Philippines

National Demographic
and Health Survey 2017
Key Indicators
 Philippines
National Demographic and
Health Survey
2017
Key Indicators Report

Philippine Statistics Authority

Quezon City, Philippines

The DHS Program

ICF
Rockville, Maryland, USA

February 2018
The 2017 Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS 2017) was implemented by the
Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). Funding for the survey was provided by the Government of the
Philippines. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided technical
assistance and equipment through ICF under The DHS Program, which assists countries in the collection of
data to monitor and evaluate population, health, and nutrition programs.

Additional information about the NDHS 2017 may be obtained from the Philippine Statistics Authority, PSA
Complex, East Ave., Diliman, Quezon City; Telephone: +63 (02)-42-6600; Email: [email protected];
Internet: psa.gov.ph

Information about The DHS Program may be obtained from ICF, 530 Gaither Road, Suite 500, Rockville,
MD 20850, USA; Telephone: +1-301-407-6500; Fax: +1-301-407-6501; E-mail: [email protected];
Internet: www.DHSprogram.com.

Suggested citation:

Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) and ICF. 2018. Philippines National Demographic and Health
Survey 2017: Key Indicators. Quezon City, Philippines, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: PSA and ICF.
CONTENTS
TABLES AND FIGURES ............................................................................................................................ v

PREFACE ...................................................................................................................................................vii

1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Survey Objectives ................................................................................................................ 1

2 SURVEY IMPLEMENTATION ................................................................................................... 2

2.1 Sampling Design ................................................................................................................. 2
2.2 Questionnaires ..................................................................................................................... 2
2.3 Pretest .................................................................................................................................. 3
2.4 Training of Field Staff and Conducting Fieldwork ............................................................. 3
2.5 Data Processing ................................................................................................................... 4

3 KEY FINDINGS.............................................................................................................................. 5
3.1 Response Rates .................................................................................................................... 5
3.2 Household Drinking Water .................................................................................................. 5
3.3 Household Sanitation........................................................................................................... 7
3.4 PhilHealth Coverage ............................................................................................................ 9
3.5 Characteristics of Respondents .......................................................................................... 10
3.6 Fertility .............................................................................................................................. 12
3.7 Teenage Pregnancy and Motherhood ................................................................................ 13
3.8 Fertility Preferences........................................................................................................... 14
3.9 Family Planning................................................................................................................. 15
3.10 Source of Modern Contraception....................................................................................... 18
3.11 Need and Demand for Family Planning ............................................................................ 18
3.12 Early Childhood Mortality................................................................................................. 21
3.13 Maternal Care .................................................................................................................... 22
3.13.1 Antenatal Care ..................................................................................................... 24
3.13.2 Tetanus Toxoid .................................................................................................... 24
3.13.3 Delivery Care ....................................................................................................... 24
3.13.4 Postnatal Care for the Mother .............................................................................. 25
3.14 Child Health....................................................................................................................... 25
3.14.1 Vaccination of Children ....................................................................................... 25
3.14.2 Childhood Acute Respiratory Infection, Fever, and Diarrhea ............................. 30
3.14.3 Breastfeeding and Bottle Feeding Practices......................................................... 31
3.15 HIV/AIDS Awareness, Knowledge, and Behavior ........................................................... 32
3.15.1 Knowledge of HIV Prevention ............................................................................ 32
3.15.2 Comprehensive Knowledge about HIV Prevention among Young People ......... 33
3.15.3 Multiple Sexual Partners ...................................................................................... 34
3.16 Coverage of HIV Testing Services .................................................................................... 35
3.17 Violence against Women ................................................................................................... 37

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 39

iii
TABLES AND FIGURES
Table 1 Results of the household and individual interviews ................................................................... 5
Table 2.1 Household drinking water .......................................................................................................... 6
Table 2.2 Drinking water source according to region and wealth .............................................................. 7
Table 3.1 Household sanitation facilities ................................................................................................... 8
Table 3.2 Sanitation facility type according to region and wealth ............................................................. 9
Table 4 PhilHealth coverage ................................................................................................................. 10
Table 5 Background characteristics of respondents .............................................................................. 11
Table 6 Current fertility ........................................................................................................................ 12
Table 7 Teenage pregnancy and motherhood........................................................................................ 14
Table 8 Fertility preferences by number of living children ................................................................... 15
Table 9.1 Current use of contraception according to background characteristics .................................... 16
Table 9.2 Current use of contraception according to background characteristics .................................... 17
Table 10 Source of modern contraception methods ................................................................................ 18
Table 11 Need and demand for family planning among currently married women and sexually
active unmarried women .......................................................................................................... 20
Table 12 Early childhood mortality rates ................................................................................................ 22
Table 13 Maternal care indicators ........................................................................................................... 23
Table 14.1 Vaccinations by background characteristics ............................................................................ 28
Table 14.2 Vaccinations by residence and region ...................................................................................... 29
Table 15 Treatment for ARI symptoms, fever, and diarrhea .................................................................. 31
Table 16 Breastfeeding status by age ...................................................................................................... 32
Table 17 Knowledge of HIV prevention methods .................................................................................. 33
Table 18 Comprehensive knowledge about HIV prevention .................................................................. 34
Table 19 Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past 12 months ................. 35
Table 20 Coverage of prior HIV testing.................................................................................................. 36
Table 21 Spousal violence by background characteristics ...................................................................... 38

Figure 1 Trends in total fertility rate, 1973-2017 ................................................................................... 13

Figure 2 Trends in unmet need, modern contraceptive use, and percentage of demand satisfied
with modern methods, 1993-2013............................................................................................ 21
Figure 3 Trends in childhood mortality, 1993-2017 ............................................................................... 22
Figure 4 Trends in maternal health care, 1993-2017 .............................................................................. 25

v
PREFACE

T
he Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) is pleased to present the Key Indicators Report on the 2017
Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). The survey is designed to provide
indicators on fertility, fertility preferences, family planning practice, childhood mortality, maternal
and child health, knowledge and attitude regarding HIV/AIDS, and violence against women. These
indicators are crucial in policymaking, program planning, and monitoring and evaluation of population and
health programs, including those anchored on the attainment of related Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs).

The NDHS 2017 was the sixth DHS survey to be conducted in the Philippines in collaboration with the
worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys Program, and the 11th national DHS in all. Fieldwork for the
survey was carried out from 14 August to 27 October 2017 covering a national sample of over 31,000
households and more than 25,000 women age 15 to 49 years.

The NDHS 2017 was funded by the Government of the Philippines. The United States Agency for
International Development (USAID) provided technical assistance and equipment through ICF under The
Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) program.

PSA would like to express its deepest gratitude to the Department of Health and the University of the
Philippines Population Institute for their invaluable contributions during the preparatory phase of the survey.

Great appreciation is also due to the survey team of PSA for their hard work and dedication: the staff of the
Demographic and Health Statistics Division of the Social Sector Statistics Service who worked tirelessly
throughout all stages of the survey; selected staff of the National Censuses Service and the Information
Technology and Dissemination Service for their support during the training; the Finance and
Administrative Service for their administrative assistance; the staff of the Regional Statistical Services
Offices and Provincial Statistical Offices for overseeing the data collection activities, and to the 90
interviewing teams composed of team supervisors and interviewers. Finally, the PSA is grateful to the survey
respondents who patiently shared their time and information.

LISA GRACE S. BERSALES, Ph.D.

Undersecretary
National Statistician and Civil Registrar General
Philippine Statistics Authority

February 2018

vii
1 INTRODUCTION

T
he 2017 Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) is the sixth Demographic
and Health Survey (DHS) conducted in the Philippines as part of The DHS Program and the 11th
national demographic survey conducted since 1968. It was implemented by the Philippine Statistics
Authority. Data collection took place from 14 August to 27 October 2017. Funding for the NDHS 2017 was
provided by the Government of the Philippines. The United States Agency for International Development
(USAID) provided technical assistance and equipment through ICF under The Demographic and Health
Surveys (DHS) program, which assists countries in the collection of data to monitor and evaluate population,
health, and nutrition programs.

This Key Indicators Report presents a first look at selected findings of the NDHS 2017. A
comprehensive analysis of the data will be presented in a final report later in 2018.

1.1 SURVEY OBJECTIVES

The primary objective of the NDHS 2017 is to provide up-to-date estimates of basic demographic
and health indicators. Specifically, the NDHS 2017 collected information on fertility levels, marriage,
fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding, maternal and child
health, child mortality, awareness and behavior regarding HIV/AIDS, women’s empowerment, domestic
violence, and other health-related issues such as smoking.

The information collected through the NDHS 2017 is intended to assist policymakers and program
managers in the Department of Health (DOH) and other organizations in designing and evaluating programs
and strategies for improving the health of the country’s population.

1
2 SURVEY IMPLEMENTATION
2.1 SAMPLING DESIGN

T
he Philippines has 17 administrative regions namely, the National Capital Region (NCR), Cordillera
Administrative Region (CAR), Region I (Ilocos Region), Region II (Cagayan Valley), Region III
(Central Luzon), Region IV-A (CALABARZON), Region IV-B (MIMAROPA), Region V (Bicol
Region), Region VI (Western Visayas), Region VII (Central Visayas), Region VIII (Eastern Visayas),
Region IX (Zamboanga Peninsula), Region X (Northern Mindanao), Region XI (Davao Region), Region XII
(SOCCSKSARGEN), Caraga Region, and the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). Each of
these regions is composed of provinces, highly urbanized cities (HUCs) or other special areas, which are
subdivided into cities, municipalities and barangays. The barangays are the smallest local government unit.
National government offices are usually (but not always) concentrated in the regional centers and the seat of
the provincial government is situated in each of the respective provinces. The country has 81 provinces, 33
HUCs, and 42,036 barangays.

The sampling scheme provides data representative of the country as a whole, for urban and rural
areas separately, and for each of its administrative regions. The sample selection methodology for the NDHS
2017 is based on a two-stage stratified sample design using the Master Sample Frame (MSF), designed and
compiled by PSA. The MSF is constructed based on the results of the 2010 Census of Population and
Housing, and updated based on the 2015 Census of Population. The first stage involved a systematic selection
of 1,250 primary sampling units (PSUs) distributed by provinces or highly urbanized cities. A PSU can be
a barangay, a portion of a large barangay or two or more adjacent small barangays.

In the second stage, an equal take of 20 or 26 sample housing units were selected from each sampled
PSU, using systematic random sampling. In situations where a housing unit contained one to three
households, all households were interviewed. In the rare situation where a housing unit contained more than
three households, no more than three households were interviewed. The survey interviewers were to
interview only the pre-selected housing units. No replacements and no changes of the pre-selected housing
units were allowed in the implementing stage in order to prevent bias. Survey weights have been calculated,
added to the data file, and applied so that weighted results are representative estimates of indicators at the
regional and national levels.

All women age 15-49 who were either permanent residents of the selected households or visitors
who stayed in the households the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. Among women
eligible for an individual interview, one woman per household was selected for a module on domestic
violence.

