ._ai_- 99+%, IT 0.13% A chem, genet (CuriM31) _-' 2.29max natural source (HydE64)
(UXz) 1.14 m (CuriIV[31) (BjoS63a)
others (FeaN38a, daughter Th 234 (UXl) , U L X-rays, 0.765 (0.30%), 1.001
(0.60%)
BradH45d, ZijW54) parent U 234 (Uli) ;
A 40.45 (LHP, MTW)
o'f <500 (GoldrnDT64) parent Pa 234 (UZ) (ZijW54)
Pa 235 23.7 m (MeiW50) _ _- (MeiW50, HarvB50) B i chem, excit, sep isotopes _-' 1.4 max ThZ34(n, _/)[Th235]_ -
others (HarvB50) A 42.3 (MTW) (MeiW50) (HarvB50)
genet (HarvB50) "/ no
[daughter Th 235] (HarvB50)
Pa 236 IZ m (WolzG63) %_ _- (WolzG63) D I chem, decay charac _-i 3.3 max U238{d, a) (WolzG63)
others (CranW54) A 45 (MTW) ' (WolzG63) _/ U L X-rays
Pa 237 39m {TakaK60) %" _- (TakaK60) B i chem, excit (TakaK60) _-' 2.3max U238(_/,p) (TakaK60)
A 47.7 (MTW) "/ U X-rays, 0.090 (_ 50), 0.145
(_ 45), 0.Z05 (_ 55), 0.275
(t 30), 0.46 (_ i00), 0.55

l (_
(_ 30),
20), 0.59
0.330 (_
(_25),
40), 0.75 {? 50),
0.405
0.87 (t I00), 0.92

0.80 (t 45),
I_100),
104
I0), (t(t
1.42351,
15) 132
1.3 m {MeiW52) %" ia (MeiW52) B chem, genet (MeiW52) a 6.8 Th232(a, 9n) (MeiW52)
A 29 (MTW) parent Th 223 (MeiW52) daughter radiations from Th 223,
etc.
9.1 m (RuiC61) *t a a95%, EC-<5% (RuiC61) A chem, genet (MeiW49, a 6.69 (_ 70), 6.60 (_ 29) Th232(a, 8n) (RuiC61)
others (MeiW51) others (MeiW51) MeiW51)
ECunstable (cons N ThX-rays, 0.152 (0.2%), 0.187
energy) (MTW) parent Th 224, parent Pa 228 (0.3%), 0.246 (0.4%)
(MeiW4 9, MeiW51)
A 29.23 (MTW) daughter Pu 232 (JameR48, _i daughteretc, radiations from Th 224,
OrtD51a)
58 m (MeiW51) %_ EC =80%, a =20% A chem, genet (MeiW49, N Pa X-rays Th232(a, 7n) (MeiW49,
(MeiW51) MeiW51) MeiW51)
A 31.20 (MTW) parent Th 225, parent Pa 229 a 6.36 {13%), 6.33 (4%), 6.30 (3%)
{MeiW49, MeiW51) daughter radiations from Th z25,
Pa 229, etc.
daughter Pu 233 (ThomT57)
20.8 d (StuM48) "tia (StuM48) A chem, genet (StuM48) a 5.89 (67%), 5.82 (32%) daughter Pa 230 (HydE64)
i_ stable (cons energy)
(ForB58) daughter Pa 230 (StuM48, ¥ Th L X-rays, 0.072 (0.54%),
OsbD49) 0.156 (doublet, 0.034%), 0.231
A 31.60 (MTW) daughter Pu 234 (Perlm149, (0.18%)

_rf 25 (GoldmDT64) OrtD51a) e-i 0.054, 0.068
parent Th 226 (StuM48) idaughter radiations from Th 226,
i Ra Z2Z, etc.
4.3 d (CranW50) %a EC 99+%, a 0.0055% A chem, sep isotopes, genet _/::Pa X-rays, 0.026, 0.084 (7%), Th230(a, 3n) (HollaJ56c)
4.2 d (OsbD49) (CranW50) (OsbD49) i 0.218 (1%) pa231(d, 2n) (OsbD49)

A 33.8 (MTW) genet (CranW50) e-' 0.040, 0.054, 0.063 ThZ32(a, 5n) (CranW50)
o,f =400 (GoldmDT64) iparentTh 227 (RdAc), a 5.46
parent Pa 231 (CranW50)
370
Type of decay (_1Q );

Isotope Half-life (/k-M-A), MeV (C ':= 0); Genetic relationships of production
92U 232 72 y sp act, calorim %'i a (GofJ49) A I chem, genet (GofJ49) a i5.32 (68%), 5.27 (32%) daughter Pa 232 (GofJ49)
others
(ChilJ64)
(SelP54, ii_ stable
(ForB58) (cons energy) i daughter
OsbD49) Pa 232 (GofJ49, _i Th 0.129
L X-rays,
(0.082%),0.058 0:270
(0.21%), ThZ32(a, 4n) (HydE64)
JameR49, GofJ49) A i 34.60 (MTW) i daughter Pu 236 (JameR49) i (0.0038%), 0.328 (0.0034%)
tl/2 (SF) _-8 x 1013 y ¢c] 78 (GoldmDT64) i parent Th 228 (RdTh) (GofJ49) e-i 0.040, 0.054
(HydE57) _rf i 77 (GoldmDT64) i daughter radiations from Th 228,
: : Ra TM, Rn 220, etc.
U 233 1.62 x 105 y sp act %* ia (SeaGSZ) Ai chem, genet (SeaG47, c*i 4.82 183%1, 4.78 (15%) Th232(n,_/)Th233(_ -1
+ mass spect I P stable (cons energy) i SeaG52) ¥i Th X-rays, 0.029 (]" 60), 0.042 pa233(15' ) (SeaG47)
(HydE52) i (ForB58) idaughter Pa 233 (SeaG47) i (i"310), 0.055 (_ 68), 0.097
1.63x 105yspact A i 36.94 (MTW) iparent Th229 (Eng IA47, i (t 100), 0.119 (_ 40, complex),
+ mass spect 0.146 (_ 35, doublet) 0.164
(1" 27), 0.22 (_" 45, complex),
(DokYS9a, LineG45) _rc149 (GoldrnDT64) i HageF47, HageF50) i
1.61 x 105 y sp act ¢f]524 (G01dznDT64) i: : 0.291
doublet) (t 23), 0.32 (T 43,
e { 0.023, 0.038
(PopD61) i i -i
: daughter
Ra 225 radiations
Ac 225 etc.
from Th 229,
i ' '
others (SeaG52) i i
U TM 2.47x 105y spact *tia; Ai chem, genet, mass spect ai4.77 (72%), 4.72 (28%) daughter Pu 238
(Urr) (FIeE52, WhlP65) i_ stable (cons energy) i (Curi_k431) _/]Th L X-rays, 0.053 (0.2%), 0.117, descendant Th TM
others
KieC4 (KieC5Z,
9, GoldiA49, i (ForB58) idaughter Pa 234m x
CharnbO46) % 10.0057 (Lou_M56) pa234 (UX2)' i 0.48 (4 I0-5%, complex), 0.58 (HydE64)
others (WhiF56) i daughter (UZ), ! (I.2x 10-5%)
tl/z (SF) 2 x 1016 y Aii 38.16 (h4TW) ] parent Th 230 (Io) i daughter radiations from Th 230,
(GhLA52) _rc195 (GoldmDT64) i i Ra z26, Rn 222, etc.
U 235 7.1 x 108 y sp act %a ia; A I chem, mass spect (Curi]M31) a !4.58 (8%, doublet), 4.40 (57%), natural source
(AcU) 7.1 (FIeE52, WhiP65)

x 108 y radiogenic i_$stable
i (ForB58) (cons energy) iparent ThZ31 (UY) ¥ iiThX-rays,
4.37 (18%) 0.143 (11%), 0.185
Pb ratios (NierA39) %i0.7196 (OrunB61) i i (54%0), 0.Z04 (5%)
i others (LouM56,
6.9 x 108 y sp act i daughter radiations from Th TM,
(DerA65) { WhiF 56) etc.
6.8 x 108 y sp act A ] 40.93 (MTW)

(WurE57) ¢ci I01 (GoldmDT64)
i
others
tl/2 (SF)(BaldE
(SegE52) 1.91 54)1017y rrf i 577 (GoldmDT64) i ii
U 235m 26.1 m (ShimS65) *# iIT (AsaF57, HuiJ57a) A i genet (AsaF57) e-i_0.0001 (I00 eV) daughter Pu 239 (AsaF57,
26.5 m (AsaF57) i40.93 (LHP, MTW) !chem, genet (HuiJ57a) i HuiJ57a)
26.6 m" (Hui3"57a) A I i daughter pu239 (AsaF57, i

HuiJ 57a ) i
inot daughter Np 235, lira 2%
U 236 2.391 107y spact %_ ia (GhiASla) Aichem, n-capt, mass spect a !4.49 (76%), 4.44 (24%1 uZ35(n,¥) (HydE64)
(FIeES2) i_ stable (cons energy) i (GhiA51a) _/ i[Th L X-rays]
2.46 x 107 y sp act i (ForB58) i e-i 0.032, 0.045
(JafAH51a) A i 42.46 (MTW) i
tl/2 (SF) Z x I016y ¢c16 (GoldmDT64) i i
(HydE57) i i
U 237 6.75d (WagF53) %* i_- (NisY40a, MMilE40a) Aichem, excit (NisYl0a, 5- i0. 248 max. uZ36(n,¥) (RasJ57,
others6"63
d {MelaL48)(WahA48, A [ 45.41 (I%4TW) ,i MMilE40a) e-i0.008 , 0.011, 0.038, 0.089, 0.186 uZ38(n
,YamaT66)2n)(MMilE40a,
iparent Np 237 (WahA48) ¥ 10.026 (2%), 0.060 (36%), 0.165
JameR49, ShermL58) i daughter.

i Pu 241 (SeaG49a) i ,(2"0%)' 0.2080.332(23%)
(0.76%) ,(1.4%, 0.267doublet),NisY40a, WahA48)
iil i 0"370 (0"17%' d°uhlet)
U 238 4.51 x 109y sp act %a ia; A !chem, genet, mass spect a i4.20 (75%), 4.15 (25%) natural source (HydE64)
(KovAF55, NierA39) ![5 stable (cons energy) i (CuriM31)
others (KieC49,
LeacR57) i (ForB58) iparent ThZ34 (UXI) e-]_/i[Th0.030,L
X-rays]0.043
tl/2 (SF): % !99.276 (WhiF56) i (BecH1896)
i others (LoulM56) ! i daught .... diations from Th TM.
6"5 x 1015 Y sP act A !47.33 (MTW) i paZ34m
1.0 x 1016 y sp act ¢c !2.73 (GoldmDT64) i
8.0 x 1015 y sp act i

(KuzB59)
(SegESZ, SchaG46, . i
ParkPL58)
5.8 x 1015 y sp act i
(GerlE59) i
(F1eR64, KuroP56) af ii<0"0005i (GoldmDT64) i i
! i
i
!
m i
J i
i
371
Type of decay (_);

Isotope
Z A
Half-life (A-'M-A),
Thermal
MeV (C"=0);
neutron
Genetic relationships approximate energies
and intensities
(MeV) Principal means
of production
92 U239 25.54 m (MitA43) %_if5- (MMilE39) Ain-capt (MeiL37) 13-i 1.29max U238(n,_/) (MeiL37,
23.5 m (FeaN47a, ' IrvJ39, MMilE39,
MelaL47) A! 50.60 (MTW) i parent Np 239 (MMilE40, e-i 0.011, 0.023, 0.052, 0.069
others (IrvJ39, SeaG49) _rc122 (GoldrnDT64) StarK42) _/ i Np L X-rays, 0.044 (4%), 0.075
i StarK421
i (51%)
_rf 14 (GoldmDT64) { i daughter radiations from Np 239
E
U 240 14.1 h (KniJD53) _i_- (KniJD53) A ichem, n-capt (StuM49) _- 0.36 max U238(n,_/)uZ39(n,_/)
A i 52.74 (MTW) iparent Np 240rn (KniJD53, e-::0.022, 0.038 (HydE64)
i HydE48a) _/::Np L X-rays
DiaH56) Pu 244
i daughter (ButlJP56a, !idaughter radiations from Np 240m
93NP 231 =50m (MagL50) %aia (MagL50) Biehem , genet, excit, sep a i 6.29 uZ33(d, 4n) (MagLS0)
A i 35.7 (MTW) i isotopes (MagL50) i daughter radiations from Pa 227
iEC unstable (cons i parent Pa 227 (MagL50) i etc.
: energy) (MTW)
:
Np 232 =13 m (MagL50) %_ ;I EC (MagL50) D! ehem (MagL50) _/ ! U X-rays, hard ¥ rays (MagL50) uZ35(d 5n), uZ38(d, 8n)
A i37 (MTW) i : UZ33(d, 3n) (MagLS0)
Np 233 35 m (MagL50) _iEC 99+%, a =10-3% B i chem, excit, sep isotopes a ! 5.54 UZ33(d, Zn), U235(d, 4n)
i (MagL50) (MagL50) (MagL50)
A !38 (MTW) :: _/:i
U X-rays, ¥ rays observed
Np 234 4.40 d (HydE49b) _ iEC (OrtDSla) A ichem, excit, genet, sep _/!U X-rays, 0.109, 0.23, 0.25, U 233 (d,n) (HydE64)
others (OsbD49) ino a, lirn 0.01% isotopes (JameR49) _ 0.45, 0.50% 0.75, 0.95, 1.21,
i_+(HydE49b)
=0.05% (PresRJ55) idaughter
i OrtD51a) Pu 234 (Perlm149,
i 1.56 (all
e !0.024, radiations
0.039, 0.696 complex) uZ35(p ' 3n)
uZ35(d, In) (HydE64)
(HydE64)
A i 40.0 (MTW) U233(a, p2n) (VanR58a,

: _+i 0.8 max HydE64)
_rfi=900 (GoldmDT 64) i i
: i i
i i :
Np 235 410d (JameR52) °#iEC 99+%, a 1.6x I0-3% iAichem, excit, sepisotopes _/ U LX-rays, UKX-rays (weak) U235(d, 2n) (HydE64)
others (HydE49b) i (GinJ58) i (JarneR49)
iothers (HoffR56) a 15.02 daughter Pu 235 (HydE64)
: iinotparent U 235m, lira 2% : uZ33(a, pn) (VanR58a,
A i41.05 (MTW) :i (GinJ58) i HydE64)
i : uZ35(a, p3n) (HydE64)
i i i
Np 236 22 h (JameK49) %a iE C 51%, _- 49% A Ichem, genet, sep isotopes, _-i 0.52 max UZ35(d, n) (HydE64)
i (GinJ59a) : excit (JameR49) e-i0.025, 0.040 U235(a, pZn) (HydE64)
IEC(K)/_- 0.75 iparent Pu 236 (JameR49,
i (GrayP56) i JameR49a, HydE49b, _/ iU X-rays, 0.642, 0.688
iothers (OrtD51) : GhLA52) i
i43.41
i
(MTW_ i i
...
Np 236 tl/2 (13-) >5x 103ysp _il5- (?), no aobserved Aich ..... ss speet (GinJ58, U235(d,n) (GinJ58,
act (StuM55) i"
' (StuM55) StuM55) ii Stu-M55}
_f !2500 (GoldmDT64) i
Np 237 Z.14x 106y spact %_ ,ia(WahA48); Ai chem , genet, excit (WahA48) a ::4.78 (75%, complex), 4.65 (12%, uZ38(n, Zn)U237(_ -)
(BrauF60) i_ stable (cons energy) !daughter U 237 (WahA48) ! doublet) (WahA48)
2.2 x 106 y sp act i (ForB58) i
(MagL48) IA i
, 44.89 (MTW) iparent Pa 233 (MagL47, ¥ !i Pa(14%),
L X-rays,
0.1450.030
(1%) (14%), 0.086
i_rc : e-i 0.009, 0.024, 0.036, 0.051, 0.067,

tl/2 (SF) >1018 y i170 (GoldmDT64) HageF47) .
(DruV61a) :_rf
i0.019 (GoldmDT64) idaughter
i 0.082 radiations from Pa 233,
i i i u233,
etc
Np 238 2. I0 d (FreeM50) %a i_- (SeaG46, SeaG49) A ichem, genet, n-capt, sep _-i 1.25 max NpZ37(n, _/) (HydE64)
others (SeaG49, ino EC(K), lirn 1% i isotopes (SeaG46) e-i 0.02Z, 0.039 uZ58(d, Zn) (SeaG46)
Jan_eR.49a) igc(RasJ55a)
unstable (cons I P .... t Pu 238 (SeaG46, "/ ::
1.01 (42%, complex) uZ38(p n) (MCorG54)
i energy) (MTW) i JarneR4

KenJ49a, 9,JafAH49,
SeaG46a) i
A i 47.47 (MTW) i daughter Am 242a'n {SeaG49a, :
_f i 1600 (GoldmDT64) StreK50a, AsaF60) ii
Np 239 2.346 d (WisL56) _#i_-(MMIIE40) Aichem, n-capt, genet, excit _-10.713 max (II%), 0.437max ug38(n,_/)U239(_ -)
2.37 d (CohD59) (AIMilE40, StarK42)
2.34d (ConnR59) A i49.32 (MTW) i (MMilE39, MMilE40) e-i0.02-0.04, 0.048, 0.088, 0.106,
others (PhiK46, _c125 (to Np 240) !daughter U 239 (MMilE40, i 0.156
i StarK42) y
DavD65, SeaG46, Np240rn) iPuX-rays, 0.106 (23%), 0.209
JameR49) i35(GoldmDT64)(to :iparent Pu 239 (KenJ49, (4%), 0.228 (12%), 0.278 (14%)
i SeaG49)
.fi<1(Ool_Dt64) idaughter
Am 243(StreK50a)i
372
Type of decay (t t );

abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; approximate energies (MeV)
Isotope Half-life (AsM-A), MeV (C"=0); Genetic relationships of production
cross section (<7), barns
93NP 240 63 m (LesR60) *t_ II5- (OrtD51a) A !chem, cross bomb (OrtD51a) [3- i 0.89 max U238(a, pn) (VanR58a,
others (OrtD51a) Z_ I 52.2 (MTW) iinot

chem,daughter
mass spect
Np 240m,(LeeR60)
lira 5% Y i0.16,
i 1.00, 0.25,
1.16 0.44, 0.56, 0.60, 0.92, HydE64)
Np 240m 7.3 m (KniJD53, _

i
i l3- (HydE48a)
1
A i chem, genet (HydE48a,
_i
P_:I 2.16 max daughter U 240 (HydE64)
HydE48a) Ai52.3 (LHP, MTW) i daughter

KniJD53) U 240 (HydE48a, e¥ !:i0"0Z2' 0.038
0.56 (21%), 0.60 (13%), 0.92
i ! notKniJD53)
parent lqp 240, llrn 5% :i complex)
(3%, complex), 1.5 (3%,
i
i
i
: descendant
DiaH 56 )
(But1JP56a,
E i (LesR60) Pu 244 i
_!
Np 241 16 m (VanR59, LesR60)_ i_- (VanR59) A i chem, mass spect (LesR60) _ i 1.4 max U238(a,p) (VanR59,
A! 54.3 (MTW) : i LesR60)
Np 241 3.4 h (LesR60) l*t i[_- ] (LeeR60) ;B i chem, mass spect (LesR60) i uZ38(a, p) (LesR60)
94Pu 232 36m (OrtD51a) _ja ->2%, EC <98% B i chem, sep isotopes, excit, a i 6.59 U233(a, 5n) (ThomT57)
i (OrtD51a) i genet (OrtD51a) i daughter radiations from Np 232, U235(a, 7n) (HydE64)
A138.4 (MTW) !parent U 228 (OrtDSla, i U 228, etc
!i i aa_eR48) i
Pu 233 20 m (ThomT57) _ iEC 99+%, a 0.1% B I chem, excit, genet a i 6.31 iU233(a, 4n) (ThomT57)
i (ThomT57) (ThomT57) i daughter radiations from Np 233,
Z_ i 40.04 (MTW) ! parent U 229 (ThomT57) i U 229 Th 225 etc.
,i i i ' '
Pu 234 9.0 h (OrtD51a) _ IEC 94%, a 6% (AsaF57a) A ichem, genet, sep isotopes, a i 6.20 (4%), 6.15 (1.9%) U233(a, 3n) (VanR58a)
8.5h (PerlmI49) A140.34 (MTW) i exclt (HydE49b, Perlm149) _ iNpX-rays UZ35(a 5n) (HydE64)
others (HigGSZa) _ i parent U 230 parent Np 234 '
daughter Cm 238 (HigG52a) , etc.

! i (perlmI4_' Otto5 Is) idaugU230
hter radiation" fr°m Np234'
1_ 235 26 m (OrtD51a, _ ]iEC 99+%, a 0.003% B! i chern, excit, sep isotopes ¥ ii Np X-rays UZ35(a, 4n), UZ33(a, Zn)
ThomT57) i (ThomT57) i (OrtD51a, ThomT57) a i 5.86 (ThomT57, OrtDSla)

A !42.2 (MTW) i
J
i i i
Pu 236 2.85 y (HoffD57) _ ia (JameR49) A I chem, excit, sep isotopes, a i 5.77 (69%), 5.72 (31%) daughter Np 236 (HydE64)
others {JameR49) ![3 stable (cons energy) i cross bomb, genet Y i U L X-rays, 0.048 (0.31%), U235(a, 3n) (VanR58a)
tl/2 (SF) 3.5 x 109y i (ForB58) [ (JameR49) i 0.109 (0.012%)

(GEiA52) A !42.90 (MTW) i parent U 232 (ZameR49) e-i 0.028, 0.043
Grf i 170 (G°ldmDT64) (JameR49,22 h JameR4

i[ (seaG40b)daughter
daughter Cm240 Np 236 9a, :idaughter
i U232'etc. radiati°ns fr°m
pu 237 45.6d (HoffD57a) YIEC 99+%, cL0.0033% Aichem , eepisotopes, crc _[NpX-rays, 0.060 (5%1 U235(%Zn) (VanR58a)
44 d (ThomT57) i (ThomT57) i bomb (JameR49) e-i 0.026, 0.032, 0.038, 0.042, 0.056 NpZ37(d, 2n) (JameR49a)
40 d (HoffR53) iEC 99+%, _ 0.002% i chem, genet energy lev_xs i

others (JameR49a) ] (HoffD57a) (HoffD58) a 5.66 (_ 21), 5.37 (_ 79)
A i 45.12
0"£[2500
(MTW)
(GoldmVT64)
[ chem,
ii
mass spect (ThomT57)
i
i
Pu 237m 0.18 s (StepF57a) j_ i IT (StepF57a) A[ genet (StepF57a) ¥ i Pu L X-rays, 0.145 (2%) daughter Cm 241
Ai 45.26 (MTW) idaughter Cm 241 (StepF57a) e-i 0.125 (75%), 0.140 (23%) (StepF57a)
i
Pu 238 86.4 y genet (HoffD57b) _P[a (SeaG46) A i chem, sep isotopes, excit a ] 5. 50 (72%), 5.46 (28%) daughter Np 238 from
others (SeaG49b, i_ stable (cons energy) i (SeaG46, SeaG46a, SeaG49) y i U L X-rays, 0.099 (8 x I0-3%), NpZ37(n, Y) (HydE64)
JafAH49) ] (ForB58) [daughter Np 238 (JameR49, i 0.150 (I x 10-3%), 0.77 daughter Cm 242
tl/2 (SF) A i46.18 (MTW) i Jaf.AH49, SeaG46a, i (HydE64)
4.9 x I0 I0 7 (HydE57)!_ci 500 (GoldrnDT64) i KenJ49a, SeaG46) . (5 x 10-5%, complex)
others (DruV61a, _fi16.8 (GoldrnDT64) i daughter Cm 242 (SeaG4_o) e-i 0.024, 0.039
SegE52) i i
Pu 239 24,390y spact *a_ia (KenJ49) Ai chem , genet, mass spect a] 5.16 (88%, doublet), 5.11 (11%) U238(n,Y)U239(_ -)
(DokY59) i_ stable (cons energy) i (KenJ49) Y [ U X-rays, 0.039 (0.007%), 0.052 Np239(_ -) (KenJ49,
(MarkT59)
24,413 y sp act A }48 60 (MTW)
i (ForB58) i SeaG49)
[daughter Np 239 (KenJ49, ! 0.375 (0.0012%),
(0.020%), 0.414
0.129 (0.005%), SeaG49)
24,(DetF65, StouJ47)
181 y calorimeter er i 274 (GoldmDT64) i' parent U 235m (AsaF57, [ (0.0012%), 0.65 (8 x 10-5%,
_rf 741 (GoldmDT64) i HuiJ57a)
tl/2
CunB49)
others (FarwG54,
(SF) 5.5x 1015y
ci
i i
i
i
doublet)
complex),
e- 1 0.008, 0.019,
0.77 (2 x 10-5%,
0.033, 0.047
(SegE52) i i J
373
Type of decay (_);

Major radiations:
96 abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
Isotope
Z A Half-life (/k-M-A),
i i
94Pu240 6580 y genet (l.ngM51) %_! a (JarneR49} A i chem, n-capt, mass spect a i 5.17 (7690}, 5. IZ (Z4%} multiple n-capt from
others (DokY59, i0 stable (cons energy) i (ChambO44, FarwG46, _/! U L X-rays, 0.65 (complex, U 238, Pu 239 (HydE64)
ButlJP56a, WestE 51, i (ForB58) i Bart1A44)
Far_} { ! Z x I0"5%}
tl/2 (SF)" Ai 50.14 (MTW) i daughter Cm 244 (FrieA54) e_ 0.026, 0.040
_cl 286 (GoldmDT64) i
1.34 x 1011 y _fi<0.08 (GoldmDT64) !
1.45 x I0 II y ]
(MalkL63)
( WatD 6Zb )
C_nbO_) i i
others ( BarcF54, i i 3
Pu z41 13.Z 7 (BrowF60) Rti_- 99+%, a Z.3 x 10-3% A i chem, n-capt, mass spect, _: 0.021 max multiple n-capt from
others (HalIG56, (BrowF60, SmiH61) i excit, genet (SeaG49a, U 238, Pu 239 etc.
MKenD53, ThomS50d)
Smi/-161, RosB56, iothers
i SeaG49a,
(AsaF57a,
GhiA50, i SeaG49, GhiA50) a i 4.90
¥ U X-rays,
(0.0019_0),
0.145 4.85
( 1.6 x
(0.0003%)
10-4%) (HydE64) ,
IvaP.63) iparent Am Z41 (SeaG49a,
CunB49a) i daughter radiations from Am z41
a i 5Z.98 (MTW) iparent U z37 (SeaG49a} i

O-cl425 (GoldrnDT64) i daughter Cm z45 (FrieA54)
fill950 (GoldmDT64) }
Pu 242 3.79 x 105 y sp act _i a (ThornS50d) AI chem, mass spect, n-capt, a ::4.90 (76%), 4.86 (Z4%) multiple n-capt from
(ButlffP56a} ]_ stable (cons energy) i genet (ThomS50d) ¥}[U L X-rays] U Z38 Pu Z39 etc.
3.73 x 105 y sp act : (ForB58} i daughter Am 242 (AsaF60, : (Hyde.64} '
(ButlJP56) A ]54.74 (lVITW) : OKelG50) : daughter Am 242
othersThorns(MecJ56,50d) _rc!19 (GoldmDT64) idaughter Cm Z46 (FrieA54) E (ButlffP56, HydE64}

tl/z (SF) : *f ,!<0.2 (GoldmDT64) i ii
7.4 x I0 I0 y
7"I x I010 Y (Mecff56) i i i

6.6 x I0 I0 y
(ButlffP 56) {
others (DruV61a) i i
PU 243 4.98 h (EngeD53) _ i_- (Sulffbl) A i chem, n-capt, cross bomb _-i 0.58 max puZ4Z(n,¥} (HydE64,
others (SulJSl, }57.77 (MTW) (SulJ51) ' SulJ51, ThornS51)
ThornS51) A ] i genet (ThornS51) e-i 0.019, 0.036
,_ :170 (GoldmDT64) N iAm L. X-rays, 0.084 (Zl%}
c! i par ent Arn Z43 (ThornS 51 ) '
i :
:
i
i
0.381 (0.7%}
_Z44 =7.6 x 107 y genet _ i[a] (Stulvi54a) A I ch .... -capt ...... pect, _ i[4.58] multiple n-capture from
(DiaH56) i_ stable (cons energy ) i genet (Stu_M54a, ButlJP56a, idaughter radiations from U 240, U z38, Pu 239 etc.
=7.5 x 107 y genet } (ForB58) i DiaH56) ] Np240m (HydE64, En'geD55,

(ButlffP56a} l& i 59.83 (MTW) i a .... tot Np 240m, parent StuM54a}
tl/2 (SF) 2.5 x 1010y ,clI.8 (GoldmDT64) i U Z40 (ButlffP56a, DiaH56)
(FieP55a} i i daughter _244m (FieP55a}
Pu z45 I0.I h (FieP55) J%J i_- (FieP55) B I chem, n-capt (FieP55, idaughter radiations from Am Z45 PuZ44(n, ¥}; multiple
10.6 h genet (ButlffP56a)l : BrowCI55) :
others (BrowCI55} ' & i 63 (MTW) i n-capt from U 238,
¢c i=Z60 (GoldmDT64} parent Am 345 (ButlffPS6a, {i pu239, etc. (HydE64,
i
! _ i FieP55) -i ButiffP56a)
i=_z46 10.85 d (HoffD56) %t [_ (EngeD55) A i chem , n-capt, mass spect __{ 0.33 max (I0_0), 0.15 max multiple n-capt from
lothers (EngeD55) A 165.3 (MTW) i (EngeD55) e i0.0Z0, 0.038, 0.055, 0.156 U Z38 (EngeD55,
} iparent AmZ46 (EngeD55) _ iArn X-rays, 0.044 (30%), 0.180 HydE64}
i i (lO9o), 0.zz4 (z5%)
i ' i }daughter
i radiati°ns fr°m Am Z46
95Am 237 '=1.3 h (HigG5Za} _a_iEC 99+%, a 0.005% B i chem, excit (HigG52a) a i6.0Z puZ39(p, 3n),
i (HigG52a) : i pu239(d, 4n) (HigG52a)
& 147 (MTW) i i
Am z38 1.9h (GIaBR60) %JiEC

i (StreKS0a)
:
Bichem, excit (StreKS0a) JV iPuX-rays, 0.36 (IZ%), 0.58 puZ39(p, Zn) (GlasR60)
o_hers (HigG5Za} !no a, lira 3 x I0-4% PuZ39(d, 3n) (StreK50a,
:
! (HigG5Za) i i
i (Z9%},
1.35 0.98 (80"/°,doublet},
(76%} HydE64)
Ai 48 (MTW) i i NpZ37(Q' 3n} (HydE64}
AmZ39J IZ. l h (GlasR60} :

Jt [EC 99 0.00590 A ichem, excit (SeaG49a) i
_/ }Pu X-rays, 0.209(5%), 0.228 pu239( p ,n) (StreK50a}
IZ h (SeaG49_) i (GlasR60) igenet energy levels (SmiW57) i (18%, doublet), 0.278 (17%) puZ39(d, Zn) (GlasR60,
iEC 99+%, a 0.003% idaughter Bk 243 (ThomS50b) ,e-i0.0Z-0.04, 0.048, 0.088, 0.106, HIgG5Za, SeaG49a}
i (HigG52a) !
i 0.156 NpZ37(a, Zn) {SeaG49a)
A i49.41 (MTW) i
_ i i _i 5.78
i -
374
Type of decay (_);

Isotope
Z A Half-life (AeM-A),
cross section (O), barns

,. , ,
J J
95Am 240 51.0 h (GlasR60) _]EC (SeaG49a) A Echem, excit (SeaG49) Y!Pu X-rays, 0.90 (23%), 1.00 pu2394d, n ) (StreK50a)
others (SeaG49a) ino
' a, lira 0.2% (HigGSZa) i chem, excit,
(StreK50a) cross bomb i 477%) pu239(a, pZn) (GhtsR56,
A I 51 (MTW) ] genet energy levels (SmiW57) e_ 0.022, 0.038, 0.079, 0.094 VanR58)
Am 241 [ 458 ysp act (I-IallG57, _ i a (SeaG49a) A i chem, n-capt, excit, mass a i 5.49 {85%), 5.44 (13%) daughter Pu 241 (HydE64}
WallJ58, I-lallG56) i _ stable (cons energy) i spect (SeaG49a) ¥ i Np L X-rays, 0.060 {36%), 0. I01
others (HarvB52) ! (ForB58) i daughter Pu 241 (SeaG49a, i (0.04%, complex), 0.208
tl/2 (SF) 2x 1014y AI 52.96 (MTW) ! CunB49a)

{ Dz_xV61) ¢c! 700 (to Am 242) i complex),(
6 x I 0"4%) ,0.370.335(4x(810-4%,x
I 0"4%,
others (MikV59) [ I00 (to Am 24_) i i complex), 0.663 (5 x I0-4%),
i (GoldrnDT64) ] i 0.72243 x 10-4%)
ffi3"0 4G°1drnDT64) i e_ 0.022, 0.038, 0.054
Am 242 ] 16.01 h (KeeT53) _ [3- 84%, EC 16% A i chem, n-capt, genet [_-i 0.67 max A.rnZ41(n,Y), or multip]e
others (BaranS55, (HoffR59) { (MannWM49, SeaG496) e-i 0.021, 0.037 n-capt from U 238,
HoffR55, BaranS55) parent Cm 2424MannWM49, Pu 239 etc (HydE64)

SeaG496) others ( BarnR59, i SeaG49b, AsaF60) ¥ i Pu X-rays, Cm L X-rays ,
i 55.48 (MTW) ! parent Pu 242 (OKelG50, i
daughter Am 242m (AsaF60) ii

wf i2900 (GoldmDT64} i AsaF60)
Am 24Zrn 152 y (BarnR59) q_ liT 99+%, a 0.48% A i chem, mass speet, n-capt ¢t i 5.2140.41%) Am241(n,'_) (SeaG49a,
others (Str:K50a) i (BarnR59, AsaF60) 4SeaG49a, StreKS0a) e- i 0.028, 0.044 MannWM49, AsaF60)
! 55.52 (LHP, MTW) i parent Am 242 (AsaF60) ¥ i Am L X-rays, Np X-rays, 0.049
_c!2000 (GoldmDT64) !parentNp 238 (SeaG49a, ! (0.20%), 0.087 40.036%), 0.110
rf!6000
: (GoldmDT64) i StreK50a, AsaF60) ii daughter
(0.025%), radiations
0.16340.025_,)
from Am 242,
i i Np238
Am 243 7.95x 103yspact _ia (StreK50a) Aichem , mass spect (StreK50a) _15.28 (87%), 5.23 411.5%) multiFle n-capt frmn
(WaU358) i[3 stable (cons energy) i parent Np 239 (StreKS0a) Y INp L X-rays, 0.044 (4%), 0.075 U 238 Pu 239 etc.
7.65 x I03 y sp act [ (ForB58) i daughter Pu 243 (ThornS51) i (50%) 4Hyde64, StreK50a)
(BeadA60) A i 57.18 (MTW) . e-i[0.011, 0.023, 0.052, 0.069]
others (Ba_'nR.59,
But13PST, HulE57, O'c174
: (OoldmDT64) i i daughter radiations from Np 239
AsaF54, DisH53) rf ]<0.07 (GoldmVT64) i {
Am 244 I0. I h (VanS62) _ i[_- (VanS62) A I chem, n-capt, sep isotopes, J_-i 0.387 max Am243(n,Y) (VanS62)
2X i59.90 (MTW) i genet (VanS62) e-i0.020, 0.037, 0.077, 0.094
.f i2300, ( OoldmDT 64) i parent Cm 244 ( Vans 62_ Y i Cm( 19_),

X-rays' 0.7460"099(66%)
,(5%)'0.9000"154
Am 244m 26 m (OhIA54a) _ !_- 99+%, EC 0.039% A ichem , n-capt (StreK50a) _-i 1.50 max Am243(n,_ ) (StreK50a)
i (FleP55a) i chem, genet {FieP55a) e-i 0.020, 0.037
_i 60.02 (LHP, MTW) iparent Cm 244

i FieP55a) (ReynFS0, Y i Can L X-rays
i parent Pu 244 (FieP55a)
Am 245 2.07 h (But1JP56a) _ i_" 4BrowC155, FIeP551 B i c.hem, genet (BrowC155, _-i0.91 max daughter Pu 245
others (BrowCI55, i e-i0.125
FieP55) A 61.93 (MTW) i FieP55) (ButlJPS6a, FleP55,
• i daughter Pu 245 (FieP55, : BrowC155, HydE64)
i ButlJP56a) _ i Cm X-rays, 0_253
Arn 246 25.0 m (EngeD55) q_ i_- (EngeD55, BrowC155) A i chem, genet 4BrowC155, _-i 2. I0 max (7%), 1.60 max daughter l_t 2A6
others (BrowC155} A i 64.9 (MTW) iiparentEngeD55)Cm

246 (BrowCI55) _ iiCm(65%,X-rayS,complex)0.799
429%), 1.07 (EngeD55,. HydE64)
i idaughter ]Pu 246 (ZngeD55)
96Cm 238 I 2.5 h (StreK48) _ iEC <90%, a >10% IB i c.hem (StreK48) a ! 6.51 pu239(a, 5n) 4GlasR56,
i (CarrR52) i chem, genet (HigG52a) i daughter radiations from Pu 234 StreK48)
]49.39 (MTW) iparent Pu 234 (HigG52a) i pu238(a, 4n) (G1asR56)

Cm 239 2.9h (VanR58) _ IEC, no a (lira 0.1%) B ]chem, excit (CarrR52) Y iA.n_X-rays, 0.108 pu239(_p4n) (CarrR52)
3 h (CarrR52) i (CarrR52) chem, genet energy levels i daughter radiations from Axn 239
!51 (MTW) i (VanR58) ]
i i
375
Type of decay (_);
zIS°t°PeA Half-life (a-=M-A),ThermalMeVneutron(C'"=0); Genetic relationships approximateandintensitiesenergies

(MeV) Principalof
productionmeans
i i i
96Cm 240 26.8 d (SeaG49b) %" i a (SeaG49b) A ichem, genet (SeaG49b) a16.29 (72%), 6.25 (28%) puZ39(a, 3n) (GlasR56)
ino EC, lira 0.5% i parent Pu 236 (SeaG4To) i daughter radiations from Pu 236
tl/2 (SF) 7.9 x 105 7 i (HigG52) i daughter Cf TM
(GhiA52) A i 51.72 (MTW) ! (ChetA56) _i
i i
Cm TM 35'd (HigG52) %J IEC 99%, a 1.0% A! chem, excit, cross bomb Y i Ann X-rays, 0.475 (95%), 0.60 Pug39(a, 2n) (GlasR56)
i (GlasR56) ! (SeaG49b, HigG52, '
A i 53.73 (MTW) ! GlasR59) e- 1 0.123, 0.350

iparent l:h1237m (StepF57a) a_ 5.94
i i daughter radiations from Pu 237m

i i included radiations
i daughter in above listing
from Pu 237
Cm 242 162.5 d (GloK54, *t ia

i
(SeaG49b)
j
A i them, genet (SeaG49b)
'
I
a:: 6.12 (74°/01, 6.07 (26% I daughter Am 242m, from
HannGS0) iI3 stable (cons energy) i mass spect (ReynFS0) _/ i Pu L X-rays, 0.044 (0.041%), AmZ41(n, Y), or
164.4 d (FlyK65a) i (ForB58) i daughter Am 242 (AsaF60, ! 0.102 (4 x 10-3%), 0.158 multiple n-capt from
others (HutWP54) A i 54.82 {MTW) i MannWM49, SeaG49b) : U 238, Pu 239 etc.
tl/2 (SF) 7.2 x 106y @c!20 (GoldmDT64) i daughter Cf 246 (HulE51) !E (2.5x I0-3%), 0.58 (HydE64) '
(HatinG51) 0rf i<5 (GoldmDT64) iparent Pu 238 (SeaG4To) : (3.2x 10-4"/0, complex), 0.89
i i (3 x 10"5%)
i e-i 0.022, 0.039

i i daughter radiations from Pu 238
5 i ::
Cm 243 32 y sp act + mass !%a i a (ReynF50) A I chem, mass spect, genet a i 6.06 {6%, doublet), 5.99 (6%, multiple n-capt from
HydE64)spect
(AsaF57a, .IEC 0.3% (ChoG58) i (ReynF50) i doublet), 5.79 (73%), 5.74 U 238, Pu 239, etc.
others (ThomS50b) Ai57.19 (MTW) i daughter Bk 243 (ThomS50b) i (11.5%) (HydE64, ReynF50)
Crci 250 (GoldxnDT64) i Yi pu X-rays'(12%),

0.2780"g09
(4"/o),(14"/o) 0.ZZ8
_rfi660 (GoldmDT64) e-i 0.02-0.04, 0.048, 0.088, 0. I06,
i 0.156
Cm 244 17.6 y sp act + mass %_ ia (ReynFS0) A i chem, mass spect (ReynFS0) a i 5.81 (77%), 5.77 (23%) multiple n-capt from
spect (CarnW61) ii5 stable (cons energy) i daughter Am 244m (ReynFS0, ¥ i Cm L X-rays, 0.043 (0.02%) U 238 Pu 239 Am 243
others
StevC54)(FrieA54, i (ForB58) i FieP55a) i 0.100 (0.0015%), 0.150 ' etc. ,
(HydE64) ,
A i 58.47 (MTW) idaughter Am 244 (VanS62) i (0.0013"/o), 0.262 (1.4 x I0-4"/o),
tl/2 (SF) 1.31 x 107 y Crc!15 (GoldrnDT64) !daughter Bk 244 (GuseL56, ! 0.59 (2.5 x I0-4%,
I doublet),
(MetD65) i ! ChetA56b) i
1.46 x 107 y i : 0.82 (7 x I0-5%}
(MalkL63a) i idaughter Cf 248 (HulE54) e-i 0.022, 0.038
others (GhiA52) i .... t PU 240

iiP (FrieA54) i
: i
Cm 245 9.3 x l03 y genet, mass %a ia (HUlE51) A! chem, decay charac, genet a i 5.36 (80"/0), 5.31 (7"/°) !multiple n-capt from
; others (HuiJ5To, i (ForB58) ichem, mass spect (StevC54, Y PuX-rays, 0.13 (5%), 0.173 ,
spect (CarnW61) iP stable (cons energy) i (Hu/E51) i U238' pu239 Am243'
BrowCI55, FrieA54) A i 61.02 (MTW) i HUlE54) (14%) Cm 244, etc. (StevC54,
crc 1200 {GoldrnDT64) ii daughter

