Mobile Telecommunication Technologies

Mobile Telecommunication Technologies
 Since the introduction of first commercial mobile phone in 1983 by Motorola, mobile technology
has come a long way.
 Be it technology, protocols, services offered or speed, the changes in mobile telephony have
been recorded as generation of mobile communication.
 Here we will discuss the basic features of these generations that differentiate it from the
previous generations.
1G Technology
 1G refers to the first generation of wireless mobile communication where analog signals were
used to transmit data.
 It was introduced in the US in early 1980s and designed exclusively for voice communication.
 Some characteristics of 1G communication are −
o Speeds up to 2.4 kbps
o Poor voice quality
o Large phones with limited battery life
o No data security
2G Technology
 2G refers to the second generation of mobile telephony which used digital signals for the first
time.
 It was launched in Finland in 1991 and used GSM technology.
 Some prominent characteristics of 2G communication are −
o Data speeds up to 64 kbps
o Text and multimedia messaging possible
o Better quality than 1G
 When GPRS technology was introduced, it enabled web browsing, e-mail services and fast
upload/download speeds.
 2G with GPRS is also referred as 2.5G, a step short of next mobile generation.
3G Technology
 Third generation (3G) of mobile telephony began with the start of the new millennium and
offered major advancement over previous generations.
 Some of the characteristics of this generation are −
o Data speeds of 144 kbps to 2 Mbps
o High speed web browsing
o Running web based applications like video conferencing, multimedia e-mails, etc.
o Fast and easy transfer of audio and video files
o 3D gaming
 Some downsides of 3G technology −
o Expensive mobile phones
o High infrastructure costs like licensing fees and mobile towers.
o Trained personnel required for infrastructure set up.
 The intermediate generation, 3.5G grouped together dissimilar mobile telephony and data
technologies and paved way for the next generation of mobile communication.
4G Technology
 Keeping up the trend of a new mobile generation every decade, fourth generation (4G) of mobile
communication was introduced in 2011.
 Its major characteristics are −
o Speeds of 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps
o Mobile web access
o High definition mobile TV
o Cloud computing
o IP telephony
Email Protocols
 Email is one of the most popular uses of Internet world wide.
 As per a 2015 study, there are 2.6 billion email users worldwide who send some 205 billion
email messages per day.
 With email accounting for so much traffic on the Internet, email protocols need to be very robust.
 Some of the most popular email protocols used worldwide. Those are -
 SMTP
o SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
o It is connection oriented application layer protocol that is widely used to send and
receive email messages.
o It was introduced in 1982 by RFC 821 and last updated in 2008 by RFC 5321.
o The updated version is most widely used email protocol.
o Mail servers and mail transfer agents use SMTP to both send and receive messages.
However, user level applications use it only for sending messages.
o For retrieving they use IMAP or POP3 because they provide mail box management
Note:-
o RFC or Request for Comments is a peer reviewed document jointly published by
Internet Engineering Task Force and the Internet Society.
o It is written by researchers and computer scientists describing how the Internet should
work and protocols and systems supporting them.
 POP3
o POP3 or Post Office Protocol Version 3 is an application layer protocol used by email
clients to retrieve email messages from mail servers over TCP/IP network.
o POP was designed to move the messages from server to local disk but version 3 has the
option of leaving a copy on the server
o POP3 is a very simple protocol to implement but that limits its usage. For example, POP3
supports only one mail server for each mailbox.
Communication Technologies - VoIP
 VoIP is the acronym for Voice over Internet Protocol.
 It means telephone services over Internet.
 Traditionally Internet had been used for exchanging messages but due to advancement in
technology, its service quality has increased manifold.
 It is now possible to deliver voice communication over IP networks by converting voice data into
packets.
 VoIP is a set of protocols and systems developed to provide this service seamlessly.
Wireless Technologies
 Wireless connection to internet is very common these days.
 Often an external modem is connected to the Internet and other devices connect to it wirelessly.
 This eliminated the need for last mile or first mile wiring.
 There are two ways of connecting to the Internet wirelessly – Wi-Fi and WiMAx.
 Wi-Fi
o Wi-Fi is the acronym for wireless fidelity.
o Wi-Fi technology is used to achieve connection to the Internet without a direct cable
between device and Internet Service Provider.
o Wi-Fi enabled device and wireless router are required for setting up a Wi-Fi connection.
o These are some characteristics of wireless Internet connection −
 Range of 100 yards
 Insecure connection
 Throughput of 10-12 Mbps
o If a PC or laptop does not have Wi-Fi capacity, it can be added using a Wi-Fi card.
o The physical area of the network which provides Internet access through Wi-Fi is called
Wi-Fi hotspot.
o Hotspots can be set up at home, office or any public space like airport, railway stations,
etc.
o Hotspots themselves are connected to the network through wires.
 WiMax
o To overcome the drawback of Wi-Fi connections, WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability
for Microwave Access) was developed. WiMax is a collection of wireless
communication standards based on IEEE 802.16.
o WiMax provides multiple physical layer and media access control (MAC) options.
o WiMax Forum, established in 2001, is the principal body responsible to ensure
conformity and interoperability among various commercial vendors.
o These are some of the characteristics of WiMax −
 Broadband wireless access
 Range of 6 miles
 Multilevel encryption available
 Throughput of 72 Mbps
o The main components of a WiMax unit are −
 WiMax Base Station − It is a tower similar to mobile towers and connected to
Internet through high speed wired connection.
 WiMax Subscriber Unit (SU) − It is a WiMax version of wireless modem. The
only difference is that modem is connected to the Internet through cable
connection whereas WiMax SU receives Internet connection wirelessly through
microwaves.

Mobile Telecommunication Technologies

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