2.2 QUESTIONNAIRES

Two questionnaires were used for the NDHS 2017: the Household Questionnaire and the Woman’s
Questionnaire. Both questionnaires were based on The DHS Program’s standard Demographic and Health
Survey (DHS-7) questionnaires that were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to the
Philippines. Input was solicited from various stakeholders representing government agencies, universities,
and international agencies. The survey protocol was reviewed and approved by the ICF Institutional Review
Board.

After all questionnaires were finalized in English, they were translated into six major languages:
Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Bikol, Hiligaynon, and Waray. The Household and Woman’s Questionnaires
were programmed into tablet computers to allow for computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) for
data collection purposes, with the capability to choose any of the languages for each questionnaire.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all members of the households and visitors to selected
households. Basic demographic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed,

2
including his or her age, sex, marital status, education, and relationship to the head of the household. The
data on age and sex of household members obtained in the Household Questionnaire were used to identify
women who were eligible for individual interviews. The Household Questionnaire also collected information
on health insurance coverage for each household member and characteristics of the household’s housing
unit, such as source of water, type of toilet facility, materials used for the floor of the housing unit, and
ownership of various durable goods. In addition, a Philippine-specific section was included that collected
information on utilization of health facilities by household members.

The Woman’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from all women age 15-49. These
women were asked questions on the following topics:

• Background characteristics (including age, marital status, education, religion, and ethnic group)
• Pregnancy history and child mortality
• Knowledge, use, and source of family planning methods
• Fertility preferences (including desire for more children, ideal number of children)
• Antenatal, delivery, and postnatal care
• Vaccinations and childhood illnesses
• Women’s work and husbands’ background characteristics
• Knowledge, awareness, and behavior regarding HIV/AIDS
• Other health issues
• Domestic violence (including measures of physical, sexual, and emotional violence)

Tablet computers were used for data collection by the enumerators. The tablet computers were
equipped with Bluetooth® technology to enable remote electronic transfer of files, such as assignments from
the team supervisor to the interviewers, individual questionnaires to survey team members, and completed
questionnaires from interviewers to team supervisors. The computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI)
data collection system employed in the NDHS 2017 was developed by The DHS Program with the mobile
version of CSPro. The CSPro software was developed jointly by the U.S. Census Bureau, Serpro S.A., and
The DHS Program.

2.3 PRETEST

A pretest was conducted on 21 April 2017 in Barangay Pinyahan, Quezon City prior to finalizing
the design of survey materials. It was aimed at checking the flow and clarity of the questions, and the
sustainability of the respondent’s attitude and motivation in answering the questions. Briefing for the pretest
was held from 17 to 19 April 2017 at the PSA in Eton Centris Cyberpod 3 in Quezon City. The briefing
concentrated on the concepts used in the survey, field enumeration and supervision procedures, and specific
instructions for completing the questionnaires. To further prepare the briefing participants for the pretest
interviews, participants engaged in practice interviews following the discussion of the questionnaires. For
the pretest itself, a team approach was adopted so that interviewer could easily communicate and resolve any
problems encountered during data gathering. Each interviewer was required to interview two households
and at least three eligible respondents as follows: one woman age 15-49 years old with one or more children
age five or below; one woman age 15-49 years old who was a current user of family planning method; and,
one woman 15-49 who had never been married. A debriefing was held on 24 April 2017 to discuss the
experiences in the administration of the questionnaires, including problems encountered and
recommendations for their resolution.

2.4 TRAINING OF FIELD STAFF AND CONDUCTING FIELDWORK

Training of the field staff was conducted in two levels. The first was the training of the Task Force,
and the second was the training of the interviewing teams. The Task Force training was conducted from 29
May to 17 June 2017. The first two weeks took place in Pasig, Metro Manila and focused on questionnaire
content. The third week took place in Clark, Pampanga and focused on CAPI training and included 3 days

3
of field practice. Trainees were regional and provincial PSA staff including one IT specialist per region.
Selected staff of the Demographic and Health Statistics Division (DHSD) of the Social Sector Statistics
Service of the PSA, professors from the University of the Philippines Population Institute, and staff from
ICF acted as trainers. There were also resource speakers for certain topics from the DOH.

The second level training took place from 10 to 29 July 2017 in 18 training centers spread through
the regions. Instructors in the second level trainings were members of the Task Force who were trained in
the first level training. A total of 216 Field Interviewers, 90 Team Supervisors, 19 Regional Supervisors and
18 Regional IT took part in the second‐level training.

On 8 to 9 August 2017, a workshop was held in Quezon City with the Regional Supervisors and IT
specialists, staff from the PSA central office, and ICF staff. During the workshop, issues that came up during
the second level training were addressed and final corrections to the programming and translations were
made. The Supervisors and IT specialists were also trained on the collection of GPS points.

Survey data collection was carried out from 14 August to 27 October 2017 by the 90 field teams.
Each team consisted of a Team Supervisor and 2 to 3 Field Interviewers, all of whom were female. Fieldwork
monitoring was an integral part of the NDHS 2017. Regional and Team Supervisors were engaged to
supervise their teams on a full-time basis. Field check tables based on data from completed questionnaires
were generated weekly by the central office and used to monitor progress and provide regular feedback to
the field teams.

2.5 DATA PROCESSING

The processing of the NDHS 2017 data began almost as soon as fieldwork started. As data collection
was completed in each PSU, all electronic data files were transferred via Internet File Streaming System
(IFSS) to the PSA central office in Quezon City. These data files were registered and checked for
inconsistencies, incompleteness, and outliers. The field teams were alerted to any inconsistencies and errors
while still in the PSU. Secondary editing involved resolving inconsistencies and the coding of open-ended
questions; the former was carried out in the central office by a senior data processor while the latter was
taken on by regional coordinators and central office staff over a 5-day workshop following the completion
of the fieldwork. Data editing was carried out using the CSPro software package. The concurrent processing
of the data offered a distinct advantage, because it maximized the likelihood of the data being error-free and
accurate. Timely generation of field check tables allowed for more effective monitoring. The secondary
editing of the data was completed by November 2017. The final cleaning of the data set was carried out by
The DHS Program data processing specialists by the end of December 2017.

Throughout this report, numbers in the tables reflect weighted numbers. Percentages based on fewer
than 25 unweighted cases are suppressed and replaced with an asterisk; percentages based on 25 to 49
unweighted cases are shown in parentheses to caution readers when interpreting data that a percentage based
on fewer than 50 cases may not be statistically reliable.

4
3 KEY FINDINGS
3.1 RESPONSE RATES

T
able 1 shows response rates for the NDHS 2017. A total of 31,791 households were selected for the
sample, of which 27,855 were occupied. Of the occupied households, 27,496 were successfully
interviewed, yielding a response rate of 99 percent. In the interviewed households, 25,690 women
age 15-49 were identified for individual interviews; these interviews were completed with 25,074 women,
yielding a response rate of 98 percent.

The household response rate is slightly lower in urban areas than in rural areas (98% and 99%,
respectively); however, there is no difference in the response rate of women to individual interviews by
urban-rural residence (98% for each).

Table 1 Results of the household and individual interviews

Number of households, number of interviews, and response rates, according

to residence (unweighted), Philippines NDHS 2017
Residence
Result Urban Rural Total

Household interviews
Households selected 10,502 21,289 31,791
Households occupied 9,173 18,682 27,855
Households interviewed 9,021 18,475 27,496
Household response rate1 98.3 98.9 98.7
Interviews with women age 15-49
Number of eligible women 9,234 16,456 25,690
Number of eligible women interviewed 9,016 16,058 25,074
Eligible women response rate2 97.6 97.6 97.6

1
Households interviewed/households occupied
2
Respondents interviewed/eligible respondents

3.2 HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER

Improved sources of water protect against outside contamination so that the water is more likely to
be safe to drink. In the Philippines, 95 percent of households use an improved source of drinking water;
almost all urban households (98%) report using an improved source of drinking water compared with 93
percent of rural households (Table 2.1). The percentage of households using an improved drinking water
source is unchanged relative to the NDHS 2013 findings.

The most common source of drinking water is bottled water or water from a refilling station (44%)
followed by water piped water into the dwelling, yard or plot (24%), and by water from a tubewell or
borehole (12%). Overall, 8 in every 10 Filipino households have water on the premises. Sixteen percent of
households travel less than 30 minutes or longer to fetch water and 3 percent travel 30 minutes or longer.
Most households (79%) report that they do not treat their water prior to drinking.

5
Table 2.1 Household drinking water

Percent distribution of households and de jure population by source of drinking water, and by time to obtain drinking water; percentage of households
and de jure population using various methods to treat drinking water, and percentage using an appropriate treatment method, according to residence,
Philippines NDHS 2017
Households Population
Characteristic Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total
Source of drinking water
Improved source 97.6 92.8 95.0 97.3 92.6 94.7
Piped into dwelling/yard/plot 28.2 19.4 23.5 26.4 19.6 22.6
Piped to neighbor 3.1 3.5 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.4
Public tap/standpipe 1.3 4.8 3.2 1.4 5.0 3.4
Tube well/borehole 3.9 19.7 12.4 4.6 19.8 13.0
Protected dug well 1.2 5.5 3.5 1.4 5.4 3.6
Protected spring 1.6 8.1 5.1 1.6 8.2 5.2
Rainwater 0.1 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.6 0.4
Bottled water/refilling station, improved
source for cooking/handwashing1 58.2 31.2 43.6 58.3 30.6 43.0
Unimproved source 2.4 7.2 5.0 2.7 7.4 5.3
Unprotected dug well 0.8 2.4 1.6 1.0 2.5 1.8
Unprotected spring 0.5 2.7 1.7 0.6 2.8 1.8
Tanker truck/cart with small tank 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.6
Surface water 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.2
Bottled water/refilling station, unimproved
source for cooking/handwashing1 0.6 1.3 0.9 0.6 1.2 0.9
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Time to obtain drinking water (round trip)
Water on premises2 90.6 71.3 80.2 89.5 70.8 79.2
Less than 30 minutes 7.7 23.7 16.3 8.4 24.0 17.0
30 minutes or longer 1.7 4.9 3.4 2.0 5.1 3.7
Don’t know 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Water treatment prior to drinking3
Boiled 7.5 15.5 11.8 8.7 17.3 13.4
Bleach/chlorine added 0.2 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.8 0.5
Strained through cloth 2.7 8.9 6.0 3.1 9.6 6.6
Ceramic, sand or other filter 4.6 1.8 3.1 4.9 1.8 3.2
Solar disinfection 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
Let it stand and settle 1.0 1.5 1.2 1.0 1.6 1.3
Other 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.6 0.4
No treatment 84.7 73.6 78.7 83.0 71.4 76.6
Percentage using an appropriate treatment
method4 12.1 17.9 15.2 13.5 19.7 16.9
Number 12,703 14,793 27,496 52,058 64,147 116,205

Note: Total includes 3 cases for which source of drinking water was classified as other.
1
Households using bottled water for drinking are classified as using an improved or unimproved source according to their water source for cooking and
handwashing.
2
Includes water piped to a neighbor
3
Respondents may report multiple treatment methods so the sum of treatment may exceed 100 percent.
4
Appropriate water treatment methods include boiling, bleaching, filtering and solar disinfecting

6
 By region, the proportion of the of the household population using an improved source of drinking
water ranges from a low of 71 percent in ARMM to a high of over 99 percent in the National Capital Region
and Central Luzon (Table 2.2). Use of an improved drinking water sources increases by household wealth;
84 percent of the household population in the lowest wealth quintile uses an improved drinking water source
compared with greater than 99 percent in the highest wealth quintile.