HulE51) Bk 245 (HUlE54, idaughter
:: Am 241 radiations from Pu 241, FieP56) Bk 245 (HUlE51,
daughter
' : HulE 54)
crfi1900 (GoldmDT64) iparent Pu TM (FrieA54) i (HydE64)
Cm 246 5.5 x 103 y genet %_ ia (FrieA54, StevC54) Ai

i chem, mass spect (StevC54,
i
a i 5.39 (81%), 5.34 (19%) multiple n-capt from
(CarnW61) ::_stable (cons energy) i FieP56) ¥ [PuLX-rays] U 238 Pu 239 Cm 244
others (ButlJP56b, ! (ForB58) i parent Pu 242 (FrieA54) etc. iHydE64', StevC54,
BrowCI55, FrleA54) A ::62.64 (MTW) i daughter Am 246 (BrowCI55) i FieP56)
tl/Z(MetD65)(SF)1.7 x 107y _ci 15 (GoldmDT64) i daughter Cf 250 (ButlJP56b) : daughter(ButlJP56b)Cf250

others (Fries 56) i i i
i i
Cm247 tl/2 {a) 1.6 x 107y _ i[a] (DiaH57, StevC54) A i chem, mass spect (StevC54, multiple n-capt from
genet+ mass spect A i65.56 (MTW) i DiaH57) : U238 pu239 Cm244
(FieP63) ' i daughter Cf TM (EasT57) etc. iHydE64', DiaH57,
(a) >4 x 107 y _ci 180 (GoldrnDT64) StevC54)
tl/2
genet+ mass spect i i ::
(DiaH57, Steve 54) i i
i
Cm 248 4.7 x 105 y sp act *a
_ ia 89%, SF 11% B Ichem, genet (ButlJP56b) a i 5.08 (82%), 5.04 (18%) daughter Cf 252
(ButlJP56b) i (ButlJP56b) (ButlJP56b)
tl/2 (SF) 4.6 x 106 y !_,stable (cons energy) daughter Cf 252 (ButlJP56b) Y i[Pu L X-rays] multiple n-capt from
.i (ForB58) ! SF i fission fragments, neutrons, U238, pug39, Cm244
(ButlJP56b) A i 67.43 (MTW) i radiations
i : ¥ rays, electrons, daughter etc. (HydE64)
O-ci 6 (GoldmDT64) i i
Cm 249 64 m {EasT58) _ i_- (FieP56) ]B in-capt, chem L {FieP56) _-i 0.9 max cmZ48(n, ¥) {EasT58)
65 m (FieP56) IA i70.8 (MTW) i : multiple n-capt from
i [ i U238' pu239 Cm244'

FieP56, Hyde64)
i i [ etc. {ThornS 54,
i i
376
Type of decay (_);

Maior radiations:
°_b abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; approximate energies (MeV) Principal means
Isotope Half-life (AIM-A), MeV (C"=0); Genetic relationships of production
i i J
96Cm 250 tl/2 (SF): _'iSF (HuiJ57b) A] chem, decay charac SF i fission fragrnents, neutrons, multiple n-capt from
l.Yx 104 Y Ai 73 (MTW) i chem,

(HulJ57b)
mass spect ii _ rays,
radiations elect ..... daughter U 238 (HuiJ 57b,
HydE64)
2 x 104y (HuiJ57b) i
others (FieP56) i
97Bk 243
(GrouCR66)
4.6 h (ThomSS0b, _IEC

i
i
99+%, a 0.15%
i
A1 chem,
(GrOuCR66)
genet (ThomSS0,
:
i
a i 6.76 10.023%), 6.72 10.019%1, AmZ41(a, 2n) (ThomS50b}

GhiA54) ! (ChetA56b) i ThomS50b) i 6.57 (0.038%), 6.54 (0.029%), CmZ42(d,n) (HulESI)
parent Am 239 (ThomSS0b) _/ Cm X-rays, 0.755, 0.84, 0.946 (HydE64)
i i i
Bk 2444.4h (ChetA56b) !_!EC 99 0.006% B!chem, excit, genet ai 6.67 (0.003%), 6.62 (0.003%) AmZ43(a, 3n) (ChetA56b)[ 6_-_a
i (ChetA56b) i (ChetA56b) ¥i Cm X-rays, 0.145 (_" 7), 0.188 i[cmZ44(d, 2n)],
AI61 (MTW) iparent Cm 244 (ChetA56b, ! (_ 16), 0.218 (_ I00), 0.334 [Cm244(p,n)],
! i GuseL56) i (_ 88),I0)' 0.4900.922

(_ 17),14)'0.8921.16 AMY41 (a, n) (HydE64)
i i i (' II' d°ublet)

Bk 245 4.98 d (MagL56) *t !EC 99 0.11% AI chem, excit, decay charac a! 6.36 (0.018%), 6.32 (0.017%), Am243(a, 2n) (ChetA56b) à6_6_a
others (HulE51) i (MagL56) i (HulE51) i 6.15 (0.021%), 6.12 (0.016%), Cm244(d,n) (HulESI)
A i 61.84 (MTW) i daughter Cf 245 (ChetA56) i 5.89 (0.024%) Cm242(a, p) (HulE51)
i parent Cm 245 (HulE51, _/ i Cm X-rays, 0.253 (31%), 0.39 (HydE64)
i i HUlE54) -i (3%, doublet)
Bk 246 1.8 d (HUlE541 _ i EC (Hu/E541 B i chem, decay charac, excit ¥ i Cm X-rays, 0.800 (40%), 1.07 cmZ44(a, pn),
A i64 (MTW) i (HulE 54' ChetA56b) i (12%, complex ) ArnZ43 (a, n) (HulE 54,
i i ' ChetA56b, HydE64)
Bk 247 1.4 x 103 y (MilsJ65) _ i a, no EC (ChetA56b) B i chem, decay charac a ! 5.68 (37%), 5.52 (58%) daughter Cf 247,
others (ChetAS6b) A i65.47 (MTW) i (ChetA56b) ¥ i Arn X-rays, 0.084 (40%), 0.27 Cm?44(a, p),
daughter radiations from Am 243 (HydE64, ChetA56b)

i etc.
Bk 248 16 h (ChetA56b) _ i_- 70%, EC 30% B i n-capt, chem, genet _-i 0.65 max BkZ47(n, ¥) (ChetA56b)
23 h genet (Hu1E56) i (ChetA56b) i (ChetAS6b) _/ i Cm X-rays Cm245( a, p) (HulE56)
A i 67"9 (MTW) i parentChetA56b)Cfz48

(HUlE56, i daughter radiations from Cf 248 (HydE64)
Bk 248 >9 y sp act + mass _ i? B i chem, mass spect (MilsJ65) i Cm246(a, pn) (MilsJ65)
spect (Mils J65) i i
tl/Z(Mns(_-)
J65)
>104 y genet iii
Bk 249 314 d (EasT57) _ i_- 99+%, a 0.0022% A i chem, genet (ThornS54, 15-i. 0.125 max multiple n-capt from
others (MagL54, ] (EasT57) i GhiA54a, DiaH54) U238 pu239 Cm 244,
DisH54) !others (MagL54, DiaH54) i chem, mass spect (FieP56) a i 5.42 (0.0015%) etc ,(ThornS54,
,
tl/2 (SF): i A i69.86 (MTW) i parent Cf 249 (GhiA54a, _/ i0"32 (3 x 10-5%, doublet) DisH54, MagL54,
6 x 108y (HydE57) _rci 500 (GoldmDT64) i MagL54) i daughter radiations from Cf 249, FieP56, HydE64)
Bk 250 193.3 m (VanS59) _ i_- (GhiA54a) A I n-capt, chem, genet [5- i 1.76 max (11_/0), 0.73 max Bk249(n, ¥1 (GhiA54a)
others (GhiA54a, ' i (GhiA54a) e-i 0.019, 0.036 daughter Es 254
(HarvB55, JonM 56)
MagL54) A i72.95 (MTW) iparent Cf 250 (GhiA54a) ¥ iCf L X-rays, 0.990 (47%), 1.032 (HydE64)
i !daughter
55'Jonlv156)
Es 254 (HarvB i (39%)
i i
98Cf 244 25 m (ChetA56) _ !a (ChetA56) A i chem, excit, genet a _7.18 Cm244(a, 4n) (ChetA56)
others (ThomS50c, : i (ThomS50a, ChetA56) i .; Cm242(a, 2n) (ChetA56)
ThomS50a, GhiA51, A i 61.43 (MTW)
GhLA54, GuseL56) i parent Cm240 (ChetA56) i U238 ( C 12, 6n) (HydE64)
Fm248 (GhiA58)i
i i daughter
Cf 245 44 m (ThomS50c) _ IEC 70%, u 30% (ChetA56) B I chem, excit, genet (ChetA56) a i 7.12 Cm244(a, 3n) (ChetA56)
others
GhiA51,( Thorns 50a,
GhiA54) A i 63.38 (MTW) i parent Bk 245 (ChetA56) i daughter radiations from Bk 245 CruZ42( a, n) (ChetA56)
i inot
'
parent Cm 240 (ChetA56) i Cm241 U238(C 12, 5n)
GhiA 54 )
(GhiA51,
i i! daughter Fm249
• (PerelV59) I (HydE64)
Cf 246 35.7 h (Hu1E51) *t ia (GhiASl) A i chem, genet (GhiA51) a i 6.76 (78%), 6.72 (22%) CmZ44(a, Zn) (ChetA56,
: ' HulE51)
tl/2 (SF) Z. 1 x 103 y A 164.11 (MTW) i parent Cm 242 (HuIE51) _/ i Cm L X-rays
(HUlE53) ! i daughter Es 246 (GhLA54) !daughter radiations from Cm 242 U238(C 12, 4n) (GhiA51)
E i i: (Hyde 64)
377
Type of decay (*b*);

Major radiations:
Isotope Half-life (/k aM-A), MeV (C ''_=0); Genetic relationships of production
98Cf 247 2.5 h (HulE54, !_igc (HulE54) I B i chem (HulE54) ¥ ! Bk X-rays, 0.295 (I%), 0.417, Cm244(a, n) (HulE54)
ChetA56b) A i 66 (MTW) i chem, excit (ChetA566) i 0.460
others (GhiA54) . i e-i 0. 164 i Cm245-6(a'xn) (HydE64)
i . U 238 (N 14 p4n) (GhLA54)
Cf 248 350 d genet (HulE57a) °#iu (GhiA54, Hu1E54) Aichem, genet (GhLA54, a I 6.27 (82%), 6.22 418%) Cm245-248(g, xn)
others (GhiA54) !_ stable (cons energy) i (HUlE54) _/ i [Cm L X-rays] (HUlE54)
tl/2 (SF) zl.5x 104y i (ForB58) iparent Cm 244 (HulE54} ' U238(N14, p3n) (GhiA54}
(HUlE57a} A 167.26 (MTW) i daughter 16 h Bk 248 (Hu1E56, i i daughter Bk 248, Es 248,
i i
!daughter
ChetA56b) Fra 252 (FrieA56) i! I Fm 252 (HydE64)
i i daughter Es 248 (ChetA56a) i
Cf 249 360 y genet (EasT57) %" i o (ThornS54) A i chem, genet (ThornS54, a ! 5.81 (84%) daughter Bk 249
others (MagL54, i_ stable (cons energy) ! GhiA54a) _/i Cm X-rays, 0.333 (16%) ' 0.388 l (GhiA54a,
MagL54, DiaH54,
HydE64)
GhiA54a) i (ForB58) i chem, genet, mass spect _ (72%)
tl/2 (SF): A i69.74 (MTW) i (DiaH54, MagL54, FieP56) : multiple n-capt from
i daughter Bk 249 (GhiA54a, U 238, Pu 239, Cm 244,
1.5 x 109y (HydE57) _r !270 (GoldmDT64) ; MagL54) i etc. (HydE64)
others (DiaH54, c i
MagL54) _rf i 1735 (GoldmDT64) i ii
i
Cf 250 13.2 y genet (MetD65) %" ia (GhiA54a) A I chem, genet (ThornS54, a i 6.03 (83%), 5.99 (17%) multiple n-capt from
13 y (PhiL63) IP stable (cons energy) i GhiA54a) ' U 238 pu 239 Cm 244
others (EasT57, i (ForB58) ichem, mass spect (DisH54, e-i 0.023, 0.038 , , ,
MagL54, GhiA54a) A i 71.19 (MTW) i MagL54) Y .i[Cm L X-rays] daughteretC"

(MagLS4)Bk
250
tl/2 (SF) 1.7 x 104 y _rci1500 (GoldmDT64) idaughter Bk 250 (GhiA54a) i (GhiA54a, PhiL63)
(MetD65, PhilL63) i daughter Fm 254 (PhiL63) i
others (MagL54, o'f <350 (GoldrnDT64) Cm24 6
DiaH54, GhiA54a) parent (ButlJP56b) (LedC65)
(Hyde 64 )
i i i
i daughter Fm254
Cf 251 =800 y genet leasT57) _ io (EasT57) A{ chem, mass spect (DiaH54, a i 5.85 (45%), 5.67 (55%1 multiple n-capt from
others (MagL54) i_ stable (cons energy) i MagL54) _ i Cm X-rays, 0.18 U 238, Pu 239 Cm 244
i (ForB58) {parent Cm 247 (EasT57) i etc. (EasT57', MagL54,
A i74.15 (MTW) DisH54, HydE64)
_f ! 3000 (GoldmDT641
.c!30o0
(OoIDT., i i
Cf 252 2.646 y (MetD65) J# ia 96.9%, SF 3.1% A! chem (ThornS54, GhiA54a) !a i 6.12 (82%), 6.08 ( 15%1 multiple n-capt from
others (MagL54, { (MetD65) i chem, mass spect (StuM54, !e-i 0.022, 0.038 U 238 Pu 239 Cm 244
GhiA54a)EasT57'
FieP56, !(AsaF66a)iCt
97.0%, SF 3.0% il MagL54, DiaH54) !¥ i Cm L X-rays etc. iGhiA54', DiaH54',
85 y (MetD65)
others (GhiA54a, A ii76.05
(ForB58)
(MTW) _Fii fission_/rays,fragmentS'electrons,neutr°nS'daughter
radiations HydE64)
Itl/2 (SF): i_ stable (cons energy) i parent Cm 248 (ButlJP56b) MagL54, FieP56,
EasT57, MagL54, !30 (GoldmDT64) ! i

SevK61) _c} i
• Cf z53 17.6 d genet (MetD65) _' i15- 99+%, a 0.31% A i chem, genet (ChoG54, iS- i 0.27 max multiple n-capt from
17 d genet (EasT57) i (GrouCR66) ! DiaH54, MagL54) : U 238, pu 239 Cm 244,
18 d (DiaH54, MagL54) i79.3 (MTW) i chem, mass spect (FieP56) a i5.98

others (ChoG54) A i i parent Es 253 (ChoG54, ! daughter radiations from Es z53 Cf 252, etc: (MagL54,
: i MagL54) ThornS54, ChoG54,
i i[daughter Frn 257] (HUlE64) i HydE64)
Cf 254 60.5 d (PhiL63,

i
%"iSF 99+%, a =0.2%
!
A i chem, genet (HarvB551
i
5F I fission fragments, neutrons, multiple n-capt from
MetD65) _ (AsaF66a) i chem, mass spect (FieP56) _ _ rays, electrons, daughter U238 puZ39, CmZ44
others (HuiJ576, i_ stable (cons energy) i daughter Es 254m (HarvB55, i radiations Cf 252, etc. (FieP56,
FieP56, HarvB55) i (ForB58) i FieP56) ai5.84 DiaH60)

A 181 (MTW) i not daughter Fm 257 (HulE64) _ daughter Es 254m (0.08%)
_ci<2 (GoldmDT64) i (HarvB55, FieP56)
E
(HydE64)
i i
99Es245 1.3m (GhiA61a, 1_ia17%, EC83% (MikV66) Bicrossbomb (GhiA61a) 6i7.70 U235(N14,4n),
MikV66) A i 66 (MTW) i cross bomb, excit, genet ! daughter radiations from Cf 245 uZ38(N 14, 7n)
i i (MikV66) (MikV66)
puZ40(B 10 5n)
! iparent cfZ45 (MikV66) i
! Np237( C12' 4n' '
] i (GhiA61a) '
i i i
Es 246 i[chem, charac, a ii 7.33 !U238(N 14, 6n) (GhiA54,

7.3 m (GhiA54) Y ia 10%, EC 90% (MikV66) D decay genet
i (GhiA54) ! MikV66, HydE64)
7.7 m (MikV66) i
others (GuseL56) Ai68 (MTW) !excit, genet (MikV66)
iparent Cf 246 (GhiA54, !
378
Type of decay ((_);

Isotope Half-life (_eM-A), MeV (C'==0); Genetic relationships of production
cross section (C_), barns
i i i uz38(N14,5n) tMikV66)
99Es 247 5.0• m (MikV66) *tla i =7%, EC
(MikV66) =930/0 C iexcit (MikV66) o. ! 7.33
168(MZW) i
! !
Es 248 25 m (ChetA56a) I_IEC 99+%, a =0.3% B i chem, excit, genet a i 6.88 Cf249(d, 3n) (ChetA56a)
i (ChetA56a) i (ChetA56a) i (HydE64)
A 170 (MTW) I P .... t Cf 248 !ChetA56a) i
' !
i i i BkZ49(a, 4n) (HarvB56)

Es 249 '2 h (HarvB56) %_ i EC 99+%, a 0.13% B_chem, excit (HarvB56) a i 6.77
! (HarvB56) i cfZ49(d, Zn) (ChetAS6a)
: cfZ49(a, p3n) (HarvB56)
A i71"15 (MTW) i i
i (HydE64)
i i : BkZ49(a, 3n), cfZ49(d,n)

Es 250 8 h (HarvB56) ¢iEC (HarvB56) B I chem, excit (HarvB56) 3fI [Cf X-rays]
A i73 (MTW) i i cfZ49(a, t) (HydE64)
Es 251 1.5 d (HarvB56) %_ !EC 99+%, a 0.53% B ichem, excit (HarvB56) a i 6.49 BkZ49(a, 2n) (HarvB561
i (HarvB 56) ]
A i74.5 (MTW)
Es 252 =140 d (HarvB56) %" is, (HarvB56)

no @-, lira 3%, no EC B i
ichem , excit (HarvB56) a i Bk
_/i 6.64X-rays,
(82%), 6.58 (13%)
0.074 (0.07%), 0.154 BkZ49(a,n)2n) (HarvB56)
cfZ52(d, (MHarW65)
IEC and _- unstable (cons : i (0.07%1, 0.198 (0.08%), 0.228
i energy) (MTW) i i (0.23%),
(1.1%, complex)
0.278 (O.Zl%), 0.40
A i 77.1 (MTW) ! i
i E
i i '
Es 253 20.47 d (HalvS661 i_ ia (ThornS54) IA! chem, genet (ThornS54, a i6.64 (90%1 daughter Cf 253 (from
. multiple n-capt)
20.7 d (GrouCR66) !_ stable (cons energy) i ChoG54, StuM54) e-! 0.017, 0.027, 0.035, 0.040 (JonM56, StuM54,
20.03 d (JonM56) i (ForB58) i daughter Cf 253 (ChoG54, {
others (FieP54, A i79.03 (MTW) ! MagL54) ¥ iBk X-rays, 0.387 (0.05%, ThornS54, HydE64)
ChoG54) complex), 0.429 (0.008%,
tl/2 (SF): _rci 300 (to Es 254m) i daughter Fm 253 (AmiS57) i doublet)
6.4 x 105 y (MetD65) i descendant Fm 257 (SikT65) i
7 x 105 y (JonM56)
others (FieP54,
Zs 254 480
276 d (SchurnR58,
(UniJ66) _ ia, (MHarW66)
no _-, lirn 3 x 10-4% Ai i chem,
JonM56)genet (HarvB55, a ii6.44
_/ Bk X-rays,
(93%) 0.063 (2.0%), 0.27 multiple
U 238, Pu
n-capt
239, from
Cm 244,
JonM56)
others (HarvB55) A i82.00 (MTW) Jon.M56)
iparent Bk 250 (HarvB55, ii doublet),
(0.12%, 0.39 (0.07%,0.31 (0.22%,
complex), Cf 252, Es 253 ' etc.
_c i<40 (GoldmDT64) (J'onM56, HarvB55,
tl/2 (SF) 7 x 105 y ] i not parent Fm 2_, lirn i complex) HydE64)
(MHarW65) i i 3 x 10-4% (MHarW66) e-i 0.011, 0.018, 0.030, 0.037
Cf250
i !daughter radiations from Bk 250,
Es 254m 39.3 h (UniJ6Z) %_ i_5- 99+%, EC 0.08% A i n-capt, chem, decay charac 15-! 1.13 max (25%), 0.43 max multiple n-capt from
others (FieP54, i (PhiL63) i (FieP54, ChoG54, e-! 0.020, 0.038 "U 238 Pu 239 Cm 244
JonM56, ChoG54) iothers (HarvB55) : HarvB55) Cf 25_- Es 25_ etc.
tl/2 (SF) >10 y A i82.10
. (MTW) i parent Fm 254 (gieP54, ¥ i Fm (38%,
X-rays,complex)
0.65 (31%), 0.69 ,
(FieP54, ,
ChoG54,
(gieP54) i i ChoG54) : 254 HydE64)
i i parent Cf 254 (HarvB55, i.daughter radiations from Fm

i , FieP56) i
Es 255 38.3 d (HairS66) %a i_,- 91.5%, a 8.5% B I chem, genet (ChoG54, a i 6.31 multiple n-capt from
others (GrouCR66, ! (GrouCR66) ] JonlV156) idaughter radiations from Frn 255, U 238, 1_ 239 Cm 244,
ChoG54) A 184 (MTW) !parent Fm 255 (ChoG54, [BkZ51]

MHarW66, JonM56, : i Cf252' Es25_ etc.
tl/2 (SF) >170 y : : DiaH60, FieP56,
(GrouCR66) i GhiA55a, HydE64)
! i i EZ55(n, ¥) (ChoG55,
Es 256 short (ChoG55) %_][_-] (ChoG55) F i (ChoG55) i

i
HydE64)
0.6 m genet (GhiA58) ,gti[4 (GhLA58) B igenet , chern (GhiA58) i puZ40(cIZ, 4n) (GhiA58)
I00Fm248 others (GuseL56)
A J72 (MTW) ! parent Cf 244 (OhiA58) i U238(O 16, 6n) (GuseL56]
GhiA67)
i daughter 102252 (MikV66a, i (HydE64)
i i i U238(O16 5n)
Fm 249 =2.5 m (PerelV59) %a ia (PerelV59) B igenet, exclt, decay charac a i 7.9
i (PerelV59) (PerelV59)
i[3-unstable (cons energy) ! Cf245 i
! (MTW) iparent (PerelV59) i
A 173.8 (MTW) i
i i
I
379
] Type of decay (_);
Isotope I % abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; i Major radiations: I Principal means
] Half-life (AIM-A), MeV (C'_=0); Genetic relationships approximate energies (MeV)
Z A ] Thermal neutron and intensities i of production
:_==:===_ __. cross section (O'), barns _I
100Fro 250 30 m (AmiS57a, %a a, EC ? (AmiS57a) B chem, excit (AttH54, ]¢ 7.44 i cfZ49( a, 3n) (AmiS57a)
AttH54) A 74.10 (MTW) AmiS57a) i !UZ38(O 16, 4n) (AttH54)
others (DoneE62) daughter 102254 (GhiA58, i (HydE64)
DoneE65, MikV66a, GhiA67)i
Fm 251 7h (AmiS57a) %_ EC =99%, a =1% B chem, excit (AmiS57a) tt 6.89 Cf249(a, 2n) (AmiS57a)
(AmiS57a) _' [Es X-rays]
A 76 (bITW) daughter radiations from Es 251
Fm 252 22.7 h (FrieA56) %a a (FrieA56) B ! chem, genet (FrieA56) a 7.05 Cf250-Z52(a, xn)
others (AmLS57a) p stable (cons energy) i chem, excit (AmlS57a) (FrieA56)
tl/2 (SF) >8 y (ForB58) i parent Cf 248 (FrieA56) CfZ49(ct, n) (ArniS 57a)
(FrieA56) A 76.84 (MTW) i daughter 102256 (DoneE64)
Frn 253 3 d (AmLS57) %a EC 89%, a 11% (AmiS57) B!chem (FieP56) a 6.96 (9%), 6.91 (2%) cfZbZ(a, 3n) (FrieA56,
>10 d (FrieA56) A 80 (MTW) i chem, genet (AmiSS7) daughter radiations from Es 253 AmiS57)
i parent Es 253 (AmiS57) ]
Fm 254 3.24 h (3onM56) %_ _ 99+%, SF 0.055% A i chem, genet (HarvB54, = 7.20 (82%), 7.16 (17%) daughter Es 254m
others (FieP54, (JonM56) ! ChoG54, FieP54, StuM54) (StuM54a, ChoG54,
. _ Cf L X-rays HydE64)
StuM54, ChoG54, 13 stable (cons energy) i daughter Es 254m (ChoG54,
HarvB54) (ForB58) e-i 0.019, 0.036

tl/2 (SF): A 80.93 (MTW) i FieP54) i
246 d (JonM56) i not daughter Es 254, lira I i
220 d (FieP54) } 3 x 10-4% (MHarW66) I i

200 d (ChoG54) i parent Cf 250 (PhiL63)
Fm 255 20.1 h (AsaF64) %_ a (ChoG54) B! chem, genet (ChoG54) a 7.03 (93%) daughter Es 255 (ChoG54,
others (JonM56, _ stable (cons energy) JonM56, HydE64)
ChoG54) (ForB58) daughter Es 255 {ChoG54, ¥ Cf L X-rays, 0.059 (0.9%,
JonM56) doublet), 0.081 ( 1.1%, doublet)
tl/2 (SF): A 183.82 (MTW) daughter Md 255 (PhiL58) pe 0.032, 0.05-0.07

1 x 104 y (PhiL63)
, others (HydE57) i I
Fm 256 Z.Yh (PhiL58, SikT65_ %aiSF 97%, a 3% (SikT65) B:: chem, decay charac (ChoG55) SF!fission fragments, neutrons, EsZ55(n,Y)[Es256](_ -)
others (ChoG55) !_ stable (cons energy) Md256 Y rays, electrons daughter (ChoG55, HydE64)
i (ForB58) daughter (PhiL58) radiations ' daughter Md 256 (PhiL58,
A 185.44 (MTW) a 6.86 SikT65)
Fm 257 80 d (SikT65) %_ i_ (HulE64) B ichem , [genet], excit a 6.53 (94%) multiple n-capt from
79 d (HulE64) 188.6 (MTW) i[parent Cf253], not parent _ Cf X-rays, 0.180 (8%), 0.242 Pu 242 Am 243, Cm 244
94 d (GrouCR66) A ....
others (AsaF66b) : Cf 254 (HulE64) (10%) etc. (HulE64, AsaF66b)
tl/2 (SF) 100y ancestor Es 253, daughter e-i0.037 , 0.045, 0.055, 0.106
(HulE64) : Md 257 {SikT65) daughter radiations from Cf 253,
] 94 y (AsaF66b) : Es253
I others (GrouCR66) i
Fm 2587 =II d {GatR63) %' iSF (GatR63) G chem, decay charac {GatR63) multiple n-capt from
_Z h (GrouCR66) activity not observed Cm 244 (GatR63)
i (GrouCR66)
101Md z55 0.6 h (SikT65) %* _EC 90%, a 10% (SikT65) B chem, genet (PhiL58) a 7.34 EsZ53(a, 2n) {PhiL58)
=0.5 h (PhiL58) A 84.4 (MTW) parent Fm 255 (PhiL58) daughter radiations from Fm 255 B II, C 12, C 13 on Cf 252
(SikT65)
Md 256 1.5 h (PhiL58, SikT65) %* EC 97%, a 3% (SikT65) B them (GhiA55) a 7.18 EsZ53(a,n) (GhiA55)
others (GhiA55) A 86.9 (MTW) chem, genet (PhiL58) daughter radiations from Fm 256 B II, C 12, C 13 on Cf 252
parent Fm 256 (PhiL58) (SikT65)
Md257 I3 h
(SikT65)l %aAiEC
=g2%,891im(MTW)10%
a=8%,(SikT65)noSF,D ehem,parent(SikT65)exeit,Frn
257 decay
charae(SikT65) a 7.25?, 7.08 B II
,(SikT65)
c12' C13 °n Cf252
102251 0.8 s (GhiA67) %_ !a (GhiA67) E excit, decay charac, cross a 8.68 ? (20%), 8.58 (80%) Cm244(C12, 5n)
' bomb (GhiA 67) (GhiA67)
2.1 s (GhiA67) T ia =70%, SF = 30% C excit, decay charac (GhiA59) a !8.41 CmZ44(C12,4n) (GhiA67,
5 s (MikV66a) i (GhiA59) excit, genet, cross bomb, GhiA59)
3 s (GhiA58, GhiA59) ia (MikV66a) decay charac {MikV66a, Cm244(C 13, 5n) (GhiA67)
A i83 (LHP, MTW) GhiA67) puZ39(O 18 5n) (MikV66a)

parent Fm 248 (MikV66a,
GhiA67)
formerly assigned to 102254

(GhiA58, GhiA59)
38O
I i Type of decay (a_); I
% abundance; Mass excess Class; Identification; Major radiations: i

Isotope _ Half-life (A_M-A), MeV (C'==0); approximate energies (MeV) I Principal means
Z A 1 Thermal neutron Genetic relationships and intensities of production
1022531
t i ! i cm2 cc13
' 95 s (MikV66a) ,iY ! a (MikV66a, GhiA67) C excit,(blikY66a)cross
bomb, genet a il 8.02 Gm246(C 12'
4n),sn)
i 100 s (GhiA67) r A ! 84 (LHP, MTW) i excit, cross bomb, genet i (GhiA67) '
: i (GhiA67) i pu242 (O 16 5n)

I ] parent Fm 249 (MikV66a, i ' '
i GhiA67) i i pu239(O 18, 4n)
" ! i I i (MikV66a)
{OhiA67,
102254 55 s (GhiA67) *# "ia (ZagB65, GhiA67, C i genet (GhiA58, GhiA59) a i 8.10 Cm246(C
GhiA58, 12,GhiA59)
4n)
50 ss (MikV66a)
75 (DubG66) a i MikV66a)
{no SF, lira 0.06% {i excit,
genet, excit
decay (DoneE65) cross
charac, II !i I Cm246(C13, 5n)
others (DoneE65, i (FleG66) i bomb (MikV66a, GhiA67) i i Cm244(C13 3n)
ZagB65) A _84.8 (LHP, MTW) i parent Fm 250 (GhiA58, i GhiA67)
i GhiA59, DoneE65, MikV66a, _ pu242(O16 4n)
i GhiA67) i (MikV66a)
( DoneE65, ZagB65,
i AmMikV66)
243 (N 15, 4n)
i U238(Ne 22, 6n)
i (DoneE65)
i Cm246 (C 13 4n)
102255 180 s (DubG66, GhiA67)i%_ia (AkaGN66, DubG66, CI excit, cross bomb, decay ] al 8.11 , ,
12 m (AkaGN66) ! GhiA67) '.' charac (AkaGN66) i CmZ48(C 12 5n)
A i 87 (LHP, MTW) i excit, cross bomb, decay i ! (GhiA67) '
i ! i i charac (VubG66' GhiA67) i U238(Ne(O 22

,puZ42 18' 5n)
(VubG6615n)
• a (AkaGN66, DubG66)
102256 [ 2.7 s (GhiA67) %_ia
i (DoneE64, AkaGN66, Ci genet, excit (DoneE64) : i 8.43 Cm248(C12, 4n)
6 s (AkaGN66) i GhiA67) i excit, cross bomb, decay i Cm248(C 13, 5n),
i 9 s (DubG66) _SF 0.5% (KuzV65) i charac (DubG66, GhiA67) i Cm246(C13 3n)
8 s (KuzV65, DoneE64) A 87.83 (LHP, MTW) (GhiA67)
• i parent Fm 252 (DoneE64) i pu242(O18, 4n) (KuzV65)
i
i
!chem (?) (ChubY66)
ii i
u23822,4n,
e '
102257 ]20 s (GhiA671 _ia (GhiA671 E i excit, cross bomb, decay ai 8.27 150%), 8.23 ? 150%) cmZ48(C13,4n), "
" A i90 (LHP, MTW) i charac (GhiA61, GhiA67) i Cm248(C 12, 3n)
(GhiA67)
', ] B 10 B 11 Cf250-252
I , on
i i i . (GhiA61)
I i Am243 (O18 5n)
103Lw 256 ' =45 s (DubG66) %'i a, EC (?) (DubO66) Fi excit (DubG66) I (DubGS6)'
258,! i E ] cross bomb, excit decay I al 8.6 B I0, B II on Cf 250-252

103Lw 259 8 s (GhiA61) %_ i a (GhiA61) i charac (GhiA61, GhiA67a) I i (GhiA61)
i i] formerly assigned to Lw 257 ' !i
i : (GhiA6 I)
104260 0.3 s (FIeG64) *t iSF (FIeG64) Ei excit, cross bomb (FIeG64) i puZ42(NeZZ'4n)
ino a, lira 50% (DruV66) i chern (?) (ZvaI66) i (FIeG64)
i ii
'
_ i
i i i i
L i
I i
I!
381
Table II
Detailed nuclear level properties

Spin - moments - alpha, beta, and gamma radiation data (energies, intensities,
internal conversion coefficients, spectroscopic methods, angular distributions) -
decay schemes
382
,(2. ,z.3y .8-
1/2+
lOO%,,_ 2He
Q_- 0.01861 ca.lc
(MTW)
3'H {12.3 y):
I: I/2 atomic spect; _: +2.97885 NMR (LindgI64)

_-: 0.0186 mag spect (PortF59)
others (LangeL52, CurrS49, HamiD53a, HannG49)
':c
/- ,,
7N
100% 9.o
O_- O. 1561 calc

(MTW)
14C (5730 y):

I: 0 atomic spect, microwave (LindgI64)
_-; 0.1S$ mag spect (FelL49a, WarsS50, ForH54); ion ch (AngJ49)

0.156 (CookCS48d); 0.154 (LevyP47); 0.159 (PohASS);'mag s pect
others (MolA54)
V: no cony, mag spect conv (LevyP47); no V (RubeS4|)
3+ 2.60 y
41" I
,e, /2z..
Sps,2+ , ,,,,_ llNa
o+ HI
•
/ \ "_ _ p+ 90% ;'.4
13 0.05% 13
22
• loNe QEC 2.843
(MTW)
22,Na, (2.60 y):
I: 3, _: +1.746 atomic beam (IAndgI64)
P+: P2 0.545 (DaniH58a); 0.543 (HamiJ58a); 0.542 (MackP50a); 0.540 (WonC54);

mag spect
_1 1.83 (t 0.06), P2 0.S40 (t 100) mag spect (WriB53)
others (GooW46, MorgK49, LeuH61, BranW64a, CharP65)
V: V| 1.2746 semicond spect (RobiR65)
'%'1 (e/V 6.7 x 10-%(NakY63, LeamR54)

others (MarlK65, SinP59, AlbuD49, AjzF55, GooW46)
_(0): (GrabZ65, DaniH60a, SubB6|b, StevDS], Mulll-165)

_Npolariz(0): (StefK59, BIOS62, AppH59, BhaS65, SchoH5_
383
04-
I
24
izMg
24rn
Na (0.020 s):
13-: 6 scint spect (DroB56)
`/ with IT: 0.472 scint spect (DroB56, SchaA61)
others (GlagV6], AlexKF60, GlagV59, AlexKF63)
24
Na (15.0 h):
l: 4, it: +1.69 atomic beam (LindgI64)
_-: _2 i.389 (DepP61, DepP61a, DaniH58a); 1.394 (PortF57, BeeH65);

1.390 (SiegK46b, SiegK47); mag spect
_! 4.17 (0.003%), no 5.5 [_-, mag spect (TurJS1)
others (LawJL39, DHaaE55a, GranP50a)
'/: `/1 1.36853, "/2 2.7539 mag spect (MurG65)
`/3 3.85 (0.09%), `/4 4.23 (0.0015%) mag spect (ArtaK60)
`/1 (t`/100, `/2 (r`/102) mag spect (DzhB56f)

`/2 (e/`/ 3 x 10 -6) (SiegK50b)
`/1 (e+/`/ 6 x 10-5), "/2 (e+/`/ 7.1 x 10-_ pair spect conv (BloS52)
`/1 (e+/`/ 3 x 10-5), `/2 (e+/`/ 8 x 10-_ pair spect cony (SiegK52)
`/1 (e+/`/ 4 x 10-5), `/2 (e+/`/ 7 × 10-_ `/`/+¥+ coinc (SpriE65a)

others (HedA52, SiegK46b, MonaJ62a, GouP63, GustL58, KinB53.
KnoJ59, WolfsJS0, RobiJ49, ElliL43, BegL51, Tur551)
`/`/(0): (BradES0, CharGS0) `/`/polariz(0): (EstI56)

_`/(0): (GarwR49, AlleR50, BeysJ50a)
_`/polariz(0): (BIOS64, StefR59, BoeF58, MayT59, HaaE63, BIOS62)
32p (14.3 d):
I: 1, _: -0.2523 ESR (LindgI64)

13-: 1.708 (NicR61); 1.711 (PortF57); 1.712 (ChinC62, PohA56, AttH54,
SiegK46b); 1.705 (DaniH58a, FehD61); mag spect
others (5ohnO58, ThomRH65, DepP61a, CoroE60, 5ensE52, ArbE56,
DaniH54, LangeL49, WarsS50a, AgnH50, MotH52, ShelRSla, CharP65)
`/: no `/, lira 0.01%, scint spect (GooM53)
384
3(2, 88d _-
35S * _-/_3/2+
16-- ioo%
,.O / 35
• 27CI
QI3- 0.1674 (MTW)
35"S (88 d):
I: 3/2, _: *1.00, q: +0.05 microwave (LhtdgI64)

_-: 0.1674 (ConnR57); 0.1670 (LangeL50a); mag spect
others (HelIRSI, FeuL54, GrossLS0, CocA49, AlbeR48)
_-polariz: (LangeH5 8)
£C,
1.26x 109y
2+ 1.46o_ _+ 4
K \fl-
.i<\11%,, 89%
,, o+ ,
40
40 ^ \°+0.00,0%
[zc2o.2%1 =;co
le ,_r c_1o
%-,._1,
QEC 1.505 calc
(MTW)
40
K (1.26 x 109 y):
I: 4 atomic beam; FL: --1.2981 atomic beam; 1.2978 NMR; q: -0.09 opt
double res (Lindg164)
_-: 1.33 (FelL52); 1.36 (AlbuD50a); mag spect

1.32 (KonoS55); 1.35 (KelIWHS_; 1.36 (BellPS0a) scint spect
others (MarsJH53, GooML51b, DzhB46)
p+: 0.49 (p+/_- 1.I x 10 -5) 13+_*V± coinc (EngeD62)
_/with EC: _/1 1.460 scint spect (RobiB64)
¥1 1.46 (_//13-
0.]23) scint spect, ion ch (]_NaiA56)
others (BellP50b, GooML51, HofsR50, PriRS0)
EC(K)/13- 0.14 ion ch (SawG50)
z/z-1.83 h
leAr
41 __c _'!.7o
,/2,7/=+_._ ,.._z=,
0.05% 7.7" \ " , 1.58-1.56
_-7--
99.2% 5.o_ %7/2- "-,? 1"2936.6ns
%- 2.491 \
(]/2+.9. lj_j 0.9.___.L
(PauH64, MarlK65)
/ 13/2+
0.78% 8.5" I I
41
19K
41
Ar (1.83h):
13-: 132 1.198 mag speet (PauH64)
151 2.49 (0.78%), _2 1.20 (99+%) mag spect (KartG61)
others (SchwaA56, BrowHS0)
¥: ¥1 !.293 scint spect (MarlK65)

¥1 1.290 (e/'/ 7 x 10 -5) mag spect cony (KartG61)
V1 (_¥100), ¥2 1.66 5 (L/0.05) scint spect, VV coinc (PraW65)

vi (tvv/tv<6 x i0- ) vv coinc (AIvT62)
others (SchwaA56, mluJ55)
13_/(0):(BoeF60a) _Vpolariz(O): (BIOS62, ChabM62, MayT60,
BIOS60)
385
42K (12.4 h):
I: 2, _: -1.141 atomic beam (LindgI64)
_5-: (31 3.52 mag spect (DaniH64a)

_513.55, _2 1.99, 0.5 ? (=1%)(PohA56)
f31 3.56 (82%), P2 1.97 (18%) mag spect, p'¢ coinc (KoerL54a)
others (SiegK47c, CharP65)
Y: Y5 1.524 scint speet (MarlK64)

Y5 (Y 18%) 13Ycoinc (PersB62)
YI 0.31 (tyl.l), Y2 0.60 (TyO. l), "/3 0.90 (tyO. 1), Y4 1.02 (TyO. l),
Y5 1.52 (TylO0), Y7 i.92 (TyO.3_, Y8 2.44 (TyO.2) scint spect, YY
coinc (M CulJ61 )
YJ 0.301 (te_10), Y6 !.83 (te-lO , e±/e - 9) mag spect conv (BencN61)
others (PohA56, SiegK47c, Maek559, KahB53, EmeE55a, CapU54,
GatC60)
¥'Y(0): (AspI59, AspI59a, MoriH59a)

_¥(0): (StefR6], StevD5]a, BeysJS0a, HamiD53)
_Ypolariz(0): (DaniH61, DSaiP64, HarolD53)
165d (7/2-) _- 3'2

O.Ol,S
45 /z_. ,7/2-": "| o 0.30s
2o0O o.oo_%
,._., ,
,oo_,
_.o/ 45_
o. 21_C
Q_- 0.252 eale (MTW)
45 Ca (165 d):
_-: 0.254 mag spect (MackP50a)
0.255 scint spect (KetBS0b)
0.261 mag spect (MargL53a)
0.258 rnag spect (FreeM65)
¥: 0.0125 (K 1.4 x 10-5%) a-nag spect cony (FreeM65)

386
7/2-
27.8d
0.2ns s/z- _ °.319aP/_ 9% s.9

°,
24Cr
51Or (27.8 d):

I: 7/2 atomic beam (LindgI64)
"V: Y1 0.3198 semicond spect (RobiR65)

V 1 0.325 (V 9%), 0.320 (V 0.001%), 0.65 ('l0.000590) scint spect, ¥'¢ coine
(Ores5 7b)
V 1 0.325 (eK/V 0.0015) mag spect, mag spect conv (OFriZ56)
_/1 ('/ 2190, eK/_/ 0.0015) scint spect, mag spect conv (MaeD52)
_/I (Y 9.890, eK/V 0.0016) scint spect, mag spect conv (BunkM55)
Vl (e/V 0.0031) mag spect, mag spect conv (EstI55)
¥1 ('Y8%) scint spect (VKooJ56); scint spect, X'Y coinc (LyoW52)
"/1 ('/9.890), 0.624 ('/0.026%) scint spect (BisA55c)

0.15 (V 0.000890), 0.32 (V 0.001090), Y1 0.323, 0.47 (Y 0.000390), 0.63 ?
(very weak) scint spect, ¥¥ coinc, ¥'/ sum coinc (MathG63)
others (KerB49, BradI-145b, NusR53c, KuriF48, CurrS52, MilIL46.
DhiK65)
EC(L)/EC(K) 0.103 (FasU62, HeuW64)

others (KonsA61)
EC decay to 0.320 level of51V: EC(L)/EC(K) 0.104 (HeuW64)

nucl align: (KapM61)
0.77 level of51Cr : t]/2 ].] x 10-8 s delay coinc (BaueR63)
3+
303d
/
EC//gMn
I 2 ps 2+ 0"8353#_'_'_ 100% 6.1
Q_- 0.69 calc

(MTW)
0+ HI f QEC 1.379 calc

54
=4Cr
54
Mn (303 d)"
I: 3, _: *3.3 nucl align (L£ndgI64)
"Y: YI 0.8355 (ParsD65); 0.8350 (RobiR65); semicond spect

