Network Protocols Notes

NETWORK PROTOCOLS
Network Protocols are a set of rules governing exchange of information in an easy,reliable

and secure way.
TCP/IP
 TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.
 TCP/IP is a set of layered protocols used for communication over the Internet.
 The communication model of this suite is client-server model.
 A computer that sends a request is the client and a computer to which the request is
sent is the server.
 TCP/IP has four layers –
Application layer − Application layer protocols like HTTP and FTP are used.
Transport layer − Data is transmitted in form of datagrams using the Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP). TCP is responsible for breaking up data
at the client side and then reassembling it on the server side.
Network layer − Network layer connection is established using Internet Protocol (IP)
at the network layer. Every machine connected to the Internet is
assigned an address called IP address by the protocol to easily
identify source and destination machines.
Data link layer − Actual data transmission in bits occurs at the data link layer using
the destination address provided by network layer.
 TCP/IP is widely used in many communication networks other than the internet.
FTP
 As we have seen, the need for network came up primarily to facilitate sharing of files
between researchers.
 Nowadays, file transfer remains one of the most used facilities. The protocol that
handles these requests is File Transfer Protocol or FTP.
 Using FTP to transfer files is helpful in these ways −
 Easily transfers files between two different networks
 Can resume file transfer sessions even if connection is dropped, if
protocol is configure appropriately
 Enables collaboration between geographically separated teams.
PPP
 Point to Point Protocol or PPP is a data link layer protocol that enables transmission
of TCP/IP traffic over serial connection, like telephone line.
 To do this, PPP defines these three things –
 A framing method to clearly define end of one frame and start of another,
incorporating errors detection as well.
 Link control protocol (LCP) for bringing communication lines up,
authenticating and bringing them down when no longer needed.
 Network control protocol (NCP) for each network layer protocol supported by
other networks.
 Using PPP, home users can avail Internet connection over telephone lines.
Mobile Communication Protocols
 Any device that does not need to remain at one place to carry out its functions is a
mobile device. So laptops, smart phones and personal digital assistants are some
examples of mobile devices. Due to their portable nature, mobile devices connect to
networks wirelessly.
 Mobile devices typically use radio waves to communicate with other devices and
networks.
 Mobile communication protocols use multiplexing to send information. Multiplexing is
a method to combine multiple digital or analog signals into one signal over the data
channel. This ensures optimum utilization of expensive resource and time.
 At the destination these signals are de-multiplexed to recover individual signals.
 These are the types of multiplexing options available to communication channels –
o FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) − Here each user is assigned a
different frequency from the complete spectrum. All the frequencies can then
simultaneously travel on the data channel.
o TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) − A single radio frequency is divided into
multiple slots and each slot is assigned to a different user. So multiple users
can be supported simultaneously.
o CDMA (Code Division Multiplexing) − Here several users share the same
frequency spectrum simultaneously. They are differentiated by assigning
unique codes to them. The receiver has the unique key to identify the
individual calls.
 GSM
o GSM stands for Global System for Mobile communications. GSM is one of
the most widely used digital wireless telephony system.
o It was developed in Europe in 1980s and is now international standard in
Europe, Australia, Asia and Africa.
o Any GSM handset with a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card can be used
in any country that uses this standard.
o Every SIM card has a unique identification number.
o It has memory to store applications and data like phone numbers, processor
to carry out its functions and software to send and receive messages.
o GSM technology uses TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) to support up to
eight calls simultaneously.
o It also uses encryption to make the data more secure.
o The frequencies used by the international standard is 900 MHz to 1800 MHz
o However, GSM phones used in the US use 1900 MHz frequency and hence
are not compatible with the international system.
 CDMA
o CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access. It was first used by the
British military during World War II.
o After the war its use spread to civilian areas due to high service quality. As
each user gets the entire spectrum all the time, voice quality is very high.Also,
it is automatically encrypted and hence provides high security against signal
interception and eavesdropping.
 WLL
o WLL stands for Wireless in Local Loop.
o It is a wireless local telephone service that can be provided in homes or
offices.
o The subscribers connect to their local exchange instead of the central
exchange wirelessly.
o Using wireless link eliminates last mile or first mile construction of network
connection, thereby reducing cost and set up time.
o As data is transferred over very short range, it is more secure than wired
networks.
o WLL system consists of user handsets and a base station. The base station
is connected to the central exchange as well as an antenna. The antenna
transmits to and receives calls from users through terrestrial microwave links.
Each base station can support multiple handsets depending on its capacity.
 GPRS
o GPRS stands for General Packet Radio Services.
o It is a packet based wireless communication technology that charges users
based on the volume of data they send rather than the time duration for which
they are using the service. This is possible because
o GPRS sends data over the network in packets and its throughput depends on
network traffic.
o As traffic increases, service quality may go down due to congestion, hence it
is logical to charge the users as per data volume transmitted.
o GPRS is the mobile communication protocol used by second (2G) and third
generation (3G) of mobile telephony.
o It pledges a speed of 56 kbps to 114 kbps, however the actual speed may
vary depending on network load..

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NETWORK PROTOCOLS

Network Protocols are a set of rules governing exchange of information in an easy,reliable

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