Table 2.2 Drinking water source according to region and wealth

Percent distribution of de jure population by drinking water source, according to region

and wealth quintile, Philippines NDHS 2017
Source of drinking water
Improved Unimproved Number of
Characteristic source source persons

Region
National Capital Region 99.5 0.5 16,594
Cordillera Admin. Region 84.6 15.4 2,131
I - Ilocos Region 98.8 1.2 6,156
II - Cagayan Valley 92.3 7.6 4,208
III - Central Luzon 99.4 0.5 11,196
IVA - CALABARZON 96.9 3.1 17,753
IVB - MIMAROPA 93.1 6.9 3,004
V - Bicol 91.3 8.7 7,359
VI - Western Visayas 92.1 7.9 7,874
VII - Central Visayas 96.2 3.8 7,383
VIII - Eastern Visayas 96.4 3.6 5,084
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 90.8 9.2 3,959
X - Northern Mindanao 95.5 4.5 4,849
XI - Davao 91.8 8.2 6,264
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 92.8 7.2 5,469
XIII - Caraga 92.8 7.2 3,243
ARMM 70.9 29.1 3,679
Wealth quintile
Lowest 83.7 16.3 23,248
Second 94.2 5.8 23,242
Middle 97.3 2.7 23,225
Fourth 98.7 1.3 23,249
Highest 99.5 0.5 23,241
Total 94.7 5.3 116,205

Note: Total includes 3 cases for which source of drinking water was classified as other

3.3 HOUSEHOLD SANITATION

Three-quarters of Filipino households (76%) use improved sanitation facilities (Table 3.1), which
are defined as non-shared facilities that prevent people from coming into contact with human waste and thus
reduce the transmission of cholera, typhoid, and other diseases. Twenty-four percent of households use
unimproved sanitation; this includes 17 percent of households with a shared toilet facility of an otherwise
acceptable type, 3 percent with an unimproved facility, with 5 percent having no facilities at all. This marks
an improvement since 2013, when 70 percent of households used improved sanitation facilities.

Among households with a toilet facility, about two-thirds (66%) use a facility in their own dwelling
and 30 percent use one in their own yard or plot. Four percent of households use a toilet facility elsewhere
outside their compound. Urban households are more likely to have toilets within their own dwelling (79%)
compared with rural households (55%).

7
Table 3.1 Household sanitation facilities

Percent distribution of households and de jure population by type of toilet/latrine facilities and percent distribution of households and de jure population
with a toilet/latrine facility by location of the facility, according to residence, Philippines NDHS 2017
Households Population
Type and location of toilet/latrine facility Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total
Improved sanitation 75.6 75.8 75.7 79.0 76.3 77.5
Flush/pour flush to piped sewer
system 5.9 3.5 4.6 6.0 3.3 4.5
Flush/pour flush to septic tank 67.1 62.0 64.4 70.4 62.2 65.9
Flush/pour flush to pit latrine 2.3 7.5 5.1 2.4 7.9 5.4
Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.3
Pit latrine with slab 0.2 2.2 1.3 0.2 2.3 1.4
Composting toilet 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1
Unimproved sanitation 24.4 24.2 24.3 21.0 23.7 22.5
Shared facility1 19.6 14.9 17.1 16.2 14.1 15.0
Flush/pour flush to piped sewer
system 1.1 0.5 0.8 1.1 0.4 0.7
Flush/pour flush to septic tank 17.5 11.1 14.1 14.1 10.3 12.0
Flush/pour flush to pit latrine 0.7 2.4 1.6 0.8 2.3 1.6
Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1
Pit latrine with slab 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.3
Composting toilet 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Public toilet 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.3
Unimproved facility 1.9 3.5 2.7 2.0 3.8 3.0
Flush/pour flush not to sewer/septic
tank/pit latrine 0.9 0.3 0.6 0.9 0.4 0.6
Pit latrine without slab/open pit 0.5 1.9 1.3 0.6 2.0 1.4
Bucket 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1
Hanging toilet/hanging latrine 0.3 0.9 0.6 0.3 1.1 0.8
Other 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1
Open defecation (no
facility/bush/field) 3.0 5.8 4.5 2.9 5.8 4.5
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of households/population 12,703 14,793 27,496 52,058 64,147 116,205
Location of toilet facility
In own dwelling 78.6 54.9 66.1 77.9 54.4 65.1
In own yard/plot 19.0 39.3 29.8 19.6 39.8 30.6
Elsewhere 2.4 5.7 4.1 2.6 5.7 4.3
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of households/population with a
toilet/latrine facility 12,313 13,873 26,186 50,492 60,127 110,619

Note: Total includes 5 cases for which information on location of toilet facility is missing.
1
Facilities that would be considered improved if they were not shared by two or more households

Table 3.2 presents a breakdown of the household population by sanitation type according to region
and wealth quintile. Overall, 78 percent of the household population uses improved sanitation, but use varies
widely by region and wealth. For example, only 35 percent of the household population in ARMM uses
improved sanitation compared with 87 percent of those in Central Luzon. Use of an improved sanitation
facility rises from 46 percent in the lowest wealth quintile to 99 percent in the highest; 19 percent of the
population in the lowest wealth quintile does not use a toilet facility at all.

8
 Table 3.2 Sanitation facility type according to region and wealth

Percent distribution of de jure population by sanitation type, according to region and wealth quintile, Philippines NDHS 2017
Sanitation type
Unimproved sanitation
Improved Shared Unimproved Open Number of
Characteristic sanitation facility1 facility defecation Total persons

Region
National Capital Region 84.1 14.9 0.7 0.2 100.0 16,594
Cordillera Admin. Region 76.5 15.9 6.2 1.4 100.0 2,131
I - Ilocos Region 79.8 19.4 0.6 0.3 100.0 6,156
II - Cagayan Valley 81.2 16.1 1.2 1.5 100.0 4,208
III - Central Luzon 87.0 11.4 0.6 1.1 100.0 11,196
IVA - CALABARZON 85.6 12.3 0.9 1.2 100.0 17,753
IVB - MIMAROPA 74.8 15.6 3.6 5.9 100.0 3,004
V - Bicol 71.7 18.3 2.9 7.0 100.0 7,359
VI - Western Visayas 75.8 11.1 2.1 11.0 100.0 7,874
VII - Central Visayas 70.8 14.5 2.0 12.6 100.0 7,383
VIII - Eastern Visayas 77.8 12.2 2.4 7.7 100.0 5,084
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 72.6 15.8 4.6 7.1 100.0 3,959
X - Northern Mindanao 76.3 14.1 4.7 4.9 100.0 4,849
XI - Davao 67.8 26.5 5.0 0.8 100.0 6,264
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 68.6 20.9 2.3 8.2 100.0 5,469
XIII - Caraga 81.2 12.2 3.9 2.8 100.0 3,243
ARMM 35.4 11.2 31.6 21.8 100.0 3,679
Wealth quintile
Lowest 46.3 23.9 10.5 19.2 100.0 23,248
Second 68.2 25.8 3.2 2.8 100.0 23,242
Middle 81.2 17.4 0.8 0.6 100.0 23,225
Fourth 93.2 6.4 0.4 0.0 100.0 23,249
Highest 98.5 1.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 23,241
Total 77.5 15.0 3.0 4.5 100.0 116,205

1
Facilities that would be considered improved if they were not shared by two or more households

3.4 PHILHEALTH COVERAGE

As part of the household interview, respondents were asked whether each member of the household
was covered by any form of health insurance, and if so, by what type. For persons covered by PhilHealth,
interviewers probed to determine the type of membership the household member had.

Sixty-six percent of the Filipino household population has any form of PhilHealth insurance: 27
percent are members through the formal economy, 9 percent through the informal economy, and 19 percent
are indigent members (Table 4). Another 6 percent are senior citizen members, 4 percent are sponsored
members, 1 percent are lifetime members, and 2 percent are overseas Filipino members. Twenty-four percent
of the population has other forms on health insurance such as the Government Service Insurance System
(GSIS), the Social Security System (SSS), or private insurance.

While the percentage of the household population who are members of PhilHealth is identical in
urban and rural areas (66% each), the source of coverage differs. For example, 39 percent of the household
population in urban areas are members via the formal economy and 9 percent are indigent members whereas
18 percent of the household population in rural areas are members via the formal economy and 26 percent
are indigent members. By province, PhilHealth coverage ranges from a low of 50 percent in ARMM to 71
percent in the NCR, CAR and SOCCSKSARGEN. Coverage also varies by household wealth, increasing
from 59 percent in the lowest quintile to 79 percent in the highest.

9
Table 4 PhilHealth coverage
Percentage of de jure household population with specific types of PhilHealth insurance coverage, percentage with any PhilHealth insurance, and
percentage with any other health insurance, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
PhilHealth Insurance by type of coverage
Overseas Any Any other
Formal Informal Indigent/ Lifetime Senior Filipino PhilHealth health Number of
Characteristic economy economy NHTS-PR Sponsored members citizen member insurance insurance persons
Residence
Urban 39.1 8.2 9.3 2.3 1.2 4.7 1.4 65.7 35.4 52,058
Rural 18.0 8.8 26.4 5.0 0.5 6.3 1.8 66.0 15.3 64,147
Region
National Capital Region 57.9 3.6 2.6 1.2 1.7 3.3 0.9 70.7 51.8 16,594
Cordillera Admin. Region 15.2 17.5 20.0 7.5 1.3 6.9 3.7 71.2 20.5 2,131
I - Ilocos Region 14.8 17.7 22.6 0.7 0.1 8.7 1.5 65.2 19.8 6,156
II - Cagayan Valley 12.3 23.7 20.0 1.0 0.1 6.8 1.4 64.9 6.4 4,208
III - Central Luzon 31.9 14.5 5.8 4.9 0.7 5.9 2.2 65.7 28.6 11,196
IVA - CALABARZON 39.5 7.0 8.0 1.7 0.5 5.1 3.6 65.0 26.6 17,753
IVB - MIMAROPA 17.4 7.5 23.0 11.7 1.0 5.7 1.1 66.9 16.2 3,004
V - Bicol 13.4 4.7 27.9 10.8 1.5 4.9 0.4 62.4 10.4 7,359
VI - Western Visayas 18.6 5.0 29.6 3.1 0.8 8.6 1.1 65.5 21.7 7,874
VII - Central Visayas 27.7 2.9 17.7 2.1 0.8 7.2 1.3 59.4 27.3 7,383
VIII - Eastern Visayas 15.4 4.8 32.6 5.5 1.1 6.6 1.2 65.9 9.7 5,084
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 10.2 7.1 39.4 3.0 0.2 7.0 0.6 66.2 13.0 3,959
X - Northern Mindanao 20.4 6.6 20.2 13.6 1.3 4.4 0.5 65.2 19.8 4,849
XI - Davao 20.0 14.7 26.4 1.1 0.5 5.7 1.3 69.2 25.4 6,264
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 13.4 11.9 33.6 4.3 1.0 5.5 1.8 71.0 10.0 5,469
XIII - Caraga 16.7 10.3 33.2 4.3 1.0 5.4 0.7 69.7 19.9 3,243
ARMM 5.9 2.3 39.1 1.0 0.1 1.2 1.2 50.2 2.6 3,679
Wealth quintile
Lowest 5.2 3.2 39.7 5.8 0.1 4.9 0.3 59.0 4.0 23,248
Second 13.0 6.9 30.1 5.1 0.2 5.5 0.7 60.6 10.9 23,242
Middle 25.4 8.5 17.1 4.3 0.5 5.9 1.2 62.1 21.6 23,225
Fourth 39.7 11.6 5.4 2.8 1.0 6.1 2.0 68.2 33.4 23,249
Highest 53.9 12.6 1.3 0.9 2.3 5.7 3.6 79.1 51.8 23,241
Total 27.4 8.5 18.7 3.8 0.9 5.6 1.6 65.8 24.3 116,205

NHTS-PR = National Household Targeting System for Poverty Reduction

3.5 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS

Table 5 shows, by background characteristics, the weighted and unweighted numbers and the
weighted percent distributions of women age 15-49 interviewed in the NDHS 2017. Just over half of the
women in the sample are under age 30 (51%).