"¢1 (e/'¢ 0.00025) mag spect, mag speet cony (HamiJ66)
"YI0.838 (K/L 8) mag spect conv (KatoT58)

no other Y, lim 0.1% (KatoT58)
others (WilsRR63, RaoG63b, MaeD54a, DeuM44)
nucl align: (BaueR60b, GracM54)

EC(L)/EC(K): 0.106 ion ch (ManduC63)
0. I0 ion ch (MolR63)
EC(L+M+...)/EC(K): 1.1 ion ch (KraP62)
EC 3{2- 2.6 y
s/2-
55
_ 00% z6Fe
55
,aMn QEC 0.232 calc (JohnCH64)
0.231 calc (MTW)
55
Fe (2.6 y):
internal bremsstrahlung endpoint: 0.23 (EmmW543)
0.22 (MadaL54)
0.21 (MicA53, BellP52, MaeD513,
MaeD5])
others (BolP53)
EC(L)/EC(K): 0.106 ion ch (ManduC62, MolR63)

0.108 ion ch (ScoJ59)
387
Q_- 3.702 calc , 2.085 I

(M Tw)
53% _3 0.8469
7ps
O+
::Fe
56Mn (2.576 h):
I: 3, _: +3.2403 atomic beam (Lindg164)
@-: Pl 2.84 (47%), _2 1.03 (34%), _3 0.72 (18%), _4 0.30 (1%o) mag spect
(HowD62a)
_l 2.86 (60%), P2 1.05 (25%), _3 0.75 (15%) mag spect (ElliL43a)
_l 2.81 (50%), _2 1.04 (30%), P3 0.65 (20%) mag spect (SiegK46a)
others (TownA4|, VasiSS6], CharP65)
Y: `/1 0.8468, "/2 1.811, `/3 2.110 cryst spect (ReidyE65)
`/1 0.845 (t`/lO0), `/2 1.81 (t_30), `/3 2.12 (t`/15.3), "/4 2.52 (_`/1.2),
`/5 2.65 (t`/0.7), `/6 2.95 (t`/0.4), `/7 3.39 (t`/0.21) scint spect
(CookCS58)
`/2 (e±/`/ 0.0006), `/3 (e*/7 0.0005) mag spect cony (SIaH52)
others (DagP59, GroshL57a, KieP59, Bieff64a, LeviN58, ElliL43a,
SiegK46a, MunM55, KikS42, GermE53, MetF53c)
7`/(0): (DagP59, LeviN58, MetF53c, MaliS59)
_`/(0), _`/polariz(0): (LobV62) nucl align: (DagP59, BaueR60a)
0.026 level of S&Mn: t]/2 ].]4 x ]0-8 s delay eoine (DToiS6I)

].04 x 10-8 s delay coinc (BoniM64)
others (DAngN60)
0.109 level of 56Mn: t]/2 5.1 x ]0 -9 s delay colnc (DToiS6], BoniM64)

others (DAngN60)
388
__,_.7.#__ 7/ 2-
_"_'_?.? _ 270 d
S/2-
_+ .7 27C0
.'o'.',,. E_ 57
' 0.18% 7.6
_. _. % _ / (MTW, JohnCH64)
3/2- ". '% ". _.,_" 0.3668 /
-- ' TTT-:<-; A
III .+_ _
II ,L ,_:_" e
/ \ "..8% _.,,
./
'32-
-e-I I-L,I!_ IJ,_P"o.13,32re.e
oo,,3,-:. ns
57
_6Fe
57 Co (270 d):
I: 7/2, .: *4.85 ESR (Lindg164)
Y: Y I 0.01439 mag spect cony (MehW63)
Y] 0.01437 (?K43, K/L 8.9), Y2 0.12194 (_KI.00, K/L+M+... 6._, Y3 0.13631 (fK0.85, K/L+M+... 8.2) mag spect cony (BenJS7a, BellJ56, BellJ55, BellJ57)
Y] (Y 8.4%), Y2 (Y 85%), Y3 (Y 11%), Y4 0.231 (Y 0.0005%), Y5 0.3397 (Y 0.0048%o), Y6 0.3524 (Y 0.0037%), Y7 0.3667 (v 0.0007%), Y8 0.5703 (Y 0.014%),
¥9 0.6921 (¥ 0.16%o), YI0 0.7068 (Y 0.0067%0) semlcond spect (SproG65)
Y1 (e/Y 9.0), Y2' Y3 (_'Y(_/2)/I"Y(Y3) 8.0), Y4 0.230 (_/ 0.0005%), ¥5 0.3397 (Y 0.0042%o), Y6 0.3525 (Y 0.0032%o), Y7 0.3668 (Y 0.0006%o), Y8 0.5700 (Y 0.013%), Y9
0.6_21 (_ 0.14%o), Y10 0.7064 (Y 0.0057%) semicond spect, YY colnc (KisO65a)
Y2 (_,/87), "{3 (ty10.5), Y4 0.230 (_'y-<0.0004), _ Y5 0.340 (_y0.0025), Y6 0.353 (ty0.0017), Y7 0.367 (fy0.0006), Y8 0.570 (ty0.014), Y9 0.693 (_y0.16), Yi0 0.707
(_¥0.00481 semicond spect (Math J651
Y] (e/Y 9.0) Mossbauer (NusR65); (e/Y 101 ion ch, scint spect (ThomH63); (e/Y 15) ion ch, scint spect (LemH55); (eK/Y 8.4, K/L+M+... 9) ion ch, scint spect
(MuiA63)
_/] 0.01441 (K/LI/LII+III ] 10/]0/0.9) mag speet cony (EwaG60a)
Y2 (ty100, e/Y 0.01), Y3 (ty7, e/_ 0. I) mag spect conv, scint spect (AlbuD54b)
others (ChupE58, GorkJ55, GrasB55, MadaL55, FergJ59, FieN62, GracM56 , E11iL43a, PleE42, DeuM50)
YY(0): (LindqT5 7b)
57
EC decay to 0.136 level of Fe: EC(L)/EG(K) 0.10 (MolR631
others (KraP62, MoussA56)
1.4_ level of 57Co : t]/2 ].0 x ]0-9 s delay coinc (NaiT6])

<3 x I0 -I0 s delay coinc (VFabC62)
" " _ _ 1 57
26 r: \ \/_T I °'<++' ,.2,2

\///k ,I, _ i,i,,
,.,%,,._,/// _,(;/'_.
I I' ,.o.
;:;{4 T
/
QO- 1.573 (MTW) A " I
59
_,-rCo
59
Fe (45 d):
I: 3/2 atomic beam (L_ndgI64)
_-: _! i.573 (0.30%), _2 0.475 (51%), _3 0.273 (48%) mag spect (WorD63)
[51 1.56 (0.3%), _2 0.462 (54%), _3 0.271 (46%) mag spect (MetF52b)
others (BereD60, BrowD52, DeuM42a)
¥: YI 0.1430, ¥2 0.1_25, Y4 1.095, Y5 i.292 semicond spect (PruS65a)
YI 1.145 ('Y0.8%), Y2 0.192 (Y 2.5%), Y3 0.34 (Y 0.3%), "{4 1.10 ('¢ 56%),
Y5 1.29 (Y 44%) scint spect, YY coinc (HeaR60)
Y] (Y 0.8%), Y2 (Y 2.8%), Y3 (Y 0.7%), Y4 ('Y56%, e/Y 0.000141, Y5 ('Y43%,

e/Y 0.00011) scint spect, mag spect conv (CollW64a)
others (FergJ59a, WorD63, BereD60, MetF52b, HedA50, DzhB56g,
SubB60a, KantM62)
YY(O): (HeaR60, SchifD53, BereD63a) _Y(0): (FusE60)

_Ypolariz(O): (GollW64a, MannL65, ForH60, MannL62a, KneU65)
389
5.26y ._4,_
0 p\X .____._._;.
99+%"'_ ;<, \ I ,,;.,,,.I°+l '.=,,
0.013% /Z., "/_ "__l_.__ 1 _ _" 2.1S8
, 0.7p 1.33zs
Qj_- 2.819
(MTW)
60..
281%11
6%u (5.26 y):
I: 5, I-'.: *3.75 ESR (LindgI64)
_-: _2 0.319 (KarnaK58); 0.309 (BolG54); 0.318 (WagM50); 0.306 (FanC52),

0.314 (KeiG54); mag spect
PI 1.48 (0.12%) (CareD61); !.48 (0.010%) (Wolis356); 1.48 (0.15%)
(KeiG54); mag spect
others (DeuM45, BonhF59, YosY53, MillL47)
_: YI 1.17323, "/2 1.33248 mag spect, mag spect cony (MurG65)
Y1 (eK/Y 0.000165) mag spect, mag spect cony (FreyW62)

Y! (eK/Y 0.000173), Y2 (eK/Y 0.000129) mag spect cony (WagMS0,
WagM50a)
YI (eK/'/ 0.000150, K/L¢M+... 9.1), Y2 (eK/Y 0.000116, K/L+M+...
9.1) mag spect cony (KarnaK58)
YI (eK/Y 0.000173), Y2 (eK/Y 0.000124) mag spect cony (FanC52)
YI + Y2 (e±/Y 0.004) y±y:e coinc (LanghH61a)

Y3 2.158 (Y 0.0012%) mag spect (Wolfsff56)
2.5 (=0.00004%) D-Y-n (MoriH59)
others (AvoM58, LindsG53, HornW49, KlemE53, AepH52a, ChatS53,
LawffS53, LemH54, WieT54, ColoS55, DzhBS], SiegKS0a)
Y¥(0): (Garg360, BradE50, KloR52, ChatS53, KlemE53, LawffS53, WieT54)
YYpolariz(0): (MetFS0, WilIiAH50, KIoR52)

[3Y(0): (DaniH60a, LobV62b, GarwR49, AlleR50, Beysff50a, NoveT50,
SinW51 )
[_Ypolariz(0): (3agP60, BIOS62, AppH59, LobV59, StefR59, PagL58,
BhaS65, DebP57, LunA57, SchoH57)
nucl align: (SamB61, LeviM60, DaniJ61, GracM59, KogA58, BisG52,
DaniJ52)
92y I'('-I .8- ,/,

63 : -_ "
'sN'100% 6. ;/ . llOu
Qp- 0.067 (MTW)
63
Ni (92 y):
[3-: 0.067 ion ch (Prei157, BrosASl), scint spect (HorrD62)
0.062 electrostatic analyzer (KobY53a)
0.073 abs, ion ch (MEwaJ59)
0.063 ion ch (WilsH49)
N: no _ (WilsH49, BrosASI)
390
..,. ,,+ , 12.8h
0.7 ps 2+ 1._ _-
\ o, o 5.3 ,,
O+ 0 19% 5,0
EC 43% °
64 •
zaNl
Q_- 0.573
QEC 1.678
(M"rw)
64Cu (12.8 h):
I: 1, _t: _0.2|6 atomic beam (LindgI64)

is-: 0.571 (CookCS48, OweG49); 0.578 (TylA39); 0.574 (TownA41): mag spect
others (BradH46a, BouR49, LangeL49b, SchmW59)
is+: 0.657 (CookCS48, OweG49); 0.659 (TylA39); 0.649 (TownA41); mag spect
others (BradH46a, BouR49, SchmW59, PlaE51)
V: 1.34 mag spect (KuriF48)
1.32 (V,/ is
+ 0.028) scint spect (SchmW59)
1.35 (V/IS + 0.025) mag spect (Deu/VI47)
!.35 (V/IS* 0.041) mag spect (AjzF56, DzhB53)
1.34 (eK/V 0.000]3) mag spect cony (BrowD52)
others (VIaH52, KubH50, MeyW48, MerSbl, HubeO49, BouR50)
is-polariz: (VisM57) V±V±(0): (HannS57)
"" "" SbZno 245d

EC,,8 +
Us- 0.09 ps
QEC 1.349 calc (MTW)
1.353 calc (/ohnCH64)
/2- 1.7% 7.4

EC 49%
65
zgCu
65'Zn, (245 d):
I: 5/2, _: +0.7692, q: -0.024 opt double res (ByrF64)

is+: 0.325 (MannK49, BashA53b, PerkJ53); 0.327 (SakM53); 0.320 (YuaT53); 0.324
(AviP56); mag spect
V: V1 1.1156 semicond spect (RobiR65)

V1 (eK/V 0.00017) mag spect, rnag spect cony (Hami366)
Vl (e/V 0.00018) mag spect, mag spect conv (AjzF56, SakM53,
BashA535, BouR53, ShimS62)
V i (4990) (RiccR60b); (519o)(Olea59); (4490)(rurS51); (4890) (SehR54)
scint spect, VV ±, VX coinc
others (MarIK65, SinP59, MannK49, HedAb0, Waglvib0a, GooMLbI,
JohaK56, AjzF56, BashA53a, SehR54, PerkJ53, JensE49, StuE54,
MaeD54, DzhB56d, BouR52, PerrN53, GrifG51)
EC to 1.115 level of65Cu': EC(L)/EC(K) 0.12 (SanAG62)

EC(L+M+...)/EC(K) 0.16 (KraP62)
0.054 level of65ZD:, t]/2 ].65 x ]0 -6 s delay coinc (AugL60)

391
4.4 I/1- 0.3050
10.76 y_ -*
3sKr 0.98
0.41% 9.3
0.7 ns
99.6% 9/
%- 0.67 eSRb
37
(M T'W')
85 Kr (10.76 y):
I: 9/2' _: -1.004, q: +0.45 atomic spect (LindgI64)

_-: _1 0.67 mag spect (ThuS55, BergI52)
_1 0.69 (99+%), _2 0.15 (0.6%) mag spect, _N coinc abs (ZelHS0)

¥: ¥1 0.517 stint spect (ThuS55)
YI (_ 0.41%) stint spect (EasT64)
_! 0.5]4 (Y 0.38%) stint spect (LyoW6})

others (GeiKW61, NakI60, ZelH50)
85m Kr (4.4 h):
_-: 0.82 mag spect (ThuS55)

O.83mag spect (Berg!52, Berg!5])
_/: 0.149S (with _-, _¥57, eK/N 0.040), 0.3050 (with IT, _y|0, eK/Y
0.4], K/L+M+... 6) mag spect conv, stint spect (BergI5!,
BergI52, Berg!54, ThuS55, BergI50a)
18.66 d
/9-
37Rb
s.8_o r._' 1.0ps
Qp- 1.78
QEC 0.54 calc
(MTW)
91.2% 8.S
Rb (18.66 d):
I: 2, _: -l.691 atomic beam (LindgI64)
p-: p] |.78 mag spect (average of MacqP54, LabJ56, ZafD48a,

AjzF56, DMitA54, MoreaJ52, MackPS!, PohA54, CaiR54,
BerlE56, DaniH64a)
_2 0.71 mag spect, _N coinc (average of MacqP54, CaiR54,
PohA54, DMitA54, AjzF56, ZafD48a, MackPS], MueHS0,
MandeCS0, LabJ56, BerlE56, RobiR58a)
others (ThomRH65)
N: N! 1.077 mag spect (HarpJ63)
¥1 (Y 8.8%) stint spect, _Y coinc (SranHW62)

'others (PohA54, MueHS0, ZafD48a, LyoW54a, EmeE55a, .
DMitA54, AjzF56, MarcqP54, CamP60, MariE65, GupU65)
_/(O): (Hami361, DeuJ6], MartiB65, SimmP65, A/be3E63, FiscH60,
StevD5 |, MacqP54)
_Npolariz(0): (BoeF63a, DaniH6], SimmP65, RogeJ62, DaniH6|,
BoeF58a, HarolD53, KneUbSa)
i
392
5/2+ 0
52d
QI3-1"463 (MTW)585r 0.009%

99+% ,_i _IIT
0"91
o 16S
89
89St (52 d):
_-" 1.463 (LangeL49); ].462 (BisA55d); mag spect

others (SlaL49a, l%alW47)
"/: no ¥ (NoveT51, StewD37, StewD39)
0.913 (with 89m'y) (HerrinG56, LyoW55b, SatA62)
89m y (16 s):
¥: Y! 0.908 seint speet (VPatD64); 0.913 scint speet (SatA62); mag speet
cony (ShoF51) ; 0.915 scint spect (MonaS61, HamiJ60)
_/I (e/Y 0.01) mag spect cony, scint spect (ShuK51, GoldhM51)
YI' (K/L+M+... 7) mag spect conv (BendW52)

others (HydE51)
28Jy
100% 9.
- 0
Q_- o.s_s 64h 903g

Y o+ t75 62 ns
(DaniH64a) 0.02% 9 3
O_- 2.27 (LHP)
99+% 8.0 0
90 Sr (28.1 y):
_-: 0.546 mag spect (DaniH64a)

others (BerlE56, NaiT56, LagLS0, MeyW48a, BradC49)
Y: no Y abs (GIeL51 c)
90 y (6 4 h):
.h 2, _: -0.163 atomic beam (LindgI64)

_-: 2.268 (AndrS64, 3ohnO58), 2.271 (NicR61), 2.284 (DaniH64a),
2.273 (LangeL64a) mag spect
others (YuaT57b, BerlE56, LangeL49, MajJ52, JohnO55, BradC49,
Las LS0, NaiT56)
Y: Y1 1.734 (e- 0.016%, e-/Y > 30, e±/e - 3) mag spect conv, scint
spect (YuaT56a, YuaT57a)
"¢1 1.75 (e- 0.5_0, e/'lvery large) mag spect conv (JohnO55)
Vl (_¥Y/Te- <0.0006) mag spect conv (RydH63b)
others (GoroS61a, GoroS61f, LanghH61, AlbuD58, RydH61,
DeuA457, GreeJ56)
393
65 d s/2+
•,_._Y o.7s6
Qp-].121 90h_l(z-_ I | o.2_s

INzr
BSd (9/2-+t-
1H _ _ _- ,# _ .
o.76s
'r'-_.
° \ :/ .0,-,--
,o.o,,%:,o.,\,,,. T, ,-,,t °
95
42Mo
95 Zr (65 d):
13-: [320.89 (2%), [330.396 (55%), [340.360 (43%) rnag spect (DrabG55)
_2 0.88 (3%), _3 0.396 (43%), [330.364 (54%) rnag spect (MitP54)
_1 1.13(0.4%), P20"90 (0.9%), _3 0.40 (34%), _40"36 (53%), 0.25

(11%) mag spect (ZarP54)
others (CorkJ53b, $1aH53, S1aH52a, NedV51, ShpV51b)
Y: YI 0.722 (eK/Y 0.0014), _'2 0.754 (eK/¥ 0.0011) mag spect cony
! (M itP54)
NI 0.723, '/2 0.756 mag spect conv (ZarP54, AjzF56)
Y1 0.726 (eK/Y 0.0013, K/L 9), ¥2 0.760 (eK/¥ 0.0018, K/L 6) mag
spect conv (DrabG55)
others (Cork,T53b, $1aH53, RohR55, SlaH52a, VG[N60a)
[3_(0) : (MitP54)
[5_polariz(0): (AppH59, MannL62, ColiW65, AppH57)
95 Nb (35 d):
13-: 1310.924 (-<0.075%), 1320.1597 (100%) mag spect (LangeL63)

others (DrabG55, FanC52, ZarP54, ShpVS]b, TsvN60, SIaH53, SlaH52a,
Cork353b, HudJ49, AjzF56, NedV51)
¥: YI 0.7645 (eK/¥ 0.0011, K/L+M+... 7.5) mag spect conv (LangeL63)

¥1 0.770 (eK/¥ 0.0019, K/L+M+... 7.4) mag spect conv (DrabG55)
YI (e/Y 0.0021) mag spect cony (StuE54)

NI (e/N 0.0016) mag spect cony (FanC52)
others (MitP54, CorkJ_3b, ZarP54, EohaK56, DrabG55, MaeR53, $1aH53,
SlaH52a, HudJ49, Aj_F56, NedV5], RalW4_
_¥polariz(O): (AppH62, MannL62, ColiW65)
95m Nb (90 h):

Y: 0.235 (K/L+M+... =4.5) nlag spect conv (CorkJ53b)
0.231 (e/Y very large) mag spect cony (S1aH52a, SlaH53)
0.232 (K/L+M+... =3.5) mag spect conv (PreiPS])
0.236 (K/L+M+... 3.7) mag spect cony (OngP54a)
0.236 (K/L+M+... 4.5) mag spect conv (DrabG55)
others (HudJ49, ShpV52, AjzF56, DolV53)
394
1/2+ 67 h
Y/ 1.11
Q_ 1.37 " '_

X \
/
_"
,,_
(MTW) _ l _,"_" _"
3.6
ns_,=-"i_L
/2+i i
IL-t_--.,,_
_" • 0.111
?
'('+
2,2x,o'y I T: Wo
Q_- 0.292
(MTW)
99
Mo (67 h):
P-: _1 1.234, P2 0.88, P3 0.448, P4 0.25 mag spect, p¥ coinc (CreT6$)

Pl 1.18 (83%), P2 0.80 (3%), _3 0.41 (14%) mag spect, _`/ coinc
(LeviC54a)
Pl 1.23 (=80%), P3 0.45 (220%) mag spect (BunkMS0a)
_1 1.23 (87%), _3 0.54 (13%) mag spect (MedH51)
others (VarJ54, "MartyN51)
Y: YI 0.0406 (fy I, 0.7<e/Y<5, K/L 9.3), Y2 0.181 (fy7, eK/¥ 0.13,

K/L 4.9) mag spect, mag spect conv (RavJ61)
YI 0.040, Y2 0.181 (Y 6.8%), "/3 0.372 (V !.3%), V6 0.740 (`/ 12%),
¥7 0.780 (¥ 4.4%), Y8 0.93 (Y 0.4%) sernicond spect, scint spect

(CrowP65)
YI 0.041 (f,/2), Y2 0.181 (ty6), Y3 0.370 (_1.8), `/4 0.410 (_`/0.15),
Y5 0.62 (1.y0.08), Y6 0.74 (1,vlS), Y7 0.78 (I`/4),`/8 0.98 (__/0.14)
scint spect, "/¥ coinc (CreT65)
others (BunkM50a, MartyN51, LeviC54a, NtackR57, Vat354,
CapU54a, MedI-IS], RavJ60, BodE59a, Cork349a, EstL58)
yy(6): (BodE59a, AndrPD65, RabS58, EstL58, CapU54a)
Isomeric level of99Mo; tl/2 1.3 x 10 -5 s delay coinc (MCarA65)

1.6 x 10-5 s delay coinc (DufR58)
Y: 0.044, 0. 100 scint spect (MCarA65)

others (DufR58)
99m
Tc (6.04 h):
Y: "¢1 0.00215 (MI/MII+IZI/MIV+V 3/3/1) mag spect cony (FreeM57)

_2 0.1405 cryst spect (ChupE58)
Y2 0.1403 (_KI00, K/L I 7.7, LI/LII I >10), "/30.1423 (_KI0, K/LII I 2.5) mag
spect cony (Mih351, MihJ52a)
YI 0.0018 (e/`/ very large), Y2 0.141 (eK/_/ 0.10, K/L 7.9) mag spect cony
(MedH49, MedH51)
Y2 0.1405 (fKI00, K/L 8.1), Y3 0.1426 (fEb.2, e/N > 30) mag spect conv,
mag spect (RavJ61)
others (Bunk_k450b, MartyN51, CrowP65, CreT65, LabJSbc, LabJ56a,
BatIK53)
395
59.6 d (s/2+) #- .¢_

103_, \y/'-.. (,/2+) TT -J .f_._" -t o.,=.
44'- °s//TT"_, , o-
7% ._r/lll, %. 3/2 6-s "/I I I "__ _..,I_'_"- TM
89%_._///A\/- v //I ITT_,,, o.29o
"" tl tilL o.o,,
<,,> ,, _/' _7/2.+ 57 m'_.I..-L.IJ._,,,,_,I,,,_ 0.0400
-3%_" 1/2- #l I--I'-- o_===
%-o.7,
(MTW) I_1:_
103Ru (39.6 d):
p-: _| 0.69 (i%), P2 0.217 (99%) mag spect (KondE50a, KondE51c)

P2 0.227, P3 0.119 scint spect, pY coinc (RobiR58)
Pl 0.70 (1%), 0.37 ? (=1%), P2 0.202 (70%), P3 0.128 (28%) mag
spect (ForH55)
Pl 0.68 (6%), P2 0.222 mag spect (MeiJ5Oa)
131 0.72, P2 0.21, 133 0.11 _'/coinc (MukA65)
others (DrabG55, ShpV56, SaraB55, MandeC50, HoleN48a,
DRaaB54)
_: _7 0.4970 (iN88), Y8 0.5572 (Ty0.7), N 9 0.6105 (iN6) mag spect

(KarlS64)
_'1 0.053 (K/L 1.0), _'3 0.295, _'7 0.498 (K/L 8), "/9 0.611 mag
spect conv (CorkJ52b)
¥1 0.055, Y3 0.297, ¥40"323' ¥5 0.366, ¥70"498' _90"610mag
spect, scint spect (ForH55)
_I 0.058 (t_0.4), _/3 0.295 (tyO.4), _5 0.357 (tvO.3), v 7 0.498
(ty88, K/L+M+... 8), Y9 0.61 (_¥6.9, eK/_/ 0.0006) scint spect,
mag spect conv, _N coinc (DRaaB54)
_'1 0.053 (t_o.7, eK/_/ 2.7), _/2 0.065, "l 3 0.297 (ty0.6), no Y4
(t_<O.04), V5 0.36, V6 0.44 (f_0.9), _7 0.50 (t,/88), '_8 0.55
(t_2), ¥9 0.61 (t¥5) scint spect, YY, _/Ysum coinc (MukA65)

no _5 (tY/tY(¥7) <0.0005) YY sum coinc (NaqS62)
"/70.498 (eK/Y 0.0054, K/L 6), N9 0.610 mag spect cony (DrabG55)
others (SaraB55, KondE50a, KondE5]c, RobiR58, KondE52,
A4eiJ50a, ShpV56, KnuA52)
N_/(0): (SinB60, FIaF58)
_N(O): (GarwR49) _5¥polariz(0): (KneU65b)
isomeric level of]03Ru: t]/2 1.7 x 10 "3 s delay coinc (BranK64)

"¢: 0.213 scint spect (BranK64)
,,
103m
Rh (57 m):
_': 0.0400 (K/L+M+... 0.2) mag spect conv, _¥ coinc (KondE50a, KondE5|c,
KondE5 2)
0.0402 (eK/_( 40, K/L 0.09) mag spect conv (AviP55a)
0.0396 (K/L 0.1) mag spect conv (CorkJ52b)
0.040 (K/L 0.18) mag spect conv (DrabG55)
others (I%4eiJ50a, AviP53b, WieM45b, Roga164)
396
115___._ (6 x 1014 y):
I: 9/2 atomic spect, atomic l_eam; _: +5.5351 NMR; q: +1.16,

_ +0.56 atomic beam (Lin_g164)
_-: 0.48 scint spect (WatD62a)
0.63 abs (MarteE50)
0.6 scint spect (BearG61a)
¥: no ¥, lira I% (WatD62a)
0.03 level ofllSIn: tl/2 5.5 x 10 -9 s delay coinc (TanP64a)

others (GoroS60e)
0.935 level of,ll5In: ti/9 4 x 10 -12 s Coulomb excit (YasiV52)
1 • 13 level of 115In: t i /"/2_4 x 10 -13 s if I = 13/2 , Coulomb excit

(VasiV62, AndrD61 a)
i¢
115mL. * (4.60 h):
I: I/2, _: -0.24375 atomic beam (Lindg164)

_-: 0.83 mag spect (BellP49)
0.84 mag spect (LangeL52a)
¥ _ith [_-: no 0.499 _t, lira 0.4% of [3- (SehM62)
_/ with 1T: 0..335 (eK/_/ 0.8, K/L+M+... 3.8) mag spect cony (LangeL52a,
G ravG5 2)
0.335 (eK/¥ 0.8, K/L+M+... 3.9) mag spect cony, scint spect (VarJ55)
0.338 (eK/N 1, K/L 5.3) mag spect cony (LawJL40)
others (AntoL56, AntoL55, HameM56a, EstL55, LabJ56c, LabJ56b, LabJ56a)
s(-_ 12.4h _/ ._"

, I t3-- _
""--
53-" /\\m+ _" ¢ =.3,,
4e% 5._/ / _k_LL)._-.I_I
_" 1.9so
0.4%
/ %4+, ' T 1.207
Qp- 2.99 2+ _ _,_ 0.538
(DanLH65) 0+ I 0 _
130.
54xe
. i
130I (I2.4 h):
I: 5 atomic beam (LindgI64)
p-: 1.7 (0.4%), 1.04 (48%), 0.62 (52%) mag spect (DaniH65)
others (CalKS4, RobeA43)
_:- _1 0.419 (ty36, e/Y 0.017), V 2 0.538 (L/100, e/'l 0.008), Y3 0.669
/ (t.ylO0, e/_/ 0.0041), _4 0.743 (1"_,87, e/_' 0.003), _'5 i.15 (1"_,12,
e/_ 0.0009) mag spect conv, scint spect (DaniH65)
V 1 0.42 (t,_35, eK/V 0.013), _2 0.54 (_100, eK/_ 0.006), '/3 0.67
(T_99, eK/_ 0.0032), _'4 0.74 (tx88, eK/_ 0.0024), V5 !.15 (t".yi3,
eK/_/ 0.0007) scint spect, mag spect cony (SmiW59, CaiR54)
_¥(0), [_/polariz(O): (DaniH65)
_V(e): (SmiW59)
I
397
8.05 d 7('2+
13IT
53" _*_ 0,722,
i.,%
,.9% !"
._
,- 2:"
._@? 9._}7o
0.3ps
05% , _A_---
_" 0,o.
Q_- o.97o II.8 d _-- "+ " o.163_.B
0.5"(3 ns 1/2+ ,r
3/2+ 0 .
131..
54xe
131 r (8.05 d):
_: 7.2, F: +2.738, q: -0.40 atomic beam (LindgI64)
P-: Pl 0.81 (0.7%), P2 0.608 (87.2%), P3 0.33 (9.3%) P4 0.25 (2.8%) mag spect, _Y coinc (BellRE52a)
Pl 0.81, _2 0.606, P3 0.335, P4 0.250 mag spect, _Y coLnc (KetB51)
Pl (0.81) (0.6%), P2 0.606 (86%), P3 0.34 (13%) mag spect (VersN51)

Pi 0.81 (1%), P2 0.606 (85%), P3 0.34 (13%) mag spect (RosD52)
others (CorkE51, ThuS51, BetlP51, FeiIS0, KerB49, MetF48, Dow342, CarP52, CavP52a, Ni_G51, OweG48, BulE52, CaswR52)
_: Y1 0.08016, Y3 0.28431, `/5 0.36447 cryst spect (HoyH53, LindD49)
Y1 0.08016 (_K200), Y2 0.17723 (tK3.1 , K/LI/LII/LII I 100/13/7/5), Y3 0.28432 (_K16, K/LI/LH/LII I 100/11/3.8/3.3), Y4 0.32578 (TK0.59 , K/L 6), Y5 (0.36447)
(tK100, K/LI/LII/I. _ 100/I I/2.5/2.2), ¥6 0.5030 (TK0.17, K/L > 5), Y7 0.6370 (tKI.9), Y8 0.7229 (YK0.43) mag spect cony (Wolfs362)
`/1 0.080 (L/3.1, eL/Y 0.17), `/2 0.177 (_/0.3, eK/Y 0.2), "/3 0.284 (T"/6.6, eK/"/ 0.052, K/L+M+... 4), "/4 0.326 (_"/0.3), "/5 8.364 (_"/100, eK/"/ 0.020, K/L '.0), '
"/60.503 (t"/0.54),"/70.637 (_"/8.3,eK/"/ 0.0039, K/L+M+... 89), "/8 0.723 (t"/1.9, eK/"/ 0.004) mag spect cony, scint spect (DaniH64b)
"/1 0.080 (_"/2.6,eK/"/ 1.7, K/L+M+... 6), "/30.284 (t"/6.6,eK/"/ 0.05, K/L+M+... 4), "/5 0.364 (_"/100, eK/"/ 0.0]8, K/L+M+... 6), "/70.637 (_"/12, eK/Y 0.004,
K/L+M+... 7), _8 0.722 (_"/3.5, eK/Y 0.003) mag spect, mag spect conv, e-e- coinc, scint spect (BelIRE52, BelIRE52a)
others (HasJ52a, HargC63, RosD52, WolfsJ52, DzhB59, JunH63, VersN5], SmiW56, BereD60a, KerB49, CorkJ50, BergI54a, MetF48, MathG61, BereD62,
ThuS5], BellP51, AIMS52, NijG54, SchifD53, CavP52, CavP52a, KetB5 ], Cork551, BrosA49, Wrig/5 ], ErneE5 ])
`/Y(e): (HamiW63, Schi/D53)
_Y(e): (BeysJ50a)
_`/polariz(0): (DaniH64b) nucl align: (JohnCE60]
0.150 level of 131 I" ti/2 9 x 10-]0 s delay coinc (DWaaH5,, GerhT56b, DevaS65)
8 x 10-10 s delay coinc (SofA59, BedeA59a)
1.82_ level of 131 I: tl/2 5.9 x i0-9 s delay coinc (DevaS65)
131m Xe (11.8 d):
_: "/I 0.14398 (K/LI/LH/LIH 100/27/4.5/23) mag spod cony(Worts J62)
YI 0.16394 (K/LI/LII/LI11 100/24/5.5/20 mag spect cony (GeiJ62)

_1 1.163t (eK/Y 29, K/L 2.3) ma 8 |pect cony, feint Ipect
(BergI54 , BergI52, BeriIS0c , BergI51a)
yl(_yy/_y 0.001) (A/vT60b)
othezs (SmtW56, Ver_NSI, Gt-eeA57)
398
¢)"
#
(!1/2-) 0.232e _._#-_'_ m'_

2.26 u _T'r'r _'_'_" ,_,_',_ -, @_ I:,U I/2+
.¢J,.J.i ..'_-- I/2+ ... "- q,_.'_. .,_.._ _v0.437_/ I II 7.2 y
d • -_ -" T T,I _ _,_ -- v._,m_r, k \1 I.JA

- _'_,"
_," I_U
=-ê ///-_s_E;_-+
t--L-[ t_%_ u.u. ns
_'t ///---,'_ , IJ..--I T ] " ' 6.5 ns
/// 7.2+ - - ,: \ \', 78% (,
0 006% 7.0 s / / i _ \ \
• "0 7_ " //
_5 / / '33 _--
I \, n% ,,,
9913_ ,_.? _ _'_ --<1% > ,9..5
QEC 0.488 (MTW)
Q_- 0.427
0.428 (ErmP61)
(MTW)
133
Xe (5.27 d):
_-: 0.346 mag spect (ErmP61)

others (BergL52, BergIS0b)
Y: Y1 0.07955 (ty0.8, eK/Y 1.0, K/L I 1.7), Y2 0.08097 (Ty100, eK/¥ 1.4,
K/_/L_/LI_ 75/I0.0/1.6/I.0), Y3 0.160 (ty0.11), Y4 0.22 ? (ty = 0.0004),
Y5 0.302 (_y0.012), Y6 0.382 (Ty0.006) mag spect cony, scint spect, ¥Y
coinc (ErmP61)
Y2 0.08100 (K/LI/LII/LIII 75/10.0/I.5/I. 1) mag spect cony (SiegK64)
Y2 0.08099 (K/LI/LII/LII I 79/10.0/1.48/1.15) mag spect .... (BrowF61)
Y2 (eK/Y i.5, K/L+M+... 4.9) mag spect cony, scint spect (BergI54, BergL52,
BergLS0b)
YI (ty0.4), Y2 (Tyi00), Y3 0.160 (Tyl.4), Y5 0.300 (ty0.08), Y6 0.380 (Ty0.04)
scint spect, Y¥ coinc (JhaS59)
others (GrahR53, SneA58, StewM60)
_Y(9): (Mu1IH60)
133m
Xe (2.26 d):
Y: 0.2328 (eK/Y 4, K/L 2.9) mag spect cony, scint spect (BergLSlb, BergL54)
others (KetB51 a)
133
Ba (7.2 y):
Y: '/1 0.054 (1"y2), Y2 + Y3 0.0g0 (1"y52), Y4 0.161, Y6 0.276 (]'y10, eK/Y 0.047, K/L+M+... 5), '/7 0.302 (]'y21, eK/Y 0.036, K/L Y8 0.35_ (1"_,i00, eK/_t
0.021, K/L+M+... 7), Y9 0.383 (ty11, eK/Y 0.02, K/L+M+... 5) l-nag spect, z-nag spect cony, scint spect, YY coinc (MannK63)
YI 0.054 (ty3), Y2 0.080 (?y9), Y3 0.082 (ty55), Y4 0.162 (ty2), Y5 0.220 (ty0.3), Y6 0.276 (?y8), Y7 0.301 (_y27), Y8 0.356 (?yi00), Y9 0.3ll (ty10) scint spect,
YY coinc (StewM60)
_1 0.054 (Y 0.11%), Y3 0.081 (eK/V 1.35, K/L+M+... 4.8), Y5 0.220 (K/L+M+... 7.4) mag spect cony, scint spect, ¥¥, e-¥ coinc (NiesE64)
YI 0.056 (_y_, Y2 (tY3?) 0.079 (fy45, eK/Y 1.5, K/L+M+... 7), Y4 0.160 (fy0.4, eK/Y 0.4, K/L+M+... 4), Y6 0.277 (fy3, eK/Y 0.11), "/7 0.303 (fy22, eK/Y
0.024), Y8 0.356 (_yI00, eK/Y 0.017), Y9 0.383 scint spect, YY coinc, mag spect cony (GupR58)
others (KoLS58, CrasB57, LangeM56, LangeM54a, LangeM55, RamasM60c, BureA57
VY(e): (YinL64, MunF63, BodE59, AryA6], SubB6], AgarY65, C!iF60)

EC decay to 0.437 level of I_7 Cs: EC(L+M+...)/ IE C(K) 1. 1 ( RamasM6 0e )
others (GupR58, KoiS58, LangeM56)
399
2.05 y 11 4+ _rb_ _. ,_ 1.9696
134 -_ _
___ + .%:
..Cs /9 _? . i.,43o
2s_...// '+_--I/J_l_.l--:_L-.e;.?
.4o.4
(_vw0w64,
LHP) _ _ +
2+ I I _ I If 0.6046
QEC1.33
¢_1¢ | T 5 ps
(MTW) | I
134 _
5eBu
Cs (2.05 y):
h 4, _: +2.990 atomic beam (LindgI64)
_-: _1 0.662 (71%), _2 0.410 (1%), _3 0.089 (28%), no 0.21, 0.28, 0.34, 0.68 _-, no 0.89 _- (lira 0.045%), no 1.45 (3- (lira 0.005%) mag spect (VWijW64)
others (DaniH63b, TrehP63, KeiG55, CorkJ53a, DaniH63b, ForH55a, BertG55, BertG56c, BashA54, EIIiL47, GromK52, WagM50a, WolfsJ56)
Y: YI 0.4753 (Y 1.5%, eK/Y 0.009), '{20.5631 (y 8%, eK/Y 0.006), Y3 0.5692 (Y 14%, eK/Y 0.008), Y4 0.6046 (Y 98%, eK/Y 0.0048), Y5 0.7958 (Y 88%, eK/Y 0.0025),
Y6 0.8018 (Y 9%, eK/Y 0.0026), Y7 1.0384 (Y 1.1%, eK/Y 0.0016), Y8 1.1677 (Y 1.9%, eK/Y 0.0010), "/9 1.3650 (Y 3.4%, eK/Y 0.000_ semicond spect, mag spect
conv (BrowRA65)
others (EwaG64, VWijW64, KeiG55, DzhB59e, VerhJ54, SchrS63, HankA6_ TrehP63_ Se_O63_ GirR59a, CorkJ53a, ForH55a, BertG55, JosM54, BashA54,
AlekY58, OFriZ56, WagIvi50a, MaeR53, FirsE57, ShpV51, ElliL47, JohaK56, BertG56c, LuD54, HucJ65)
[)_(0): (GrabZ65, StevD51, BeysJ50) [5"_polariz(0): (DaniH63b, MannL62a, TirK65)

Y¥(0): (M_mF63, SegO63, ColeL63, StewM55, KlemE55) Y_/polariz(0): (K1oR52, MetFS0, RobiB52) %
7(2+ _130.0 y 137
q: opt
5Cs I: 7/2, +2.8382 atomic beam; +0.050 double res (LindgI64)
_ _-: _l i.176 (6.5%), _2 0.514 (93.5%) mag spect (Dani/-I62b)
131 1.176 (7.6%), 132 0.514 (92.4%) mag spect (YosY58)

others (KatoT57, AgnH50, OlsJ54, LangeLS], AzuT54, WapA54a,
f_\_/_ cs (3o.0_y):
BroyC53, PeaC49, OsoJ49, RiccR57, DrabG55, MacqP54, BosH63a,
93.5% ,9..5
%11{_-
o.66,6
2.55m
Q_- 1.176 137m

(MTW) Ba (2.55 m):
Y: YI 0.6616
(K/LI/LII/LII I 1000/151/22/19) mag spect conv (Gei362)
_I
IT Charp65)
0.281 N] (eK/Y 0.095) mag spect, mag spect conv (HulS61)
6.5% /Z.// _ Yi
YI (K/L/M
(K/L/M 566/100/26.0)
56/10/2.2) mag mag
spect ....cony
spect (YosY58)
(ChuY64a)
I/2+ J ¥11 ('_86%,
V (eK/_/ 0.093, K/L+M+...
e/Y 0.1100) 4.5) mag
semicond spect
spect cony (DaniH62b)
(MerJ65)
3/2+| 0
YI (tyy/Ty 6 x 10-6 ) (BeuW60)
l_=_e,___ others (Mull D52, LindsG53a, GravG52, LangeLS0b, DVriC60b, HulS59, '
SubB61c, KureT63, WapA54a, WagM51, MGowF57a, KatoT57, MaeR53,
AzuT54, BendW52, KruP52, MitA49, Oso549, TownJ48, RiccR57,
VerbS54, Anto156a, AntoI56, DolV53, BhaS54, DrabG55, BosH63a,
RaoMR65)
400
i140
Ba (12.8 d):
_-: (31 + (32 1.02, _3 0.83, _4 0.59, 135 0.46 mag spect, p,Y coinc (BosP59a)
I_1 + _2 1.02 (60%), '_4 0.48 (40%) mag spect (BeacL49b)
Pl 1.03, P2 1.02 (pl/P2 0.6) pY coinc (Burd365)

others (WilkR5 I)
_: _1 0.01385, Y2 0.02997, "g3 0.1188, ¥40.1327, ¥5 0.1627, _g6 0.3049, ¥7 0.4238, ¥80.4376, _9 0.5373mag spect cony, e-_, _¥ coinc (GeiJ6|a)
¥20.0296(?L23, LI/LTT/I_I 20/2/1), Y3 0.119 (TK1), Y4 0.132 (?K4), '¢5 0.162 (tK10 , K/L 2), "g6 0.304 (tK4), _7 0.421 (TKI), Y8 0.43_5 (tKI), Y9 0.$31 (tK4 ,
K/L 4) mag spect conv (CorkJ51d)
Y2 0.030 (_ 13%), Y4 0.132 (Y 1.7%), _5 0.162 (Y 8%), ¥6 0.304 (¥ 7%), Y0 0.436 (¥ 5%), _9 0.S3_ (Y 29%) sc_nt spect (Aga_Y64)
_2 0.0296, _4 0.131 (Ty1.4), "iS 0.162 (t_10, K/T.+M+ .... 3.8), Y6 0.304 (tyS), _8 0.436 (_gS), "g9 0.537 (tX25) sc_nt spect, _ :o_nc, mag spect cony (BosP59a)
Y2 0.030 (_ 16%, e/_ 5), Y4 0.132 (_ 3%), Y5 0.162 (_ 5%), Y6 0.304 (_ 3%), _8 0.436 (Y 5%), _9 0.537 (Y 25%) sclnt spect (DuzB61, SilA58)
_9 (eK/_ 0.006, K/L+M+... 5.2) mag spect, mag spect cony (RohR55)
others (KelIWH56, MaeR53, BeacL49b, Burd,Y65)
/3_(e): (AgarY64)
¥_(0): (AgarY64, B.lacW63, KelIWH56. Burd_65, ZukW65)
'_
401
40
La (40.22 h):
I: 3 atomic beam (Lindg164)
_-: _i 2.175 (6%), _2 !.60 mag spect (LangeL60)