Four in five women are Roman Catholic (80%), 8 percent are Protestant, and 5 percent are Muslim.
One in three respondents (32%) are Tagalog, 17 percent are Cebuano, and 8 percent each are Ilokano,
Ilonggo, or Bikolano.

More than one-third of women (36%) have never been married. A majority of women (60%) are
currently married or living together as if married, with a small percentage divorced or separated (3%) or
widowed (1%). Just under half of respondents live in urban areas (49%). Eighteen percent of women live in
the National Capital Region, 16 percent live in CALABARZON, and 10 percent in Central Luzon.

With respect to educational status, 1 percent of women report that they have never attended school,
13 percent have at least some primary school, 50 percent have at least some secondary school, and 36 percent
have completed at least some post-secondary school or college1. Seventeen percent of respondents are in the
lowest wealth quintile and 23 percent are in the highest.

1
The educational system in the Philippines changed in 2011-2012, and the changes affect the way the education
background characteristic is presented in the NDHS 2017 relative to previous DHS surveys. Prior to 2012, the
educational system consisted of 6 years of elementary school (primary school) followed by 4 years of high school
(secondary school). In the current K-12 system, grades 1-6 correspond to primary school, grades 7-12 correspond to
secondary school. However, secondary school is subdivided into junior high school (grades 7-10) and senior high school
(grades 11-12). Thus, the K-12 system includes two more years of high school relative to the old system. The first class
to graduate from the K-12 system will occur in 2018.

10
Table 5 Background characteristics of respondents

Percent distribution of women age 15-49 by selected background characteristics,

Philippines NDHS 2017
Women
Background Weighted Weighted Unweighted
characteristic percent number number
Age
15-19 19.5 4,897 5,120
20-24 16.7 4,175 3,914
25-29 14.8 3,717 3,686
30-34 12.9 3,243 3,287
35-39 13.4 3,360 3,291
40-44 11.3 2,837 2,903
45-49 11.3 2,845 2,873
Religion
Roman Catholic 79.9 20,030 18,141
Protestant 7.6 1,906 2,314
Iglesia ni Cristo 3.1 781 726
Aglipay 0.7 186 335
Other Christian 2.3 573 783
Islam 5.0 1,263 2,321
Other 1.1 264 388
None 0.3 72 66
Ethnic group
Tagalog 32.1 8,042 4,914
Cebuano 17.2 4,313 4,270
Ilokano 7.9 1,988 2,257
Ilonggo 7.6 1,895 1,904
Bikolano 7.6 1,904 1,587
Kapampangan 3.0 743 491
Maranao 1.3 325 647
Tausog 1.6 401 719
Bisaya 3.1 765 952
Waray 3.9 966 1,275
Other 14.9 3,732 6,058
Marital status
Never married 35.8 8,971 8,652
Married 42.4 10,639 11,458
Living together 17.5 4,377 3,987
Divorced/separated 3.2 809 690
Widowed 1.1 277 287
Residence
Urban 48.9 12,252 9,016
Rural 51.1 12,822 16,058
Region
National Capital Region 17.5 4,400 2,574
Cordillera Admin. Region 1.8 440 1,469
I - Ilocos Region 5.0 1,258 970
II - Cagayan Valley 3.2 802 1,067
III - Central Luzon 9.8 2,453 2,056
IVA - CALABARZON 16.0 4,016 1,414
IVB - MIMAROPA 2.5 621 1,257
V - Bicol 6.2 1,551 1,642
VI - Western Visayas 6.0 1,498 1,742
VII - Central Visayas 6.4 1,607 1,313
VIII - Eastern Visayas 4.0 997 1,595
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 3.0 764 866
X - Northern Mindanao 4.0 998 1,518
XI - Davao 4.8 1,203 1,266
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 4.1 1,038 1,140
XIII - Caraga 2.6 648 1,426
ARMM 3.1 780 1,759
Education
No education 0.8 200 314
Grades 1-6 12.9 3,245 3,853
Grades 7-10 46.1 11,558 11,468
Grade 11 3.7 934 951
Post-secondary 4.6 1,144 998
College 31.9 7,994 7,490

(Continued…)

11
 Table 5—continued
Women
Background Weighted Weighted Unweighted
characteristic percent number number
Wealth quintile
Lowest 16.8 4,209 5,928
Second 18.5 4,629 5,494
Middle 19.6 4,918 4,856
Fourth 22.0 5,528 4,577
Highest 23.1 5,791 4,219
Total 15-49 100.0 25,074 25,074

Note: Education categories refer to the highest level of education in which at least one
grade has been completed. No education includes respondents who completed
nursery, kindergarten, or preschool only.

3.6 FERTILITY

To generate data on fertility, all women who were interviewed were asked to report the total number
of sons and daughters to whom they had ever given birth. To ensure that all information was reported, women
were asked separately about children still living at home, those living elsewhere, and those who had died. A
complete pregnancy history was then obtained, including information on the sex, date of birth, and survival
status of each child; age at death for children who had died was also recorded. In addition to information on
live births, the pregnancy history section incorporated questions on all pregnancies that did not end in a live
birth, including information on the day, month, and year the pregnancy ended, the duration of pregnancy,
and whether something was done deliberately to end the pregnancy.

Table 6 shows age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) Table 6 Current fertility

among women by 5-year age groups for the 3-year period Age-specific and total fertility rates, general fertility rate,
preceding the survey. Age-specific and total fertility rates were and the crude birth rate for the 3 years preceding the
survey, according to residence, Philippines NDHS 2017
calculated directly from the pregnancy history data, taking into
Residence
account the live births2. The sum of age-specific fertility rates Age group Urban Rural Total
(known as the total fertility rate, or TFR) is a summary measure 10-14 [0] [0] [0]
of the level of fertility. It can be interpreted as the number of 15-19 40 53 47
20-24 114 149 131
children a woman would have by the end of her childbearing 25-29 121 149 135
years if she were to pass through those years bearing children at 30-34 108 119 114
35-39 71 79 75
the currently observed age-specific rates. If fertility were to 40-44 23 34 29
45-49 [3] [2] [2]
remain constant at current levels, a woman from the Philippines
TFR (15-49) 2.4 2.9 2.7
would bear an average of 2.7 children in her lifetime. Fertility is GFR 81 97 89
higher among rural women than among urban women; on CBR 18.4 18.7 18.6

average, rural women will give birth to 2.9 children in their Notes: Age-specific fertility rates are per 1,000 women.
Estimates in brackets are truncated. Rates are for the
lifetime compared with 2.4 children for urban women. As the period 1-36 months prior to interview. Rates for women
ASFRs show, the pattern of higher rural fertility is evident in all age 10-14 are based on retrospective data from women
age 15-17.
age groups except the youngest (age 10-14) where there is no TFR: Total fertility rate expressed per woman
GFR: General fertility rate expressed per 1,000 women
measurable fertility and the oldest (age 45-49), where fertility age 15-44
level is very low. CBR: Crude birth rate, expressed per 1,000 population

There has been a steady decline in fertility rates in the last four decades. Fertility declined from 6.0
births per woman in the 1973 NDS to 2.7 births per woman in the NDHS 2017—a drop of more than three
births per woman (Figure 1).

2
Numerators for the age-specific rates are calculated by summing the births that occurred during the 1-36 months
preceding the survey, classified by the 5-year age group of the mother at the time of the birth. The denominators are the
numbers of woman-years lived in each 5-year age group during the 1-36 months preceding the survey.

12
 Figure 1 Trends in total fertility rate, 1973-2017
Births per woman

6.0
5.2 5.1
4.4
4.1
3.7 3.5 3.3
3.0
2.7

1973 1978 1983 1986 1993 1998 2003 2008 2013 2017
NDS RPFS NDS CPS NDS NDHS NDHS NDHS NDHS NDHS
Note: TFRs for the 1973 NDS, 1978 RPFS, and 1983 NDS are 5-years rates; TFRs for all other surveys are 3-year rates.

3.7 TEENAGE PREGNANCY AND MOTHERHOOD

The issue of adolescent fertility is important for both health and social reasons. Children born to
very young mothers are at increased risk of sickness and death. Teenage mothers are more likely to
experience adverse pregnancy outcomes and to be constrained in their ability to pursue educational
opportunities than young women who delay childbearing.

Table 7 shows the percentage of women age 15-19 who have had a birth or were pregnant with their
first child at the time of the survey, according to background characteristics. Overall, 9 percent of women
age 15-19 have begun childbearing: 7 percent have had a live birth and 2 percent were pregnant at the time
of the interview. The proportion of teenagers who have begun childbearing rises rapidly with age, from 1
percent at age 15 to 22 percent at age 19. Rural teenagers start childbearing slightly earlier than urban
teenagers (10% and 7% respectively).

Eighteen percent of teenagers in the Davao region and 15 percent each in Northern Mindanao and
SOCCSKSARGEN have begun childbearing. Teenagers in the highest two wealth quintiles (3-5%) start
childbearing later than those in other quintiles (10-15%).