131 2.15 (7%), 132 1.67 (I0%), _3 1.34 (45%), [34 1.10 (26%), _5 0.83 (12%) mag spect (PeaC54)
_1 2.20 (8%), _2 !.62 (14%), _3 1.36 (30%), _4 1.15 (20%), [35 0.86 (12%), 136 0.42 (16%) mag spect (BashA54a, AjzF56)
3.0 (0.0008%), 131 2.20 (10%) mag spect (DzhB60a)
others (WilkR51 a)
4: '/! 0.0687 (K 0.010%), `/2 0.109 (K 0.013%, K/L 2), `/3 0. !10 (K 0.002%), `/4 0. 131 (K 0.10%, K/L 9), `/5 0.173 (K 0.011%), 46 0.241 (K 0.008%), `/7 0.265 (K
0.011%), "/9 0.329 (K 0.59%, eK/`/ 0.029, K/L 6.2), `/10 0.436 (K 0.024%, eK/`/ 0.010), `/11 0.487 (K 0.37%, eK/4 0.009, K/L 7.0), 412 0.730 (K 0.010%), 413
0.752 (K 0.015%, eK/Y 0.003), `/14 0.815 (K 0.094%, eK/¥ 0.005, K/L 8), 0.868 (`/ 5%), 415 0.923 (K 0.014%, eK/4 0.0014, K/L 8), `/18 1.597 (K 0.059%,
eK/¥ assumed 0.00069, e±/eK 16), `/19 1.91 (K 0.013%, eK/4 > 0.38, K/L 6.3), `/20 2.34 (K 0.00027%, eK/`/ 0.0004, K/L 6.6, e±/eK 116), 421 2.53 (K 0.0012%,
eK/4 0.0003, K/L 6.3, e±/e K 105), `/22 2.90 (K 0.000022%, eK/`/ 0.0003), `/23 3.13 (K 6 x 10-6%, eK/`/ 0.0002), ¥24 3.4 (`/ 0.0013%) mag spect cony, mag
spect (BashA58, PriV58, Corkd51e, PriV58a, DzhB60a, DzhB60f, AntoS60a)
`/90.3286, `/11 0.4867, `/14 0.815, Y18 1.596mag spect (HedA52)
`/90.320 (_¥38, eK/4 0.035, K/L+M+... 7), `/10 0.438 (_`/6), 411 0.490 (_`/48, eK/`/ 0.008, K/L+M+... 7_, 4140.815 (_`/44, eK/`/ 0.004), `/18 1.60 (t`/96, eK/4
0.0008), `/21 2.50 (t`/1),`/22 + `/23 3.00 (_y0.04) mag spect cony, scint spect, `/`/
coinc (BolH55)
Y18 1.598 (`/96%), Y19 (1.9) (`/< 0.15%), `/20 2.37 (`/0.8%), `/21 2.53 (`/3.0%), `/22 2.89 (`/0.08%), `/23 3.10 (`/0.03%), `/24 (3.25) (`/<0.005%) 3 cryst pair
spect (HansP62a)
¥8 0.31 (coinc `/18), `/11 0.49, `/14 0.814, `/16 1.09 (coinc `/14), `/17 1.41 (coinc `/11) `/`/sum coinc (NaqS62)
0.62 (coinc _19 ) e-Y coinc (SalP65)
others (TakekH61, CorkJ51e, BanR51, ColeC55, RohR55, MackR57, PeaC54, BashA54a, DzhB56f, SimoL63b, ArkL55, ArkV59, ArkV57, KhoE58, MaeR53,
BeacL49b, RalW47, MiUL46, RohiB51a, BisG50, WatA47)
_`/(0): (AlheJE63, BhaS63, NewR64, PetuA62, RudV60, RagR65, SubM65)
_`/polariz(O): (PetuA62, EstI62)
`/`/(O):(BlacW63, DorL63, BisG55a, KelIWH56, BolH55, RobiB51a, ColeC55, KorH63a, ColeC58, SimoL63b, SchmM64)
0.030 level of140La: tl/2 5 x 10 -I0 s delay coinc (BurdJ65)
141.. _\°
58Ge _
/X%_7/2+ _0"145431 9 ns
30% _.7"/ "11l
- . 141 ..
Qi3- 0.581
set'r
(MTW)
141
C_: (33 d):
I: 7/2 ESR, nucl align; bt: ±0.97 ESR (LindgI64)
13-: 131 0.582 (30%), J32 0.444 (70%) mag spect (KondE52, KondESlb, KondE51c)
_1 0.581 (33%), _2 0.442 (67%) mag spect (FreeMS0a)

[31 0.574 (25%), _2 0.432 (75%) scint spect, _'/ coinc (JonJT55)
_1 0.591 (33%), [52 0.447 (67%) mag spect (ZorG57)

others (JosM58, ShepL48a, TPogM49)
Y: "/10.14543 (K/LI/LII/LIz I 810/100/8.1/1.7) mag spect .... (GeiJ65a)

YI (eK/4 0.38) scint spect (NemL61)
`/1 (eK/4 0.40) scint spect (CookJ61)
'Y1 (K/L 6.4) r_ag spect conv (JonJT55)

V1 (eK/V 0.37, K/L 6.2) scint spect, mag spect cony (ZorG5_
others (RaoG63b, JosM58, KondE52, KondESlb, KondE51c, FreeM50a,
JohaS52, HillR51a, Ke11H51, TPogM49, ShepL48a, WalthA65, MartiDW56)
_¥(0), _5`/polariz(0): (DeuJb1"a, RudV60, RaoW65)

nucl align: (GracM62, HaaJ63, HaaJ64, Schod62, AmbE57, CacC55, HopD61)
402
97.7%
o 2.4 x 1015y
144. .
a 6o NO
Qa 1.90 calc (MTW)
144
Cc (284 d):
13-: _i 0.309 (76%), _3 0.175 (24%) rnag spect, _Y coinc (PuliS6)
Pl 0.304 (70%) mag spect (PortF52, EmmW54)

Pl 0.32 (65%), P2 0.24(5%), 133 0.18 (30%) mag spect (HLcR58)
131 0.33 (75%), t32 0.26 (=5%), 133 0.16 (20%) mag spect (CorkJ54b)
others (FreeN59a, ParfV57, SenA59, VasiT62, ForN62, NedVSlb, RobiR58, DaniH65a)
_: ¥1 0.03357 (L I 0.77%, LI/LII/LIII 100/=6/<5), _2 0.04093 (L I 0.68%, LI/LII/LII I 100/9/<4), ¥3 0.05341 (LI0.10%, LI/LII/LII I 100/81<6), ¥4 0.05903 (LI 0.22% ,
LI/LII/LIII 65/1 l/t00), _5 0.08012 (K 3.3%, K/LI/LII/LIII 100/12.4/0.8/<0.4), ¥6 0.09995 (K0.050%, K/LI/LII/LII I 100/12/22/23), ¥7 0.13353 (K 5.3%,
K/LI/LII/LII I 100/12.8/0.95/0.23) ma 8 spect cony, e-N, _ coinc (Geil60, GeiJ61)
_5 (t_33), _7 (t_100) scint spect (ZukW63)
X5 (iX32, eK/_ 1.4), _7 (t_100, eK/X 0.8) scint spect, mag spect conv (HicR58)
note: additional transitions reported by GneA59, ForN59, FreeN59a, SenA59, ForN62, ParfV57, and IwaT_*3 are of doubtful existence
others (Cork354b, Pull56, PortF52, EmmW54, PortF59, Si1A61a, VasiT62, GneA59, FreeN59a, ForN59, ParfV57, ForN62, lwaT63, Ke11H51, KreW54,
Ke11WC52)
_¥(0): (CreE63, Co11W63,
Y¥(0): (ZukW63, IwaT63, BhaR63b)
144
(17.3 m):
_-: #1 2.996 (97.8%, 132 2.30 (! .2%), P3 0.807 (1.0°7o) mag spec_', pY coinc.(PortF59)
_1 2.98 (97.7%), P2 2.30 (1.3%), P3 0.80 (1.0%) mag spect, _ coinc (GrahR58)
others (EmmW54, PortF52, LauM56, HicR58, Cork554b, A1buD52b, FreeN59)
_': '/1 0.697 (t_100), _2 1.407 (t,/19), '/3 2.186 (t_,49) scint spect (]VJonaJ61a)
_I 0.697 (_ 1.5%), _2 1.49 (¥ 0.29%), _3 2.19 (_ 0.7%) scint spect (PortF59)
¥1 0.69 (¥ 1.6%), '/2 1.49 (¥ 0.26%), _3 2.18 (¥ 0.8%) scint spect (GrahR58)
others (FreeN59, HicR58, BurrnV59a, SugiyK61, PortF52, AlbuD52b,
CorkJ'54b, EmmW54, KreW54, FirsE57)
_N(O): (GrahR58, HessR63, RagR63, ColIW63, CreE63, LobV61c)

D_polariz(e): (HessR63, ColIW63)
"_¥(e): (ZukW63, GrahR58, SugiyK61)

0.080 level of 144 Pr':
0.100 level ofi144pr': tI/2 1.2 x 10-10 s delay coinc (BurdJ62, BurdJ62a)
tl/2 7 x 10-10 s delay coinc (BerlE64, Burd562,
Burd362a)
0.134 level of'144pr: tl/2 =7 x 10 -12 s delay coinc (Burd562, BurdJ62a)

403
> 5 y " o.1_1

. IT.+_
1.4 m _LL_ _" o.oseo
o
_r_l,
,.,.,o-'%,+,o, \\'11 77 'r /1_ . I |,,I I .'°.." ,'_

_71 o.l_..,,fiR ._,__t IIII ! .__ _ ,,=ee,
[3+ _ O.tlgl?
_'_'_" 11 1.4 (AntoS60)|| , II | ¢-I/ / / _
TT_ _-_'_0_ ",/ i J-iL/;L-:IJ-/IY " 0+1.= o.oa,,
28 -s=_/J_l o.=,, I I i /
// 1, 1
, I-I
192_. 192 .
7us 7s
Q= 2.3 caZc (MTW)
192 .....
Ir 474.2 d):
I: 4 atomic beam (LindgI64); I_ ±I._ nucl align (CamJ64b)
P-: Pl 0._72 (46%), P2 0.$3_ (41%), P3 0.24 (8%) ma 8 spect, _/ coinc

(3ohnM65)
Pl 0._7 mag spect (LevyP47a, BagL55, 3ohnM54a, BashA.52)
I_1 0._ mag spect (ShpV51c)
_+: 0.24 (1.5 x 10-5%) mag spect (AntoS60)
Y with _-: `/1 0.13634 (Ty2.7, eK/Y 0.6, K/LI/LTT/LTT T 4.9/1/3.2/2.3), ¥2 0.29S94 (T¥360, eK/¥ 0.064, K/LI/LTT/LTT T 8.6/1/1.59/0.9), ¥3 0.30043 (Ty370,
eK/'_ 0.060, K/LI/LIz/LIH 7.5/I/1.47/0.66), _4 0.31149 (t_I000, eK/V 0.054, K/LI/L_/L m 7.9/I/1.39/0.76), _5 0.4111 (t`/s3, eK/`/ =0.09), `/6 O.4_NS
(_`/600_ eK/_ 0.021, K/L_/LII/Lrr r 7.4/I/0.75/0.32),. `/7 0.$000_ (ty49, eK/¥ 0.014, K/L/+ H 3.5), Y8 0._0430 (Ty105, eK/_ 0.019, K/L]/L_I/LI_ 6.1/I/0.24/'0.04),
"/9 0.41243 (_"/70, eK/_Y 0.011, K/LI+TT 4.8), "/I0 0.|041 (T"/5, eK/"/ 0.004, K/L+M 4), _11 1.012 (t"/0.5, eK/"/ =0.0006) mag spect, cryst spect, rnag spect cony
(compiled from Linde1_63, MarinL60, MurG61, HutS61, Ker362, BagL55, Herr/C64, MurG65 by ]._IP)
possible weak additional "/_ s: 0.1010 (Cork351b, Harm1_64), 0.173 (Cork351b, 3ohnM54a), 0.201 (t"/13 (3ohnM54a)), (_¥<I (LindsB63)), (Harm1_64), 0.400 (Cork351b,
ShpV51c, BashA52), 0.430 (T"/6.5 (3ohnM54a)), (t"/<0.6 (Ker362)), (Cork351b, GlazM55, ShpV51c, BashA52), e.740 (3ohnM54a, ?Ker562), O.71_ (Ker362),
0.TU (t"/l (BagL55)), (T"/<0.02 (Ker362)), (3ohnM54a, MlaM60, Pri_54), 1.00_ (Ker362, DzhB56, AntoS60), 1.091 (Ker362, AntoS60), 1.157 (3ohnM54a,
not observed by De/N56, AntoS60, Ker362), 1.21 (PriR54, not observed by DeLN56, AntoS60), 1.36 (De/N56, AntoS60), 1.300 (Ker3_f2)
others (BagL55, M/aM60, FreyW62, Har i362, BergP60, KelmV57c, Ker362, MarinL60a, MuIID52, KelmV57a, 3ohrd_54a, KomV58, RydN55, SumO57,
SumO57a, AntoS60, BashA52, ShpV51c, Cork351b, HarmB64, Wolfs350a, GrarF55, GlazM55, DzhR56, D-hB56[, LuD54, KelrnV64)
V"/(#) with _-: (ButtD62a, SimoL62, ButtD60, KawM58, TayH55, KeII.WH56, ShieV57, MraI57, BagL55, 3ohnM65)
{_-_(@): (Deu358, GarwR49)
"/with £C: "/1 0.20120 (T"/5.6, eK/Y 0.23, K/LI/LII/LII I 6.5/I /I.61/I.07), Y2 0.20579 (T,/38, eK/_/ 0.16, K/LI/LII/LIII 11/1/2.75/1.83), _/3 0.2034 (T¥4, eK/`/
0.06), Y4 0.3746 (t`/6, eK/¥ 0.05), Y5 0.4846 (ty40, eK/¥ 0.018), ¥6 0.4091 (Ty4, eK/Y =:0.018) mag spect, cryst spect, mag spect cony (compiled from
IMarinL62, LindsB63, BergP60, Ker362, Herr1C64, KelmV57c by LHP)
possible weak additional'Y: 0.1103 (K/K(0.317 Y) 0.006, E/LI/LI_ " 7/3/2) rnag spect cony (Harr B64)
0.110 (K/K(0.317 `/) 0.008) mag spect cony (MarinL62)
others (BaEL55, BergP60, MarinL60, Ker362, KelmV57c, Johr_54a, MulID52, SumO57, BashA52, ShpVSlc, Cork351b, Wolfs350a)
`/¥(8) with EC: (ShieV57)
192..m_ 192m2 Ir (>5 y):

• Zr (l.4m):
#-: 1.$ (0.007%), !.2 (0.008%), 0.9 (0.0025%) _X colnc (SchaG61) ¥: 0.161 (K/L = 0.06) scint spect cony (SchaG59)
¥ with IT: YI 0.0$80 (LzI/LTT t 1.1) mag spect cony (Miz354)

¥1 (e/`/ 3500) (SchaG61)
Yi (e/Y 1300) _c_nt spect, scint spect cony (HennH60a)

others (CaldltS0, WebG53, KeiB63, HoleN48b)
`/ with p-: 0.317, 0.612 p`/ coinc (SchaG61, SchaG59)

404
.J.l _ '% _0 __'-- _ _._;-_, _24h

1 "_"c,_
_% #. #"
._.._ .&-_._. _
ECl I/'-"!
i/2- l
i-_/_ • 7.0 ns
,gz.
19"r Qzc 0.42calc (DWitS65)
197
Hg (aSh):
I: 1/2 atomic spect,opt pump; _: +0.52406opt pump (LindgI64)
Y: YI 0.07734 cryst spect (MarkI63)
YI 0.0773 (tLil00 , LI/LII/LIL

T 100/44/41), Y2 0.1915 (tK].6). meg spect
conv (JunB61)
Y] 0.0775 (LI/LIz/LTT I ]00/44/33), ¥2 0.1916 mag spect cony (VHeeI59)

Y2 0.191 (ty]00),"/30.268 (ty8),no 0.2_ Y (T¥ <2) semicond spect (HavA65)
Y1 0.077 (tN34, eL+M+.../Y 4), Y2 0.191 (ty].0, eK/¥ 0.8, K/L+M
Y3 0.269 (?y0.06)scintspect,semicond spect cony, meg spect conv
(HelmeR65)
others (MihJ53, JolyR55, HubeO53, CorkJ52, HubeO5], FrauHS0a)
EC to 0.269 levelof 197Au: EC(K)/EC(K+L+...) 0.5 (DWitS65)
0.134 levelof ]97H_: tl/2 7.0x ]0-9 s delay coinc (SutT6])

others (MGowF50, Deu_M50)
197rn Hg (24h):
I: 13/2 atomic spect;It: -1.032 (LindgI64)
with
IT:YI0.1340 (K/Li/Ln/hn_3/2._/]5/_0),
Y20.I_3 (K/_/hl/hn
47/5
4/_3/_00)n_agspectco,v(VIle
em9)
Y_(tK_00,
eK/Y0.S, K/L 0.40),
Y2(rE|45'
e/Y.>_9,
K/U0.4_)meg spect
conv, YY coinc (HubeO51, FrauH50a)
YI (LI/LII/LIII 0.4/I]/10),Y2 (LI/LII/LIII10/<]/]5)meg spect ....
(MihJ53)
¥| (_y|00),¥2 (t¥].0)semicond spect (HavA65)
others (CorkJ52, BradC54, CobH57, HelmeR65)
YY(e): (PettB6]b, GerhT62a, GimF56, CobH57)
V with EC: Y1 0.1302 (rKI.6, LII/LIII 1.3, L I weak), Y3 0.2793 (tK5) mag
spect conv (MihJ53, VHeeI59, JolyR.55)
Y20.202 (ty/tx(o._3_ Y)0.23), y_ 0.279 (ty/ty(o._34 Y)_) semico_d spect
(HavA65)
others (HubeO51, BradC54, HelmeR65)
YY(O): (PettB6]b)
" 405
1.1% _6-
i- 2 698 d _,o_'b
19e.
" 79/AU _ o.,.
o.o=5%,,2/ I_11 _,1_+1

I
Q#- 1.374 3"t------ I_ 0.02 ns
QEC 0.31 'calc
(MTW)
198.
song
198Au (2.698 d):

I: 2, _: _0.6 atomic beam (LindgI64)
_-: _I 1.371 (0.025%) mag spect (Eli]L54, EIIiL55)

_2 0.961 mag spect (PauH65)
_2 0.959 mag spect (BeeH65)
_2 0.962 mag speet (ChabM6], DepP6])
_3 0.29 mag spect, _`/ coinc (BrosA5]a)

others (PortF56, EIIiL54, WapA59, DVriC60b, SaxD48, BroyC53,
LangeL49, PohA54, LevyP49, StefR49, ShavL49, CavPSl, WolfsJ52a,
BurgN6], ,KeeW65, CharP65)
Y: Y] 0.41180 mag spect (MurG63)

"/20.67588, Y3 1.08769 mag spect cony (KayG64)
`/1 (eK/Y 0.0299) mag spect cony (PauH65, KeeW65)

"/1 (eK/`/ 0.0302) mag speet, rnag spect cony (BergK65)
Y] (eK/`/ 0.0300) mag spect conv, _'/ coinc (LewinW63)
¥1 (K/LI/LII/LTII 687/100/10]/45) mag spect .... (HerrlC64)
YI (ty100), ¥2 (ty0.8, eK/Y 0.022, K/L 5.7), Y3 (T`/0.17, eK/Y 0.0045,
K/L 6.3) mag spect, mag spect cony (Ell]L54)
`/1 (t`/loo), `/2 (T`/1.1), Y3(tyO.26) mag spect (DzhB55a)
`/I(t¥]00), Y2 (tyI.0, eK/Y 0.019), Y3 (r`/0.16, eK/`/ 0.0045) mag spect,
mag speet cony (VolJ56)
others (KelmV59, HameB61a, BergP60, DVriC60a, MullD52, HedA52,
DMonJ48, LindD51, ConnDR56, PettB61c, HulS61, WolfsJ61a, WapA59,
FreyW62, HamiJ623, SaxD49, SiegK49b, StefR49, HubeP5], FanC52,
SimoL523, ReitD5& BirkR55, HillR50, MaeD54, DzhB56f, CavP5],
CavP5|a, MihJ52a, SwanJ53b, KureT63, PriRS0a, ShavL49, BrosASla,
StarS63, ReidyJ653, ChenT64, ParsD64, BacksG58, PettB65a)
¥Y(0): (SakM64a, SchifD53, SchrC53, SchrC533, MallS59)
_Y(0): (PettB62, StefR6], ENesM62d, GarwR49, LehJ62, LobV62b,

ThuJ64a, DeiW65, LacJe65)
_Ypolariz(0): (StefR60, DeuJ61b, DCroA460, SimmP58, AvaR62, BoeF56,
Bert J57, VKliJ64)
203 Hg (46.9 d):
_-: 0.214 mag spect (MartyN55, NijG59)

0.210 mag spect (ThuS54a, WilsH51)
0.208 mag spect (SlaH493, $1aH49)
($/2,3( 21_46.9 d no 0.49 (SaxD48a,

others #- (lira 0.004%)
WolfsJ56,mag spect (MartyN55)
WapA54d, WieM47)
_-- `/: Y] 0.2791 mag spect .... (EdvK58)

/,k3/2+ 0.28 o.27,,
ns"l-ln
0°''
ov,y '"_ _/A +T_. Y] (e/Y 0.226) scint spect, _¥ eoinc (TayJ62)
`/1 (eK/`/ 0.162) scint spect, _Y CO]he (CrofW63)
Y] (eK/`/ 0.163, K/L/M+... 3.39/I/0.30) mag spect conv (NijG59)
Q_- 0.492 20_--- Y1 (eK/_ 0.159, K/LI/Ln/L m 1/0.16/0.10/0.053)

(NorC56)
mag spect conv
(MTW) _lJJ
Q/ Y] (LI/LII/LIII O. ]5/0.11/0.053) mag spect conv (SwanJ53b, SwanJ533)

others (SIaH49, SlaH493, HedA50, WolfsJ56, WilsH51, MartyN55,
JohaS52, BergI53, ThuS54a, SubB6]e, HurJ6], RamasM60a, OFriZ56,
WapA54d, SacD483, BurreR63, KureT6_ DWaaH55h DWaaH56,
WalthA65, RaoMR65)
Isomeric level of203Hg: t]/2 2.] x 10-5 s delay eoinc (BranK64)

Y: 0.33, 0.58 scint spect (BranK64)
406
226Ra
222 Rn 1602y
3.82d
218po z 4.60 MeY (5%)

3.05m (RoA) el _,4.78 MeV (95%)
(RaB) 10.19 MeV (4%+ IC)
26.8m I 5.49 MeV(100°/o)
214pb _! { 6.00 MeV(100%)
214Bi _ 0.69 MeV ('_J 47%)
(RaC) /3 t 0.74 MeV (44%)
( 1.03 MeV (6%)
_0.05 MeV (1%+ tC)

_0.24 MeV (4%)
19.7m _ ]0.29 MeV (19%)
f 0.35 MeV (36%)
< 2 MeV ("_ 76%)
3.26 MeV ("--' 19%)
0.61 MeV (47%)

10.77 MeV (5%)
| 0.93 MeV (3%)
1.12MeV (17%)
y (1.24 MeV (6%)
J1.38 MeV (5%)
I] _1.76 MeV (17%)
1 2.20 MeV (5%)
2.44 MeV (2%)
J I!_
164/zs
214Po (RoC1)
21y a I 7.69 MeV (100%)
210pb 210Bi 5.01d
(RaD) (RaE) 0.06 MeV (81%)
10.01 (19%)
y {0.05 MeV (4%+ IC)
210 Po '.8{I.16MeV (100%)

(RaF) 138.4d
206 Pb
(RAG) a {5.31 MeV (100%)
Stable
407
7% 7.1 x 108
23s II
-._
(9/z-/ ,_.._
u/lo
.MIo15%z
0.448/_li
7/2- g",_ o.
3s,__..y
II
(13 0.337/ ._, 0.6% 47
• • _ 3.4%o
_'/=-) I _.L _"_"_" __ s7% 56

l,'_,-i__'-_'k _" 0.,0,_',,
4_,
0.8ns-i
I _
I.LII
, i ,,iI
I,_
0.097/
.._,.2%
z, 3.7%
/800
1500
'7/2 _.o,,_ ,,_. z,oo
255,
231
90Th
Q_- 0.381
Qa 4.22 calc
(MTW)
235 U (7.1 x 108 y):
I: 7/2 atomic spect, paramag res; _: *0.35, q: *3.8 paramag res (Lindg164)
_: a 0 4.597 (4.6%), cL42 4.556 (3.7%), a97 4.502 (1.2%), a15 5 4.445 ? (0.6%),
a185 4.415 (4%), a204 4.396 (57%), a234 4.366 (18%), a25 7 4.344 ?
(1.5%), cL279 4.323 (3%), ct337 4.266 (0.6%), a387 4.216 (5.7%),
a448 4.157 (=0.5%.) mag spect, semicond spect (HydE64: compiled

from PilR62, BaranS60a, SkiD61)
others (VorA60, VorA60a, PilR57, GhiAS|b, WurE57, VesR52,
ClarF57)
_/: `/1 0.110 (`/ 2.5%), `/2 0.143 ('/ 11%), `/3 0.163 (`/ 5%), "/4 0.180 (`/ 0.5%),
`/5 0.185 (`/ 54%), `/6 0.201 (`/ 0.8%), `/7 0.204 (`/ 5%) scint spect, _/`/
coinc (PilR62)
"_1 0.106, `/2 0.143, _/5 0.185 (eK/`/(`/1 + `/2 + `/5 ) 0.10, K/L =1.4),
0.192 (eK/`/ 2.0) scint spect, `/ctcoinc (VorA60a)
others (ffohaS56, Fi1158)
408
0+ 4 51xl0sy
238 11
,,u /Ia _10. 23"/o 14
(,+>
._123% /J _
0.37 llS '_2 0'048/_ d 77% / ._%-, _, _
24.1d.,,_,., t r_ _=_,,_, @'v0,1633,__

..^Th 7 / _'3--V-Tt m_.
,2%_// (4 o \
Q - 0• 263 81%6.4/
o .
_mJ
_
\\_ &
6.75 h
Q 3.6 est o,,
•IiI \ /9 ,,,_0
'_--
Qp- 2.23
Qa =4.2 est 2.47 x tO_ y
(MTW) (2 '__U '
Qa 4.856 (MTW)
238]/(4.51 x 109 y): 234Th (24.1 d)'-
_: a 0 4.195 ion ch _,YorA60a) 13-: 0.191 (65%), 0.100 (35%, coine ¥5 + ¥6) _¥ eoine, abs, rnag speet
(DHaaE55)
a 0 4.200 ion ch (HarvB57) others (StokP53a, BradH46c, HeeM50, 3naS46, DHaaE55)
a 0 (77%), a48 (23%); a160 (0._3%a ion ch (KocG59a) Y: YI 0.0299 (e/¥ > 130, MII/MII I 1), Y2 0.0632 (LI/LII/LII I 2.5/I/I),
others (BocB57, KomA58a, VorA59a, AIdF47, ClarE57) ¥3 0.0636 (LI/LII/LII I I/0.8/I, tx(y2 + y3) 85, e/y 0.32), "/4 0.0698
¥: 0.048 (e- 23%) c_e- coinc, range emuls (AlboG56, AlboG52, ZajB52)
others' (DumlD52) (with 234m Pa), ¥5 0.0931 (LI/LII/LII I 150/15/I), ¥6 0.0935
e e 238_/ 10-10
0.04S 1 v 1 of ': tl/2 2.3 x s, delay coinc (BellRE60) (T,I(¥5 + N6) 100, e/`/ 2.0) mag spect conv, scint spect (FouR62a)
others (OngP56a, 3ohaS54, AdaA62, BjoS63a, FouR59, FouR59a,
FouR6_, Br_562, HeeMS0, BradH46c, FouR65)
0.048 level of234Th : t]/2 3.7 x 10 -10 s delay coinc'(BellRE60)
234 Pa (6.75 h):
_": 1.35 (-<2%), 1.02 (7%), 0.73 (I]%), 0.$I (66_0)? 0.23 (]4%) mag spect (B_oS62)
1.13 (13%), 0.$3 (27%), 0.32 (32%), 0.16 (28%) msg spect (OngP56a, OngP53, OngP55b)
Y: `/1 0"044 (LII =34%' LII/LLH/M 3/3/2), _2 0.100 (L1131%, LII/Lm/M 31/19/11), `/3 0.126 (_=24%, eli/`/ =0.06), ¥4 0.153 (¥ 9%, eLZi/Y0.7, LH/L]]//M
6.5/3.0/3.1), `/5 0.186 (_ =3%, K/L 6), _6 0.197 (¥ 4%, eL/¥ =0.6), "/7 0.208 (?'/<16%), "/8 0.224 (`/ =2%, eK/`/ =4), `/9 0.228 (`/ 12%, eKT"/ 1.2), "/10 0.287
("/ -.-10%, eK/"/ =0.05), "/11 0.323 (?"/=3%), ¥12 0.355 (?¥-._%), `/13 0.369 (`/ 5.3%, eK/`/ 0.4, K/L 4), "/14 0.565 ("/ 15°7o, eK/¥ 0.14, K/L/M 4/1/0.3), "/15 0.694
(K 0.4%), "/16 0.727 (K 0.7%), "/170.791 ("/ <5%), `/18 0.804 (K 0.47%, K/L 4), `/19 0.822, `/20 0.873, ¥21 0.875, ¥22 0.878 (K(`/20 + "/23 + "/22 ) 0.29%, K/L 5),
"/23 0.920, "/24 0.922 (K("/23 + "/24 ) 0.26%), "/25 0.941 (K 0.12%, K/L 4), "/26 0.976 (K 0.03%, "/("/19 -'/26 ) 70%), "/27 i.020 ("/ =8%), 1.13 (?"/ 3%), 1.34 (?"/ 2%),
1.41 (?"/6%), 1.62 (?`/3%), 1.85 (?`/ I%) mag spect cony, scint spect, `/`/,e-`/, _"/coinc (BjoS62)
"/1 0.0433 (LII/LEI 1.1), "/2 0.0998 (LII/L/E 1.4), "/3 0"1263"¥4 0"1530 (L_/LEd 1.9), "/5 0.1860, "/6 0.1967 (?): "/80.2239, 0.2267 (?), "/90.2273, 0.2943 (?),
"/13 0.370_ (?)mag spect cony (BriaC64)
¥| (hz/Lm 1.0_;¥2 (_z/z_E 1.3), "/4(_I/Lm 2.1), "/8+ "/9(eK/"/0.6, K/L 6), "/13(eK/"/0.24,K/'. 3.5), ¥14(eK/"/0.1, K/L 3.5), ¥16(eK/"/0.012),
"/18 (E/L 2.4), "/20 + "/21 + "/22 (eK/"/ 0.01), "/23 + "/24 (eE/"/ 0.005), i.24, 1.43, 1.68, others, mag speet cony, scint spect (OngP56a, OngP53, OngP55b)
"/3 (T"/32), "/4 (t"/7), 0.23 (T_/-<i4), ¥10 (+ ¥12 ) (t"/4), 0.46 (T"/1.8), 0.69 (T"/1.8), ¥17 (T"/4), "/20 + ¥21 (T"/9), "/25 (T"/11), "/26 + ¥27 (T"/8) ("/3 eoinc "/2' "/4' 0.23"/, "/10 ),
other "/ rays reported, delay Y"/ coinc (HansP63a)
others (DLanP. 59. ffohaS54, BouiG53a)
0.1633 level of'234pa ; t]/2 6 x 10-]0 s delay colnc (Abort64)

1.8 x 10-9 s delay coinc (FouR62a)
234mpa (1.1 7 m):
P-: Pl 2.29 (98%), P2 1.53 (coin(¥5) , P3 1.25 (coinc ¥8) , mag spect,
_¥ coinc (BjoS63a)
others (StokP53a, HeeM50, DHaaE55, BradH45d)
(with p-): ¥1 0.0435 (e-2%, LII/LIII/M 0.9/1/1.3), ¥2 0.236
(K 0.07%, eK/¥ > 8, K/L 5), ¥3 0.255 (¥ 0.05%, eK/¥ <0.1),
¥4 0.746 (weak), ¥5 0.765 (¥ 0.36%, eK/¥ 0012), ¥6 0.790

(weak), Y7 0.811 (K 0.4%, K/L/M 5.1/1/0.35), ¥8 1.001
(¥ 0.59%, eK/¥ 0.01) rnag spect cony, stint spect, e-¥
coinc (BjoS63a)
'Y (with IT): (0.070) (L 0.10%), ¥' s of 234pa mag speet cony,
scint spect (BjoS63a)
others (OngP56a, DHaaE53, 3oh_$54, CrosW54, BradH43a,
BradH45d, SchnH59)
¥¥(0): (WoodG60)
409
239 Pu (2.44 x 104 y):

I: 1/2 atomic beam, atomic spect (LindgT64); p: +0.200 atomic beam (Fau3"65)
c_: a.0 5.156, a.13 5.143, a.52 5.105 mag spect (LeanC62)
c_0 5.157 (73.3%), a13 5.145 (15.1%), a46 (? <0.03%), _52 5.107 (11.5%), c_Q25.078 (0.032%), cz935.066 (0.0009%), c_lO3 5.056 (0.021%), _129 5.031 (0.005%),
c_1505.010 (0.008%), _160 5.001 (0.0006%), c_170 4.988 (0.005%), _197 4.963 (0.003%), c_2044.957 (0.0005%), _225 4.937 (0.003%), _248 4.914 (0.0008%),
=290 4.873 (0.0007%), c_2954.868, a333 4.830 (0.0015%), _367 4.801 (0.0006%), c_4224.743, ¢427 4.739 (_422 + _427 0.0026%), =474 4.695 (0.0004%), =533 4.636
(0.0002%) mag spect (BaranS63)
c_129 (0.005%), a171 (0.006%), _225 (0.003=/o), c_248(0.0002°/0), c_295 (0.0008=/o), c_333 (0.0021%), _367 (0.0007%), _393 (0.0006%), c_414 ? (0.0004=/o), c_427(0.005=/o),
a.474 (0.0005%),cz533(0.0006%)c[_coinc (AhmT66)
a.652 + a.658 4.52 (8 x 10-5%), a.771 4.39 (3 x 10-5=/0)a:Y, a.e- coinc (BjoS63b)
others (DzhB61c, GoldiL55, NoviG57, AjzF56, AsaF52b, RosS50, HorsY65)
"{: _2 0.0386 (t,{150), _3 0.0462 (t`{16), "/4 0.0516 (]`{410), `{5 0.0569 (t`{16), `{6 0.0686 (ty14), `{7 0.0776 (t`{11), `{10 0.1030 (t`{4), `{!1 0.1160 (t`{18), `{13 0.1250
(T_{1.9), `{14 0.1293 (_`{100), `{15 0.1417 (_`{0.6), "{16 0.1442 (t`{5), `{17 0.1460 (t`{2.1), `{18 0.1714 (T¥1.8), `{19 0.1791 (t`{1.2), `{20 0.1891 (t¥1.5), `{21 0.1956
(_`{1.9), `{22 0.2035 (t`{9), `{23 0.2555 (_`{1.6), `{24 0.2640 (_`{0.6), `{25 0.2976 (tyO.9), Y26 0.3118 (T`{0.5), _270"3211 (t`{0.8), `{28 0.3239 (t_0.9), `{29 0.3330
(t`{8), `{30 0.3363 (_`{1.8), `{31 0.3417 (_`{I.2), `{32 0.3451 (t,{8.7), `{33 0.3674 (T`{=1.6), `{34 0.3687 (T`{=I.4), `{35 0.3752 (_`{2_), `{36 0.3804 (t`{5), `{37 0.3829
(T`{4), `{38 0.393,¢(_`{10), `{39 0.4137 (t`{25), `{40 0.4226 (t`{2), `{41 0.4267 ? (_`{0.3), `{42 0.4516 (_`{3.4)semicond spect (AhmI66)
0.597 ? (`{ 4 × ]0-6%), 0.617 ? (`{ 6 × 10-6%), 0.632 ? (`{ 5 x 10-6%), `{43 0.639 (`{ 1.7 x 10-5%), `{44 0.645 ('{ 2 × 10-5%), `{45 0.652 (`{ 1.3 x 10-5%), `{46 0.659
(`{ 1.6 x 10-5%, e/`{(`{43 + `{45 ) <0.01), 0.674 ? (`{ ] x I0-6%), 0.701 ? (`{ I x I0-6%), `{47 0.705 (`{ 6 x I0-6%), "{48 0.718 (`{ 4 x 10-6%), '{49 0.758
(`{ 6 x I0-6%), `{50 0.771 (`{ 1.8 × I0-5%, e/`{ 0.5) semiconcl spect, `{a, =e- coinc (LedC64, BjoS63b)
¥I 0.0130 (MI MI 2.8), `{2 0.0387 (L 2.1%, T.I/LH/Z-_T 9/9/10), `{4 0.0517 (L5%, 1_i/1_T T 1.1), 0.0659 ? (L_.T_0.02%), "{6 0.071 (L 0.025%,
LII/LII I 4), 0.085 (LI+II 0.0037"), `{8 0.089 ? (LITT 0.0007%), `{9 0.098 (L 0.010%, LTT/LIII 1.5), `{12 0.121 ? (L I 0.001%), mag spect conv (TretE58)
others (ShlK56a, AsaF57a, FreeM52, AlboG56, DunlD52, PetiGI57, HorsY65)
0.286 level of 239 Pu: tl/2 1.1 x 10-9 s delay coinc (GrahR51a)
0.392 level ot 239pu: tl/2 1.93 × 10-7 s delay coine (EngeD55a)
• 235m U (26. Im):

"{:0.000075 (75eV) electrostatic
analyzer (MicM57)
others (FreeM5 7)
SECTION V
GLOSSARY
t
413
GLOSSARY
-A- Linear Absorption Coefficient: A factor ex-

pressing the fraction of a beam of x or gamma
Absorbed Fraction: A term used in internal dosim- radiation absorbed in unit thickness of material. In
etry. It is that fraction of the photon energy (emitted the expression I = Ioe-_X, Io is the initial intensity,
within a specified volume of material) which is I the intensity of the beam after passage through a
absorbed by the volume. The absorbed fraction thickness of the material x, and/1 is the linear
depends on the source distribution, the photon absorption coefficient.
energy, and the size, shape, and composition of the
volume. Mass Absorption Coefficient: The linear absorp-
tion coefficient per cm. divided by the density of
Absorption: The process by which radiation imparts the absorber in grams per cu. cm. It is frequently
some or all of its energy to any material through expressed as t.t/p, where/_ is the linear absorption
which it passes. (See Compton Effect, Photoelectric coefficient and p the absorber density.
Effect, and Pair Production.)
Absorption Ratio, Differential: Ratio of concentra-
Self-Absorption: Absorption of radiation tion of a nuclide in a given organ or tissue to the
(emitted by radioactive atoms) by the material in concentration that would be obtained if the same
which the atoms are located; in particular, the administered quantity of this nuclide were uniformly
absorption of radiation within a sample being distributed throughout the body.
assayed.
Accelerator (Particle Accelerator): A device for ira-
Absorption Coefficient: Fractional decrease in the parting large kinetic energy to electrically charged
intensity of a beam of x or gamma radiation per unit particles such as electrons, protons, deuterons, and
thickness (linear absorption coefficient), per unit helium ions. Common types of particle accelerators
mass (mass absorption coefficient), or per atom
are direct voltage accelerators (including Van de
(atomic absorption coefficient) of absorber, due to Graaff, Cockcroft-Walton, Dynamitron, resonant
deposition of energy in the absorber. The total
transformer, and insulating core transformer), cyclo-
absorption coefficient is the sum of individual energy trons (including synchrocyclotrons and isochronous
absorption processes (Compton effect, photoelectric cyclotrons), betatrons, and linear accelerators. (Indi-
effect, and pair production), vidual accelerators listed alphabetically through
Atomic Absorption Coefficient: The linear ab- glossary.)
sorption coefficient of a nuclide divided by the
number of atoms per unit volume of the nuclide. Activation: The process of inducing radioactivity
It is equivalent to the nuclide's total cross section by irradiation.
for the given radiation.
Activity: The number of nuclear transformations
Compton Absorption Coefficient: That fractional occurring in a given quantity of material per unit
decrease in the energy of a beam of x or gamma time. (See Curie.)
radiation due to the deposition of the energy to
electrons produced by Compton effect in an Adsorption: The adhesion of one substance to the
absorber. (See Scattering, Compton.) surface of another.
414
Alpha Particle: A charged particle emitted from the Anemia: Deficiency of blood as a whole, or defi-
nucleus of an atom having a mass and charge equal in ciency in the number of the red corpuscles or of the
magnitude of a helium nucleus; i.e., two protons and hemoglobin.
two neutrons.
Alveoli: The terminal air sacs of the lungs. Angstrom Unit: One angstrom unit equals 10-s cm.
(Symbol: A)
Aluminum Equivalent: The thickness of aluminum
affording the same attenuation, under specified con- Anion: Negatively charged ion.
ditions, as the material in question.
Annihilation(Electron): An interaction between a
Ampere: The unit of current that, when flowing positive and a negative electron in which they both
through each of two long parallel wires separated by disappear; their energy, including rest energy, being
one meter in free space, results in a force between the
converted into electromagnetic radiation (called
two wires (due to their magnetic fields) of 2 X 10-7 annihilation radiation).
newtons for each meter of length.
Amplification: As related to radiation detection in- Anode: Positive electrode;_electrode to which nega-
struments, the process (gas, electronic, or both) by tire ions are attracted.
which ionization effects are magnified to a degree
suitable for their measurement. Antimatter (Antiparticles): Matter in which the
ordinary nuclear particles (neutrons, protons, elec-
Amplifier, Linear: A pulse amplifier in which the trons, etc.) are conceived of as being replaced by their
output pulse height is proportional to an input pulse corresponding antiparticles (antineutrons, anti-
height for a given pulse shape up to a point at which protons, positrons, etc.). An antihydrogen atom, for
the amplifier overloads, example, would consist of a negatively charged
antiproton with an orbital positron. Normal matter
Amplifier, Pulse: An amplifier, designed specifically and antimatter would mutually annihilate each other
to amplify the intermittent signals of a nuclear upon contact, being converted totally into energy.
detector, incorporating appropriate pulse-shaping (See Matter.)
characteristics.
Analysis, Activation: A method of chemical anal- Atom: Smallest particle of an element which is
ysis, especially for small traces of material, based on capable of entering into a chemical reaction.
the detection of characteristic radiations following

a nuclear bombardment. Atomic Mass: The mass of a neutral atom of a
nuclide, usually expressed in terms of "atomic mass
Analysis, Feather: A technique for the determina- units." The "atomic mass unit" is one-twelfth the
tion of the range in aluminum of the beta particles of mass of one neutral atom of carbon-12; equivalent to
a radionuclide by comparison of the absorption curve 1.6604 × 10 -24 gm. (Symbol: u).
with the absorption curve of a reference source,
usually 21°Bi (range-501 mg/cm2). Atomic Number: The number of protons in the
nucleus of a neutral atom of a nuclide. The "effective
Analysis, Isotope Dilution: A method of chemical
analysis for a component of a mixture, based on the atomic number" is calculated from the composition
addition to the mixture of a known amount of and atomic numbers of a compound or mixture. An
labeled component of known specific activity, fol- element of this atomic number would interact with
lowed by isolation of a quantity of the component photons in the same way as the compound or
mixture. (Symbol: Z).
and measurement of the specific activity of that
sample.
Atomic Weight: The weighted mean of the masses of
Analyzer, Pulse Height: An electronic circuit which the neutral atoms of an element expressed in atomic
sorts and records the pulses according to height, mass units.
415
Attenuation: The process by which a beam of Autoradiograph: Record of radiation from radio-
radiation is reduced in intensity when passing through active material in an object, made by placing the
some material. It is the combination of absorption object in close proximity to a photographic emulsion.
and scattering processes and leads to a decrease in
flux density of the beam when projected through Avalanche: The multiplicative process in which a
matter, single charged particle accelerated by a strong electric
field produces additional charged particles through
collision with neutral gas molecules. This cumulative
Attenuation Coefficient, Compton: The frac- increase of ions is also known as "Townsend ioniza-
tional number of photons removed from a beam of tion" or "Townsend avalanche."
radiation per unit thickness of a material through
which it is passing as a result of Compton effect Average Life (Mean Life): The average of the indi-
interactions, vidual lives of all the atoms of a particular radioactive
substance. It is 1.443 times the radioactive half-life.
Attenuation Coefficient, Linear: The fractional
number of photons removed from a beam of Avogadro's Number (Avogadro Constant): Number
of atoms in a gram atomic weight of any element;
radiation per unit thickness of a material through also the number of molecules in a gram molecular
which it is passing due to all absorption and weight of any substance. It is numerically equal to
scattering processes. 6.023 × l0 ss on the unified mass scale. (Symbol:
NA).
Attenuation Coefficient, Pair Production: That
fractional decrease in the intensity of a beam of B
ionizing radiation due to pair production in a
medium through which it passes. Backscattering: The deflection of radiation by scat-
tering processes through angles greater than 90
Attenuation Coefficient, Photoelectric Ef- degrees, with respect to the original direction of
feet: That fractional decrease in the intensity of a motion.
beam of ionizing radiation due to photoelectric
effect in a medium through which it is passing. Barn: Unit expressing the probability of a specific
nuclear reaction, in terms of cross-sectional area.
Attenuation Factor: A measure of the opacity of Numerically, it is 10-24 cm2"

a layer of material for radiation traversing it; the Barriers, Protective: Barriers of radiation-absorbing
ratio of the incident intensity to the transmitted material, such as lead, concrete, and plaster, used to
intensity. It is equal to Io/I, where Io and I are the reduce radiation exposure.
intensities of the incident and emergent radiation,
respectively. In the usual sense of exponential Barriers, Primary Protective: Barriers sufficient to
absorption (I = Ioe-UX), the attenuation factor is attenuate the useful beam to the required degree.
e ux, where x is the thickness of the material and/a Barriers, Secondary Protective: Barriers sufficient
is the absorption coefficient, to attenuate stray radiation to the required degree.
Auger Effect: The emission of an electron from the Baryon: One of a class of heavy elementary particles
extranuclear portion of an excited atom when the which includes neutrons, protons, and hyperons. (See
atom undergoes a transition to a less excited state. Lepton, Meson.)
Beam: A unidirectional or approximately unidirec-

Autofluoroscope: A device for visualizing the spatial tional flow of electromagnetic radiation or of par-
distribution of a radionuclide within an organ or titles.
gland in the body. The autofluoroscope uses a
multielement stationary detector composed of indi- Useful Beam (Radiology): Radiation which
vidual NaI(T1) crystals. An image of the radionuclide passes through the aperture, cone, or other col-
distribution is obtained on a retention oscilloscope, limating device of the source housing. Sometimes
or other readout devices, called "primary beam."
416
Beam Hole (Glory Hole): Hole through the shield, disintegrates by one mode only. The fraction disinte-
and usually through the reflector, of a reactor to grating by a particular mode is the "branching
permit the escape of a beam of radiation, in particular fraction" for that mode. The "branching ratio" is the
a beam of fast neutrons, for experimental purposes, ratio of two specified branching fractions (also called
multiple disintegration).
Beta Particle: Charged particle emitted from the
nucleus of an atom, with a mass and charge equal in Breeder Reactor: (See Converter Reactor.)
magnitude to that of the electron.
Bremsstrahhmg: Secondary photon radiation pro-
Betatron: A magnetic induction accelerator which duced by deceleration of charged particles passing
makes use of a varying magnetic field to accelerate through matter.
electrons. Electrons are injected into a toroidal
vacuum chamber which is between the poles of an British Thermal Unit (BTU): The quantity of heat
iron-core magnet. The rate of change of the magnet required to increase the temperature of one pound of
flux and magnetic field at the orbit radius are related water one degree Fahrenheit at atmospheric pressure;
to maintain a constant radius for the accelerating approximately 252 gram-calories.
electrons.
Buildup Factor: The ratio of the intensity of x or
Biologic Effectiveness of Radiation: (See Relative gamma radiation (both primary and scattered) at a
Biological Effectiveness.) point in an absorbing medium to the intensity of only
the primary radiation. This factor has particular
Blood Dyserasia: Any persistent change from normal application for "broad beam" attenuation. "In-
of one or more of the blood components, tensity" may refer to energy flux, dose, or energy
absorption.
Bone Marrow: Soft material which fills the cavity in
most bones; it manufactures most of the formed Burial Ground (Graveyard): A place for burying
elements of the blood, unwanted radioactive objects to prevent escape of
their radiations, the earth or water acting as a shield.
Bone Seeker: Any compound or ion which migrates Such objects must be placed in watertight, noncor-
in the body preferentially into bone. rodible containers so the radioactive material cannot
leach out and invade underground water supplies.
Brachytherapy: Therapy at short distances with
beta or gamma radiation. Implantation or placement -C-
therapy with needles, inserts, or other such applica-
tions containing radioactive materials. Useful in the Calibration: Determination of variation from stand-
treatment ofvariousdiseases, ard, or accuracy, of a measuring instrument to
ascertain necessary correction factors.
Bragg Gray Principle: The relationship between
energy absorbed in a small gas-filled cavity in a Calorie (Gram-Calorie): Amount of heat necessary
medium to energy absorbed (in the medium) from to raise the temperature of one gram of water I°C
ionizing radiation. The relationship is expressed as E = (from 14.5 to 15.5 ° C). (Abbreviation: cal.)
W X J × S; where E = energy/cc absorbed in the
medium; W = average energy needed to produce an Cancer: Any malignant neoplasm. (Popular usage.)
ion pair in the gas; J = number of ion pairs/cc formed
in the gas; and S -" ratio of the stopping power for Capillary: A small, thin-walled blood vessel connect-
secondary particles in the medium to that in the gas. ing an artery with a vein.
Branching: The occurrence of two or more modes Capture, Electron: A mode of radioactive decay
by which a radionuclide can undergo radioactive involving the capture of an orbital electron by its
decay. For example, RaC caniundergo a or _/3-decay, nucleus. Capture from a particular electron shell is
64Cu can undergo/_-,/3 electron capture decay, designated as "K-electron capture," "L-electron cap-
An individual atom of a nuclide exhibiting branching ture," etc.
417
Capture, K-Electron: Electron capture from the K Cell: (Biological) The fundamental unit of structure
shell by the nucleus of the atom. Also loosely used to and function in organisms.
designate any orbital electron capture process.
Cells, Somatic: Body cells, usually with two sets of
Capture, Radiative: The process bY which anucleus chromosomes, as opposed to germ cells, which have
captures an incident particle and loses its excitation only one set.
energy immediately by the emission of gamma
radiation. Chamber, Cloud: A device for observing the paths of

Capture, Resonance: An inelastic nuclear collision ionizing particles. It is based on the principle that
occurring when the nucleus exhibits a strong tend- supersaturated vapor condenses more readily on ions
than on neutral molecules.
ency to capture incident particles or photons of
particular energies.
Chamber, Ionization: An instrument designed to
Carcinogenic: Capable of producing cancer, measure a quantity of ionizing radiation in terms of
the charge of electricity associated with ions pro-
Carcinoma: Malignant neoplasm composed of duced within a defined volume.
epithelial cells, regardless of their derivation.
Air-WallIonization Chamber: Ionization chamber
Carrier: A quantity of non-radioactive or non- in which the materials of the wall and electrodes
labeled material of the same chemical composition as are so selected as to produce ionization essentially
its corresponding radioactive or labeled counterpart, equivalent to that in a free-air ionization chamber.
When mixed with the corresponding radioactive This is possible only over limited ranges of photon
labeled material, so as to form a chemically insepar- energies. Such a chamber is more appropriately
able mixture, the carrier permits chemical (and some termed an "air-equivalent ionization chamber."
physical) manipulation of the mixture with less label
or radioactivity loss than would be true for the
undiluted label or radioactivity. Extrapolation Ionization Chamber: An ionization
chamber with electrodes whose spacing can be
adjusted and accurately determined to permit
Carrier, Hold-Back: The inactive isotope or isotopes extrapolation of its reading to zero chamber
of a radioactive element, or an element of similar volume.
properties, or some reagent which may be used to
diminish the amount of the radionuclide coprecipi- Free-Air Ionization Chamber: An ionization
tated or absorbed in a chemical reaction, chamber in which a delimited beam of radiation
passes between the electrodes without striking
Carrier-Free: An adjective applied to one or more them or other internal parts of the equipment. The
radioactive isotopes of an element in minute quan- electric field is maintained perpendicular to the
tity, essentially undiluted with stable isotope carrier. ' electrodes in the collecting region. As a result, the
ionized volume can be accurately determined from
Catalyst: A substance which alters the velocity of a the dimensions of the collecting electrode and the
chemical reaction (positive catalysts increase velocity) limiting diaphragm. This is the basic standard
yet may be recovered practically unchanged after the instrument for x-ray dosimetry within the range of
reaction has occurred. 5 to 1400 kVp.
Cataract: A clouding of the crystalline lens of the Thimble Ionization Chamber: A small cylindrical
eye which obstructs the passage of light, or spherical ionization chamber, usually with walls
of organic material.
Cathode: Negative electrode; electrode to which
positive ions are attracted. Tissue-Equivalent Ionization Chamber: An ioni-
zation chamber in which the material of the walls,
Cation: Positively charged ion. electrodes, and gas are so selected as to produce
418
ionization essentially equivalent to that charac- Circular Mil: An area equal to the area contained in
teristic of the tissue under consideration. In some a circle of one rail in diameter or 7.854 X lff 7 square
cases it is sufficient to have only tissue equivalent inch.
walls, and the gas may be air, provided the air
volume is negligible. The essential point in this Cladding (Clad): "An external layer of material ap-
case is that the contribution to the ionization in plied directly to nuclear fuel or other material to
the air made by ionizing particles originating in the provide protection from a chemically reactive en-
air is negligible, compared to that produced by vironment, to provide containment of radioactive
ionizing particles characteristic of the wall ma- products produced during the irradiation of the
terial, composite, or to provide structural support.
Chamber, Pocket: A small, pocket-sized ionization Clinical: Pertaining to the observed symptoms and
chamber used for monitoring radiation exposure of cause of disease.
personnel. Before use, it is given a charge and the
amount of discharge is a measure of the radiation Coekcroft-Walton Accelerator: A device for acceler-
exposure, ating charged particles by application of a very high
direct-current voltage to a stream of ions in a straight
Charge: The fissionable material or fuel placed in a insulated tube. The high voltage is obtained through a
reactor to produce a chain reaction. To assemble the number of rectifiers and capacitors arranged in a
charge in a reactor, series-coupled-voltage multiplier circuit.
Charge, Space: The electric charge carried by a Coincidence: The occurrence of counts in two or
cloud or stream of electrons or ions in a vacuum or a
more detectors simultaneously or within an assignable
region of low gas pressure, when the charge is time interval. A true coincidence is one that is due to
sufficient to produce local changes in the potential the incidence of a single particle or of several
distribution. It is of importance in thermionic tubes, genetically related particles. An accidental, chance, or
photoelectric cells, ion accelerators, etc. random coincidence is one that is due to the
accidental occurrence of unrelated counts in the
Chemical (Isotopic) Exchange: A process in which separate detectors. An anticoincidence is the occur-
atoms (isotopes)of the same element in two different rence of a count in a specified detector unac-
molecules exchange places, companied simultaneously or within an assignable
time interval by a count in other specified detectors.
Cherenkov Radiation: Blue light emitted when a A delayed coincidence is the occurrence of a count in
charged particle moves in a transparent medium with one detector at a short, but measurable, time after a
a speed greater than that of light in the same medium, count in another detector. The two counts are due to
a genetically related occurrence, such as successive
Circuit, Anticoincidence: A circuit with two input events in the same nucleus.
terminals which delivers an output pulse if one inplJt
terminal receives a pulse, but delivers no output pulse Collimator: A device for confining the elements of a
if pulses are received by both input terminals simul- beam within an assigned solid angle r
taneously or within an assignable time interval.
Collision: Encounter between two subatomic par-
Circuit, Coincidence: An electronic circuit that pro- tides (including photons) which changes the existing
duces a usable output pulse only when each of two or momentum and energy conditions. The products of
more input circuits receives pulses simultaneously or the collision need not be the same as the initial
within an assignable time interval, systems.
Circuit, Integrating: An electronic circuit which Elastic Collision: A collision in which there is no
records -the total number of ions or events collected change either in the internal energy of each
for a given time from which an average value for the participating system or in the sum of their kinetic
number of ions or events per unit time can be found, energies of translation.
419
Inelastic Collision: A collision in which there are by a servo system that adjusts the control elements to
changes both in the internal energy of one or more maintain the flux level near a desired value. A reactor
of the colliding systems and in the sums of the may have a tendency toward stability because of
kinetic energies of translation before and after the self-regulation, but this quality of stability ordinarily
collision, is not considered part of the control system.
Controlled Area: A defined area in which the
Column, Thermal: A column or large body of occupational exposure of personnel (to radiation) is
moderator, such as graphite, extending away from the under the supervision of the Radiation Protection
active section of a nuclear reactor to provide near its Supervisor.
other end (for experimental purposes) a flux of
Conversion (Reactor Technology): Nuclear transfor-
thermal neutrons of high cadmium ratio; i.e., contain-
mation of a fertile substance into a fissile substance.
ing few virgin and epithermal neutrons.
Conversion Ratio: The ratio of the number of fissile
Compound: A distinct substance formed by a union nuclei produced by conversion to the number of
of two or more ingredients in definite proportions by fissile nuclei destroyed. The term can refer to an
weight, instant of time or to a period of time.
Converter Reactor: The difference between "con-
Compton Effect: An attenuation process observed
verter" and "breeder" reactor is that a converter
for x or gamma
interacts with radiation
an orbitalin electron
which an of
incident photonto
an atom produces fissile atoms from fertile atoms, but has a
conversion ratio less than one. A breeder reactor has a
produce a recoil electron and a scattered photon of
conversion ratio greater than one and therefore
energy less than the incident photon.
produces more fissile atoms than it consumes.
Condenser R-Meter: An instrument consisting of an
"air-wall" ionization chamber together with auxiliary Coolant: A substance, usually liquid or gas, used for
equipment for charging and measuring its voltage. It cooling any part of a reactor in which heat is
is used as an integrating instrument for measuring the generated. Such parts include not only the core but
exposure of x or gamma radiation in roentgens, (R). also the reflector, shield, and other elements that may
(See Chamber, Ionization.) be heated by absorption of radiation.
Core: In a nuclear reactor, the region containing the
Contamination, Radioactive: Deposition of radioac-
fissionable material. The body of fuel or moderator
tire material in any place where it is not desired, and fuel in a nuclear reactor. It does not include the
particularly where its presence may be harmful. The
fuel outside the active section in a circulating reactor.
harm may be in vitiating an experiment or a Identical with active lattices in a reactor. In a
procedure, or in actually being a source of danger to
heterogeneous reactor, the region containing fuel-
-personnel. bearing cells.
Control: The purposeful variation of the reactivity Corpuscle: A blood cell.
of a reactor. "Absorber control" is obtained by Corpuscular Emission, Associated: The full comple-
varying the amount of neutron absorbers within the
ment of secondary charged particles (usually limited
reactor. "Configuration control" is obtained by to electrons) associated with an x-ray or gamma-ray
changing the geometry of the reactor.
beam in its passage through air. The full complement
of electrons is obtained after the radiation has
Control System: A coordinated group of corn-
traversed sufficient air to bring about equilibrium
ponents designed to exert a directing influence on
between the primary photons and secondary elec-
other components. A system of apparatus for con-
trolling the rate of reaction in a nuclear reactor. The trons. Electronic equilibrium with the secondary
term may refer to all apparatus provided for this photons is intentionally excluded.
purpose or to one of several essentially independent Cosmic Rays: High-energy particulate and electro-
arrangements, such as a regulating system and safety magnetic radiations which originate outside the
system. A reaction may be controlled automatically earth's atmosphere.
420
Coulomb: Unit of electrical charge in the MKSA Cross Section, Capture: The probability that a nu-
system of units. A quantity of charge equal to one cleus will capture an incident particle. The unit of
ampere second, cross section is commonly the barn (10 -24 cm2).
Count (Radiation Measurements): The external indi- Cross Section, Nuclear: The probability that a cer-
cation of a device designed to enumerate ionizing tain reaction between a nucleus and an incident
events. It may refer to a single detected event or to particle or photon will occur. It is expressed as the
the total number registered in a given period of time. effective "area" the nucleus presents for the reaction.
The term often is erroneously used to designate a "Macroscopic cross section" refers to the cross
disintegration, ionizing event, or voltage pulse, section per unit volume (preferably) or per unit mass.
"Microscopic cross section" is the cross section of
Spurious Count: In a radiation counting device, a one atom or molecule. (See Barn, and Cross Section,
count caused by any agency other than radiation. Capture.)
Counter, Gas Flow: A device in which an appro- Curie: The special unit of activity. One curie equals
priate atmosphere is maintained in the counter tube 3.700 × 101° nuclear transformations per second.
by allowing
sensitive a suitable gas to flow slowly through the
volume. (Abbreviated Ci.) Several fractions of the curie are in
common usage.
Counter, Geiger-Mueller: Highly sensitive, gas-filled Microcurie: One-millionth of a curie (3.7 X 10 4

radiation-measuring device. It operates at voltages disintegrations per sec.). Abbreviated/2Ci.
sufficiently high to produce avalanche ionization.
Millicurie: One-thousandth of a curie (3.7 × 107
Counter, Proportional: Gas-filled radiation detection disintegrations per second). Abbreviated mCi.
device; the pulse produced is proportional to the
number of ions formed in the gas by the primary Pieoeurie: One-millionth of a microcurie (3.7 ×
10-2 distintegrations per second or 2.22 disintegra-
ionizing particle, tions per minute). Abbreviated pCi; replaces the
term/#tc.
Counter, Scintillation: The combination of phosphor,
photomultiplier tube, and associated circuits for Cyclotron: A particle accelerator which uses a mag-
counting light emissions produc-_tl in the phosphors, netic field to confine a positive ion beam to a plane
while an alternating electric field accelerates the ions
Counting, Coincidence: A technique in which partic- in a spiral path. An RF voltage is applied between one
ular types of events are distinguished from back- or two hollow semicircular electrodes called "dees'"
ground events by coincidence circuits which register at the frequency at which the ions rotate (which is
coincidences caused by the type of events under constant in the conventional cyclotron). As the
consideration, voltage between the dees alternates, particles are
accelerated as they enter and leave the dees.
Counting Ratemeter: An instrument which gives a
continuous indication of the average rate of ionizing
events. -D-
Critical: Capable of sustaining (at a constant level) a Daughter: Synonym for decay product.
chain reaction. "Prompt critical" means sustaining a
chain reaction without the aid of delayed neutrons. Decay, Radioactive: Disintegration of the nucleus of
an unstable nuclide by spontaneous emission of
Critical Size: Any one of a set of physical dimen- charged particles and/or photons.
sions of the core and reflector of a nuclear reactor
maintaining a critical chain reaction, the material and Decay Constant: The fraction of the number of
structure of the core and the reflector having been atoms of a radioactive nuclide which decay in unit
specified, time. Symbol: )_.(See Disintegration Constant.)
421
Decay Curve: A curve showing the relative amount Deuteron: Nucleus of a deuterium atom.
of radioactive substance remaining after any time
interval. (See Disintegration Constant.) Direct Voltage Accelerator (Potential Drop Accel-
erator): An accelerator which uses a constant voltage
Decay Produeti A nuclide resulting from the radio- to accelerate particles and is typically constructed
active disintegration of a radionuclide, formed either with an ion or electron source inside a "terminal,"
directly or as the result of successive transformations which operates at a very high voltage with respect to
in a radioactive series. A decay product may be either the target area, which is at ground potential. Usually
radioactive or stable, named according to the type of power supply used.
J
Decontamination Factor: The ratio of the amount Discriminator, Pulse Height: A circuit designed to
of undesired radioactive material initially present to select and pass voltage pulses of a certain specified
the amount remaining after a suitable processing step amplitude.
has been completed. Decontamination factors may
refer to the reduction of some particular type of Disintegration Constant: The fraction of the number
radiation, or to the gross measurable radioactivity, of atoms of a radioactive nuclide which decay in unit
time; k in the equation N = No e-xt, where NO is the
Delayed Neutron: Neutrons emitted by excited initial number of atoms present, and N is the number
nuclei formed in a radioactive process; so-called of atomspresent after some time, t.
because they are emitted an appreciable time after
fission. They are important in the control of nuclear Disintegration, Nuclear: A spontaneous nuclear
reactors, transformation (radioactivity) characterized by the
emission of energy and/or mass from the nucleus.
Delta Ray: Any secondary ionizing particle ejected When numbers of nuclei are involved, the process is
by recoil when a primary ionizing particle passes characterized by a det'mite half-life.
through matter.
Dollar (Reactor Technology): A special unit of
Densitometer: Instrument utilizing a photocell to reactivity; equal to that amount of reactivity required
determine the degree of darkening of developed to make a reactor critical on prompt neutrons only,
photographic film. and therefore equal to the effective delayed neutron
fraction for that reactor.
Density (Photographic): Used to denote the degree
of darkening of photographic film. Logarithm of Doppler Broadening: In spectroscopy, the observed
opacity of exposed and processed film. Opacity is the broadening of a spectral line resulting from the
reciprocal of transmission; transmission is the ratio of thermal motion of the molecules, atoms, or nuclei. In
transmitted to incident intensity, reactor technology, it is the observed broadening of
the energy width of a cross section resonance
Depletion: Reduction of the concentration of one resulting from the thermal motion of the target
or more specified isotopes in a material or in one of particles.
its constituents.
Doppler Effect: The change in the observed wave
Depolymerization: The breaking down of an organic length of a radiation which results from the motion
compound into two or more molecules of less of its source relative to the observer.
complex structure. Dose: A general form denoting the quantity of
radiation or energy absorbed. For special purposes it
Detector, Radiation: Any device for converting radi- must be appropriately qualified. If unqualified, it
ant energy to a form more suitable for observation, refers to absorbed dose.
I An instrument used to determine the presence, and
sometimes the amount, of radiation. Absorbed Dose: The energy imparted to matter
by ionizing radiation per unit mass of irradiated
Deuterium: A heavy isotope of hydrogen with one material at the place of interest. The unit of
proton and one neutron in the nucleus. (Symbol: absorbed dose is the rad. One rad equals 100 ergs
21 H or D). per gram. (See Rad.)
422
Cumulative Dose (Radiation): The total dose Tissue Dose: Absorbed dose received by tissue in
resulting from repeated exposures to radiation, the region of interest, expressed in rads. (,See Dose
and Rad.)
Depth Dose: The radiation dose delivered at a
particular depth beneath the surface of the body. Dose, Fraetionation: A method of administering
It is usually expressed as a percentage of surface radiation, in which relatively small doses are given
dose. daily or at longer intervals.
Dose Equivalent (DE): A quantity used in Dose, Protraction: A method of administering radia-
radiation protection. It expresses all radiations on tion by delivering it continuously over a relatively
a common scale for calculating the effective ab- long period at a low dose rate.
sorbed dose. It is defined as the product of the
absorbed dose in rads and certain modifying fac- Dose Meter, Integrating: Ionization chamber and
tors. (The unit of dose equivalent is the rem.) measuring system designed for determining total
radiation administered during an exposure. In medical
radiology the chamber is usually designed to be
Exit Dose: Dose of radiation at surface of body placed on the patient's skin. A device may be
opposite to that on which the beam is incident, included to terminate the exposure when it has
reached a desired value.
Integral Dose (Volume Dose): A measure of the
total energy absorbed by a patient or object during Dose Rate: Absorbed dose delivered per unit time.
exposure to radiation. (See Gram-Rad.)
Dose Ratemeter: Any instrument which measures
radiation dose rate.
Maximum Permissible Dose Equivalent
i (MPD): The greatest dose equivalent that a per- Dosimeter: Instrument to detect and measure ac-
son or specified part thereof shall be allowed to cumulated radiation exposure. In common usage, a
receive in a given period of time. pencil-size ionization chamber with a self-reading
electrometer, used for personnel monitoring.
Median Lethal Dose (MLD): Dose of radiation
required to kill, within a specified period, 50 Dosimetry, Photographic: Determination of cumula-
percent of the individuals in a large group of tire radiation dose with photographic film and
animals or organisms. Also called the LDs o. density measurement.
Dynamitron: A particle accelerator using a voltage

Percentage Depth Dose: Dose of radiation de- multiplying circuit with the stages driven by high
livered at a specified depth in tissue, expressed as a voltage capacitors in parallel. A radiofrequency power
percentage of the skin dose. source is used to charge the capacitors.
Permissible Dose: The dose of radiation which Dyne: The unit of force which, when acting upon a
may be received by an individual within a specified mass of one gram, will produce an acceleration of'one
period with expectation of no significantly harm- centimeter per second per second.
ful result.
"_E_
Skin Dose (Radiology): Absorbed dose at center

of irradiation field on skin. It is the sum of the Efficiency (Counters): A measure of the probability
•dose in air and scatter from body parts, that a count will be recorded when radiation is
incident on a detector. Usage varies considerably, so
Threshold Dose: The minimum absorbed dose it is well to ascertain which factors (window transmis-
that will produce a detectable degree of any given sion, sensitive volume, energy dependence, etc.) are
effect, included in a given case.
423
Electrode: A conductor used to establish electrical spatial relation to other masses. "Kinetic energy" is
contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit, the energy possessed by a mass because of its motion;
MKSA units: kg-m 2/see 2 or joules.
Electrometer: Electrostatic instrument for measur- Binding Energy: The energy represented by the
ing the difference in potential between two points, difference in mass between the sum of the
Used to measure change of electric potential of component parts and the actual mass of the
charged electrodes resulting from ionization produced nucleus.
by radiation.
Excitation Energy: The energy required to
Electromotive Force: Potential difference across change a system from its ground state to an
electrodes tending to produce an electric current, excited state. Each different excited state has a dif-
ferent excitation energy.
Electron: A stable elementary particle having an
electric charge equal to +1.60210 X 10"19 C. and a lonizing Energy: The average energy lost by
rest mass equal to 9.1091 X 10-31 kg. ionizing radiation in producing an ion pair in a gas.
Secondary Electron: An electron ejected from an For air, it is about 33.73 eV.
atom, molecule, or surface as a result of an
interaction with a charged particle or photon. Radiant Energy: The energy of electromagnetic
Valence Electron: Electron which is gained, lost, ' radiation, such as radio waves, visible light, x and
or shared in a chemical reaction, gamma rays.
Reaction Energy (Nuclear): In the disintegration

Electron Volt: A unit of energy equivalent to the
of a nucleus, it is equal to the sum of the kinetic
energy gained by an electron in passing through a
or radiant energies of the reactants minus the sum
potential difference of one volt. Larger multiple units
of the kinetic or radiant energies of the products.
of the electron volt are frequently used: keV for
If any product of a specified reaction is in an
thousand or kilo electron volts; MeV for million or
mega electron volt_ (Abbreviated: eV, 1 eV = 1.6 excited nuclear state, the energy of subsequently
X10-12erg.) emitted gamma radiation is not included in the
sum. The "ground-state nuclear reaction energy" is
the reaction energy when all reactant and product
Electroscope: Instrument for detecting the presence nuclei are in their ground states. (Symbol: Qo)-
of electric charges by the deflection of charged
bodies.
Energy Dependence: The characteristic response of
Electrostatic Field: The region surrounding an elec- a radiation detector to a given range of radiation
tric charge in which another electric charge experi- energies or wave lengths compared with the response
ences a force, of a standard free-air chamber.
Electrostatic Unit of Charge: (See Statcoulomb.) Energy Fluenee: The sum of the energies, exclusive
of rest energies, of all particles passing through a unit
Element: A category of atoms all of the same cross-sectional area.
atomic number.
Energy Flux Density (energy fluence rate): The sum
Emulsion, Nuclear: A photographic emulsion spe- of the energies, exclusive of rest energies, of all
cially designed to permit observation of the individual particles passing through a unit cross-sectional area
tracks of ionizing particles, per unit time. (Energy fluence per unit of time.)
End Product: The stable nuclide that is the final
member of a radioactive series. Enriched Material: (1) Material in which the relative
amount of one or more isotopes of a constituent has
Energy: Capacity for doing work. "Potential been increased. (2) Uranium in which the abundance
energy" is the energy inherent in a mass because of its of the 23 s U isotope is increased above normal.
424
Enzyme: A biological catalyst of great specificity Error, Statistical: Errors in counting due to the
for a particular substance (substrate) or a particular random time-distributions of disintegrations.
group of closely related substances which generally
activates or accelerates a biochemical reaction. Erythema: An abnormal redness of the skin due to
distension of the capillaries with blood. It can be
Epidermis: The outermost layer of cells of the skin. caused by many different agents-heat, drugs, ultra-
violet rays, ionizing radiation.
Epilation (Depilation): The temporary or permanent
removal or loss of hair. Erythrocyte: A red blood corpuscle.
Eugenics: The science which deals with the in-

Epithelium: A term applied to cells that line all fluences that improve the hereditary qualities of a
canals and surfaces having communication with ex- race or breed.
ternal air; also, cells specialized for secretion in certain
glands as the liver, kidneys, etc. Excitation: The addition of energy to a system,
Equilibrium, Radioactive: In a radioactive series, the thereby transferring it from its ground state to an
excited state. Excitation of a nucleus, an atom, or a
state which prevails when the ratios between the
amounts of successive members of the series remains molecule can result from absorption of photons or
constant, from inelastic collisions with other particles.
Secular Equih'brium: If a parent element has a Exoergic: That which liberates energy.
very much longer half-life than the daughters (so
there is no appreciable change in its amount in the Exposure: A measure of the ionization produced in
time interval required for later products to attain air by x or gamma radiation. It is the sum of the
equilibrium) then, after equilibrium is reached, electrical charges on all ions of one sign produced in
equal numbers of atoms of all members of the air when all electrons liberated by photons in a
series disintegrate in unit time. This condition is volume element of air are completely stopped in air,
never actually attained, but is essentially estab- divided by the mass of the air in the volume element.
lished in such a case as radium and its series to The special unit of exposure is the roentgen.
Radium D. The half-life of radium is about 1,600
Acute Exposure: Radiation exposure of short
years; of radon, approximately 3.82 days, and of
duration.
each of the subsequent members, a few minutes.
After about a month, essentially the equilibrium Chronic Exposure: Radiation exposure of long
amount of radon is present; then (and for a long duration by fractionation or protraction. (See
time) all members of the series disintegrate the Dose, Fractionation and Dose, Protraction.)
•same number of atoms per unit time.
Transient Equilibrium: If the half-life of the -F-

parent is short enough so the quantity present Fallout: Radioactive debris from a nuclear detona-
decreases appreciably during the period under tion, which is airborne or has been deposited on the
consideration, but is still longer than that of earth. Special forms of fallout are "Dry Fallout,"
successive members of the series, a stage of "Rainout," and"Snowout."
equilibrium will be reached after which all mem-
bers of the series decrease in amount exponentially Fertile: Of a nuclide, capable of being transformed,
with the period of the parent. An example of this directly or indirectly, into a fissile nuclide by neutron
is radon (half-life of approximately 3.82 days) and capture. Of a material, containing one or more fertile
successive members of the series to Radium D. nuclides.
Erg: Unit of work done by a force of one dyne Film Badge: A pack of photographic film which
acting through a distance of one cm. Unit of energy measures radiation exposure for personnel monitor-
which can exert a force of one dyne through a ing. The badge may contain two or three films of
distance of one cm; cgs units: dyne-cm or differing sensitivity and filters to shield parts of the
grn-cm 2/sec 2 . film from certain types of radiation.
425
Film Ring: A trim badge in the form of a finger ring. Flux Density (fluenee rate): The number of particles
Filter(Radiology): Primary-A sheet of material, usu- passing through a unit cross-sectional area per unit of
ally metal, placed in a beam of radiation to absorb time. (Fluence per unit of time.)
preferentially the less penetrating components. Sec-
ondary-A sheet of material of low atomic number Flux, Neutron: A term used to express the intensity
(relative to the primary filter) placed in the filtered of neutron radiation. The number of neutrons passing
beam of radiation to remove characteristic radiation through a unit area in unit time. For neutrons of a
produced b2_the primary filter, given energy, the product of neutron density with
speed.
Filtration, Inherent (x rays). The filter permanently
in the useful beam; it includes the window of the Focal Spot (x rays): The part of the target of the
x-ray tube and any permanent tube or source x-raytube struck bythe main electron stream.
enclosure.
Frequency: Number of cycles, revolutions, or vibra-
tions completed in a unit of time. (See Hertz.)
Fissile: Of a nuclide, capable of undergoing fission
by interaction with slow neutrons. Fuel: Fissionable material of reasonably long life,
used or usable in producing energy in a nuclear
Fission, Nuclear: A nuclear transformation charac- reactor. The term frequently is applied to a mixture,
terized by the splitting of a nucleus into at least two such as natural uranium, in which only part of the
other nuclei and the release of a relatively large atoms are fissionable, if it can maintain a self-
amount of energy, sustaining chain reaction under the proper conditions.
Fission Products: Elements or compounds resulting Fuel Cycle: The sequence of steps, such as utiliza-
from fission, tion, reprocessing, and refabrication, through which
nuclear fuel passes.
Fission Yield: The percentage of fissions leading to a
particular nuclide. Fusion, Nuclear: Act of coalescing two or more

Fissionable: Of a nuclide, capable of undergoing atomic nuclei. (See Reaction, Thermonuclear.)
fission by any process. -G-

Fluence: The number of particles passing through a
unit cross-sectional area. Gamete: Either of the two germ cells (sperm or
ovum).
Fluorescence: The emission of radiation of particular
wavelengths by a substance as a remit of absorption Gamma, Prompt: Gamma radiation emitted at the
of radiation of shorter wavelength. This emission time of fission of a nucleus.
occurs essentially only during the irradiation.
Fluorescent Screen: A sheet of material coated with Gamma Ray: Short wavelength electromagnetic ra-
a substance (such as calcium tungstate or zinc sulfide) diation of nuclear origin (range of energy from 10
which will emit visible light when irradiated with keV to 9 MeV) emitted from the nucleus.
ionizing radiation. Gas Amplification: As applied to gas ionization

Fluorography (Photofluorography): Photography of radiation detecting instruments, the ratio of the
image produced on fluorescent screen by x or gamma charge collected to the charge produced by the initial
radiation, ionizing event.
Fluoroscope: A fluorescent screen, suitably mounted Geiger Region: In an ionization radiation detector,
with respect to an x-ray tube for ease of observation the operating voltage interval in which the charge
and protection, used for indirect visualization (by x collected per ionizing event is essentially independent
rays) of internal organs in the body or internal of the number of primary ions produced in the initial
structures in apparatus or in masses of material, ionizing event.
426
Geiger Threshold: The lowest voltage applied to a Gram-Rad: Unit of integral dose equal to 100 ergs.
counter tube for which the number of pulses pro-
" duced in the counter tube is essentially the same, Graphite: A form of carbon in which the atoms are
regardless of a limited voltage increase, hexagonally arranged in planes. Commonly used for
moderators because it can be made in compact, fairly
Gene: Fundamental unit of inheritance which de- strong blocks, easily machined to close tolerances,
termines and controls hereditarily transmissible char- and because the prolonged baking at high tempera-
acteristics. Genes are arranged linearly at definite loci ture used in its manufacture helps eliminate ira-
on chromosomes, purities that might absorb neutrons.
Generator ("Cow"): A device in which a daughter Gravitation: Force of attraction existing between all
radionuclide is eluted from an ion exchange column material bodies in the universe. The magnitude of the
containing a parent radionuclide long-lived compared force between any two bodies is proportional to the
to the daughter, product of the masses of the two bodies and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between
Genetic Effect of Radiation: Inheritable change, them.
chiefly mutations, produced by the absorption of
ionizing radiations. On the basis of present knowledge Grenz Rays: X rays produced at voltages of 5 to 20
these effects are purely additive; there is no recovery, kVp, intended primarily for surface therapy.
Genetics: The branch of biology dealing with the Ground State: The state of a nucleus, atom, or
phenomena of heredity and variation, molecule at its lowest energy. All other states are
"excited."
Genotype: The fundamental hereditary (genetic)
constitution of an organism. H
Geometry Factor: The fraction of the total solid Half-Life, Biological: The time required for the body
angle about the source of radiation that is subtended to eliminate one-half of an administered dosage of
by the face of the sensitive volume of a detector.
any substance by regular processes of elimination.
Approximately the same for both stable and radio-
Geometry, Good: In nuclear physics measurements, active isotopes of a particular element.
an arrangement of source and detecting equipment
such that the use of finite source size and finite Half-Life, Effective: Time required for a radioactive
detector aperture introduces little error, element in an animal body to be diminished 50
Geometry, Poor: In a nuclear experiment, an ar- percent as a result of the combined action of
rangement in which the angular aperture between the radioactive decay and biological elimination.
source and detector is large, introducing into the Effective half-life
measurement a comparative large uncertainty for _ Biological half-life × Radioactive half-life
which a correction may be necessary. Biological half-life + Radioactive half-life
Germ Cells: The cells of an organism whose function Half-life, Radioactive: Time required for a radio-
is reproduction, active substance to lose 50 percent of its activity by
decay. Each radionuclide has a unique half-life.
Gonad: A gamete-producing organ in animals; testis
or ovary. Half Value Layer (Half Thickness) (HVL): The thick-
ness of a specified substance which, when introduced
Gram Atomic Weight: A mass in grams numerically into the path of a given beam of radiation, reduces
equal to the atomic weight of an element, the exposure rate by one-half.
Gram Molecular Weight (Gram-Mole): Mass in grams Hardness (x rays): A relative specification of the
numerically equal to the molecular weight of a quality or penetrating power of x rays. In general, the
substance, shorter the wavelength the harder the radiation.
427
Health, Radiological: The art and science of protect- preliminary condition has been met, or prevent
ing human beings from injury by radiation, and hazardous operations. Its purpose usually is safety.
promoting better health through beneficial applica-
tions of radiation. Internal Conversion: One of the possible mechanisms
of decay from the metastable state (isomeric transi-
Heredity: Transmission of characters and traits from tion) in which the transition energy is transferred to
parent to offspring, an orbital electron, causing its ejection from the
atom. The ratio of the number of internal conversion
Hertz: Unit of frequency equal to one cycle per electrons to the number of gamma quanta emitted in
second, the de-excitation of the nucleus is called the "con-
version ratio."
Hot Cell: A heavily shielded enclosure for handling Ion: Atomic particle, atom, or chemical radical
and processing (by remote means or automatically)or bearing an electrical charge, either negative or posi-
storing highly radioactive materials, tive.
Hygiene, Radiation: Radiologicalhealth. Ion Exchange: A chemical process involving the

reversible interchange of ions between a solution and
I a particular solid material such as an ion exchange
resin consisting of a matrix of insoluble material
Immunity: The power which a living organism pos- interspersed with fixed ions of opposite charge.
sesses to resist and overcome infection.
Ionization: The process by which a neutral atom or
Implant (Radiology): Encapsulated radioactive mate- molecule acquires a positive or negative charge.
rial embedded in a tissue for therapy. It may be
permanent (seed) or temporary (needle). Primary Ionization: (1) In collision theory: the
ionization produced by the primary particles as
Insulating Core Transformer (ICT): A high voltage contrasted to the "total ionization" which in-
power supply consisting of a transformer, the core of cludes the "secondary ionization" produced by
which is separated into insulated segments, each delta rays. (2) In counter tubes: The total ioniza-
having a secondary winding which drives its own tion produced by incident radiation without gas
rectifier. The rectifier outputs are connected in series amplification.
to produce the high voltage. An accelerating column
may be directly attached to the high voltage terminal, Secondary Ionization: Ionization produced by
or it may be physically separated from the unit and delta rays.
connected to it by a high-voltage shielded cable.
Specific Ionization: Number of ion pairs per unit
Intensifying Screen: Sheet of cardboard or other length of path of ionizing radiation in a medium;
substance coated with fluorescent material, placed in e.g., per cm. of air or per micron of tissue.
contact with the film in radiography. The x or gamma
rays excite the fluorescent substance. The light thus Total Ionization: The total electric charge of one
emitted adds to the radiation effect on the film and sign on the ions produced by radiation in the
produces an image of greater density for a given process of losing its kinetic energy. For a given gas,
exposure. Sheets of thin lead may be used in the total ionization is closely proportional to the
industrial radiography with very high energy radia- initial ionization and is nearly independent of the
tion. In this case, the increased effect is due largely to nature of the ionizing radiation. It is frequently
secondary electrons and x rays emitted by the lead. used as a measure of radiation energy.
Intensity: Amount of energy per unit time passing Ionization Density: Number of ion pairs per unit
through a unit area perpendicular to the line of volume.
propagation at the point in question.
Ionization Path (Track): The trail of ion pairs pro-
Interlock: A device, usually electrical and (or) me- duced by an ionizing radiation in its passage through
chanical, to prevent activation of a control until a matter.
428
Ionizing Event: Any occurrence of a process in Isotope Effect (Chemistry): The effect of the dif-
which an ion or group of ions is produced, ference in the mass between isotopes of'an element
on the rate and/or equilibria of chemical transforma-
Ion Pair: Two particles of opposite charge, usually tions.
referring to the electron and positive atomic or
molecular residue resulting after the interaction of Isotope Separation: Process in which a mixture of
ionizing radiation with the orbital electrons of atoms, isotopes of an element is separated into its com-
ponent isotopes, or in which the abundance of
Irradiation: Exposure to radiation, isotopes in such a mixture is changed.
Isobars: Nuclides having the same mass number but J