13
 Table 7 Teenage pregnancy and motherhood

Percentage of women age 15-19 who have had a live birth or who are pregnant with their first child, and percentage who
have begun childbearing, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage of women age 15-19 who: Percentage who
Background Have had a Are pregnant with have begun
characteristic live birth first child childbearing Number of women
Age
15 0.2 0.1 0.5 925
16 2.6 1.1 3.7 965
17 3.6 1.2 4.9 1,168
18 9.0 3.6 12.8 944
19 20.8 1.4 22.4 895
Residence
Urban 5.9 0.9 6.8 2,276
Rural 7.9 1.9 10.1 2,621
Region
National Capital Region 4.6 1.0 5.6 806
Cordillera Admin. Region 2.8 0.7 3.5 98
I - Ilocos Region 9.8 3.4 13.2 302
II - Cagayan Valley 5.4 2.3 7.8 160
III - Central Luzon 7.5 1.2 8.9 485
IVA - CALABARZON 7.1 2.1 9.2 576
IVB - MIMAROPA 7.8 1.4 10.3 131
V - Bicol 4.0 0.4 4.4 384
VI - Western Visayas 4.9 0.5 5.3 326
VII - Central Visayas 6.3 1.1 7.4 339
VIII - Eastern Visayas 5.1 1.6 6.9 227
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 6.8 0.6 7.5 143
X - Northern Mindanao 11.6 1.6 14.7 181
XI - Davao 15.9 2.1 17.9 233
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 11.8 2.4 14.5 198
XIII - Caraga 5.7 2.5 8.2 137
ARMM 6.8 1.7 8.5 174
Education
No education * * * 7
Grades 1-6 26.2 4.4 31.8 307
Grades 7-10 7.4 1.6 9.1 2,893
Grade 11 1.7 0.9 2.6 902
Post-secondary (4.8) (0.0) (4.8) 45
College 4.0 0.4 4.4 743
Wealth quintile
Lowest 12.0 2.1 14.8 870
Second 8.2 1.7 9.9 1,006
Middle 9.1 2.1 11.1 946
Fourth 3.6 1.3 5.0 1,083
Highest 2.9 0.3 3.2 993
Total 15-19 7.0 1.5 8.6 4,897

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer
than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed

3.8 FERTILITY PREFERENCES

Information on fertility preferences is used to assess the potential demand for family planning
services for the purposes of spacing or limiting future childbearing. To elicit information on fertility
preferences, several questions were asked of currently married women (pregnant or not) regarding whether
they wanted to have another child and, if so, how soon.

Table 8 shows that 15 percent of women want to have another child soon (within the next 2 years),
15 percent want to have another child later (in 2 or more years), and 1 percent want another child but have
not decided when. Fifty-three percent of women want no more children, while 8 percent have already been
sterilized or have partners who are sterilized. Six percent have not decided if they want another child.

Fertility preferences are closely related to number of living children. Seventy-three percent of
women with no living children want a child soon compared with only 4 percent of women with three or more
children. In general, the more children a woman has, the higher is the likelihood that she does not want
another child.

14
 Table 8 Fertility preferences by number of living children

Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 by desire for children, according to number of living children, Philippines NDHS 2017
Number of living children1
Desire for children 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+ Total
2
Have another soon 73.2 27.9 11.6 4.4 2.6 2.2 2.3 15.1
Have another later3 10.1 35.8 16.3 7.0 2.9 1.4 1.4 14.6
Have another, undecided when 0.8 3.6 1.5 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.0 1.4
Undecided 2.5 8.0 8.5 4.7 4.9 3.4 3.0 6.1
Want no more 5.0 21.9 55.4 67.7 72.3 75.3 78.7 52.6
Sterilized4 0.5 0.4 4.6 13.3 14.0 15.1 11.9 7.5
Declared infecund 8.0 2.4 2.0 2.2 2.9 2.1 2.5 2.6
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of women 936 3,193 4,057 3,051 1,663 964 1,151 15,016

1
The number of living children includes the current pregnancy.
2
Wants next birth within 2 years
3
Wants to delay next birth for 2 or more years
4
Includes both female and male sterilization

3.9 FAMILY PLANNING

Family planning refers to a conscious effort by a couple to limit or space the number of children
they have through the use of contraceptive methods. Contraceptive methods are classified as modern or
traditional. Modern methods include female sterilization, male sterilization, intrauterine contraceptive device
(IUD), injectables, implants, the pill, condoms, standard days method (SDM), and lactational amenorrhea
method (LAM). Methods such as rhythm, withdrawal, and folk methods are grouped as traditional.

Table 9.1 shows the percent distribution of currently married women and sexually active, unmarried
women by the contraceptive method they currently use. Overall, 54 percent of currently married women use
a method of family planning, with 40 percent using a modern method and 14 percent using a traditional
method. According to the 2013 NDHS, 55 percent of currently married women used a method of family
planning, including 38 percent who used a modern method. Thus there has been a slight increase in the use
of modern methods since 2013.

Among currently married women, the most popular methods are the pill (used by 21%), withdrawal
(used by 10%), female sterilization (used by 7%), and injectables (used by 5%). The contraceptive prevalence
rate (CPR) among married women varies with age, rising from 36 percent among women age 15-19, peaking
at 62 percent of women age 30-34, and then declining to 38 percent among women age 45-49. Women with
living children are much more likely than women without living children to use contraception (56-64%
versus 8%).

Currently married women in urban areas are slightly less likely than women in rural areas to use
any contraceptive method (53% and 55%, respectively) or any modern method (38% and 42%, respectively).
The overall increase in the use of modern methods between 2013 and 2017 at a national level is explained
by the increase in use of modern methods in rural areas (38% in 2013 versus 42% in 2017).

Wide variations in use of contraception are reported by region, ranging from a low of 26 percent
among currently married women in ARMM to a high of 63 percent of those in Cagayan Valley (Table 9.2).
Use of any method or any modern method peaks among women in the second wealth quintile and then
declines (Table 9.1).

Among sexually active, unmarried women, 32 percent use a method and 17 percent use a modern
method. The most commonly used methods are withdrawal (14%) followed by the pill (11%). Use of
contraception is twice as high among sexually active, unmarried women in urban areas as rural areas (40%
versus 21%); use of modern methods is three times as great in urban areas compared with rural areas (24%
versus 8%).

15
 Table 9.1 Current use of contraception according to background characteristics
Percent distribution of currently married women and sexually active unmarried women age 15-49, by contraceptive method currently used, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Modern method Traditional method
Any Female Male Any tradi- Not
Background Any modern sterili- sterili- Inject- Male tional With- currently Number of
characteristic method method zation zation IUD ables Implants Pill condom SDM LAM method Rhythm drawal Other using Total women
CURRENTLY MARRIED WOMEN
Number of living children
0 7.6 2.6 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 5.1 2.3 2.7 0.0 92.4 100.0 1,201
1-2 55.5 39.8 2.8 0.0 3.3 5.3 1.0 24.6 1.9 0.1 0.8 15.7 3.3 12.4 0.1 44.5 100.0 7,194
3-4 63.5 49.7 14.0 0.0 4.4 5.3 1.6 22.2 1.6 0.0 0.4 13.9 3.7 10.1 0.1 36.5 100.0 4,560
5+ 56.5 43.8 13.5 0.2 4.0 6.5 1.3 16.3 1.6 0.1 0.2 12.7 4.4 8.1 0.2 43.5 100.0 2,061
Age
15-19 35.8 29.7 0.0 0.0 3.4 6.0 1.9 16.0 1.1 0.0 1.1 6.1 0.6 5.4 0.1 64.2 100.0 419
20-24 55.7 44.0 0.2 0.0 3.3 7.5 2.6 27.6 0.7 0.0 2.1 11.7 2.2 9.4 0.1 44.3 100.0 1,718
25-29 56.6 43.2 1.8 0.0 4.6 7.1 1.6 25.8 1.4 0.1 0.8 13.4 2.3 11.1 0.0 43.4 100.0 2,628
30-34 61.9 47.0 5.5 0.0 3.7 5.4 1.5 27.7 2.6 0.0 0.5 14.9 2.4 12.5 0.1 38.1 100.0 2,663
35-39 59.8 44.7 9.9 0.0 3.4 6.1 0.9 22.0 2.4 0.1 0.0 15.1 4.1 10.9 0.1 40.2 100.0 2,775
40-44 55.5 40.0 13.9 0.1 3.3 3.4 0.5 17.1 1.6 0.0 0.1 15.5 4.9 10.4 0.2 44.5 100.0 2,443
45-49 37.6 24.4 12.9 0.2 2.5 1.0 0.1 6.6 1.0 0.2 0.0 13.2 5.2 7.8 0.2 62.4 100.0 2,372
Residence
Urban 53.3 38.1 8.1 0.1 2.9 4.4 1.1 18.9 1.7 0.0 1.0 15.3 3.7 11.5 0.1 46.7 100.0 6,769
Rural 55.0 42.2 6.9 0.0 4.0 5.6 1.2 22.6 1.6 0.1 0.2 12.8 3.3 9.4 0.1 45.0 100.0 8,247
Education
No education 26.7 19.1 3.9 0.0 1.9 3.6 2.1 7.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.6 1.4 4.9 1.3 73.3 100.0 156

16
Grades 1-6 53.3 41.4 7.5 0.1 4.3 5.6 1.3 21.1 1.1 0.1 0.4 11.9 2.3 9.4 0.2 46.7 100.0 2,633
Grades 7-10 57.7 44.0 7.6 0.0 4.1 5.6 1.4 23.4 1.3 0.1 0.4 13.7 3.0 10.6 0.1 42.3 100.0 7,277
Grade 11 (27.5) (20.6) (0.0) (0.0) (7.1) (0.0) (0.0) (13.5) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (7.0) (0.0) (7.0) (0.0) (72.5) 100.0 24
Post-secondary 53.8 37.1 6.3 0.0 2.4 5.0 0.9 19.7 2.4 0.1 0.2 16.8 4.1 12.6 0.0 46.2 100.0 742
College 50.1 34.9 7.6 0.0 2.2 3.8 0.6 17.2 2.5 0.0 0.9 15.2 4.9 10.2 0.1 49.9 100.0 4,185
Wealth quintile
Lowest 55.0 43.8 4.7 0.0 4.7 6.7 1.8 24.4 0.9 0.1 0.5 11.2 2.8 8.2 0.3 45.0 100.0 3,038
Second 59.6 46.2 7.2 0.1 5.0 6.8 1.6 23.4 1.6 0.1 0.3 13.4 3.6 9.8 0.1 40.4 100.0 3,035
Middle 55.8 41.1 7.3 0.0 3.6 5.0 1.1 21.6 1.7 0.1 0.5 14.8 3.2 11.5 0.1 44.2 100.0 3,028
Fourth 52.3 36.9 8.8 0.0 3.1 4.3 0.6 18.0 1.7 0.0 0.2 15.3 3.8 11.5 0.0 47.7 100.0 3,089
Highest 48.1 33.4 9.3 0.0 0.9 2.1 0.5 16.9 2.3 0.1 1.2 14.8 4.0 10.7 0.1 51.9 100.0 2,828
Total 54.3 40.4 7.4 0.0 3.5 5.0 1.1 20.9 1.7 0.1 0.5 13.9 3.5 10.3 0.1 45.7 100.0 15,016
SEXUALLY ACTIVE UNMARRIED WOMEN1
Residence
Urban 40.4 23.7 0.5 0.0 1.3 2.1 0.0 14.6 5.3 0.0 0.0 16.7 1.3 15.4 0.0 59.6 100.0 163
Rural 20.6 8.3 0.2 0.0 1.4 0.9 0.0 5.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 12.3 1.4 10.9 0.0 79.4 100.0 113
Total 32.3 17.4 0.4 0.0 1.3 1.6 0.0 10.7 3.3 0.0 0.0 14.9 1.3 13.6 0.0 67.7 100.0 276

Notes: If more than one method is used, only the most effective method is considered in this tabulation. Users of female condom, mucus/Billings/ovulation, and basal body temperature are included in any modern and any method
categories but are too few in number to be shown separately. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
SDM = Standard days method
LAM = Lactational amenorrhea method
1
Women who have had sexual intercourse within 30 days preceding the survey.
 Table 9.2 Current use of contraception according to background characteristics

Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49, by contraceptive method currently used, according to region, Philippines NDHS 2017
Modern method Traditional method
Any Female Male Any tradi- Not
Any modern sterili- sterili- Inject- Male tional With- currently Number
Region method method zation zation IUD ables Implants Pill condom SDM LAM method Rhythm drawal Other using Total of women
National Capital Region 54.7 39.9 8.4 0.1 2.3 4.8 1.1 19.0 1.8 0.1 2.3 14.8 3.6 11.2 0.0 45.3 100.0 2,133
Cordillera Admin. Region 50.0 43.5 9.1 0.2 2.6 8.8 0.3 21.2 1.0 0.1 0.1 6.5 2.0 4.5 0.0 50.0 100.0 222
I - Ilocos Region 60.1 43.9 15.2 0.1 2.2 6.8 0.4 17.7 1.2 0.0 0.2 16.2 1.5 14.6 0.1 39.9 100.0 721
II - Cagayan Valley 62.6 57.0 8.7 0.0 3.9 6.6 0.6 36.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 5.6 0.2 5.3 0.0 37.4 100.0 559
III - Central Luzon 53.1 38.2 13.0 0.0 0.4 4.6 0.6 17.8 1.4 0.0 0.4 14.9 1.4 13.5 0.0 46.9 100.0 1,509
IVA - CALABARZON 54.0 36.4 7.5 0.1 2.6 3.9 0.7 19.4 2.0 0.0 0.1 17.5 3.3 14.3 0.0 46.0 100.0 2,489
IVB - MIMAROPA 50.8 43.6 5.1 0.0 2.3 8.6 1.7 24.6 0.6 0.0 0.5 7.2 2.5 4.5 0.1 49.2 100.0 398
V - Bicol 51.3 32.2 4.3 0.0 1.3 4.6 0.9 18.6 2.3 0.1 0.2 19.1 4.7 14.3 0.0 48.7 100.0 944
VI - Western Visayas 56.9 39.9 5.7 0.1 3.3 4.5 1.2 23.2 1.5 0.0 0.5 16.9 6.1 10.8 0.0 43.1 100.0 924
VII - Central Visayas 52.1 36.7 4.7 0.0 7.1 3.2 1.3 18.0 2.1 0.1 0.2 15.4 7.6 7.5 0.3 47.9 100.0 939
VIII - Eastern Visayas 58.8 40.9 6.7 0.0 5.4 6.1 2.0 18.6 1.7 0.2 0.1 17.9 3.8 14.0 0.1 41.2 100.0 611
IX - Zamboanga
Peninsula 49.5 42.0 3.6 0.1 5.5 5.6 2.3 21.9 1.9 0.4 0.7 7.4 3.6 3.1 0.7 50.5 100.0 513
X - Northern Mindanao 53.5 44.9 5.7 0.0 10.4 3.5 0.7 22.5 1.7 0.3 0.2 8.6 3.8 4.8 0.0 46.5 100.0 634
XI - Davao 62.2 48.9 6.5 0.0 5.9 4.2 2.1 28.1 1.9 0.0 0.1 13.2 4.3 9.0 0.0 37.8 100.0 822
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 58.9 50.8 5.5 0.0 4.0 8.4 3.4 27.6 1.4 0.0 0.4 8.0 3.4 4.4 0.2 41.1 100.0 719
XIII - Caraga 54.8 46.8 5.2 0.1 8.4 5.8 0.4 25.1 1.4 0.2 0.2 8.0 3.4 4.4 0.2 45.2 100.0 425
ARMM 26.3 18.7 1.5 0.0 1.2 5.6 0.6 9.7 0.2 0.0 0.0 7.6 0.5 6.3 0.8 73.7 100.0 453

17
Total 54.3 40.4 7.4 0.0 3.5 5.0 1.1 20.9 1.7 0.1 0.5 13.9 3.5 10.3 0.1 45.7 100.0 15,016

Note: If more than one method is used, only the most effective method is considered in this tabulation. Users of female condom, mucus/Billings/ovulation, and basal body temperature are included in any modern and any method
categories but are too few in number to be shown separately.
SDM = Standard days method
LAM = Lactational amenorrhea method
3.10 SOURCE OF MODERN CONTRACEPTION

The government sector is the most popular source for modern contraception in the Philippines,
serving 56 percent of modern method users (Table 10). Barangay health stations serve 25 percent of modern
contraceptive users, with government hospitals (17%) and rural or urban health centers (12%) also
prominent. Overall, 38 percent of users receive their contraceptives from the private medical sector; this
sector is common for male condoms (57%), the pill (54%), female sterilization (23%), and implants (23%).
More than half of male condom users (56%) and pill users (53%) get the condoms from pharmacies. Only 7
percent of users of modern methods of contraception receive methods from other sources; 11 percent of male
condom users and 12 percent of pill users obtained contraception most recently from shops.

Table 10 Source of modern contraception methods

Percent distribution of users of modern contraceptive methods age 15-49 by most recent source of method, according to method, Philippines
NDHS 2017
Female
Source sterilization IUD Injectables Implants Pill Male condom Total
Public Sector 76.9 89.2 92.7 75.0 34.2 29.5 55.6
Government hospital 70.1 30.8 2.2 15.4 0.3 0.4 17.3
Rural health center/urban health
center 6.5 29.0 26.5 23.2 7.0 3.9 11.6
Barangay health station 0.0 28.5 60.2 33.4 24.1 24.1 24.5
Barangay supply/service point
officer/BHW 0.0 0.8 3.8 2.8 2.8 1.0 2.1
Other 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1
Private medical sector 23.1 10.5 6.3 23.2 54.2 56.9 37.6
Private hospital/clinic 22.7 9.2 4.2 13.6 0.7 0.0 6.5
Pharmacy 0.0 0.1 0.9 0.0 53.2 56.4 30.2
Private doctor 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3
Private nurse/midwife 0.0 0.3 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1
NGO 0.0 0.0 0.1 6.7 0.0 0.0 0.2
Industry based clinic 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.1
Other 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.1
Other source 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 11.6 13.6 6.7
Puericulture 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Shop 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 11.5 11.3 6.5
Church 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Friends/relatives 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.2
Other 0.0 0.2 0.1 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of women 1,200 540 765 175 3,188 279 6,156

Note: Total includes 7 users of male sterilization and 1 user of female condoms but excludes lactational amenorrhea method (LAM),
mucus/Billings/ovulation, basal body temperature, symptothermal, and standard days methods.
BHW = Barangay health worker

3.11 NEED AND DEMAND FOR FAMILY PLANNING

The proportion of women who want to stop childbearing or who want to space their next birth is a
crude measure of the extent of the need for family planning, given that not all of these women are exposed
to the risk of pregnancy, and some may already be using contraception. This section discusses a more refined
extent of need and the potential demand for family planning services. Women who want to postpone their
next birth for 2 or more years, or who want to stop childbearing altogether but are not using a contraceptive
method, are said to have an unmet need for family planning. Pregnant women are considered to have an
unmet need for spacing or limiting if their pregnancy was mistimed or unwanted, respectively. Similarly,
amenorrheic women are categorized as having an unmet need if their last birth was mistimed or unwanted.
Women who are currently using a family planning method are said to have a met need for family planning.
Total demand for family planning services comprises those who fall in the met need and unmet need
categories.

Table 11 presents data on unmet need, met need, and total demand for family planning among
currently married women and sexually active unmarried women. Figure 2 presents a comparison of unmet
need, modern contraceptive use, and percentage of total demand satisfied with modern methods among
currently married women. These indicators help evaluate the extent to which family planning programs in

18
the Philippines meet the demand for services. The definition of unmet need for family planning was revised
in 2012 so that data on levels of unmet need are comparable over time and across surveys. The unmet need
estimates in Figure 2 for the 1993 NDS and 1998, 2003, and 2008 NDHS have been recalculated using the
revised definition of unmet need.

Seventeen percent of currently married women have an unmet need for family planning services
(Table 11). Fifty-four percent of married women are currently using a contraceptive method. Therefore, 71
percent of currently married women have a demand for family planning. At present, 77 percent of the
potential demand for family planning is being met, albeit only 57 percent is met by modern methods.

Younger married women age 15-19 have the greatest value of unmet need of all age groups (28%
versus 13%-18%). By region, the unmet need for family planning is highest in Zamboanga Peninsula (25%)
and lowest in the National Capital Region (12%). Unmet need varies little by wealth quintile.

If all married women who said they want to space or limit their children were to use family planning
methods, the CPR would increase from 54 percent to 71 percent.

Among sexually active, unmarried women, 49 percent have an unmet need for family planning, and
32 percent have a met need; therefore 81 percent have demand for family planning. Overall, 40 percent of
the demand is met; 22 percent of the demand is met by modern contraceptive methods.

19
Table 11 Need and demand for family planning among currently married women and sexually active unmarried women

Percentage of currently married women and sexually active unmarried women age 15-49 with unmet need for family planning, percentage with met
need for family planning, percentage with met need for family planning who are using modern methods, percentage with demand for family planning,
percentage of the demand for family planning that is satisfied, and percentage of the demand for family planning that is satisfied with modern methods,
according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Met need for family planning Percentage of demand
(currently using) Total demand satisfied1
Background Unmet need for Modern for family Number of Modern
characteristic family planning All methods methods2 planning3 women All methods methods2
CURRENTLY MARRIED WOMEN
Age
15-19 27.9 35.8 29.7 63.8 419 56.2 46.6
20-24 18.4 55.7 44.0 74.1 1,718 75.1 59.3
25-29 15.8 56.6 43.2 72.4 2,628 78.2 59.6
30-34 13.2 61.9 47.0 75.1 2,663 82.4 62.5
35-39 16.4 59.8 44.7 76.1 2,775 78.5 58.7
40-44 18.0 55.5 40.0 73.5 2,443 75.5 54.4
45-49 17.3 37.6 24.4 54.9 2,372 68.4 44.5
Residence
Urban 16.4 53.3 38.1 69.7 6,769 76.5 54.6
Rural 16.9 55.0 42.2 71.9 8,247 76.5 58.7
Region
National Capital Region 12.3 54.7 39.9 67.1 2,133 81.6 59.5
Cordillera Admin. Region 15.1 50.0 43.5 65.2 222 76.8 66.7
I - Ilocos Region 13.7 60.1 43.9 73.8 721 81.5 59.5
II - Cagayan Valley 14.4 62.6 57.0 77.0 559 81.3 74.1
III - Central Luzon 14.1 53.1 38.2 67.3 1,509 79.0 56.8
IVA - CALABARZON 20.1 54.0 36.4 74.0 2,489 72.9 49.2
IVB - MIMAROPA 19.8 50.8 43.6 70.6 398 71.9 61.7
V - Bicol 21.3 51.3 32.2 72.6 944 70.6 44.4
VI - Western Visayas 13.4 56.9 39.9 70.3 924 80.9 56.8
VII - Central Visayas 19.6 52.1 36.7 71.8 939 72.7 51.2
VIII - Eastern Visayas 16.0 58.8 40.9 74.9 611 78.6 54.6
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 24.6 49.5 42.0 74.1 513 66.8 56.8
X - Northern Mindanao 17.8 53.5 44.9 71.3 634 75.0 63.0
XI - Davao 13.5 62.2 48.9 75.7 822 82.1 64.7
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 17.5 58.9 50.8 76.3 719 77.1 66.6
XIII - Caraga 17.8 54.8 46.8 72.6 425 75.5 64.5
ARMM 17.8 26.3 18.7 44.0 453 59.6 42.5
Education
No education 24.3 26.7 19.1 50.9 156 52.4 37.4
Grades 1-6 17.9 53.3 41.4 71.2 2,633 74.8 58.1
Grades 7-10 16.2 57.7 44.0 73.9 7,277 78.1 59.5
Grade 11 (32.6) (27.5) (20.6) (60.2) 24 (45.8) (34.2)
Post-secondary 17.9 53.8 37.1 71.7 742 75.1 51.7
College 16.3 50.1 34.9 66.4 4,185 75.5 52.6
Wealth quintile
Lowest 18.1 55.0 43.8 73.1 3,038 75.2 59.9
Second 16.4 59.6 46.2 76.1 3,035 78.4 60.7
Middle 15.9 55.8 41.1 71.7 3,028 77.9 57.3
Fourth 16.1 52.3 36.9 68.3 3,089 76.5 54.1
Highest 17.0 48.1 33.4 65.1 2,828 73.9 51.2
Total 16.7 54.3 40.4 70.9 15,016 76.5 56.9
SEXUALLY ACTIVE UNMARRIED WOMEN4
Residence
Urban 36.9 40.4 23.7 77.4 163 52.3 30.7
Rural 65.6 20.6 8.3 86.2 113 23.9 9.6
Total 48.7 32.3 17.4 81.0 276 39.9 21.5