different atomic numbers. Joule: The unit for work and energy, equal to one
newton expended along a distance of one meter
Isochronous Cyclotron (Azimuthally Varying Field (1J = 1N X lm).
[AVF] or Sector Focused Cyclotron): A cyclotron
which uses a constant accelerating frequency and -K-
focuses the particles by means of wedge-shaped
sectors on the magnet poles. Kerma: The sum of the initial kinetic energies of all
charged particles liberated by indirectly ionizing
Isodose Chart: Chart showing the distribution of particles in a volume, divided by the mass of matter
radiation in a medium by means of lines or surfaces in that volume.
drawn through points receiving equal doses. Isodose
charts have been determined for beams of x rays Kilo Electron Volt (keV): One thousand electron
traversing the body, for radium applicators used for volts, 10 3 eV.
intracavitary or interstitial therapy, and for working
Kilovolt (kV): A unit of electrical potential dif-
areas where x rays or radioactive nuclides are em-
ployed, ference, equal to 1,000 volts.
Kilovolt Peak (kVp): The crest value in kilovolts of
Isodose Curve: A curve depicting loci of identical
the potential difference of a pulsating potential
radiation doses in a structure, generator. When only half the wave is used, the value
refers to the useful half of the cycle.
Isomers: Nuclides having the same number of neu-
trons and protons but capable of existing, for a Klein-Nishina Formula: A formula that expresses the
measurable time, in different quantum states with cross section of an unbound electron for scattering of
different energies and radioactive properties. Com- a photon in the Compton effect, as a function of the
monly, the isomer of higher energy decays to one
energy of the photon. The term usually refers to the
with lower energy by the process of isomeric transi- integral Klein-Nishina formula, which gives the total
tion. cross section for the process. The differential Klein-
Nishina formula gives the differential cross section for
lsotones: Nuclides having the same number of neu-
scattering at a given angle. Because of the confidence
trons in their nuclei, with which photon-electron interactions can be in-
terpreted (by using the Klein-Nishina formula), the
Isotopes: Nuclides having the same number of pro- Compton effect is important in the analysis of energy
tons in theft nuclei, and hence the same atomic and polarization of gamma rays from many sources.
number, but differing in the number of neutrons, and
therefore in the mass number. Almost identical -L-
chemical properties exist between isotopes of a
particular element. The term should not be used as a Labeled Compound: A compound consisting, in part,
synonym for nuclide, of labeled molecules. By observations of radioactivity
or isotopic composition, this compound or its frag-
Stable Isotope: A non-radioactive isotope of an ments may be followed through physical, chemical,
element, or biological processes.
429
Labeled Molecule: A molecule containing one or -M-

more atoms distinguished by non-natural isotopic
composition (with radioactive or stable isotopes). Mass: The material equivalent of energy-different
from weight in that it neither increases nor decreases
Lag Time: The time between the occurrence of the with gravitational force.
primary ionizing event and the occurrence of the Critical Mass: The minimum mass of fissile mate-
count, rial which can be made critical with a specified
geometrical arrangement and material composi-
Laser: Light amplification by stimulated emission of tion.
radiation. The laser region is that portion of the
spectrum which includes ultra-violet, visible light, and Relativistic Mass: The increased mass associated
infrared. (See Laser Definitions and Abbreviations, with a particle when its velocity is increased. The
page 442.) increase in mass becomes appreciable only at
velocities approaching the velocity of light,
Latent Period: The period or state of seeming inac- 3 × 101o cm/sec.
tivity between the time of exposure of tissue to an
injurious agent and response. Mass Defect: Difference between the mass of the
" nucleus as a whole and the sum of the component
LDso (Radiation Dose): (See Dose, Median Lethal.) nucleon masses.
Lead Equivalent: The thickness of lead affording the Mass-Energy Relation: The name sometimes given to
same attenuation, under specified conditions, as the the equation E = mc 2.
material in question, lVlass Numbers: The number of nucleons (protons
and neutrons) in the nucleus of an atom. (Sym-
Lepton: One of a class of light elementary particles bol: A)
(having small mass). Specifically, an electron, a
positron, a neutrino, an antineutrino, a muon, or an Maximum Credible Accident: The worst accident in
antimuon. (See Baryon, Meson.) a reactor or nuclear energy installation that, by
agreement, need be taken into account in devising
Lesion: A hurt, wound, or local degeneration, protective measures.
Leukemia: A disease in which there is great over- Mean Free Path: The average distance that particles
production of white blood cells, or a relative over- of a specified type travel before a specified type (or
production of immature white cells, and great en- types) of interaction in a given medium. The mean
largement of the spleen. The disease is variable, at free path may thus be specified for all interactions
times running a more chronic course in adults than in (i.e., total mean free path) or for particular types of
children. It is almost always fatal. It can be produced interaction such as scattering, capture, or ionization.
in some animals by long-continued exposure to low
doses of ionizing radiation.
Mean Life: The average lifetime for an atomic or
Linear Accelerator: A device for accelerating charged nuclear system in a specified state. For an exponen-
tially decaying system, the average time for the
particles. It employs alternate electrodes and gaps number of atoms or nuclei in a specified state to
arranged in a straight line, so proportioned that when
decrease by a factor of e (2.718...).
potentials are varied in the proper amplitude and
frequency, particles passing through the waveguide Mega Electron Volt (MeV): One million electron
receive successive increments of energy, volts, 10 6 eV.
Localization, Selective (Biology): Accumulation of a Meson: One of a class of medium-mass, short-lived

particular nuclide to a significantly greater degree in elementary particles with a mass between that of the
certain cells or tissues. (See Absorption Ratio, Dif- electron and that of the proton. Examples: Pi mesons
ferential.) (pions) and K-mesons (kaons). (See Baryon, Lepton.)
430
Metabolism: The sum of all physical and chemical Area Monitoring: Routine monitoring of the ra-
processes by which living organized substance is diation level or contamination of a particular area,
produced and maintained and by which energy is building, room, or equipment. Some laboratories
made available for the uses of the organism, or operations distinguish between routine monitor-
ing and survey activities.
Metastable State: An excited nuclear state havh_g a Personnel Monitoring: Monitoring any part of an
half-life long enough to be observed, individual, his breath, or excretions, or any part of
his clothing.
Metastasis: The transfer in the body of malignant
neoplastic cells from the original or parent site to one Mutation: Alteration of the usual hereditary pattern,
more distant, usually sudden.
Micron: Unit of length equal to 10-4 meters. (Sym- -N-

bol: _t).
N-Unit: That quantity of neutron radiation measured
Microwave: An electromagnetic wave having a wave- in a condenser R-meter that will produce the same
length of approximately 1 meter to 1 millimeter amount of ionization as one roentgen of x radiation.
corresponding to frequencies of about 300 to
300,000 megacycles per second. (See Glossary of Neoplasm: A new growth of cells which is more or
Microwave Terms.) less unrestrained and not governed by the usual
limitations of normal reproduction. Benign: some
Mih Unit of length equal to one-thousandth of an degree of growth restraint and no spread to distant
inch. parts. Malignant: growth invades tissues or spreads to
distant parts, or both.
Milliroentgen (mR): A submultiple of the roentgen,
equal to one one-thousandth of a roentgen. (See Neutrino: A neutral particle of very small rest mass
Roentgen.) originally postulated to account for the continuous
Moderator: Material used to moderate or slow down distribution of energy among particles in the beta-
decay process.
neutrons from the high energies at which they are
released.
Neutron Cycle: The average energy, interaction and
Molecular Weight: The sum of the atomic weights of migration history of neutrons in a reactor, beginning
all the atoms in a molecule, with fission and continuing until they have leaked out
or have been absorbed.
Molecule: Smallest quantity of a compound which
can exist by itself and retain all properties of the Neutrons, Prompt: Neutrons accompanying the fis-
original substance, sion process without measurable delay.
Momentum: The product of the mass of a body and Newton: The unit of force, which when applied to a
its velocity; MKSA units, kg-m/sec, one kilogram mass will give it an acceleration o.f one
meter per second per second. (1N = lkg × lm/ls 2)
Monte Carlo Method: A method permitting the
solution by means of a computer of problems of Nuclear Fusion: (See Reaction, Thermonuclear.)
physics, such as those of neutron transport, by
determining the history of a large number of elemen- Nucleon: Common name for a constituent particle of
tary events bY the application of the mathematical the nucleus. Applied to a proton or neutron.
theory of random variables.
Nucleus: (Biological) A definitely delineated body
Monitoring: Periodic or continuous determination of within the cell, containing the chromosomes. (Nu-
the amount of ionizing radiation or radioactive con- clear) That part of an atom in which the total positive
tamination present in an occupied region, electric charge and most of the mass is concentrated.
431
Nuclide: A species of atom characterized by the Permeable: Affording passage or penetration.

constitution of its nucleus. The nuclear constitution
is specified by the number of protons (Z), number of Phantom: A volume of material approximating as
neutrons (N), and energy content; or, alternatively, closely as possible the density and effective atomic
by the atomic number (Z), mass number A = (N + Z), number of tissue. Ideally a phantom should behave in
and atomic mass. To be regarded as a distinct nuclide, respect to absorption of radiation in the same manner
the atom must be capable of existing for a measurable as tissue. Radiation dose measurements made within
time. Thus, nuclear isomers are separate nuclides, or on a phantom provide a means of determining the
whereas promptly decaying excited nuclear states and radiation dose within or on a body under similar
unstable intermediates in nuclear reactions are not so exposure conditions. Some materials commonly used
considered, in phantoms are water, Masonite, pressed wood, and
beeswax.
-O-
',Phosphorescence: Emission of radiation by a sub-

Organ: Group of tissues which together perform one
stance as a result of previous absorption of radiation
or more definite functions in a living body. of shorter wavelength. In contrast to fluorescence,
the emission may continue for a considerable time
Osmosis: The passage of pure solvent from the lesser after cessation of the exciting irradiation.
to the greater concentration when two solutions are
separated by a membrane which selectively prevents Photoelectric Effect: Process by which a photon
the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to ejects an electron from an atom. All the energy of the
the solvent, photon is absorbed in ejecting the electron and in
Osmotic: Pertaining to osmosis, imparting kinetic energy to it.
_p_ Photofluorography: (See Fluorography.)
Packing Fraction: The ratio (A/A) of the mass defect Photon: A quantity of electromagnetic energy (E)
(A), and mass number (A), of a nuclide, whose value in joules is the product of its frequency
(v) in hertz and Planck constant (h). The equation
Pair Production: An absorption process for x and is: E = hr.
• gamma radiation in which the incident photon is
annihilated in the vicinity of the nucleus of the Photosynthesis: The production of carbohydrates by
absorbing atom, withsubsequent production of an green plants in the presence of sunlight through the
electron and positron pair. This reaction only occurs agency of chlorophyll.
for incident photon energies exceeding 1.02 MeV.
Physics, Health: A science and profession devoted to
Parent: A radionuclide which, upon disintegration, the protection of man and his environment from
yields a specified nuclide-either directly or as a later unnecessary radiation exposure.
member of a radioactive series.
Pile: (See Reactor, Nuclear.)
Path, Mean Free: Average distance a particle travels
between collisions. Planck Constant: A natural constant of propor-
tionality (h) relating the frequency of a quantum of
Periodic Table: An arrangement of chemical ele- energy to the total energy of the quantum:
ments in order of increasing atomic number. Ele-
ments of similar properties are placed one under the h = E= 6.6256 X 10-34 J sec.
other, yielding groups and families of elements, v
Within each group there is a gradation of chemical
and physical properties but, in general, a similarity of Plateau: As applied to radiation detector chambers,
chemical behavior. From group to group, however, the level portion of the counting rate-voltage curve
there is a progressive shift of Chemical behavior from where changes in operating voltage introduce mini-
one end of the table to the other, mum changes in the counting rate.
432
Plateau Slope, Relative: The relative increase in the Proton: Elementary nuclear particle with a positive
number of counts as function of voltage expressed in electric charge equal numerically to the charge of the
percentage per 100 volts increase above the Geiger electron and a mass of 1.007277 mass units.
threshold.
Purpura: Large hemorrhagic spots in or under the
Poison: Material of high absorption cross section skin or mucous tissues.
which absorbs neutrons unproductively and reduces
the reactivity of a reactor.
-Q-
Polycythemia: A disease characterized by overpro-
duction of red blood cells. Quality (Radiology): The characteristic spectral-
energy distribution of x radiation. It is usually
Polymerization: Union of two or more molecules of expressed in terms of effective wave lengths or
a compound to form a more complex molecule, half-value layers of a suitable material; e.g., up to 201
kV, cellophane; 20 to 120 kVp, aluminum; 120 to
Positron: Particle equal in mass to the electron and 400 kVp, copper; over 400 kVp, tin.
having an equal but positive charge.
Quality Factor (QF): The linear-energy-transfer-
Potential Ionization: The potential necessary to sep- dependent factor by which absorbed doses are mul-
arate one electron from an atom, resulting in the tiplied to obtain(for radiation protection purposes)a
formation of an ion pair. quantity that expresses-on a common scale for all
ionizing radiations-the effectiveness of the absorbed
Potential Difference: Work required to carry a unit dose.
positive charge from one point to another.
Quantum: An observable quantity is said to be
Power, Nuclear: Useful power released in exothermic "quantized" when its magnitude is, in some or all of
nuclear reactions, its range, restricted to a discrete set of values. If the
magnitude of the quantity is always a multiple of a
Power, Stopping: A measure of the effect of a definite unit, then that unit is called the quantum (of
substance upon the kinetic energy of a charged the quantity). For example, the quantum or unit of
particle passing through it. orbital angular momentum is h, and the quantum of "
energy of electromagnetic radiation of frequency v is
Pressure Vessel, Reactor: A reactor vessel designed to hr. In field theories, a field (or the field equations) is
withstand a substantial operating pressure, quantized by application of a proper quantum-
mechanical procedure. This results in the existence of
Process, Regenerative: The process by which dam- a fundamental field particle, which may be called the
aged or destroyed cells are replaced by new ones of field quantum. Thus, the photon is a quantum of the
the same type. electromagnetic field and in nuclear field theories the
meson is considered the quantum of the nuclear field.
Prompt Gamma Radiation: Gamma radiation ac-
companying the fission process without measurable Quantum Theory: The concept that energy is ra-
delay, diated intermittently in units of definite magnitude
called quanta, and absorbed in a like manner.
Proportional Region: Voltage range in which the gas
amplification is greater than one, and in which the Quenching: The process of inhibiting continuous or
charge collected is proportional to the charge pro- multiple discharge in a counter tube which uses gas
duced by the initial ionizing event, amplification.
Protinm: A name sometimes applied to the hydrogen Quenching Vapor: Polyatomic gas used in Geiger-
isotope of mass 1 to distinguish it from deuterium Mueller counters to quench or extinguish avalanche
and tritium, ionization.
433
-R- Direct Radiation: Obsolete term for "leakage ra-

diation."
Rabbit: A small container propelled, usually pneu-
matically or hydraulically, through a tube in a nuclear External Radiation: Radiation from a source out-
reactor to expose substances experimentally to the side the body-the radiation must penetrate the
radiation and neutron flux of the active section. Used skin.
for rapid removal of samples with very short half-
lives. Infrared Radiation: Invisible thermal radiation
whose wavelength is longer than the red segment
Rad: The unit of absorbed dose equal to 0.01 J/kg of the visible spectrum.
in any medium. (See Absorbed Dose.)(Written: rad.)
Internal Radiation: Radiation from a source
Radiation: (1)The emission and propagation of en- within the body (as a result of deposition of
ergy through space or through a material medium in radionuclides in body tissues.)
the form of waves; for instance, the emission and
propagation of electromagnetic waves, or of sound Ionizing Radiation: Any electromagnetic or par-
and elastic waves. (2) The energy propagated through ticulate radiation capable of producing ions, di-
space or through a material medium as waves; for rectly or indirectly, in its passage through matter.
example, energy in the form of electromagnetic waves
or of elastic waves. The term radiation or radiant Leakage (Direct) Radiation: All radiation coming
energy, when unqualified, usually refers to electro- from the source housing except the useful beam.
magnetic radiation. Such radiation commonly is
classified, according to frequency, as Hertzian, infra- Monochromatic Radiation: Electromagnetic radia-
red, visible (light), ultra-violet, x ray, and gamma ray. tion of a single wavelength, or radiation in which
(See Photon.) (3) By extension, corpuscular emis- all the photons have the same energy.
sions, such as alpha and beta radiation, or rays of
mixed or unknown type, as cosmic radiation. Monoenergetic Radiation: Radiation of a given
type (alpha, beta, neutron, gamma, etc.) in which
Annihilation Radiation: Photons produced when all particles or photons originate with and have the
an electron and a positron unite and cease to exist, same energy.
The annihilation of a positron-electron pair results
in the production of two photons, each of 0.51 Primary Radiation: The useful beam of an x-ray
MeV energy, tube. .
Background Radiation: Radiation arising from ra- Scattered Radiation: Radiation which during its
dioactive material other than the one directly passage through a substance, has been deviated in
under consideration. Background radiation due to direction. It may also have been modified by a
cosmic rays and natural radioactivity is always decrease in energy.
present. There may also be background radiation
due to the presence of radioactive substances in Secondary Radiation: Radiation resulting from
other parts of the building, in the building material absorption of other radiation in matter. It may be
itself, etc. either electromagnetic or particulate.
Characteristic(Discrete) Radiation: Radiation orig- Stem Radiation: X rays given off from parts of
inating from an atom after removal of an electron the anode other than the target, particularly from
or excitation of the nucleus. The wavelength of the target support.
the emitted radiation is specific, depending only
on the nuclide and particular energy levels in- Stray Radiation: The sum of leakage and scat-
volved, tered radiation.
434
Radioactivity: The property of certain nuclides of Radiosensitivity: Relative susceptibility of cells, tis-
spontaneously emitting particles or gamma radiation sues, organs, organisms, or any living substance to the
or of emitting x radiation following orbital electron injurious action of radiation. Radioresistance and
capture or of undergoing spontaneous fission, radiosensitivity are currently used in a comparative
sense, rather than in an absolute one.
Artificial Radioactivity: Manmade radioactivity
produced by particle bombardment or electro- Rare Earth: Any of the series of very similar metals
magnetic irradiation, as opposed to natural radio- ranging in atomic number from 57 through 71.
activity.
Rate, Recovery: The rate at which recovery takes
Induced Radioactivity: Radioactivity produced in place after radiation injury. It may proceed at
a substance after bombardment with neutrons or different rates for different tissues. "Differential re-
other particles. The resulting activity is "natural covery rate:" Among tissues recovering at different
radioactivity" if formed by nuclear reactions rates, those having slower rates will ultimately suffer
occurring in nature, and "artificial radioactivity" if greater damage from a series of successive irradia-
the reactions are caused by man. tions. This differential effect is considered in frac-
tionated radiation therapy if the neoplastic tissues
Natural Radioactivity: The property of radioac- have a slower recovery rate than surrounding normal
tivity exhibited by more than fifty naturally structures.
occurring radionuclides.
Reaction (Nuclear): An induced nuclear disintegra-
Radioautograph: (See Autoradiograph.) tion; i.e., a process occurring when a nucleus comes
in contact with a photon, an elementary particle,
or another nucleus. In many cases the reaction
Radiobiology: That branch of biology which deals can be represented by the symbolic equation:
with the effects of radiation on biological systems. X + a _ Y + b or, in abbreviated form, X(a,b) Y. X
is the target nucleus, a is the incident particle or
photon, b is an emitted particle or photon, and Y is
Radiochemistry: The aspects of chemistry connected
the product nucleus.
with radionuclides and their properties, with the
behavior of minute quantities of radioactive materials Chain Reaction: Any chemical or nuclear process
by means of their radioactivity, and the use of in which some products or energy released by the
• radionuclides in the study of chemical problems, process are instrumental in the continuation or
magnification of the process.
Radiography: The making of shadow images on
photographic emulsion by the action of ionizing Endoergie Reaction: Reaction which absorbs en-
radiation. The image is the result of the differential ergy.
attenuation of the radiation in its passage through the
Endothermie Reaction: Reaction which absorbs
object being radiographed, energy, specifically in the form of heat.
Radiology: That branch of medicine which deals Exothermie Reaction: Reaction which liberates
with the diagnostic and therapeutic applications of energy, specifically as heat.
radiant energy including x rays and radionuclides.
Thermonuclear Reaction: A nuclear reaction in
Radiopharmaeeutieal: A pharmaceutical compound which the energy necessary for the reaction is
which has been tagged with a radionuclide, provided by colliding particles possessing kinetic
energy by virtue of their thermal agitation. Such
Radioresistance: Relative resistance of cells, tissues, reactions occur at appreciable rates only for
organs, or organisms to the injurious action of temperatures of millions of degrees and higher.
radiation. The term may also be applied to chemical Their rate increases with temperature. The energy
compounds or to any substances. (See Radio- of most stars is believed to be derived from
sensitivity.) exothermic thermonuclear reactions.
435
Reactivity: A parameter, p, giving the deviation from The slowing down of neutrons that does occur is
criticality of a nuclear chain-reacting medium such due largely to inelastic scattering instead of elastic
that positive values correspond to a supercritical state scattering. About 100,000 electron volts is re-
and negative values to a subcritical state, garded as the minimum value of mean energy of
neutrons inducing fission for a reactor to be
Reactor, Breeder: A reactor which produces more considered fast, with one-half to one-third MeV
fissile material than it consumes; i.e., has a conversion more common. Sometimes the fission threshold of
ratio greater than unity. 23 s U is taken as the lower limit of the fast range.
Reactor, Converter: A reactor Which produces fissile Reactors of this type have potentially high neu-
tron economy.
atoms from fertile atoms, but has a conversion ratio
less than one. Intermediate: Fission is induced predominantly
Reactor, Nuclear: An apparatus in which nuclear by neutrons whose energies are greater than
fission may be sustained in a self-supporting chain thermal, but much less than the energy with which
reaction. A reactor includes fissionable material (fuel) neutrons are released in fission. From 0.5 to
such as uranium or plutonium, and moderating 100,000 electron volts may be taken roughly as
material (except fast reactors), and usually includes a the energy range of neutrons inducing fission in
reflector to conserve escaping neutrons, provision for intermediate reactors. The neutron absorption
heat removal, and measuring and control elements, resonances of the fuel may be important in this
The terms "pile" and "reactor" have been used range.
interchangeably, with reactor now becoming more Thermal: A nuclear reactor in which fission is
common. These terms usually are applied ;only to induced primarily by neutrons of such energy that
systems in which the reaction proceeds at a con- they are in substantial thermal equilibrium with
trolled rate, but they also have been applied to the core material. A representative energy for
bombs. Reactors may be classified on various bases: thermal neutrons often is taken as 0.025 eV (2200
meters per second) which corresponds to the mean
1. By Fuel Arrangement energy of neutrons in a Maxwellian distribution at
293°K, although most thermal reactors actually
Heterogeneous: Fissionable material, (fuel) and operate at a higher temperature. A moderator is an
moderator are arranged as discrete bodies (usually essential element of a thermal reactor.
in a regular pattern) of such dimensions that a
non-homogeneous medium is presented to the 3. By Use
neutrons.
Power: A reactor capable of providing useful
Homogeneous: Fissionable material and modera- mechanical power. In reactors now planned, this is
tor (if used) are so combined that an effectively done by generating energy (in the form of heat)
conveyed at a temperature high enough for ef-
homogeneous medium is presented to the neu-
ficient conversion to mechanical work.
trons. Such a mixture is represented either by a
solution of fuel in moderator or by discrete Power Breeder: A nuclear reactor designed to
particles whose dimensions are small in com- produce both useful power and fuel.
parison with the neutron mean free path.
Production: A nuclear reactor designed primarily
2. By Neutron Energy for large-scale production of transmutation prod-
ucts (e.g., plutonium).
Epithermal: A substantial fraction of fissions
(e.g., 30 or 40 percent) are induced by neutrons of Research: A reactor whose primary purpose is as a
more than thermal energy, research tool. It may supply neutrons, other
particles, and gamma radiation, and will include
Fag: A nuclear reactor in which there is tittle special provision for exposing samples (which may
moderation of neutrons. Thus, fission is induced include living organisms) to these fluxes. It may
primarily by fast neutrons that have lost relatively provide transmutation products as well as have
little of the energy with which they Werereleased, special experimental facilities.
436
4. Special ically, it is the experimentally determined ratio of an

absorbed dose of a radiation in question to the
High Flux: Since a high flux results from a high absorbed dose of a reference radiation required to
rate of fission per unit volume, a high-flux reactor produce an identical biological effect in a particular
operates at high power density, experimental organism or tissue• NOTE: This term
shouM not be used in radiation protection. (See
High Temperature: Roughly, the temperature Quality Factor.)
may be considered high in this connection if it is
great enough to permit generation of mechanical Rein: A special unit of dose equivalent. The dose
power atgood efficiency, equivalent in rems is numerically equal to the
absorbed dose in rads multiplied by the quality
Recoil, Aggregate: The ejection, from the surface of factor, the distribution factor, and any other neces-
a sample, of a cluster of atoms attached to one atom sary modifying factors.
that is recoiled as the result of alpha particle
emission. Although the phenomenon may be quite Rep: An obsolete special unit of absorbed dose.
common, the amount of matter thus carried away is
so maall as to be undetectable unless it is strongly Resolving Time, Counter: The minimum time inter-
radioactive• It is observed with strong preparations of val between two distinct events which will permit
alpha-active materials of high specific activity-such both to be counted. It may refer to an electronic
as nearly pure polonium compounds-as a migration circuit, to a mechanical indicating device, or to a
of a small fraction of the radioactivity onto clean counter tube.
surfaces in the vicinity.
Resonance Energy: The kinetic energy of an incident
Recombination: The return of an ionized atom or particle (expressed in the laboratory system) that
molecule to the neutral state, makes the total energy of the system composed of
the incident particle and the target nucleus close to
Recovery (Radiobiology): The return toward normal the energy of a nuclear level of the compound
of a particular cell, tissue, or organism after radiation nucleus.
injury•
Resonant Transformer: A transformer so designed

Reflector: A layer or structure of material between that the inductance and distributed capacitance of its
the shield and core of a reactor, designed to reduce windings comprise a circuit which is in resonance at
the escape of neutrons and return them to the core. the frequency of the supplied power. As it does not
Neutrons entering the reflector are scattered ran- require an iron core, insulation problems and weight
domly, some of them many times. A large fraction are minimized. This principle is the basis of certain 1
may ultimately return to the core. It is possible to and 2 million volt generators used to produce x rays
design a reflector which will return more than 90% of and electron beams.
the neutrons that would Otherwise be lost. Require-
ments for a good reflector are similar to those for a Respiratory System: The group of organs concerned
• good moderator: Its atoms should have low neutron- with the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in
absorption cross section and high scattering cross organisms. In higher animals this consists successively
section. Low atomic mass is not important. A of the air passages through the mouth, nose, and
reflector's effectiveness increases with its thickness, throat, the trachea, the bronchi, the bronchioles, and
approaching a limiting factor when the thickness is
the alveoli of the lungs.
several times the transport mean free path. Reflector
savings is a measure of the decrease in critical core
size obtained by the use of the reflector. R-Meter: (See Condenser R-Meter.)
Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE): The RBE is Rod: A relatively long and slender body of material
a factor used to compare the biological effectiveness used in or with a nuclear reactor. It may contain fuel,
of absorbed radiation doses (i.e., rads) due to absorber, fertile materials, or other material in which
different types of ionizing radiation, 0aore specif- activation or transmutation is desired.
,.'_ _ _ -- _ __
437
Control Rod: Any rod used to control the reac- Roentgenography: Radiography by means of x rays.
tion rate in a nuclear reactor by changing the
effective multiplication constant and hence the Roentgenology: That part of radiology which per-
reaction rate's time derivative. It may be a fuel rod tains to x rays.
or a part of the moderator; in thermal reactors it
commonly is a neutron absorber. Cadmium and Roentgen Rays: X rays.
boron (as boron steel) are suitable absorbing
materials. Sometimes absorbing control rods are Rutherford: An obsolete unit of radioactivity equiva-
made of fertile material to utilize the neutrons lent to 106 disintegrations per second.
absorbed in control. The term includes power
control rod, regulating rod, safety rod, shim rod. S
Fuel Rod: A rod-shaped body of nuclear fuel or a Sarcoma: Malignant neoplasm composed of cells
long, slender fuel assembly prepared for use in a imitating the appearance of the supportive and
reactor. A short fuel rod is called a "slug." lympathic tissues.
Regulating Rod: A control rod intended to ac- Sealer: An electronic device which registers current
complish rapid, fine adjustment of the reactivity pulses received over a given time interval.
of a nuclear reactor. It can usually move much
more rapidly than a shim rod, but makes a smaller Binary Scaler: A scaler whose scaling factor is two
change in the reactor's reactivity. Its rapid and per stage.
sometimes continuous readjustment may be ac- Decade Scaler: A scaler whose scaling factor is a
complished by a servo system, power of ten.
Safety Rod: An emergency control rod capable of Scanner, Rectilinear: A device which employs a !
shutting down a reactor very quickly, should the moving collimated detector and a moving recorder to
ordinary control system (e.g., regulating and shim produce an image of the radionuclide distribution
rods) fail. Since it must be able to reduce the within an organ or gland.
reactor's effective multiplication constant to much Scanning (Medical): The process by which the spatial
less than unity when inserted, it is withdrawn distribution of a radionuclide within an organ or
almost completely during normal operation. A gland in the body is visualized.
safety rod may be suspended above the core by a
magnetic coupling and allowed to fall in if power Scattering: Change of direction of subatomic par-
reaches a predetermined level, titles or photons as a result of a collision or
Scram Rod: Safety rod. interaction.

Coherent Scattering: Scattering of photons or
Shim Rod: A control rod used for making occa- particles in which there are definite phase relation-
sional coarse adjustments in the reactivity of a ships between the incoming and the scattered
nuclear reactor. It usually moves more slowly than waves. Coherence manifests itself in the interfer-
a regulating rod and, singly or as one of a group, ence between the waves scattered by two or more
can make a greater total change in the reactivity, scattering centers. An example is the Bragg scatter-
Its name is derived from analogy to a mechanical ing of x rays and of neutrons by the regularly
shim. A shim rod commonly is positioned so that spaced atoms in a crystal, for which constructive
the reactor will be just critical (reactivity = 0, interference occurs only at definite angles, called
effective multiplication constant = 1) when the "Bragg angles."
regulating rod is near the middle of its range of
travel. Compton Scattering: The scattering of a photon
by an electron. Part of the energy and momentum
Roentgen (R): The special unit of exposure. One of the incident photon is transferred to the
roentgen equals 2.58 X 10-4 coulomb per kilogram of electron and the remaining part is carried away by
air. (See Exposure.) the scattered photon.
438
Elastic Scattering: Scattering caused by elastic neutron flux or under other danger conditions, the
collisions, and therefore conserving kinetic energy reaching of which causes the monitors and associated
of the system. Rayleigh scattering is a form of equipment to generate a scram signal. To shut down a
elastic scattering, reactor by causing a scram.
Incoherent Scattering: Scattering of photons or Sealed Source: A radioactive source sealed in an

particles in which the scattering elements act impervious container which has sufficient mechanical
independently of one another; there are no def- strength to prevent contact with and dispersion of the
inite phase relationships among the different parts radioactive material under the conditions of use and
of the scattered beam. The intensity of the wear for which it was designed.
scattered radiation at any point is obtained by
adding the intensities of the scattered radiation Selector, Pulse Height: A circuit designed to select
reaching this point from the independent scatter- and pass voltage pulses in a certain range of ampli-
ing elements, tudes.
Inelastic Scattering: The type of scattering which Series, Radioactive: A succession of nuclides, each of
which transforms by radioactive disintegration into
results in the nucleus being left in an excited state
the next until a stable nuclide results. The first
and the total kinetic energy being decreased.
member is called the "parent," the intermediate
members are called "daughters," and the final stable
Multiple Scattering: Scattering of a particle or a
member is called the "end product."
photon in which the final displacement is the
vector sum of many-usually small-displacements. Shield: A body of material used to prevent or reduce
the passage of particles or radiation. A shield may be
Plural Scattering: Scattering of a particle or a designated according to what it is intended to absorb
photon in which the final deflection is the vector (as a gamma-ray shield or neutron shield), or accord-
sum of a small number of displacements, ing to the kind of protection it is intended to give (as
a background, biological, or thermal shield). The
Rayleigh Scattering: The elastic scattering of a shield of a nuclear reactor is a body of material
photon without loss of photonic energy. Some- surrounding the reactor to prevent the escape of
times referred to as coherent scattering, neutrons and radiation into a protected area, which
frequently is the entire space external to the reactor.
Single Scattering: The deflection of a particle It may be required for the safety of personnel or to
from its original path owing to one encounter with reduce radiation enough to allow use of counting
a single scattering center in the material traversed, instruments for research or for locating contamina-
tion or airborne radioactivity.
Scattering Coefficient, Compton: That fractional de-
crease in the energy of a beam of x or gamma Shutdown: Procedure of stopping a chain reaction
radiation in an absorber due to the energy carried off by bringing the reactor to a subcritical condition
by scattered photons in the Compton effect. (effective multiplication constant less than 1). State
of a reactor after being shut down.
Scintillation Camera: A device for visualizing the
spatial distribution of a radionuclide within an organ Sickness, Radiation: (Radiation Therapy): A self-
or gland in the body. The gamma camera uses a limited syndrome characterized by nausea, vomiting,
stationary NaI(T1) crystal as the detection element, diarrhea, and psychic depression, following exposure
Positioning signals are generated from a bank of to appreciable doses of ionizing radiation, particularly
photomultiplier tubes and applied to a cathode ray to the abdominal region. Its mechanism is unknown
tube. Counts are integrated on film to obtain an and there is no satisfactory remedy. It usually appears
image of the radionuclide distribution, a few hours after irradiation and may subside within a
day. It may be sufficiently severe to necessitate
Scram: Emergency stopping of a nuclear reactor, interrupting the treatment series or to incapacitate
usually by dropping safety rods. This may be ar- the patient. (General): The syndrome associated with
ranged to occur automatically at a predetermined intense acute exposure to ionizing radiations.
439
Sigmoid Curve: S-shaped curve, often characteristic Sterility (Biological): Temporary or permanent in-
of a dose-effect curve in radiobiological studies, capability to reproduce.
Softness: A relative specification of the quality or Streaming: The increased transmission of electro-
penetrating power of x rays. In general, the longer the magnetic or particulate radiation through a medium
resulting from the presence of extended voids or
wave length the softer the radiation, other regions of low attenuation. (Also called chan-
Spallation: A term used to denote a nuclear reaction neling effect.)

induced by high-energy bombardment and involving Stringer: A long structure occupying a hole through
the ejection of more than two or three particles the shield, and sometimes into the active section, of a
(neutrons, protons, deuterons, alpha particles, etc.), nuclear reactor. Its removal permits access to the core
for inserting experimental materials. If it is part of a
Specific Activity: Total activity of a given nuclide large graphite reactor, for instance, part of its length
per gram of a compound, element, or radioactive may consist of graphite blocks keyed together to
nuclide, permit withdrawal as a unit.
Specific Garnma-Ray Constant: For a nuclide emit- S.U.: Strontium unit. l pCi S°Sr/gCa
ting gamma radiation, the product of exposure rate at
a given distance from a point source of that nuclide iSubcritieal (Fissile System): Having an effective mul-
and the square of that distance divided by the activity tiplication constant less than one, so that a self-
of the source, neglecting attenuation, supporting chain reaction cannot be maintained.
Supercritieal (Fissile System): Having an effective
Spectrograph, Mass: A device for analyzing a sub- multiplication constant greater than one, so that the
stance in terms of the ratios of mass to charge of its rate of reaction rises.
components, usually restricted to devices which
produce a focused mass spectrum of lines on a Survey, Radiologieah Evaluation of the radiation
photographic plate, hazards incident to the production, use, or existence
of radioactive materials or other sources of radiation
Spectrometer, Mass: A device similar to the mass under specific conditions. Such evaluation cus-
spectrograph but designed so that the beam constit- tomarily includes a physical survey of the disposition
uents of a given mass-to-charge ratio are focused on of materials and equipment, measurements or esti-
an electrode and detected or measured electrically, mates of the levels of radiation that may be involved,
and sufficient knowledge of processes using or affect-
Spectrum: A visual display, a photographic record, ing these materials to predict hazards resulting from
or a plot of the distribution of the intensity of expected or possible changes in materials or equip-
radiation of a given kind as a function of its ment.
wavelength, energy, frequency, momentum, mass, or Synchrocyclotron: A cyclotron which compensates
any related quantity, for the relativistic mass increase of the particles as
they reach high energy by reducing the accelerating
Standard, Radioactive: A sample of radioactive mate- frequency so as to match exactly the slower revolu-
rial, usually with a long half-life, in which the number tions of the accelerated particles.
and type of radioactive atoms at a definite reference
time is known. It may be used as a radiation source Synchrotron: An accelerator in which particles are
for calibrating radiation measurement equipment, accelerated around a circular path by radiofrequency
electric fields. The magnetic guiding and focusing
Stateoulomb (Electrostatic Unit of Charge): That fields are increased synchronously to match the
quantity of electric charge which, when placed in a energy gained by the particles so that the orbit radius
vacuum one cm distant from an equal and like charge, remains constant. (See Cyclotron, Synchrocyclotron.)
will repel it with a force of one dyne (abbreviated:
esu). Preferred name for this unit is franklin (abbre- Syndrome: The complex of symptoms associated
viated: Fr). with any disease.
440
-T- in a particular biological tissue. In some cases, the

equivalence may be approximated with sufficient
Target Theory (Hit Theory): A theory explaining accuracy on the basis of effective atomic number•
some biological effects of radiation on the basis that
ionization, occurring in a discrete volume (the target) Tracer, Isotopic: The isotope or non-natural mixture
within the cell, directly causes a lesion which sub- of isotopes of an element which may be incorporated
sequently results in a physiological response to the into a sample to permit observation of the course of
damage at that location. One, two, or more "hits" that element, alone or in combination, through a
(ionizing events within the target) may be necessary chemical, biological,' or physical process. The observa.
to elicit the response, tions may be made by measurement of radioactivity
or of isotopic abundance.
Therapy: Medical treatment of a disease.
Track: Visual manifestation of the path of an ioniz-
Brachytherapy (Therapy at short distances): The ing particle in a chamber or photographic emulsion.
treatment of disease with sealed radioactive sources
placed near, or inserted directly into, the diseased
area. Transition, Isomeric: The process by which a nuclide
decays to an isomeric nuclide (i.e., one of the same
Contact Radiation Therapy: X ray therapy with mass number _and atomic number) of lower quantum
specially constructed tubes in which the target- energy. Isomeric transitions, often abbreviated I.T.,
skin distance is very short (less than 2 cm). The proceed by gamma ray and/or internal conversion
voltage is usually 40 to 60 kV. electron emission.
Radiation Therapy: Treatment of disease with Transmutation: Any process in which a nuclide is
any type of radiation, transformed into a different nuclide, or more specif-
ically, when transformed into a different element by
Rotation Therapy: Radiation therapy during a nuclear reaction.
which either the patient is rotated before the
source of radiation or the source is revolved Tritium: The hydrogen isotope with one proton and
around the patient • In this way, a larger dose is two neutrons in the nucleus. (Symbol: a1 H or T)
built up at the center of rotation within the
patient's body than on any area of the skin. Triton: The nucleus of tritium, the hydrogen isotope
of mass number 3, used as a nuclear projectile or
Teletherapy (Therapy at long distance): The treat- as a product of a nuclear reaction.
ment of disease with gamma radiation from a
source located at a distance from the patient• Tube, Boron Counter: A counter tube filled with
boron trifluoride (BFa) and/or having electrodes
Thermalization: Establishment of thermal equilib- coated with boron or boron compounds used for
rium between neutrons and their surroundings, detecting slow neutrons by the (n,o0 reaction of 10B.
Threshold, Photoelectric: The quantum of energy

hvo that is just enough to release an electron from a Tube, Electron Multiplier: A tube in which small
given system in the photoelectric effect. The corre- electron currents are amplified by a cascade process
sponding frequency, _'o, and wavelength, Xo, are the employing secondary emission.
threshold frequency and wavelength respectively. For
example, in the surface photoelectric effect, the Tube, Photomultiplier: An electron multiplier tube
threshold hvo for a particular surface is the energy of in which the electrons initiating the cascade originate
a photon which, when incident on the surface, causes by photoelectric emission.
the electron to emerge with zero kinetic energy.
Tumor: In its general sense, a swelling. The term is I
Tissue Equivalent Material: Material made up of the often synonymous with neoplasm. A malignant
same elements in the same proportions as they occur tumor is capable of metastasizing.
441
-V- Water, Heavy: Popular name for water of which the

hydrogen component is deuterium.
Valence: Number representing the combining or dis-
placing power of an atom; number of electrons lost, Watt: The unit of power equal to one joule per
gained, or shared by an atom in a compound; number second ( 1W= 1J/ls).
of hydrogen atoms with which an atom will combine,
or which it will displace. Wavelength: Distance between any two similar points
of two consecutive waves CA) for electromagnetic
Van De Graaff Accelerator: An electrostatic machine
radiation. The wavelength is equal to the velocity of
in which electrical charge is carried into the high light (c) divided by the frequency of the wave (v), ;k=
voltage terminal by a belt made of an insulating c/v. The "effective wavelength" is the wavelength of
material moving at a high speed. The particles are monochromatic x rays which would undergo the
then accelerated along a discharge path through a
same percentage attenuation in a specified filter as
vacuum tube by the potential difference between the the heterogeneous beam under consideration.
insulated terminal and the grounded end of the
accelerator.
Wave Motion: The transmission of a periodic motion