Notes: Numbers in this table correspond to the revised definition of unmet need described in Bradley et al., 2012. Figures in parentheses are based
on 25-49 unweighted cases.
1
Percentage of demand satisfied is met need divided by total demand
2
Modern methods include female sterilization, male sterilization, pill, IUD, injectables, implants, male condom, female condom, standard days method
(SDM), mucus/Billings/ovulation, basal body temperature, lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) and other modern methods
3
Total demand is the sum of unmet need and met need.
4
Women who have had sexual intercourse within 30 days preceding the survey.

Among currently married women, there has been a decline in the unmet need for family planning
from 30 percent in 1993 to 17 percent in 2017 (Figure 2). Over the same time, the percentage of currently
married women using modern contraceptive methods has increased from 25 percent in 1993 to 40 percent in
2017. The percentage of the demand for family planning that is satisfied with modern contraceptive methods
has increased from 35 percent in 1993 to 57 percent in 2017.

20
 Figure 2 Trends in unmet need, modern contraceptive use, and percentage of
demand satisfied with modern methods, 1993-2013
Percent of currently
married women

57
52
47 47
38 40 35
39
33 34
30 28
25 23 22 25
18 17

Unmet need Modern contraceptive use Percentage of demand satisfied

(MCPR) with modern methods

1993 NDS 1998 NDHS 2003 NDHS 2008 NDHS 2013 NDHS 2017 NDHS

3.12 EARLY CHILDHOOD MORTALITY

Infant and child mortality rates are basic indicators of a country’s health and socioeconomic
situation and quality of life (UNDP 2007). Estimates of child mortality are based on information collected
in the pregnancy history section of the Woman’s Questionnaire, which includes questions about aggregate
childbearing experience (that is, the number of sons and daughters who live with their mother, the number
who live elsewhere, the number who have died, and pregnancies that did not end in a live birth). Table 12
presents estimates for three successive 5-year periods prior to the NDHS 2017. The rates are estimated
directly from the information in the pregnancy history on a child’s birth date, survivorship status, and age at
death for children who died. This information is used to directly estimate the following five mortality rates:

Neonatal mortality is the probability of dying within the first month of life;

Postneonatal mortality is the probability of dying after the first month of life but before the first birthday
(difference between infant and neonatal mortality);

Infant mortality is the probability of dying before the first birthday;

Child mortality is the probability of dying between the first and the fifth birthday; and

Under-5 mortality is the probability of dying between birth and the fifth birthday.

All rates are expressed per 1,000 live births, except for child mortality, which is expressed per 1,000
children surviving to age 12 months.

As shown in Table 12, during the 5 years immediately preceding the survey, the infant mortality
rate was 21 deaths per 1,000 live births. The child mortality rate was 7 deaths per 1,000 children surviving
to age 12 months, while the overall under-5 mortality rate was 27 deaths per 1,000 live births. Seventy-eight
percent of all deaths among children under age 5 in the Philippines take place before a child’s first birthday,
with 52 percent occurring during the first month of life.

21
 Table 12 Early childhood mortality rates

Neonatal, post-neonatal, infant, child and under-5 mortality rates for 5-year periods preceding the survey,
Philippines NDHS 2017
Neonatal Post-neonatal Infant Child Under-5
mortality mortality mortality mortality mortality
Years preceding the survey (NN) (PNN)1 (1q0) (4q1) (5q0)
0-4 14 7 21 7 27
5-9 14 9 23 6 29
10-14 12 8 21 5 26

1
Computed as the difference between the infant and neonatal mortality rates

The NDHS 2017 documents a pattern of decreasing childhood mortality during the 24 years since
1993 based on results from the 1993, 1998, 2003, 2008, 2013, and NDHS 2017 surveys (Figure 3). The
overall under-5 mortality rate has declined from 54 deaths per 1,000 live births during the 5 years
immediately preceding the 1993 NDS to 27 deaths per 1,000 live births in the most recent 5-year period.
Infant mortality decreased from 34 deaths per 1,000 live births to 21 deaths per 1,000 live births over the
same periods. Child mortality has declined from 21 deaths per 1,000 children surviving to age 12 months for
the 5 years preceding the 1993 NDS to 7 deaths per 1,000 live births in the most recent 5-year period.

Figure 3 Trends in childhood mortality, 1993-2017

Deaths per 1,000

54
48
40
34 35 34
29 31
25 23 27
21 21
14 12
9 9 7

Infant mortality Child mortality Under-5 mortality

1993 NDS 1998 NDHS 2003 NDHS 2008 NDHS 2013 NDHS 2017 NDHS

3.13 MATERNAL CARE

Proper care during pregnancy and delivery is important for the health of both the mother and the
baby. In the NDHS 2017, women who had given birth in the 5 years preceding the survey were asked a
number of questions about maternal care. Mothers were asked whether they had obtained antenatal care
during the pregnancy for their most recent live birth in the 5 years preceding the survey and whether they
had received tetanus toxoid injections while pregnant. For each live birth over the same period, mothers were
also asked what type of assistance they received at the time of delivery and whether the birth was delivered
by cesarean section. Finally, women who had a live birth in the 2 years before the survey were asked if they
received a postnatal check during the first 2 days after birth. Table 13 summarizes information on the
coverage of these maternal health services.

22
 Table 13 Maternal care indicators
Among women age 15-49 who had a live birth in the 5 years preceding the survey, percentage who received antenatal care (ANC) from a skilled provider for the most recent live birth, percentage with four or more ANC
visits for the most recent live birth, and percentage whose most recent live birth was protected against neonatal tetanus; among all live births in the 5 years before the survey, percentage delivered by a skilled provider,
percentage delivered in a health facility, and percentage delivered by cesarean section; and among women age 15-49 with a live birth in the 2 years preceding the survey, percentage who received a postnatal check
during the first 2 days after giving birth, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Women who had a live birth in the
Women who had a live birth in the 5 years preceding the survey Live births in the 5 years preceding the survey 2 years preceding the survey
Percentage
Percentage whose most Percentage of
receiving recent live birth women with a
antenatal care was protected Percentage Percentage Percentage postnatal check
Background from a skilled Percentage with against neonatal Number of delivered by a delivered in a delivery by Number of during the first 2 Number of
characteristic provider1 4+ ANC visits tetanus2 women skilled provider1 health facility cesarean section births days after birth3 women
Mother’s age at birth
<20 91.4 79.6 74.4 797 83.4 76.1 6.2 1,207 86.1 429
20-34 94.0 88.0 80.9 5,430 85.2 79.0 12.2 7,089 86.0 2,692
35-49 94.4 84.3 78.5 1,394 81.4 73.6 19.7 1,612 86.5 604
Residence
Urban 94.0 88.4 78.5 3,434 91.6 84.8 15.5 4,371 88.9 1,661
Rural 93.6 84.9 80.9 4,188 78.7 72.2 10.5 5,537 83.8 2,065
Region
National Capital Region 93.3 94.1 81.1 966 96.1 91.9 16.7 1,190 96.7 461
Cordillera Admin. Region 95.4 83.1 80.3 116 91.8 85.5 13.3 152 95.2 60
I - Ilocos Region 97.6 87.1 84.5 356 98.0 87.2 20.8 452 94.3 197
II - Cagayan Valley 95.2 89.6 79.1 286 91.1 83.3 16.3 372 88.2 132
III - Central Luzon 93.7 82.1 76.1 704 92.6 84.9 17.8 889 74.0 327
IVA - CALABARZON 97.1 90.2 81.3 1,287 89.1 77.1 17.0 1,588 92.7 651
IVB - MIMAROPA 92.9 82.5 79.5 196 68.6 65.9 6.2 260 86.4 98
V - Bicol 96.2 80.0 88.7 506 83.6 72.6 6.5 688 92.9 251

23
VI - Western Visayas 91.7 85.1 83.6 494 81.1 78.0 9.9 659 87.1 237
VII - Central Visayas 95.8 91.1 74.6 455 91.0 85.0 10.3 580 90.2 233
VIII - Eastern Visayas 98.8 89.9 83.1 333 87.1 84.6 9.4 461 89.9 156
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 88.7 88.9 73.4 287 77.1 72.3 8.1 403 63.1 133
X - Northern Mindanao 94.2 92.0 80.0 340 78.7 76.0 10.0 472 68.6 180
XI - Davao 92.8 91.9 82.4 412 82.0 74.1 15.0 519 90.6 175
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 91.6 74.1 77.3 401 65.9 63.5 7.0 544 78.4 197
XIII - Caraga 95.0 90.4 72.0 242 79.6 77.2 6.3 318 73.4 107
ARMM 68.6 47.8 65.7 238 33.6 28.4 3.6 361 63.6 129
Mother’s education
No education 71.2 47.7 49.3 71 31.1 26.4 4.9 114 37.3 40
Grades 1-6 84.9 73.5 75.3 1,238 61.2 53.4 6.2 1,796 71.6 575
Grades 7-10 94.6 86.5 82.1 3,906 86.7 79.3 9.0 5,072 87.7 1,941
Grade 11 * * * 16 * * * 17 * 15
Post-secondary 96.0 94.3 79.6 367 95.3 89.7 16.1 460 94.0 167
College 97.9 94.2 79.2 2,024 97.0 92.4 24.9 2,449 91.9 987
Wealth quintile
Lowest 86.4 75.8 77.8 1,909 64.5 58.4 3.9 2,785 75.2 982
Second 94.9 85.8 82.6 1,665 83.8 74.5 8.3 2,200 85.9 816
Middle 95.8 88.2 80.0 1,556 92.8 84.4 11.5 1,954 91.6 749
Fourth 97.4 92.0 81.0 1,358 97.3 91.4 20.1 1,645 92.0 631
Highest 97.5 96.3 77.4 1,133 98.7 96.9 31.1 1,324 91.4 547
Total 93.8 86.5 79.8 7,622 84.4 77.7 12.7 9,908 86.1 3,725