Volt: The unit of electromotive force ( IV = lW/1A).
or vibration through a medium or empty space.
(Transverse): Wave motion in which the vibration is
Voltage, Operating: As applied to radiation detection perpendicular to the direction of propagation. (Longi-
instruments, the voltage across the electrodes in the
detecting chamber required for proper detection of tudinal):
parallel to Wave motion of in
the direction which the vibration
propagation. is
an ionizing event.
Voltage, Starting: For a counter tube, the minimum

voltage that must be applied to obtain counts with -X-
the particular circuit with which it is associated.
X Rays: Penetrating electromagnetic radiations
Volume, Sensitive: That portion of a counter tube or whose wave lengths are shorter than those of visible
ionization chamber which responds to a specific light. They are usually produced by bombarding a
radiation, metallic target with fast electrons in a high vacuum.
In nuclear reactions, it is customary to refer to
-W- photons originating in the nucleus as gamma rays, and
those originating in the extranuclear part of the atom
Water, Activated: A transient, chemically reactive as x rays. These rays are sometimes called roentgen
state created in water by absorbed ionizing radiation, rays after their discoverer, W. C. Roentgen.
442
Laser Defmitions and Abbreviations*
Angstrom (A): A unit measure of wavelength equal Laser: Light amplification by stimulated emission of
to 10-1° meter or 10"_ micron, radiation, sometimes referred to as an "optical
Inaser."
Beam Divergence: The angle of beam spread meas-

ured in milliradians (1 milliradian = 3.4 minutes of Laser Control Area: Any area which contains one or
arc). more lasers and in which the activity of employees is
subject to control and supervision.
Closed Installation: Any location where lasers are
used which will be closed to personnel when a laser is Maser: Microwave amplification by stimulated emis-
operating. Useful adjuncts are remote-control firing sion of radiation. When used in the term optical
and television monitoring of the target area. maser, it is often interpreted as molecular amplifica-
tion by stimulated emission of radiation.
C. W. Laser: A continuous wave laser, as distin-
guished from pulsed lasers. Maximum Permiss_le Power Density or Energy Den-
sity: The intensity (power density or energy density)
Decibel (dB): A unit used to express a beam inten- of laser radiation that, in the light of present medical
sity ratio. The decibel is equal to ten times the knowledge, is not expected to cause detectable bodily
logarithm of the beam intensity ratio expressed by injury to a person at any time during his lifetime.
the equation, n(dB) = 10 log1 o (P1 + P2), where PI
and P2 designate two amounts of power density or Millimeters of Mercury (mm. Hg.): A unit of gas or
energy density and n the number of decibels corres- air pressure (e.g., one atmosphere = 760 ram. Hg., or
ponding to their ratio. ' 29.92 in. Hg.).
Energy Density: The intensity of electromagnetic Open Installation: Any location wl_ere lasers are used
radiation energy per unit area per pulse expressed as which will be open to operating personnel during
joules per square centimeter (J/cm2). laser operation and may or may not specifically
restrict entry to casuals.
Gas Laser: A type of laser in which the laser action
takes place in a gas medium, usually a c.w. laser. Optical Density (O.D.): A logarithmic expression of
the attenuation afforded by a filter.
Joule (J): A unit of energy used in describing a single
pulsed output of a laser. It is equal to one watt-
second or 0.239 calories. Optically Pumped Lasers: A type of laser that, as a
general rule, derives energy from a noncoherent light
Joule per Square Centimeter (J/cm2): A unit of source, such as a xenon flash lamp. Coherent light
energy density of pulsed lasers used in measuring the sources have also been used. These lasers are usually
amount of energy per unit area of absorbing surface, pulsed and are commonly called solid-state lasers,
or per unit area of a laser beam. since a solid-state crystal such as ruby or glass is used.
*Reprinted by permissionof the AmericanConferenceof Governmental IndustrialHygienists.
...... "....... 7---- :"It---

443
Output Power and Output Energy: The laser output Q-Switched Laser (Q-Spoiled): A laser capable of
power is used primarily to rate c.w. lasers since the extremely high peak powers for very short durations
energy delivered per unit time remains relatively (pulse length of several nanoseconds).
constant (output measured in watts). In contrast,
pulsed lasers deliver their energy output in pulses and
their effects may best be categorized by energy Repetitive Pulse Laser: A pulsed laser with repeated
output per pulse. The power output level of c.w. pulsed output. The frequency of the pulses is termed
lasers is usually expressed in milliwatts (mW -- 1/1000 pulsed reoccurrence frequency (P.R.F.). Repetitive
watt) or watt range, pulsed lasers in the kilowatt pulse lasers have properties similar to a c.w. laser if
range (kW = 1000 watts), and q-switched pulsed lasers the P.R.F. is very high.
in the megawatt (MW = million watts) or gigawatt
range (GW = billion watts). Pulsed energy output is Semi-Conductor or Junction Laser: A class of lasers
usually expressed in joules per pulse, which, at present, produce relatively low c.w. power
outputs. This class of lasers may be "tuned" in wave
Partial Pressure of Oxygen: At sea level, oxygen lengths and are most efficient. (It is anticipated that
exerts a partial pressure of 159 mm. Hg. This equals higher power outputs will be made available through
760 (mm. Hg. air pressure) × 0.2096 (the 02 content future developments.)
of the air).
Power Density: The intensity of electromagnetic Specular or Regular Reflection: A mirror-like reflec-
radiation power per unit area expressed as watts/cm 2. tion.
Pulse Length: The duratmn of a pulsed laser flash. It Watt (W): A unit of power used in describing a c.w.
may be measured in terms of millisecond (msec.-- laser output.
10-3 sec.), microsecond _sec. = 10-6 see.), or
nanosecond (nsec.= 10-9 see.). Watts per Square Centimeter (W/era2): A unit of
power density used in measuring the amount of
Pulsed Laser: A laser that delivers its .energy in short power per area of absorbing surface, or per area of a
pulses, as distinguished from a c.w. laser, c.w. laser beam.
444
Glossary of Microwave Terms*
Absorption Loss: The loss of power in a transmission circuit that Choke Joint: A type of joint for connecting two sections of
results either from coupling to a neighboring circuit or conductor or waveguide. It is so arranged that there is efficient energy transfer
from dissipation or conversion of electrical energy into other forms, without the necessity of an electrical contact on the inside
Amplifier: A device for increasing the power associated with an surfaces of the guide.
input signal without appreciably altering its essential features. Circulator: A device having three or more ports with the char-
The output signal is controlledby the signal applied to the ampli- acteristic that energy entering port 1 couples to port 2, entering
tier input, while the additional power is supplied by another source, port 2 couples to port 3, and entering the highest-numbered port
Amplitude: The amount of variation of an alternating quantity couples to port 1. Such a device is, for example, very useful as
from its zero value. Instantaneous amplitude is the amplitude at an isolator if one of the I_orts is terminated. Thus, if port 3 is
any particular time, while peak amplitude is the maximum excur- terminated and a BWO is connected to port 1, the BWO output
sion on one side of zero, and peak-to-peak amplitude is the total appears at port 2, but any signal reflected by the load is absorbed
excursion between peak values on both sides of zero. in the termination on port 3 thus eliminating pulling. Circulators
commonly use Faraday rotation to accomplish their non-reciprocal
ATR Tube: An antitransit-receive tube, which is a gas-filled, rf characteristics.
switching tube used to isolate the transmitter while a pulse is
being received over a commonantenna transmissionllne. The ATR Coaxial Line: A TEM transmission,line in which one conduCtor
tube is normally used in conjunction with a TR tube, between the completely surroundsthe other, the two being coaxial and separated
TR tube and the transmitter, to present the proper impedance to by a continuous solid dielectric or dielectric spacers. Such a line
the antenna transmission line when the transmitting tube is qul- is characterized by having no external field and no susceptibility
escent, so that all the received power will be coupled through to external fields from other sources.
the TR tube to the receiver. Coupling Coefficient: In directional couplers, the ratio of the
Attenuation: Decrease in magnitude of current, voltage or power power entering the main arm to the power output obtained from
of a signal in transmissionbetween points, usually expressedin db. the auxiliary arm.
Attenuator, Flap: A device designed to introduce attenuation into Cutoff Frequency: The frequency at which the output of a device
a waveguide circuit by means of a resistive sheet moved into begins to attenuate. Specifically, it can be the band edge of a
the guide, filter, or the lowest frequency at which Iosslesswaveguide will
propagate energy at a particular mode with little attenuation.
Attenuator, Rotar_ Vane: A device designed to introduce attenua-
tion into a waveguide circuit by means of varying the angular Crossed-Field Device: An electron device (such as a magnetron
position of a resistive sheet in the guide, tube having a cylindrical cathode surroundedby an anode structure)
in which electron current from the cathode is influenced by a mag-
Balanced Line: A llne or circuit utilizing two identical conductors, netlc field acting at right angles to the applied electric field.
each having the same electromagnetic characteristics with respect When electrons move away from the cathode, in a direction per-
to other conductors and ground. A balanced line is preferred in pendicular to the magnetic field, this field imposesa force at right
circumstances where minimum noise and cross-talk is desired, angles to the electron motion. The electrons then spiral into orbit
Balun: A device which provides coupling and matching between a around the cathode rather than moving colllnearly with the electric
balan'-'-_ced
line and an unbalanced (i. e. coaxial) llne. field. Most of the electrons move gradually closer to the anode,
losing potential energy which they contribute to the rf field as they
Band: The continuous range of frequencies extending between interact with the anode slow-wave structure. The tube structure
two specified limiting frequencies, may be cylindrical or linear.
Barretter: A metallic resistor with a positive temperature coeffi- Crystal Detector (Square Law): A device whose output voltage is
cient of resistivity used for rf detection and level measurements, proportional to the square of its input voltage. Often used to
Bolometer: A device with a high temperature coefficient of measure relative rf power level or to present the wave envelope
resistivity, such as a barretter (positive), or thermistor (negative), on an oscilloscope.
which is usedto sense rf power level. Decay Time: Generally defined as the time required for a voltage
BWO Tube: See Tube, Backward Wave. to decay to l/e of its original value.
Cavity: A metallic enclosure in certain types of tubes or cir- Decibel: The db is a unit of power ratio measurement. (Voltage
cults within which resonant fields may be excited at microwave can _ usedif impedance is constant.) The db is a ratio of gain
frequencies. (amplification) or loss (attenuation) in an electronic system.
Expressed algebraically, it is:
Characteristic Impedance: The characteristic impedance of a
uniform transmission llne is the ratio of the applied voltage to P_ Vz
the resultant current at the point where the voltage is applied, DB = 10 Iogl0 _'z or 20 log10 V"_
when the line is of infinite length. Characteristic impedance
is commonly used to denote that impedance which may be con- Decibel below one mw (dbm): The dbm or decibel/milliwatt is a
nected to a transmission line or microwave device to provide an power level with a db ratio referenced to 1 mw. A 0 dbm specifi-
impedance-matched termination, i.e. a termination which will cation means the level is 1 milliwatt. 0 dbm = 1 mw, 10 dbm =
not reflect power, thus simulating a line of infinite length. 10 mw, -10 dbm = 0.1 mw, and so on.
*Reprinted by permission of Alfred Electronics, Palo Alto, California.

445
Decibel below one watt (dbw): The dbw or declbel/watt is a Frequency Stabilization: In reference to an oscillator, o means of
power level with a db ratio referenced to I watt. 0 dbw = I watt, eliminating or minimizing both long- and short-term instability or
-10 dbw = 100 mw, 10 dbw = 10 watts, etc. other inaccuracy in the output frequency. Normally achieved by
sampling the oscillator output signal for comparison with an ultra-
Delay Line: See Wave Circuits, Slow. stable reference, and usingthe comparator to develop a frequency-
Diodes: or phase-controlllng feedback signal to synchronize the oscillator
output with the reference. Such systemsare described as employing
frequency-lock or phase-lock respectively. Phase-locked systems
PIN: This diode is made by diffusing the semiconductor with achieve better short term stability than frequency-locked systems.
P dopant from one side and N dopant Fromthe opposite side
with the processesso controlled as to leave a thin intrinsic Harmonic: A sinusoidal wave having a frequency that is an integral
region separating the two. (P dopant enhances the flow of multiple of a fundamental frequency. For example, the second
holes and N dopant the flow of electrons.) The PIN diode harmonic is a component of a complex signal whose frequency is
has long enough storage time that at microwave frequencies, twice that of the fundamental frequency of that signal.
it cannot rectify. It appears, rather, as a variable resistor Hybrid Circuit: A functional combination of integrated circuit and
whose value is controlled by adc bias current. It is there- discrete (individual) components.
fore well suited for use as a variable microwave attenuator.
Hybrid Junction or Hybrid T: A component with four branches,
PN." PN diodes have r_ointrinsic region and have a short which, when branchesare properly terminated, has the property that
storage time. They function as a normal diode rectifier into
energy can be transferred from any one branch into only two of the
the high microwave regions. If the diode is dc biased so remaining three. In common usage this energy is equally divided
that the rf s_gnal !s small compared to the bias voltage, they between the two branches and the two outputs are in phase
cease to be rectifiers. Reverse bias causes the diode to quadrature.
appear as a small capacitor whereas forward bias causes
it to appear as a resistor. Thus, it can be used as a reflec- Incident Power or Signal: Power flowing to a load or using device
tive microwave switch. It can also be used as,,a variable from the signal source.
reflective attenuator except Forthe operating region where Insertion Loss or Gain: The loss or gain produced by adding
the bias and rf voltages are comparable and rectification (inserting) a device into a signal transmission path. Normally
occurs, equivalent to the transmission loss or gain of the device measured
Point Contact: These diodes consist of a semiconductor between its input and output terminals. Insertion loss is commonly
w_th a very small w_re (catwhisker) pressed against _t. used to define the loss of a variable attenuator when set to zero.
Such a diode has very low reactance and serves as a de- Integrated Circuit: An electronic circuit or system fabricated by
rector or mixer over most of the microwave range. At low the vacuum deposition of both active and passive components in a
power levels, it has a square law response, single piece of manufactured crystalline material or ceramic.
Directional Coupler: A device consisting of two transmission _lris: In a waveguide, a conducting plate or plates, of thickness
lines coupled together in such a way that a wave traveling in one small compared to a wavelength, occupying a part of the cross
line (the main line) in one direction excites a wave in the other section of the waveguide. When only a single mode can be sup-
line (the auxiliary arm), ideally, in one direction only. ported, an iris acts substantially as a shunt admittance.
Isolator, Ferrite: A microwave device which allows rf energy to
Directivity: Let Pz be the power out of the auxiliary arm of a pass through in one direction with very little attenuation while rf
directional coupler with power P1 into the main line input of the energy flowing in the opposite direction is absorbed (attenuated).
directional coupler, while the main line output and auxiliary Limiter: A device which, with input signal drive above a minimum
arm are terminated with matched terminations. Let P3 be the level, limits the output amplitude toa predetermined value.
power out of the auxiliary arm with PI into the main line output,
while the ma_n line input and auxiliary arm are terminated w_th Maser (Microwave Ampllficat;on by Stimulated Emission of
matched terminations. The directivity is the difference in db Radiation): A low noise, microwave amplifier utilizing controlled
Pz P3 energy level changes in a medium to obtain signal amplification.
between the ratio of _ and p_- • Common media are gases (ammonia) and crystals (ruby).
Matched Termination: A termination producing no reflected wave
Duty Cycle: The fraction of time that a pulse signal is on, i.e. at any transverse section of the transmission line. It is equal to
pulse duration in seconds times repetition rate in cps. the characteristic impedance, Z o.
Faraday Rotation: A linearly polarized wave is equivalent to a Microstrip: A microwave transmission component utilizing a single
combination of two circularly polarized components of equal conductor supported above a ground plane. Also called strlpline.
amplitude and opposite rotational sense. Faraday rotation is the
apparent rotation of the plane of polarization of such a linearly Microwaves: In general usage, microwaves refer to those radio-
polarized wave as it propagates in a medium which exhibits a dif- frequency wavelengths which are sufficiently short to exhibit some
ferent propagation constant for the two component waves of of the properties of light. Microwaves are usually used in point-
opposite rotational sense (such as a ferrite material), to-point communications because they are easily concentrated
into a beam.
Field Intensity: The electrical force exerted by an electric field
on a unit charge present therein. Normally expressed in volts Microwave Region: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum
per meter, lying between the far infra-red and conventional radio frequency
portion. Commonly regarded as extending from 1 GHz (30 cm
Frecluency Pulling: A change of the source frequency caused wavelength) to 300 GHz (1 mm wavelength). The region above
by a change of the load impedance seen by the source. 26 GHz is often referred to as the millimeter region.
Frequency Pushing: A change of the source frequency caused by Mismatch Loss: The loss in transmitted power expressed in db
a change in electron current flow within the source oscillator; resulting from load mismatch, e.g. a VSWR of 2:1 results in a mis-
e. g. the change in BWO beam current due to a change in the match lossof 0.51 db. It is defined as -10 Iogl0 (1 - Ipl z) where
grid or anode voltage causes a change in frequency, p is the reflection coefficient.
446
Modes: Used to denote field patterns which characterize the way PPM Focusing: Focusing of the electron beam in a TWT or BWO
in which electromagnetic waves propagate axially on a transmission tube by means of an axial magnetic field established by a series
line. There are two general types of modes: the TE modesin which of small permanent magnets (periodic permanent magents) extend-
the electric fields are everywhere transverse to the axis of the ing the full active length of the tube. The small permanent mag-
waveguide, and the TM modes in which the magnetic fields are nets are oriented axially along the tube, with adjacent magnets
everywhere transverse to the guide axis. polarized in opposite directions. The small magnets are located
Noise Figure: A figure of merit defined as the ratio of the avail- outside the vacuum envelope and are separated by pole pleces which
able signal-to-noise power at the input terminals of a device to surroundthe envelope and carry to it the individual axial field con-
the available signal-to-noise power at the output terminals, tributions of the magnets. The polarization alternation results in
usually expressed in db. cancellation of the external magnetic field.
Noise Power: The random power (noise) contained in a signal Precision Connector: A coaxial connector designed to mate with
which tendsto mask the desired intelligence in the signal. Noise another identical connector in such a way that electrical discon-
tinuities in the transmission line are eliminated or minimized
power is present due to thermal agitation in resistances within a
device, random motion of electric charges within a device, and These connectors are intended to combine the inherent advan-
thermal noise or background pickup at the device input, tages of coaxial devices (broadband performance, mechanical
flexibility, low cost) with the electrical efficiencies (minimum
Parametric Amplifier (MAVAR - Mixer Amplification b), Variable contact resistance and VSWR) previously available only with wave-
Reactance): A microwave amplifier utilizing the non-linearity guide. ALFRED equipment is available with Amphenol APC-7
of a reactive element to obtain amplification with low noise figure, precision connectors which are sexless, i. e. any connector will
Phase Shifter: A device for adjusting the phase of a particular mate with all other connectors of the same type.
field component at the output of the device relative to the phase Propagation Constant: A transmission characteristic of a line
of that field component at the input, which indicates the effect of the llne on the wave being transmitted
PIN Diode Attenuator: A two-port network composed of two or along the line. It is a complex quantity having a real term, the
more PIN diodes controlled by a driver circuit. The diodes act as attenuation constant, and an imaginary term, the phase constant.
a small capacitance shunted by an electrically variable resistance Pulse Repetition Rate: The average number of pulses per unit
at microwave frequencies, and can be varied in resistance over a time in a pulse train.
range of about 2 - 10,000 ohms by controlling the bias current by
means of the driver circuit. Multiple-diode units can be arranged Q-Factor: With regard to a resonant cavity, the ratio of energy
in a network in which one or more diodes attenuate the microwave stored to energy dissipated per cycle.
signal passing from input to output, and the other diodes maintain RectangularWaveguide: A hollow tube of rectangular crosssection
the input and output impedance at a near-constant level to match normally having sideswith a dimensionalratio of 2:1. With rectan-
the transmission line. Some ALFRED PIN Diode Attenuators gular waveguides so proportioned, the dominant mode will have a
are designed to give substantial control range over many octaves of free-space wavelength range between one and two times the larger
frequency while maintaining impedance matching at both ports, cross-section dimension. Rectangular waveguide is normally usable
PM Focusing: Focusingof the electron beam in a TWT or BWO tube only over lessthan octave ranges.
by means of an axial magnetic field established by a single perma- Reflected Power or Signal: Power flowing from the load or using
nent magnet extending the full active length of the tube. The device back to the signal source, due to impedance mismatch at
full-length permanent magnet is located outside the evacuated the load or device input.
envelope with poles at each end of the tube. Reflection Coefficient: The vector ratio of the reflected voltage
Polarization: In electromagnetic waves, refers to the direction of to the incident voltage at the samepoint. If the polnt of reflection
the electric field vector. When the electric and/or magnetic fields is a pure resistance, the reflectlon coefficient is the numerical
ratio of the incident voltage to the reflected voltage.
are in a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation in a
transmissionline the waves are said to be transverse. If transverse Reflectometer: A microwave system arranged to measure the
waves do not change in angular direction from instant to instant incident and reflected powers and indicate their ratio.
within this plane of polarization, they are said to be linearly polar- Resonator,Cavity: A closed section of coaxial line or wavegulde,
ized. Circular polarization is the resultant electric field produced completely enclosed by conducting walls, often made variable
by the combination of two equal-amplitude linearly polarized waves and used as a wavemeter.
at right angles to each other and 90o out of phase. With circular
polarization, the electric field vector at any point describes a ; Return Loss:The ratio of incident to reflected power expressedin db.
circle in a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation. It is defined as -20 Iogz0 Ipl where p is the reflection coefficient.
Rise Time: Generally construed to be the time required for a step
Power: The time rate of transferring or transforming energy, function, pulse, or square wave to rise from 10 to 90 percent of its
Electrically, power is expressed in watts, which is the product of
applied voltage and resulting in-phase current. The difference final amplitude.
between level and power is that power always designates a dell- RMS Amplitude (Root-Mean-Square Amplitude): The value of an
nlte quantity while level expressesrelative power and is normally alternating current or voltage that produces the same power dlssi-
measured in db. pation in a certain resistance as dc current or voltage of the same
Power, absolute: The power level expressedin watts or dbm, i.e. value. The RMS (or effective) value of a periodic quantity is the
in absolute units, square root of the average of the squaresof the values of the quan-
tity taken throughout one period. If the periodic quantity is a sine
Power, average: In the case of a sinusoid, this is the RMS value, wave, its effective (RMS) value is 0.707 of its peak amplitude.
In the case of pulses or square waves, it is the peak power multi-
plied by the duty cycle, i.e. the duty cycle of a square wave is _r:. A directional coupler which has a detector attached to the
auxiliary arm to provide a video output sample proportional to the
0.5, therefore, the average power is 0.5 times the peak power, input power level. For applications in which the sampler is usedto
Expressedin absolute power units.
monitor power or drive a closed-loop source leveling system,a di-
rectional coupler having a flat coupling coefficient must be used.
Power, peak: The maximum power reached during a pulse. Ex-
pressed in absolute power units. Signal-to-Noise-Ratio: The ratio of the field intensity of a radio
wave to the radio noise field intensity at the same point. It may
Power, relative: Power level referred to some other power level, also be considered as the ratio, at any point of a circuit, of signal
usually expressed in db. power to total circuit-nolse power.
Revised 2/1/68
447
Sliding Load: A length of transmission line containing a matched Tuning Screw: A screw or probe inserted into a transmisslon line
electrical load which can be positioned at a variable distance (parallel to the E Field) to develop susceptance, the magnitude and
from the connector end. sign of which is controlled by the depth of penetration of the screw.
Slidlng Short: A length of transmissionline containing an electrical Tunnel Diode: A PN diode to which a large amount of impurity has
short which can be positioned at a variable distance from the con- been added. It offers Mgh-speed charge movementand a negative
nector end. resistance region above a minimumlevel of applied voltage. It can
be usedas an oscillator or amplifier with suitable external circuits.
Slotted Section: A length of transmission line having a non-
radiating slot cut in the wall to admit a probe used for standing UHF: Uitra-hlgh frequency, the band of frequencies between
wave measurements. 300 and 3000 MHz.
Smith Diagram: A diagram developed to aid in the solution of Unbalanced Line: A line or circoit which is asymmetric with
transmission llne and device impedance problems by permitting respect to ground and/or other conductors, usually having ground
simple evaluation of impedance at any location or frequency, serve as one of the circuit conductors; e. g. a coaxlal line.
Solid-State Oscillator: A semiconductor device packaged with VHF: Very high frequency, the band of frequencies between
an external circuit to provide rf output by utilizing the charge- 30---_nd300 MHz.
handling properties of the semiconductor (instead of signal inter-
Varactor: A PN junction device in which the capacitance varies
action with an electron beam flow through evacuated space as with applied voltage. It can be used as an oscillator or harmonic
in an electron tube), frequency multiplier with suitable external circuits. It is also used
Spectrum Analyzer: An instrument which can determine and dis- as a variable capacitor, e.g. for voltage control of oscillator
play the frequency components present in any signal or complex frequency.
waveform, together with their relative amplitude, usually on an
oscilloscope. Velocity, Group: The velocity with which the envelope of an
electromagnetic wave travels in a medium, usually identified with
Stripllne: See Microstrip. the velocity of energy propagatiori.
Synchronization: See Frequency Stabilization. Velocity of Light: 300 meters per psec in air, designated by
Tangential Sensitivity: The absolute signal level in dbm required the symbol C. The product of group and phase velocity in a
to produce an output signal which elevates the noise by an amount medium always equals the velocity of light in that medium.
equal to the average noise level with no signal present. Velocity Modulation: Impressinga periodic variation in velocity
on an electron beam, for example, by exposing the beam to a
Thermistor:. A resistance element made of a semlconductlng material
which exhibits a highnegative temperature coefficlent of resistivity, time-varying axial voltage.
TR Tube: A transmlt-receive tube, which is a gas-filled rf switching Velocity, phase: The velocity with which a point of constant
tube that enables a systemto use the same antenna for both trans- phase is propagated in a progressive sinusoidal wave.
mitring and receiving. The TR unit prevents the transmitted power Voltage Standing Wave Radio (VSWR): The measured ratio of the
from injuring the sensitive receiver. A TR unit normally consistsof field strengthof a voltage maximum to that of an adjacent minimum
a cavity containing a discharge gap which completes the trans- along a transmissionline. VSWR =_! where p is the reflection
mltter circuit to the antenna, and a coupling circuit which connects '-IPI
the received signal from the antenna to the receiver when the dis- coefficient.
charge gap is not fired, indicating that the transmitting tube is Wave Circuits, Slow: A microwave clrcuit designed to have a phase
quiescent, velocity considerably below the speed of light. The general appll-
TransmissionLine: Any structureusedto guide the flow of electrical cation for such waves is in traveling-wave tubes. Commonly called
a microwave delay llne.
energy from one point to another. Most commonly usedtypes are
coaxial lines and rectangular wavegulde (see definitions). Other Wave, TransverseElectric ('I'E Wave): In a homogeneousisotroplc
types include parallel plate, stripline, ridged waveguide, and medium, an electromagnetic wave in which the electric field vector
circular wavegulde, is everywhere perpendicular to the direction of propagation. The
Transmission Lossor Gain: Refersto the relative change in power dominant rectangular waveguide mode is TEl0.
level of a signal transmitted from one point to another, such as Wave, TransverseElectromagnetic (I"EM Wave): In a homogeneous
within a circuit or between the input and output terminals of a isotropic medium, an electromagnetic wave in which both the elec-
device, tric and magnetic field vectors are everywhere perpendicular to the
Tube, Backward Wave (BWO): A traveling-wave tube in which the direction of propagation. This is the normal mode in coax, open
electrons travel in a direction opposite to that in which the wave wire, and str_pline.
is propagated (microwave oscillator or narrowband amplifier). Wave, Transverse/Vagnetlc (TM Wave): In a homogeneousisotroplc
medium1 an electromagnetic wave in which the magnetic field
Tube, Kl_,stron: An electron tube in which the electrons are
vector is everywhere perpendicular to the direction of propagatlon.
periodically bunched by electric fields formed by electrodes and
This mode is not widely used.
cavities. It is used as an oscillator or amplifier for microwave
signals. Wavelength: The distance between adjacent points of the same
phase in a wave train. It correspondsto the distance traveled by
Tube1 Magnetron: An electron tube in which the electron flow from the wave in one cycle.
the ca_ode to the anode is influenced by the magnetic field applied
perpendicular to the cathode-anode path, and by the field effects Wavemeter, Absorption: A device containing a resonator which
produced by the anode cavities. The electrons follow a spiraling causesit to absorb maximumenergy at its resonant frequency when
path and reach the anode in bunches_producing output oscillations, loosely coupled to a source. It is used for measuring frequency.
The abbreviation VTM is used for voltage-tuned magnetrons. Wavemeter, Transmission: A device which utilizes a cavity to
Tube, Traveling-Wave _WTI: A broadband microwave tube which transmit maximum power at resonanc_ and thereby provide maxi-
depends for its characteristics upon the interaction between the mumdeflection on a readout meter at the frequency of resonance.
field of a wave propagated along an rf delay line structure and a ¥1G Device: A componentusing slngle--crystal Yttrium Iron Garnet
beam of electrons traveling in near synchronism with the wave. (YIG) as a resonant structure which can be electronically tuned.
SECTION VI
INDEX
449
INDEX
-A- Page Page Page
Abbreviations, listing ........ 2 Aluminum (Cont'd) Attenuation (Cont'd)

Absorbed dose ................. 421 Density ..................... 65 Coefficient (Cont'd)
Absorbed fraction ............. 413 Dose buildup factor ......... 145 Mass (Cont'd)
Absorption .................... 413 Equivalent .................. 413 Water ................... 133
Radiation Isotopes .................... 237 X and gamma, table ...... 137
Alpha ..................... 29 Alveoli ....................... 414 Pair production ........... 415
Beta ...................... 29 Americium Photoelectric ............. 415
Gamma..................... 29 Atomic mess ................. 63 Factor ................... .... 415
Neutron ................... 30 Isotopes .................... 373 Fast neutrons ............... 144
Proton .................... 30 Ampere ........................ 413 X rays
Ratio, differential ......... 413 Amplification ................. 414 In concrete ............... 152
Self-. ...................... 413 Gas ......................... 425 In lead ................... 151
Equation .................. 30 Amplifier Auger effect .................. 415
Graph ..................... 127 Linear ...................... 414 Autofluoroscope ............... 415
Absorption coefficient ........ 413 Pulse ....................... 414 Autoradiograph ................ 415
Atomic ...................... 413 Analyzer, pulse height ........ 414 Available radionuclides ....... 86
Compton ..................... 413 Analysis Avalanche ..................... 415
Linear ...................... 413 Activation .................. 414 Average llfe .................. 415
Energy, for air ........... 135 Feather. .................... 414 Avogadro's number ............. 415
Mass ........................ 413 Isotope dilution ............ 414
Air ....................... 140 Equation .................. 34 -B-
Bone ...................... 140 Anemia ........................ 414
Muscle .................... 140 Angstrom unit ............ 414, 442 Background radiation...; ...... 433
Water ..................... 140 Anion ......................... 414 Optimum counting time, graph 119
Accelerator ................... 413 Annihilation .................. 414 Backscatter
Betatron .................... 416 Radiation ................... 433 IPC ......................... 127
Cockcroft-Walton ............ 418 Anode .......................... 414 Table ....................... 168
Cyclotron ................... 420 Anticoincidence circuit ....... 418 Backscattering ............. _.. 415
Direct voltage .............. 421 Antimatter .................... 414 Barium
Insulating core transformer. 427 Antimony Atomic mess ................. 57
Linear ...................... 429 Atomic mess ................. 56 Isotopes .................... 303
Resonant transformer ........ 436 Isotopes_ ................... 290 Decay scheme .............. 400
Synchrocyclptron ............ 439 Argon Specific activity ........... 104
Synchrotron ................. 439 Atomic mass ................. 52 Barn .......................... 415
Van de Graaff ............... 441 Isotopes .................... 241 Neutron cross-section curves 141
Actinium Decay scheme .............. 384 Barriers
Atomic mass ................. 62 Specific activity ........... I04 Protective .................. 415
Isotopes .................... 365 Area Primary ................... 415
Series ...................... 113 Decontamination ............. 198 Secondary ................. 415
Activated water ............... 441 Monitoring .................. 430 X ray ..................... 150
Activation .................... 413 Arsenic Baryon ........................ 415
Analysis .................... 414 Atomic mess ................. 54 Beam .......................... 415
Neutron, formula ............ 34 Isotopes .................... 256 Useful ...................... 415
Activity ...................... 413 Specific activity ........... 104 Hole ........................ 416
Mass relationship ........... 103 Artificial radioactivity ...... 434 Berkelium
Method of calculation ....... 103 Associated Atomic mass ................. 51
Of common isotopes .......... 104 Corpuscular emission ........ 419 Isotopes .................... 376
Specific .................... 103 Wavelength .................. 27 Beryllium
Compound .................. 439 Astatine Atomic mass ................. 51
Element ................... 439 Atomic mass ................. 61 Isotopes..,, ................ 232
Equation .................. 103 Isotopes .................... 359 Beta
Isotope ................... 104 Atom .......................... 414 Backscatter correction ...... 127
Acute exposure ................ 424 Periodic chart .............. 67 Counting, equations ......... 30
Adsorption .................... 413 Atomic Dose, equation .............. 33
Aggregate recoil .............. 436 Absorption coefficient ...... 413 Dose rate from uranium ...... 204
Air Binding energy, table ....... 51 Emitters, energy & half-life 90
Absorption coefficients ..... 135 Mass ........................ 414 Energy(see Feather analysis) 414
Attenuation coefficients .... 135 Mass unit ................... 414 Av. and max., table ....... 92
Density ........ ............. 66 Masses, table ............... 51 Initial half-thlckness,graph 124
MPC, isotopes in............ 206 Number ...................... 414 MP dose limits .............. 209
Air wall ionization chamber... 417 Effective ................. 414 Particle .................... 416
Alpha emitters Weight ...................... 414 Penetration ability curve... 122
By energy, table ............ 88 Gram ...................... 426 Range ....................... 29
MPC ......................... 206 Table of .................. 65 Energy & half-Ilia, table. 90
Alpha particle ................ 414 Attenuation ................... 415 Energy curve in aluminum.. 123
Range, graph ................ 125 Coefficient Rules of thumb .............. 204
Equation .................. 29 Compton ................... 415 Betatron ...................... 416
Rules of thumb .............. 204 Linear .................... 415 Binary scaler ................. 437
Alphabet, Greek ............... I Air, graph .............. 135 Binding energy, table ......... 51
Aluminum Mass Biologic (biological)
Atomic mass ................. 52 Concrete ................ 139 Effectiveness of radiation.. 416
Backscatter correction Lead .................... 134 Nucleus ..................... 430
Beta emitter .............. 127 Table ................... 137 Relative effectiveness ...... 436
450
Page Page Page
Biological half-life .......... 426 Cerium (Cont'd) Controlled area ............... 419
Equation .................... 33 Isotopes .................... 307 Conversion .................... 419
Bismuth Decay scheme .............. 401 Factor ...................... 15
Atomic mass ................. 61 Specific activity ........... 104 Area ...................... 15
Isotopes .................... 354 Cesium Density ................... 15
Decay scheme .............. 406 Atomic mass ................. 57 Electrical ................ 16
Blood Gamma radiation levels ...... 131 Energy .................... 16
Dyscrasia ................... 416 Gamma transmission Fission ................... 18
Bone marrow ................... 416 Concrete ....... . .......... 149 Fluid flow rates .......... 18
Bone seeker ................... 416 Iron and lead ............. 148 Length .................... 19
Boron Isotopes .................... 301 Mass ...................... 20
Atomic mass ................. 51 Decay scheme .............. 399 Miscellaneous ............. 20
Isotopes .................... 232 Specific activity ........... 104 Power ..................... 21
Neutron cross section ....... 142 Chain reaction ................ 434 Pressure .................. 22
Counter tube ................ 440 Chamber Radiological units ........ 23
Brachytherapy .................. 416 Cloud ....................... 417 Time ...................... 24
Bragg-Gray principle .......... 416 Ionization .................. 417 Velocity .................. 24
Branching ..................... 416 Air-wall .................. 417 Volume .................... 25
Breeder, reactor .............. 416 Extrapolation ............. 417 Internal .................... 427
Bremsstrahlung ................ 416 Free-air .................. 417 Ratio ....................... 419
British thermal unit .......... 416 Thimble ................... 417 Converter reactor ............. 419
Bromine Tissue-equivalent ......... 417 Coolant ....................... 419
Atomic mass ................. 54 Chamber, pocket ............... 418 Copper
Isotopes .................... 259 Characteristic ................ 433 Atomic mass ................. 53
Specific activity ........... 104 Charge ........................ 418 Backscatter correction
Buildup factor ................ 416 Space ....................... 418 Beta emitters ............. 127
Plane monodirectional source 147 Chart of the nuclides ......... 69 Gamma radiation levels ...... 131
Point isotopic source ....... 145 Chemical (isotopic) exchange.. 418 Isotopes .................... 251
Burial ground ................. 416 Cherenkov radiation ........... 418 Decay scheme .............. 390
Chlorine Specific activity ........... 104
-C- Atomic mass ................. 52 Core .......................... 419
Isotopes .................... 246 Corpuscle ..................... 419
Cadmium Specific activity ........... 104 Corpuscular emission, assoc... 419
Atomic mass ................. 56 Collision ..................... 418 Correction
Isotopes .................... 283 Elastic ..................... 418 Backscatter ................. 127
Neutron cross section ....... 141 Inelastic ................... 419 Decay
Calcium Columbium (see Niobium) Explanation ............... 105
Atomic mass ................. 52 Atomic mass ................. 55 Semi-log plot ............. 108
Isotopes .................... 243 Isotopes .................... 270 Universal tables of ....... 106
Decay scheme .............. 385 Decay scheme .............. 393 Geometry .................... 127
Specific activity ........... 104 Column, thermal ............... 419 Resolving time .............. 121
Calibration ................... 416 Common logarithms, table ...... 48 Self-absorption ............. 128
Procedures .................. 32 Commonly available nuclides... 86 Cosmic rays ................... 419
Californium Compound ...................... 419 In electromagnetic spectrum. 50
Atomic mass ................. 64 Labeled ..................... 428 Coulomb ....................... 420
Isotopes .................... 376 Specific activity ........... 439 Coulomb's law ................. 28
Calorie ....................... 416 Compton Count ......................... 420
Cancer ........................ 416 Absorption coefficient ...... 413 Spurious .................... 420
Capillary ..................... 416 Attenuation coefficient ..... 415 Counter
Capture Effect ...................... 419 Boron, tube ................. 440
Cross section ............... 420 Scattering ....... _ .......... %37 Efficiency .................. 422
Electron .................... 416 Coefficient ............... 438 Gas flow .................... 420
K-electron .................. 417 Concrete Geiger-Mueller .............. 420
Radiative ................... 417 Attenuation of x rays ....... 139 Geometry .................... 426
Resonance ................... 417 Equivalents of lead ......... 157 Equation .................. 35
Carbon Mass attenuation coefficient 139 Internal proportional ....... 127
Atomic mass ................. 51 Transmission of gamma ....... 149 Proportional ................ 420
Isotopes .................... 233 Condenser R-meter ............. 419 Reliability, star. limits... 120
Decay scheme .............. 382 Confidence levels, error c_Ic. 114 Resolving time .............. 436
Carcinogenic .................. 417 Conservation Error, graph .............. 121
Carcinoma ..................... 417 Kinetic energy, equation .... 26 Scintillation ............... 420
Carrier ............. .......... 417 Momentum, equation .......... 26 Counting
Hold-back ................... 417 Constant Beta particles, equations... 30
Isotopic (see Carrier) ...... 417 Decay ....................... 420 Coincidence ................. 420
Carrier-free .................. 417 Equation .................. 28 Rate, errors in
Catalyst ...................... 417 Disintegration .............. 421 Graph ..................... 114
Cataract ...................... 417 Fundamental ................. ii Nomograph ................. 115
Cathode ....................... 417 Planck's .................... 12 Ratemeter ................... 420
Cation ........................ 417 Contact radiation therapy ..... 440 Coupling coefficient .......... 444
Cell (biological) ............. 417 Contamination Critical ...................... 420
Cells Radioactive ................. 419 Mass ........................ 429
Germ ........................ 426 Removal ..................... 194 Size ......................... 420
Somatic ..................... 417 Control ....................... 419 Cross section
Cerium Rod ......................... 437 Capture ..................... 420
Atomic mass ................. 57 System ...................... 419 Neutron ..................... 141
451
Page Page Page
Cross section (Cont'd) Diode Electromagnetic spectrum

Nuclear ..................... 420 PIN ......................... 445 Chart ....................... 50
Crossed-fleld device .......... 444 PN ........................ ,. 445 Table ....................... 50
Crystal detector .............. 444 Point contact ............ ... 445 Electrometer .................. 423
Cumulative dose ............... 422 Direct radiation .............. 433 Electromotive force ........... 423
Curie ......................... 420 Direct voltage accelerator .... 421 Electron (see Beta) ........... 423
Micro ....................... 420 Directional coupler ........... 445 Assoc. corpuscular emission. 419
Milli ....................... 420 Directivity ................... 445 Atomic mass ................. 51
Pico ........................ 420 Discrete radiation ............ 433 Capture ..................... 416
Curium Discriminator, pulse height... 421 K-capture ................. 417
Atomic mass ................. 63 Disintegration Multiplier tube ............. 31
Isotopes .................... 374 Constant .................... 421 Secondary ................... 423
Curve Nuclear ..................... 421 Valence ..................... 423
Decay ....................... 421 Dollar ........................ 421 Volt ........................ 423
Semi-log plot ............... 108 Doppler Electroscope .................. 423
Sigmoid ..................... 439 Broadening .................. 421 Electrostatic
Cutoff frequency .............. 444 Effect ...................... 421 Field ....................... 423
C. W. Laser ................... 442 Dosage Generator(see Van de Graaff) 441
Cyclotron ..................... 420 Internal radiation, equation 33 Unit of charge (statcoulomb) 423
Dose Electrostatics ................ 27
-D- Absorbed .................... 421 Element ....................... 423
Beta emitter ................ 33 Elements, table of ............ 68
Daughter ...................... 420 Buildup factors ............. 145 Emission, assoc, corpuscular.. 419
Decad scaler .................. 437 Cumulative .................. 422 Emulsion, nuclear ............. 423
Decay Depth ....................... 422 End product ................... 423
Constant .................... 420 Equivalent .................. 422 Endoergic reaction ............ 434
Equation .................. 28 Exit ........................ 422 Endothermic reaction .......... 434
Corrections ................. 105 Fractionation ............... 422 Energy ........................ 423
Curve ....................... 421 Intqgral .................... 422 Binding ..................... 423
Semi-log plot ............. 108 Limits, max. permissible .... 210 Density ..................... 442
Fission product, equations.. 29 Maximum permissible ......... 422 Dependence .................. 423
Product ..................... 421 Median lethal ............... 422 Of instruments ............ 129
Radioactive ................. 420 Meter, integrating .......... 422 Excitation .................. 423
Actinium series ........... 113 Percentage depth ............ 422 Fluence ..................... 423
Equations ................. 28 Permissible ................. 422 Flux density ................ 423
Neptunium series .......... Iii Protraction ................. 422 Graph ..................... 132
Semi-log plot ............. 108 Radiation Protection Guide.. 210 Ionizing .................... 423
Thorium series ............ ii0 Rate ........................ 422 Kinetic ..................... 423
Uranium series ............ 112 Beta at surface of uranium 204 Conservation of, equation. 26
Tables ...................... 105 Ratemeter ................... 422 Of photon .................... 27
Time ........................ 444 Skin ........................ 422 Potential ................... 423
Decibel Threshold ................... 422 Radiant ..................... 423
Laser ....................... 442 Tissue ...................... 422 Range as function of
Microwave ................... 444 Volume (integral) ........... 422 Alpha particle ............ 125
Decontamination Dosimeter ..................... 422 Beta particle ............. 122
Factor ...................... 421 Dosimetry, photographic ....... 422 Proton particle ........... 126
Equation .................. 33 Dynamitron .................... 422 Reaction .................... 423
Methods, table .............. 194 Dyne .......................... 422 Enriched material ............. 423
Delay line .................... 445 Dyscrasia, blood .............. 416 Enzyme ........................ 424
Delayed neutron ............... 421 Dysprosium Epidermis ..................... 424
Delta ray ..................... 421 Atomic mass ................. 59 Epilation ..................... 424
Densitometer .................. 421 Isotopes .................... 321 Epithelium .................... 424
Density Epithermal reactor ............ 435
Air ......................... 66 -E- Equations ..................... 26
Common metals ............... 65 Beta particle counting ...... 30
Elements .................... 65 Effective Resolving time
Energy ...................... 442 Atomic number ............... 414 Correction .............. 30
Ionization .................. 427 Dose (various dose rates)... 210 Determination ........... 31
Photographic ................ 421 Half-life ................... 426 Self-absorption ........... 30
Depilation (see Epilation) .... 424 Equation .................. 33 Calibration procedures ...... 32
Depletion ..................... 421 Wavelength .................. 441 Exposure rate
Depolymerization .............. 421 Effects of radiation Any gamma ............... 32
Depth dose Genetic ..................... 426 Approximate ............. 32
Percentage, tables .......... 169 Efficiency (counters) ......... 422 Linear source ........... 33
Detector, radiation ........... 421 Overall counting ............ 128 Point source ............ 32
Deuterium ..................... 421 Einstein equation ............. 429 Radium, gamma ........... 32
Deuteron ...................... 421 Einsteinium Classical physics.. ......... 26
Deviation Atomic mass ................. 64 Conservation of
Observed standard ........... 31 Isotopes .................... 327 Kinetic energy .......... 26
Theoretical standard ........ 31 Elastic Momentum ................ 26
Differential Collision ................... 418 Energy .................... 26
Absorption ratio ............ 413 Scattering .................. 438 Linear force .............. 26
Recovery rate ............... 434 Electric waves, in spectrum... 50 Momentum .................. 26
Dilution, isotope analysis .... 414 Electrode ..................... 423 Power ..................... 26
Isotopic, Equation .......... 34 Negative (see Cathode) ...... 417 Work ...................... 26
452
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Equations (toni'd) Exposure (Cont'd) Focal spot (x rays) ........... 425

Decontamination factor ...... 33 Raxlmumpermissible ......... 210 Force
Dose in air, gamma .......... 32 Rate, source Between two charges .......... 28
Electrostatic ............... 27 Any gamna Electromotive ............... 423
Capacitance ........... .... 28 Equation ................ 32 Linear, equation ............ 26
Force between two charges. 28 Table ................... 131 Fractlonation dose ............ 422
Potential ..... , ........... 28 Linear, equation ...... ,... 32 Francium
Work ...................... 28 Point, equation ........... 32 Atomic mass ................. 62
Geometry of a counter External radiation ............ 433 Isotopes .................... 363
Point source .............. 35 Extrapolation ion. chamber .... 417 Free-alr ionization chamber... 417
Internal radiation dosage... 33 Free path, mean ............... 431
Beta emitter dose ......... 33 -F- Frequency ..................... 425
Biological half-life ...... 33 Factor Pulling ..................... 445
Effective half-life ....... 33 Backscatter correction ...... 127 Pushing ..................... 445
Isotopic dilution ........... 34 Buildup ..................... 417 Stabilization ............... 445
Double dilution method .... 34 Dose buildup, tables ........ 145 FSD
Logarithmic relations ..... 26 Geometry .................... 35 Depth dose, tables .......... 169
Neutron activation methods 34 Reliability ................. 31 X rays ...................... 159
Single addition method .... 34 Factors, conversion ........... 15 Fuel
Radiation absorption ........ 29 Area ........................ 15 Cycle ........................ 425
Alpha ..................... 29 Density ..................... 15 Rod ......................... 437
Beta ....... , .............. 29 Electrlcal .... ; ............. 16 Fundamental constants ......... 11
Gamma ..................... 29 Energy ...................... 16 Fusion, nuclear ............... 425
Neutron ................... 30 Fission ..................... 18
Proton .................... 30 Fluid flow rates ............ 18 -G-
Radioactive decay ........... 28 Length ...................... 19
Constant .................. 28 Mass ........................ 20 Gadolinium
Fission product ........... 29 Miscellaneous ................ 20 Atomic mass ................. 58
Resolving time error ........ 121 Power ........................ 21 Isotopes .................... 317
Specific activity ........... 29 Pressure .................... 22 Gallium
Statistics of counting ...... 31 Radlological units .......... 23 Atomic mass ................. 53
Standard deviation Time ........................ 24 Isotopes .................... 253
Observed ................ 31 Velocity .................... 24 Specific activity ........... 104
Theoretical ............. 31 Volume ...................... 25 Gamete ........................ 425
Wave and quantum relations.. 27 Fallout ....................... 424 Gamma emitters
Assoc. wavelength,particle 27 Faraday rotation .............. 445 Calibration ................. 32
Compton scattering ........ 27 Fast reactor .................. 435 Exposure rate ............... 32
Mass-energy ............... 27 Feather analysis .............. 414 Radiation levels ............ 131
Momentum of photon ........ 27 Feather's rule ................ 29 Table, listed by energy ..... 95
Photoelectric ............. 27 Fermium Gamma-ray ..................... 425
Photon energy ............. 27 Atomic mass ................. 64 Absorption .................. 136
Wave ....................... 27 Isotopes .................... 378 Coefficient in air ........ 140
Equilibrium, radioactive ...... 424 Fertile ....................... 424 Mass energy ............. 140
Secular ..................... 424 Field intensity ............... 445 Dose buildup factors ...... 145
Transient ................... 424 Film Energy in various tissues. 140
Equipment decontamination ..... 198 Badge ....................... 424 Equations ................. 29
Erbium Medical ..................... 165 Flux equivalent ........... 132
Atomic mass ................. 59 Ring ........................ 425 Attenuation coefflclent,lead 134
Isotopes .................... 325 Speed ....................... 165 In electromagnetic spectrum. 50
Erg ........................... 424 Filter (radiology) ............ 425 Levels from point source .... 131
Error Primary ..................... 425 Mass attenuation coefficient 137
In counts ................... 114 Secondary ................... 425 Prompt ...................... 425
Resolving time Filtration, inherent .......... 425 RPG ......................... 210
Equation .................. 31 X-ray, graph ................ 159 Rules of thumb .............. 205
Graph ..................... 121 Fissile ....................... 425 Transmission ................. 148
Statistical ................. 424 Fission, nuclear .............. 425 Gas
Erythema ...................... 424 Fission products .............. 425 Amplification ............. .. 425
Erthrocyte ..................... 424 Decay, equations ............ 29 Flow counter (radiation) .... 420
Eugenics ...................... 424 Fission yield ................. 425 Laser ....................... 442
Europium Fissionable ................... 425 Geiger
Atomic mass ................. 58 Flow counter, gas ............. 420 Region ...................... 425
Isotopes .................... 315 Fluence ..................... ,. 425 Threshold ................... 426
Event, ionizing ............... 428 Rate ........................ 425 Geiger-Mueller (G-_ counter.. 420
Exchange Fluorescence .................. 425 Gene .......................... 426
Chemical (isotopic) ......... 418 Fluorescent screen ............ 425 Generator ("co_') ............. 426
Ion .......................... 427 Fluorine Genetic effect of radiation... 426
Excitation .................... 424 Atomic mess ................. 51 Genetics ...................... 426
Energy ....................... 423 Isotopes .................... 235 Genotype ...................... 426
Exit dose ..................... 422 Fluorography .............. ,... 425 Geometry
Exoergic ..... ; ................ 424 Fluoroscope ................... 425 Calculations ................ 35
Exothermic reaction ........... 434 Flux Detector .................... 426
Exponential functions, table.. 41 Density (fluence rate) ...... 425 Factor ...................... 426
Exposure ...................... 424 Energy .................... 132 Good ........................ 426
Acute ....................... 424 Photon .................... 132 Poor ........................ 426
Chronic ..................... 424 Neutron ..................... 425 Germ cells .......... .......... 426
453
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Germanium Incident power or signal ...... 445 Iron (Cont'd)

Atomic mass ................. 54 Incoherent scattering ......... 438 Specific activity ........... 104
Isotopes .................... 254 Indium Transmission of gamma ....... 149
Glassware, decontamination .... 199 Atomic mass ................. 56 Irradiation ................... 428
Glory (beam) hole ............. 416 Isotopes .................... 285 Isobars ....................... 428
Gold Decay scheme .............. 396 Isodose
Atomic mass ................. 60 Neutron cross-sectlon, ...... 141 Chart ....................... 428
Gamma radiation levels ...... 131 Induced radioactivity ......... 434 Curve ....................... 428
Isotopes .................... 345 Inelastic collision ........... 419 Isolator, ferrlte ............. 445
Decay scheme .............. 405 Infrared radiation ............ 433 Isomers ....................... 428
Specific activity ........... 104 In electromagnetic spectrum. 50 Isomeric transition ........... 440
Gonad Inherent filtration (x rays).. 425 Isotones ...................... 428
Atomic weight ............... 426 Insertion loss or gain ........ 445 Isotope ....................... 428
Calorie ..................... 416 Instrument calibration ........ 416 Activity-mess relationship.. 103
Mole ........................ 426 Insulating core transformer... 427 Commonly available .......... 86
Rad ......................... 426 Integral dose (volume dose)... 422 Dilution
Graphite ...................... 426 Integrated circuit ............ 445 Analysis .................. 414
Graveyard (burial ground) .... . 416 Integrating Equations ................. 34
Gravitation ................... 426 Circuit ..................... 418 Effect ...................... 428
Greek alphabet ................ I Dose meter .................. 422 Separation .................. 428
Grenz rays .................... 426 Intensifying screen ........... 427 Specific activity, table .... 104
Ground state .................. 426 Intensity.. ................... 427 Stable ...................... 428
Interlock ..................... 427 Isotopic
-H- Intermediate reactor .......... 435 Carrier (see Carrier) ....... 417
Internal Exchange .................... 418
Hafnium Conversion .................. 427 Tracer ...................... 440
Atomic mass ................. 60 Dosage, radiation ........... 422
Isotopes .................... 332 Determination, equations.. 33 -J-
Half-life Proportional counter
Biological .................. 426 Backscatter factors ....... 127 Joule ......................... 428
Equation .................. 33 Geometry factors .......... 127 (Laser) ..................... 442
Effective ................... 426 Self-absorption correction 128 Per square centimeter ....... 442
Equation .................. 33 Radiation ................... 433 Junction laser ................ 443
Radioactive ................. 426 Iodine
Half-thickness (HVL) .......... 426 Atomic mass ................. 57 -K-
Beta particles in aluminum.. 124 Gamma radiation levels ...... 131
Half value layer .............. 426 Isotopes .................... 297 K-edge, x ray ................. 161 I
Graph ....................... 163 Decay scheme .............. 396 K-electron ..................... 417
X-ray tubes ................. 155 Specific activity ........... 104 Kerma ......................... 428
Hardness (x rays) ............. 426 Ion ........................... 427 Kilo electron volt (keV) ...... 428
Harmonic ...................... 445 Exchange .................... 427 Kilovolt (k_ ................. 428
Health Pair ........................ 428 Kilovolt peak (kVp) ........... 428
Physics ..................... 431 Positive (see Cation) ....... 417 Kinetic energy ......... _...... 423
Radiologlcal ................ 427 Ionization .................... 427 Kleln-Nishina formula ......... 428
Heavy water., ................. 441 Chamber ..................... 417 Krypton
Helium Air-wall .................. 417 Atomic mass ................. 54
Atomic mess ................. 51 Extrapolation ............. 417 Isotopes .................... 261
Isotopes .................... 231 Free-air .................. 417 Decay scheme .............. 391
Heredity ...................... 445 Thimble ................... 417 Kurchatovlum (suggested name)
Hertz ......................... 427 Tissue-equlvalent ......... 417 Isotopes .................... 380
Heterogeneous reactor ......... 435 Density ..................... 427
High-flux reactor ............. 436 Path (track) ................ 427 -L-
Hit theory (target theory) .... 440 Potential ................... 432
Hold-back carrier ............. 417 Primary ..... _ ............... 427 L-edge, x ray ................. 161
Holmium Secondary.... ............... 427 Labeled
Atomic mass ................. 59 Specific .................... 427 Compound .................... 428
Isotopes .................... 322 Total ....................... 427 Molecule .................... 429
Homogeneous reactor ........... 435 Ionizing Lag time ................. •..... 429
Hot cell ...................... 427 Energy ...................... 423 Lanthanum
Hybrid Event ....................... 428 Atomic mass ................. 57
Circuit ..................... 445 Radiation ................... 433 Isotopes .................... 306
Junction .................... 445 Iridium Decay scheme .............. 400
Hydrogen Atomic mass ................. 60 Specific activity ........... 104
Atomic mass ................. 51 Isotopes .................... 340 Laser ......................... 429
Heavy (see Deuterium) ....... 9 Decay scheme .............. 403 Control area ................ 442
Isotopes .................... 231 Gamma radiation levels ...... 131 C. W ....................... 442
Decay schem# .............. 382 Iris ..................... •..... 445 Definition and abbreviation. 442
Neutron cross-section ....... 142 Iron Latent period ................. 429
Specific activity ........... 104 Atomic mass ................. 53 Lawrencium
Hygiene, radiation ............ 427 Beta backscatter correction. 127 Atomic mass ................. 64
Dose buildup factor ......... 145 Isotopes ................ _... 380
-I- Equivalents of lead ......... 157 LDBo .......................... 429
Gamma radiation levels ...... 131 Lead
Immunity ...................... 427 Isotopes .................... 248 Atomic mass ................. 61
Implant (radiology) ........... 427 Decay scheme .............. 386 Attenuation of x ray ........ 151
454
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Lead (Cont'd) Mass (Cont'd) Monoenergetlc radiation ....... 433

Concrete equivalents ........ 157 Relativistic ................ 429 Monte Carlo method ............ 430
Dose buildup factors ........ 145 Spectrograph ................ 439 Motion, wave .................. 441
Equivalent .................. 429 Spectrometer ................ 439 Multiple scattering ........... 438
Gamma ray attenuation ....... 134 Table of atomic ............. 51 Mutation ...................... 430
Iron equivalents ............ 157 Unit, atomic ................ 414
Isotopes .................... 352 Mass-energy -N-
Decay scheme .............. 406 Absorption coefficient ...... 140
Thickness Conversions ................. 16 N-unit ........................ 430
Table ..................... 156 Relation ............. j ...... 429 Napierian logarithms .......... 46
Reduced beam_ ............. 156 Matched termination ........... 445 Natural logarithms ............ 46
Transmission of gamma ....... 148 Mathematics Natural radioactivity ......... 434
Leakage radiation ............. 433 Signs and symbols ........... I Neodymium
Lepton ........................ 429 Tables ...................... 36 Atomic mass ................. 58
Lesion ........................ 429 Maximum credible accident ..... 429 Isotopes .................... 310
LET ........................... 210 Maximum permissible Neon
Lethal dose (LDso) ............ 422 Concentration in air, water. 206 Atomic mass ................. 51
Leukemia ...................... 429 Dose ........................ 422 Isotopes .................... 235
Limiter ....................... 445 Dose limits ........ ,........ 210 Neoplasm ...................... 430
Linear Levels in total body ........ 206 Neptunium
Absorption coefficient ...... 413 Power Atomic mass ................. 63
Graph (air) ............... 135 Density ................... 442 Isotopes .................... 371
Accelerator ................. 429 Mean Series ...................... iii
Amplifier ................... 414 Free path ................... 429 Neutrino ...................... 430
Attenuation coefficient ..... 415 Life ........................ 429 Neutron ....................... 430
Energy transfer ............. 210 Median lethal dose (MLD) ...... 422 Absorption .................. 30
Force, equation ............. 26 Mega electron volt (MeV) ...... 429 Activation .................. 34
Source, gamma exposure from. 32 Mendelevium Atomic mass ................. 51
Lithium Atomic number ............... 64 Attenuation, fast ........... 14_
Atomic mass ................. 51 Isotopes .................... 379 Cross sections
Isotopes .................... 231 Mercury Boron ..................... _42
Localization, selective ....... 429 Atomic mass ................. 61 Cadmium ................... 141
Logarithms Isotopes .................... 347 Hydrogen .................. 142
Common. ..................... 48 Decay scheme .............. 404 Indium ................... , 141
Exponential functions ....... 41 Specific activity ........... 104 Water ..................... 142
Natural ..................... 46 Meson ......... ................ 429 Cycle ....................... 430
Relation between ............ 26 Metabolism ........... ......... 430 Delayed ..................... 421
Lung Metals Flux ........................ 425
Capacity .................... 21 Decontamination ............. 198 Prompt ...................... 430
Weight ...................... 212 Density ..................... 65 RPG ......................... 210
Lutetium Metastable state .............. 430 Rules of thumb .............. 205
Atomic mass ................. 60 Metastasis .................... 430 Sources ..................... 193
Isotopes .................... 330 Meter Newton ........................ 430
Dose rate ................... 422 Nickel
-M- Microcurie ................. ... 420 Atomic mass ................. 53
Micro-microcurie (picocurie).. 420 Isotopes .................... 250
Magnesium Micron ........................ 430 Decay scheme .............. 389
Atomic mass ................. 51 Microstrip .................... 445 Niobium (Columbium)
Isotopes .................... 236 Microwave ................. 430, 445 Atomic mass ................. 55
Malignant tumor ............... 440 Region ...................... 445 Isotopes .................... 270
Man, standard ................. 211 Mil ........................... 430 Decay scheme .............. 393
Chemical composition ........ 214 Millicurie .................... 420 Nitrogen
Mass of organs .............. 212 Millimeter of mercury ......... 442 Atomic mass ................. 51
Max. perm. amt. of isotope.. 206 Million electron volts ........ 429 Isotopes ................ .... 233
Normal physiological data... 215 Milliroentgen ................. 430 Specific activity ........... 104
Respiratory exchange ........ 215 Mismatch loss ................. 445 Nobelium
Water balance ............... 217 Moderator ..................... 430 Atomic mass ................. 64
Mang anese_ Modes ......................... 446 Isotopes ..................... 379
Atomic mass ................. 53 Molecular weight .............. 430 Noise
Gamma radiation levels ...... 131 Molecule ...................... 430 Figure ...................... 446
Isotopes .................... 247 Labeled ..................... 429 Power ....................... 446
Specific activity ........... 104 Molybdenum Nonisotoplc carrier ........... 417
Maser Atomic mass ................. 55 Nuclear
(Laser) ..................... 442 Isotopes .................... 272 Binding energy, table ....... 51
(Microwave) ................. 445 Decay scheme .............. 384 Cross section ............... 420
Mass .......................... 429 Specific activity ........... 104 Disintegration..B ........... 421
Absorption coefficient ...... 413 Momentum ...................... 430 Emulsion .................... 423
Activity relationship ....... 103 Conservation ................ 26 Fission ..................... 425
Atomic ...................... 414 Equation .................... 26 Fusion ...................... 430
Table ..................... 51 Photon ...................... 27 Nucleus ..................... 430
Attenuation coefficient Monitoring .................... 430 Power ....................... 432
Table of .................. 139 Area ........................ 430 Reactor ..................... 435
Critical .................... 429 Instruments ................. 129 Nucleon ....................... 430
Defect ...................... 429 Personnel ................... 430 Nucleus
Number ...................... 429 Monochromatic radiation ....... 433 Biological .................. 430
• 455
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Nucleus (Cont'd) Photoelectric (Cont'd) Primary (Cont'd)

Nuclear ...................... 430 Equation .................... 27 Protective barriers ......... _45
Nuclide ........................ 431 Threshold ................... 440 Radiation ................... 433
Chart of the ................. 69 Photofluorography..., ......... 425 Process, regenerative ......... 432
Number Photographic Product, decay ................ 421
Atomic ....................... 414 Density ..................... 421 Production reactor ............ 435
Avogadro's ................... 415 Dosimetry ................... 422 Promethium
Effective atomic ............. 414 Photomultiplier tube .......... 440 Atomic mass ................. 58
Mass ......................... 429 Photon ........................ 431 Isotopes .................... 312
Energy ...................... 27 Specific activity ........... 104
-0- Flux density.. .............. 132 Prompt gamma radiation ........ 432
Photosynthesis ................ 431 Propogation constant .......... 446
Open installation .............. 442 Physics Proportional
Operating voltage .............. 441 Classical equations ......... 26 Counter ..................... 420
Optical density ................ 442 Health ...................... 431 Internal counters
Optically pumped laser ......... 442 Picocurie ..................... 420 Backscatter correction .... 127
Organ .......................... 431 Pile (see Reactor, nuclear)... 435 Geometry .................. 127
Mass of ...................... 212 PIN diode attenuation ......... 446 Self-absorption correction 128
Osmium Planck's constant ............. 431 Region ...................... 432
Atomic mass .................. 60 Plateau ....................... 431 Protactinium
Isotopes ..................... 339 Slope, relative ............. 432 Atomic mass ................. 63
Osmosis ........................ 431 Platinum Isotopes .................... 368
Osmotic ........................ 431 Atomic mass ................. 60 Decay scheme .............. 408
Output Backscatter corrections ...... 127 Protective barriers ........... 415
Energy ....................... 443 Isotopes .................... 343 Primary ..................... 415
Power ........................ 443 Plural scattering ............. 438 Secondary ................... 415
Oxygen Plutonium Protium ....................... 432
Atomic mass ............ ...... 51 Atomic mass ................. 63 Proton ........................ 432
Isotopes ..................... 234 Isotopes .................... 372 Atomic mass ................. 51
Decay scheme .............. 409 Maximum permissible dose .... 210
-P- Specific activity ........... 104 Range, graph ................ 126
PM focusing ................... 446 Protraction dose .............. 422
Packing fraction ............... 431 Pocket chamber ................ 418 Pulse
Paint, decontamination ......... 198 Point source AmplifSer ................... 414
Pair production ................ 431 Exposure rate ............... 56 Length ...................... 443
Attenuation coefficient ...... 415 Radiation levels ............ 56 Repetition rate ............. 446
Palladium Poison ........................ 432 Pulse height
Atomic mass .................. 55 Polarization .................. 446 Analyzer .................... 414
Isotopes ..................... 279 Polonium Discriminator ............... 421
Paraffin attenuation, neutron.. 144 Atomic mass ................. 61 Selector .................... 438
Parametric amplifier ........... 446 Isotopes .................... 356 Pulsed laser .................. 443
Parent ......................... 431 Decay scheme .............. 406 Purpura ....................... 432
Partial pressure of oxygen ..... 443 Specific activity ........... 104
Particle Polycythemia .................. 432 -Q-
Associated wavelength ........ 27 Polymerization ................ 432
Accelerator .................. 413 Positron ...................... 432 Q-factor ...................... 446
Alpha ........................ 414 Potassium Q-switched laser .............. 443
Beta ......................... 416 Atomic mass ................. 52 Quality (radiology) ........... 432
Path, mean free ................ 431 Isotopes .................... 241 Relations ................... 27
Peak, kilovolts ................ 428 Decay scheme .............. 384 Theory ...................... 432
Penetration ability Specific activity ........... 104 Quenching ..................... 432
Beta radiation ............... 122 Potential Vapor ........................ 432
Gamma radiation .............. 148 Difference .................. 432
Percentage depth dose ....... ,.. 169 Energy ...................... 423 -R-
Period, latent ................. 429 Equation .................... 28
Periodic table ................. 431 Ionization .................. 432 Rabbit ........................ 433
Of elements .................. 67 Power ......................... 446 Rad ........................... 433
Permeable ...................... 431 Absolute .................... 446 Radiant energy ................ 423
Permissible dose ............... 422 Average ..................... 446 Radiation ..................... 433
Concentration in air, water.. 206 Density ..................... 443 Absorption .................. 413
Radioisotopes, total body .... 206 Nuclear ..................... 432 Equations ................. 29
Personnel Peak ........................ 446 Annihilation ................ 433
Decontamination .............. 193 Reactor ..................... 435 Attenuation ..... _. .......... 415
Monitoring ................... 430 Relative .................... 446 Background .................. 433
Phantom ........................ 431 Stopping .................... 432 Biological effectiveness .... 416
Phase sifter ................... 446 PPM focusing .................. 446 Characteristic (discrete)... 433
Phosphorus Praseodymium Concentration guides ........ 206
Atomic mass .................. 52 Atomic mass ................. 58 Detector .................... 421
Isotopes ..................... 238 Isotopes .................... 309 Direct ...................... 433
Decay scheme ............... 383 Decay scheme .............. 402 Dose (see Dose) ............. 421
Specific activity ............ 104 Specific activity ........... 104 E Exposure (see Exposure) ..... 424
Phosphorescence ................ 431 Precision connector ........... 446 External .................... 433
Photoelectric Pressure vessel, reactor ...... 432 Genetic effect .............. 426
Effect ....................... 431 Primary Hygiene.._ .................. 427
Attenuation coefficient .... 415 Ionization .................. 427 Infrared ................. 50, 433
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Radiation (Cont'd) Radon (Cont'd) Region

Internal .................... 433 Isotopes .................... 361 Geiger ...................... 425
Ionizing .................... 433 Decay scheme .............. 406 Proportional ................ 432
Leakage (direct) ............ 433 Range Regulating rod ................ 437
Measurements (see Count) .... 420 Alpha particle Relation, mass-energy ......... 429
Monochromatic ............... 433 Equation .................. 29 Relative
Monoenergetic ............... 433 Graph ..................... 125 Biological effectiveness .... 436
Penetration ability Beta particle Plateau slope ................ 432
Beta ...................... 122 Equation .................. 29 Relativistic mass ............. 429
Gamma ..................... 148 As function of energy Reliability factor ............ 32
Primary ..................... 433 In aluminum ............. 123 Statistical limit of counter 120
Protection Guides ........... 210 Maximum ................. 122 Rem ........................... 436
Scattered ................... 433 Proton Rep ........................... 436
Secondary ................... 433 Graph ..................... 126 Repetitive pulse laser ........ 443
Sickness .................... 438 Rare earth .................... 434 Research reactor .............. 435
Stem ........................ 433 Rate, recovery ................ 434 Resolving time
Stray ....................... 433 Ratemeter Counter ..................... 436
Target theory ............... 440 Counting .................... 420 Correction, equation ........ 31
Therapy ..................... 440 Dose ........................ 422 Determination, equation ..... 31
Brachytherapy ............. 440 Ratio, differential absorption 413 Error
Contact ................... 440 Ray Equation .................. 121
Radiation ................. 440 Alpha ....................... 414 Graph ..................... 121
Rotation .................. 440 Beta ........................ 416 Resonance
Teletherapy ............... 440 Cosmic ...................... 419 Capture ..................... 417
Ultraviolet ................. 50 Delta ....................... 421 Energy ...................... 436
Radiative capture ............. 417 Gamma ....................... 425 Resonator cavity .............. 446
Radioactive Absorption equation ....... 29 Respiratory
Contamination ............... 419 Grenz ....................... 426 Exchange in man ............. 215
Decay ....................... 420 Infrared .................... 433 System ...................... 436
Decontamination ............. 194 X ........................... 441 Capacity .................. 436
Equations ................... 28 Attenuation in Response time, curve .......... 130
Equilibrium ................. 424 Concrete ................ 152 Return loss ................... 446
Secular ................... 424 Lead .................... 151 Rhenium
Transient ................. 424 Barrier computation ....... 150 Atomic mass ................. 60
Half-life ................... 426 Machine output, diagnostic Isotopes .................... 337
Semi-log plot ............... 108 Dental .................. 158 Rhodium
Series ...................... 438 Nondental ............... 158 Atomic mass ................. 55
Actinium .................. 113 Rayleigh scattering ........... 438 Isotopes .................... 277
Neptunium ................. iii Reaction (nuclear) ............ 434 Rise time ..................... 446
Thorium ................... ii0 Chain ....................... 434 R-meter, condenser ............ 419
Uranium ................... 112 Endoergic ................... 434 RMS amplitude ................. 446
Standard .................... 439 Endothermic ................. 434 Rod ........................... 436
Radioactivity ................. 434 Energy ...................... 423 Control ..................... 437
Artificial .................. 434 _xothermic .................. 434 Fuel ........................ 437
Induced ..................... 434 Thermonuclear ............... 434 Regulating .................. 437
Neutron ................... 193 Reactivity .................... 435 Safety ...................... 437
Natural ..................... 434 Reactor Scram ....................... 437
Radioautograph ................ 434 Breeder ..................... 435 Shim ........................ 437
Radiobiology .................. 434 Converter ................... 435 Roentgen ...................... 437
Radiochemistry ................ 434 Epithermal .................. 435 Intensity, point source, y.. 132
Radiography ................... 434 Fast ........................ 435 Output of some isotopes ..... 131
Radioisotopes (see Isotope) Heterogeneous ............... 435 Rays ........................ 437
By element .................. 231 High flux ................... 436 Roentgenography (see X ray)... 437
Max.perm. in body,air,& water 206 High temperature ............ 436 Roentgenology ................. 437
Radiological Homogeneous ................. 435 Rotation therapy .............. 440
Health ...................... 427 Intermediate ................ 435 Rubidium
Survey ...................... 439 Nuclear ..................... 435 Atomic mass ................. 54
Radiology ..................... 434 Power ....................... 435 Isotopes .................... 263
Radionuclides, commonly avail. 86 Breeder ................... 435 Decay scheme ............... 391
Radiopharmaceutical ........... 434 Production .................. 435 Specific activity ........... 104
Radioresistance ............... 434 Research .................... 435 Rules of thumb ................ 205
Radiosensitivity .............. 434 Thermal ..................... 435 Ruthenium
Radio waves, spectrum ......... 50 Recoil, aggregate ............. 436 Atomic mass ................. 55
Radium Recombination ................. 436 Isotopes .................... 276
Atomic mas_ ................. 62 Recovery (radiobiology) ....... 436 Decay scheme .............. 395
Isotopes .................... 364 Rate ........................ 434 Specific activity ........... 104
Decay =cheme .............. 406 Rectangular waveguide ......... 446 Rutherford .................... 437
Radiation levels ............ 131 Red blood cell (Erythrocyte).. 424
Specific activity ........... 104 Reflected -S-
Transmission through Power ....................... 446
Concrete .................. 149 Signal ...................... 446 Safety rod .................... 437
Iron ...................... 149 Reflection coefficient ........ 446 Samarium
Lead ...................... 148 Reflectometer ................. 446 Atomic mass ................. 58
Radon Reflector ............ ......... 436 Isotopes .................... 313
Atomic mass ................. 61 Regenerative process .......... 432 Sampler ....................... 446
457
Page Page Page
Sarcoma ....................... 437 Smith diagram ................. 447 Tangential sensitivity ........ 447
Sargent's rule ................ 29 Sodium Tantalum
Saturation thickness Atomic mass ................. 51 Atomic mass ................. 60
Backscatter correction ...... 127 Isotopes .................... 236 Isotopes .................... 334
Scaler ........................ 437 Decay scheme .............. 382 Specific activity ........... 104
Binary ...................... 437 Radiation levels ............ 131 Target theory ................. 440
Decade ...................... 437 Specific activity ........... 104 Technetium
Scandium Softness (radiation) .......... 439 Atomic mass ................. 55
Atomic mass ................. 52 Solid-state oscillator ........ 447 Isotopes .................... 274
Isotopes .................... 244 Somatic cells ................. 417 Teletherapy ................... 440
Scanner ....................... 437 Sources, neutron .............. 193 Tellurium
Scanning (medical) ............ 437 Space charge .................. 418 Atomic mass ................. 56
Scattered radiation ........... 433 Spallation .................... 439 Isotopes .................... 293
Scattering .................... 437 Specific activity ............. 439 Temperature, conversion factor 20
Coherent .................... 437 Calculation ................. 103 Terbium
Compton ..................... 437 Equation .................... 29 Atomic mass ................. 58
Elastic ..................... 438 Gamma-ray constant .......... 439 Isotopes .................... 318
Incoherent .................. 438 Curve ..................... 132 Thallium
Inelastic ................... 438 Table ..................... 131 Atomic mass ................. 61
Multiple .................... 438 Table ....................... 104 Isotopes .................... 350
Plural ...................... 438 Specific ionization ........... 427 Specific activity ........... 104
Rayleigh .................... 438 Spectrograph, mass ............ 439 Therapy ....................... 440
Single ...................... 438 Spectrometer, mass ............ 439 Brachytherapy ............... 440
Scattering,coefficient,Compton 438 Spectrum ...................... 439 Contact ..................... 440
Scintillation Analyzer .................... 447 Radiation ................... 440
Camera ...................... 438 Electromagnetic ............. 50 Rotation .................... 440
Counter ..................... 420 Specular or regular reflection 443 Thermal
Scram ......................... 438 Spurious count ................ 420 Column ...................... 419
Rod ......................... 437 Square roots and squares ...... 36 Reactor ..................... 435
Screen Stable isotope ................ 428 Unit, British ............... 416
Medical ..................... 166 Standard Thermalization ................ 440
Speed ....................... 166 Deviation ................... 31 Thermistor .................... 447
Sealed source ................. 438 Man ......................... 211 Thermonuclear reaction ........ 434
Secondary Radioactive ................. 439 Thimble ionization chamber .... 417
Electron .................... 423 Statcoulomb ................... 439 Thorium
Ionization .................. 427 Statistical Atomic mass ................. 62
Protection barriers ......... 415 Error ....................... 424 Isotopes .................... 366
Radiation ................... 433 Limits, counter reliability. 120 Decay scheme .............. 408
Secular radioactive equilib... 424 Statistics of counting ........ 31 Series .......... _ ........... ii0
Selective localization ........ 429 Stem radiation ................ 433 Specific activity ........... 104
Selector, pulse height ........ 438 Sterility (biological) ........ 439 Threshold
Selenium Stopping power ................ 432 Dose ........................ 422
Atomic mass ................. 54 Stray radiation ............... 433 Geiger-Mueller .............. 426
Isotopes ..................... 257 Streaming.._ .................. 439 Photoelectric ............... 440
Self-absorption ............... 413 Stringer ...................... 439 Thulium
Equation .................... 30 Stripline ..................... 447 Atomic msss ................. 59
Corrections, IPC ............ 128 Strontium Isotopes .................... 326
Semiconductor or junc. laser.. 443 Atomic mass ................. 54 Time
Sensitive volume .............. 441 Isotopes .................... 265 Conversion factors .......... 24
Separation, isotope ........... 428 Decay scheme .............. 392 Lag ......................... 429
Series, radioactive ........... 438 Specific activity ........... 104 Optimum counting ............ 119
Shield ........................ 438 S.U .......................... 439 Resolving, counter .......... 436
Shielding, x-ray .............. 150 Subcritical (fissile system).. 439 Tin
Shim rod ...................... 437 Sulfur Atomic mass ................. 56
Shutdown ...................... 438 Atomic mass ................. 52 Isotopes .................... 288
Sickness, radiation ........... 438 Isotopes .................... 239 Tissue
Sigmoid curve ................. 439 Decay scheme .............. 384 Dose ........................ 422
Signal-to-noise ratio ......... 446 Specific activity ........... 104 Equivalent
Signs and symbols Supercritical (fissile system) 439 Ionization chamber ........ 417
Alphabetically Survey, radiological .......... 439 Material .................. 440
By name ................... 2 Symbols and signs Titanium
By symbol ................. 7 Alphabetically Atomic mass .............. ... 52
Mathematical ................ 1 By name ................... 2 Isotopes .................... 245
Silicon By symbol ............... .. 7 Total ionization .............. 427
Atomic mass ................. 52 Mathematical ................ 1 Townsend avalanche ............ 415
Isotopes .................... 238 Syncrocyclotron ............... 439 TR tube ....................... 447
Silver Synchronization ............... 447 Tracer, isotopic .............. 440
Atomic mass .................. 56 Synchrotron ................... 439 Track ......................... 440
Isotopes .................... 281 Syndrome ...................... 439 Transient radioactive equilib. 424
Single scattering ............. 438 System, respiratory ........... 436 Transition, isomeric .......... 440
Skin dose ..................... 422 Transmission
Sliding -T- Gain ........................ 447
Load ........................ 447 Line ........................ 447
Short ....................... 447 Table of isotopes ............. 219 Loss ........................ 447
Slotted section ............... 447 Tagged (labeled) compound ..... 428 Transmutation ................. 440
458
Page Page Page
Trigonometric ................. 45 Velocity (Cont'd) X ray (Cont'd)

Tritium ....................... 440 Of light .................... 447 Attenuation in
Atomic mass ................. 51 Phase ....................... 447 Concrete
Isotopes .................... 231 Visible spectrum .............. 50 Graph ................... 152
Specific activity ........... 104 Volt .......................... 441 Table ................... 139
Triton ........................ 440 Electromagnetic spectrum .... 50 Lead
Tube Electron .................... 423 Graph ................... 134
Backward wave. ...... _ ....... 447 Voltage Table ................... 138
Boron counter ............... 440 Operating ................... 441 Water
Electron multiplier ......... 440 Standing wave radio ......... 447 Graph ......... .. .... .... 133
Klystron .................... 447 Starting .................... 441 Table ................... 138
Magnetron ................... 447 Volume Barrier computation ......... 150
Photomultiplier ............. 440 Dose (integral) ............. 422 Concrete & iron equivalents. 157
TR .......................... 447 Sensitive ................... 441 Energies
Traveling-wave .............. 447 Critical-absorption ....... 161
Tumor ......................... 440 _W- Emission .................. 161

Malignant ................... 441 Graphs
Tungsten (wolfram) Exposure ....... ........... 159
Atomic mass ................. 60 Water Filtration ................ 159
Isotopes .................... 355 Activated ................... 441 FSD ....................... 159
Specific activity ........... 104 Attenuation, neutron ........ 144 kVp ....................... 159
Tuning screw .................. 447 Balance in man .............. 217 HVL vs. tube potential ...... 155
Tunnel diode .................. 447 Dose buildup factor ......... 145 Output, table
Heavy ....................... 441 Dental .................... 158
-U- Mass attenuation coefficient 137 Nondental ................. 158
MPC, isotope ................ 206 RPG ......................... 210
UHF ........................... 447 Neutron cross section ....... 142 Shielding ................... 150
Ultraviolet, spectrum ......... 50 Watt ...................... 441, 443 Attenuation, graphs ....... 151
Unbalanced line ............... 447 Watts per square centimeter... 443 Concrete, graphs .......... 152
Units Wave HVL, table ................ 155
Rad ......................... 433 And quantum relations ....... 27 Lead, graphs .............. 151
Rem ......................... 436 Circuits, slow .............. 447 Xenon
Rep ......................... 436 Equation .................... 27 Atomic mass ................. 57
Roentgen .................... 437 Length .................. 441, 447 Isotopes .................... 299
Universal decay table ......... 106 Associated ................ 27 Decay scheme ............. _ 398
Uranium Meter
Atomic mass ................. 63 Absorption ................ 447 -Y-
Beta surface dose rate ...... 204 Transmission .............. 447
Isotopes ..... b .............. 369 Motion ...................... 441 YIG device .................... 447
Decay scheme .............. 407 Spectrum .................... 50 Ytterbium
Series ...................... 112 Transverse Atomic mass .................. 59
Specific activity ........... 104 Electric .................. 447 Isotopes ..................... 328
Useful beam ................... 415 Electromagnetic ........... 447 Yttrium
Magnetic .................. 447 Atomic mass ................. 54
-V- Weight Isotopes .................... 267
Atomic ...................... 414 Decay scheme .............. 292
Valence ....................... 441 Gram
Electron .................... 423 Atomic .................... 426 -Z-
Value of exponent functions... 41 Molecular ................. 430
Vanadium Wolfram (tungsten) Z number (see Atomic number).. 414
Atomic mass ................. 53 Atomic mass ................. 60 Zinc
Isotopes .................... 245 Isotopes .................... 355 Atomic mass ................. 53
Van de Graaff accelerator ..... 441 Specific activity ........... 104 Isotopes .................... 252
Vapor, quenching .............. 432 Work, equations ............... 26 Decay scheme .............. 390
VHF ........................... 447 Radiation levels ............ 131
Varactor ...................... 447 -X- Specific activity ........... 104

Velocity Zirconium
Group ....................... 447 Atomic mass ................. 55
Modulation .................. 447 X ray ......................... 441 Isotopes .................... 269
Decay scheme .............. 393
_U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1983 397-484/534
-7......
__
IMMEDIATE STEPS TO TAKE IN RADIATION ACCIDENTS
1. Evaluate situation in regard to (a) levels of external radiation

exposure, and (b) contamination by radionuclides.
2. If external radiation levels are high, evacuate exposed personnel

from accident area. (If possibility of contamination exists,
assure that evacuees are confined until monitored.)
3. Confine contamination in the accident area to prevent further

spread. If liquid, use absorbent material to keep from spreading.
If possible, close off air circulation and seal doors and windows.
Prevent further personnel access to radiation area. Remove con-
taminated clothing and shoes before going to a clean area.
4. Locate and monitor all persons who may be contaminated. Perform

simple decontamination, if necessary, and remonitor. Give first
aid if needed.
5. Obtain medical and health physics assistance promptly.
6. Obtain careful history of accident.
PERSONS TO NOTIFY
Medical : Phone I (day)

(night)
Radiation Safety: Phone I (day)

(night)
Management : Phone I (day)

(night)
i_ : .it;
. ..,
Public Health Service Publication No. 2016 t, , ..
i fi.
"; .... _ _-- _""" ..... "-- ...... F .... 7--.. <"

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RADIOLOGICAL

HEALTH. EDUCATION. AND WELFARE

This publication contains copyrighted material. Further

Compiled and edited

! For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Omce

New knowledge, new technological advancements, and the enactment of Public

Although contributions from individuals and organizations are too numerous

Mr. John C. Villforth, Director Mr. George R. Shultz, Director

FOREWORD ......................................................... iii

I. PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND MATHEMATICAL DATA ........................ 1

II. RADIOISOTOPE, DECAY, AND RADIOASSAY DATA ......................... 86

III. RADIATION PROTECTION DATA ......................................... 129

IV. TABLE OF ISOTOPES

V. GLO SSARY ......................................................... 413

VI. INDEX ............................................................ 449

PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND MATHEMATICAL DATA

SIGNS AND SYMBOLS

CONVERSION FACTORS ........................... 15

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM ........................ 50

ATOMIC MASS TABLE (including binding energy) .............. 51

DENSITY OF ELEMENTS AND COMMON MATERIALS ................ 65

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS ..................... 67

CHART OF THE NUCLIDES ......................... 69

+ -plus, addition, positive / square root

negative an nth power of a

:F minus or plus, log,loglo common logarithm

-,/,__ division in,log e natural logarithm

× ' • '() multiplication e,E base2. of natural

(),[] collection _ pi, 3. 14159265 . . .

# not equal to __ perpendicular to

equals approximately, n any number

> than Inl absolute value of n

n" n seconds, n inches

-_ approaches cos cosine

A _ Alpha 1 _ lota P p Rho

B _ Beta K K Kappa Z _ Sigma

F _ Gamma A _ Lambda T T Tau

about ca average av, avg.

absolute temperature (Kelvin)" _. K barn b

absorption coefficient, barn (cross section) _

absorption cross section in beta ......... 8,8-,-_8

barns ....=i beta particle le°,,8_i_

activity, original Ao biot Bi

alpha _ British thermal unit Btu

alpha particle _ buildup factor b

al ternat ing current a.c. calorie cal

ampere A, amp. candela cd

angle between incident capacitance C

anno (year) a centigrade C

aqueous aq. cent ime ter- gram- second

as ymme tr ical asym. chemis try chem.

atmosphere (atmospheric) atm, circa ca

atomic mass unit --12C u coefficient coef.

atto (prefix) .................. a Compton collision coefficient__

concentration C dose, absorbed D

concentration, air X dose equivalent DE

cosine cos _dyne dyn

count rate R electric charge Q

counts per minute cpm electric field intensity

cubic centimeter ............... cc, electron capture e