Notes: If more than one source of assistance was mentioned, only the provider with the highest qualifications is considered in this tabulation. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted
cases and has been suppressed.
1
Skilled provider includes doctor, nurse, and midwife.
2
Includes mothers with two injections during the pregnancy of her most recent live birth, or two or more injections (the last within 3 years of the most recent live birth), or three or more injections (the last within 5 years
of the most recent live birth), or four or more injections (the last within 10 years of the most recent live birth), or five or more injections at any time prior to the last live birth
3
Includes women who received a check from a doctor, nurse, midwife, traditional birth attendant/hilot, or barangay health worker
3.13.1 Antenatal Care

Antenatal care (ANC) from a skilled provider is important to monitor pregnancy and reduce
morbidity and mortality risks for the mother and child during pregnancy, at delivery, and during the postnatal
period (42 days after delivery). The NDHS 2017 results show that 94 percent of women who gave birth in
the 5 years preceding the survey received antenatal care from a skilled provider at least once for their last
birth. Eighty-seven percent of women had four or more ANC visits.

Urban women were no more likely than rural women to have received ANC from a skilled provider
(94% each), but were slightly more likely than rural women and to have had four or more ANC visits (88%
and 85%, respectively). The proportion of women receiving ANC from a skilled provider varies from a low
of 69 percent in ARMM to a high of 99 percent in Eastern Visayas. Women in ARMM are least likely to
receive four or more ANC visits (48%) and women in the National Capital Region are the most likely (94%).
The proportion of women who receive ANC from a skilled provider is lowest in the lowest wealth quintile
(86%) compared with other quintiles (95%-98%). The proportion with four or more ANC visits increases
with wealth, ranging from 76 percent in the lowest wealth quintile to 96 percent in the highest.

3.13.2 Tetanus Toxoid

Tetanus toxoid injections are given during pregnancy to prevent neonatal tetanus, a major cause of
early infant death in many developing countries, often due to failure to observe hygienic procedures during
delivery. Table 13 shows that 80 percent of women with a birth in the 5 years before the survey received
sufficient doses of tetanus toxoid to protect their last birth against neonatal tetanus. The percentage of women
whose last birth was protected from tetanus varies by region, ranging from a low of 66 percent in ARMM to
a high of 89 percent in Bicol.

3.13.3 Delivery Care

Access to proper medical attention and hygienic conditions during delivery can reduce the risk of
complications and infections that may lead to death or serious illness for the mother and/or baby (Van
Lerberghe and De Brouwere 2001; WHO 2006). Survey data show that in the Philippines, 84 percent of the
births in the 5 years preceding the survey were delivered by a skilled provider, 78 percent were delivered in
a health facility, and 13 percent were delivered by cesarean section (Table 13).

Urban women are more likely to benefit from skilled delivery care than rural women. Ninety-two
percent of births to urban mothers were assisted by a skilled provider, and 85 percent were delivered in a
health facility, as compared with 79 percent and 72 percent, respectively, of births to rural There is a sizeable
disparity in maternity care by region; while 96 percent of births in National Capital Region were assisted by
skilled providers and 92 percent were delivered in a health facility, only 34 percent of births in ARMM were
assisted by skilled providers and only 28 percent were delivered in a health facility. Twenty-one percent of
births in Ilocos Region were delivered by cesarean section compared with only 4 percent in ARMM.

Mothers’ wealth status correlates highly with whether their delivery is assisted by a skilled provider,
whether the birth is delivered in a health facility, and whether the birth is delivered by cesarean section. For
example, 65 percent of births to mothers in the lowest wealth quintile were assisted by a skilled provider,
and 58 percent were delivered in a health facility, and 4 percent were delivered by cesarean section as
compared with 99 percent, 97 percent, and 31 percent, respectively, of births to mothers in the highest wealth
quintile.

Figure 4 show trends in maternal health care indicators since 1993. The percentage of women
receiving ANC from a skilled provider increased from 85 percent in 1993 to 95 percent in 2013, but has
changed little since then (94% in 2017). The improvement in the percentage of births delivered at a health
facility has been far more dramatic, rising from 28 percent in 1993 to 78 percent in 2017. Over this same
time period, the percentage of births attended by skilled providers increased from 53 percent to 84 percent.

24
 Figure 4 Trends in maternal health care, 1993-2017
Percent

95 94
91
85 88 88 84
78
73
61 60 62
56
53
44
38
34
28

ANC by a skilled provider Birth occurred in a health facility Birth attended by a skilled
provider
1993 NDS 1998 NDHS 2003 NDHS 2008 NDHS 2013 NDHS 2017 NDHS

3.13.4 Postnatal Care for the Mother

A large proportion of maternal and neonatal deaths occur during the first 48 hours after delivery.
Thus, prompt postnatal care (PNC) for both the mother and the child is important to treat any complications
arising from the delivery, as well as to provide the mother with important information on how to care for
herself and her child. Safe motherhood programs recommend that all women receive a check of their health
during the first 2 days after birth.

To assess the extent of postnatal care utilization, respondents were asked, for their last birth in the
2 years preceding the survey, whether they had received a checkup after delivery and the timing of the first
postnatal check. As shown in Table 13, 86 percent of women reported having received a PNC check in the
first 2 days after birth.

The proportion of women receiving a postnatal checkup during the first 2 days after birth is higher
in urban areas than rural areas (89% and 84%, respectively) and generally increases with wealth. By region,
the proportion of women who received a PNC check during the first 2 days after birth ranged from a low of
63 percent in Zamboanga Peninsula to a high of 97 percent in National Capital Region.

3.14 CHILD HEALTH

The NDHS 2017 collected data on a number of key child health indicators, including vaccinations
of young children, treatment practices when a child is ill, and breastfeeding.

3.14.1 Vaccination of Children

Universal immunization of children against common vaccine-preventable diseases is crucial to

reducing infant and child mortality. In the Philippines, routine childhood vaccines protect against
tuberculosis (BCG vaccine), diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus (DPT vaccine), polio (oral polio vaccine [OPV]
or inactivated polio vaccine [IPV]), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib vaccine), hepatitis B (HepB
vaccine), and measles or measles mumps and rubella (measles vaccine or MMR vaccine, respectively). The
NDHS 2017 collected information on the coverage of all of these vaccines among children born in the 3
years preceding the survey. The information obtained in the survey on differences in vaccination coverage
among subgroups of children is useful for program planning and targeting resources towards areas most in
need.

25
 Historically, an important measure of vaccination coverage has been the proportion of children age
12-23 months who had received all ‘basic’ vaccinations. Children are considered to have received all basic
vaccinations when they have received the BCG vaccine, three doses each of the DPT and polio vaccines,
and a single dose of the measles vaccine. In the Philippines, the BCG vaccine is usually given at birth or at
first clinic contact, while the DPT vaccines are given in combination with Hib and either HepB (DPT-Hib-
HepB) or IPV (DPT-Hib-IPV)3 at approximately age 6, 10, and 14 weeks. When the DPT formulation does
not include IPV, three doses of oral polio vaccine are given at the same schedule as DPT-Hib-HepB. A first
measles vaccination should have been given at or soon after age 9 months.

A second, more critical, measure of vaccination coverage is the proportion of children age 12-23
months and 24-35 months who have received all age-appropriate vaccinations. A child age 12-23 months is
considered to have received all age appropriate vaccinations if the child has received all basic vaccinations,
plus a birth dose of HepB, three additional (non-birth) doses of HepB, and three doses of Hib. A child who
is age 24-35 months has received all age appropriate vaccinations if they have received a second dose of the
measles or MMR vaccine in addition to all of the age-appropriate vaccinations relevant for a child age 12-
23 months.

In the NDHS 2017, information on vaccination coverage was obtained in two ways—from health
cards and from mothers’ verbal reports. All mothers were asked to show the interviewer the cards in which
vaccination dates are recorded for all children born since January 2014. If the card was available, the
interviewer then recorded from the card the dates of each vaccination received. If a vaccination was not
recorded on the card as being given, the mother was asked whether that particular vaccination had been
given, and, if so, it too was recorded. If there was no card, or if the mother was unable to show the card to
the interviewer, the child’s vaccination information was based on the mother’s recall. The mother was asked
to recall whether the child had received BCG, HepB (birth dose and non-birth doses), polio (both OPV and
IPV), pentavalent, and measles or MMR. If she indicated that the child had received polio vaccine, any form
of pentavalent (DPT-Hib-HepB or DPT-Hib-IPV), HepB (non-birth dose) or measles/MMR vaccines, she
was asked about the number of doses that the child received. The results presented here are based on the
vaccination card and, for those children without a card, information provided by the mother. Cards were seen
for 64 percent of children age 12-23 months and 52 percent of children age 24-35 months (data not shown).

Tables 14.1 presents data on vaccination coverage among children 12-23 months and 24-35 months,
by background information. Children age 12-23 months are the youngest cohort to have reached the age by
which a child should have received all basic vaccinations. Overall, 70 percent of children age 12-23 months
received all basic vaccinations, and 61 percent received all age-appropriate vaccinations. Nine percent of
children age 12-23 months had not received any vaccinations.

As shown in Table 14.2, the proportion of children age 12-23 months who received all basic
vaccinations was lower for those living in rural areas compared with urban areas (66% versus 75%), and
varied widely by region, ranging from a low of 18 percent in ARMM to a high of 87 percent in Davao.
Ninety percent of children received the BCG vaccination, 78 percent the birth dose of HepB, 87 percent the
first dose of DPT, 88 percent the first dose of HepB vaccine, 87 percent the first dose of Hib, and 88 percent
the first dose of polio. Eighty percent of children have received a measles vaccination. Coverage rates decline
for subsequent doses, with 80 percent of children receiving the recommended three doses of DPT and Hib,
81 percent receiving three doses of HepB (excluding the birth dose), 80 percent receiving three doses of Hib,
and 79 percent receiving three doses of polio.

3
Both DPT-Hib-HepB and DPT-Hib-IPV are commonly referred to as ‘pentavalent’ vaccine. In public sector facilities,
the form of pentavalent given is DPT-Hib-HepB whereas private sector facilities commonly give pentavalent as DPT-
Hib-IPV. To assist in identifying the pentavalent formulation used when vaccination information was collected by
mother’s recall, a question on whether the last dose of pentavalent vaccine was received from a public or private facility
was used as a proxy to determine its composition.

26
 Relative to the NDHS 2013, the proportion of children age 12-23 who received all basic vaccinations
has decreased, from 77 percent in 2013 to 70 percent in 2017. The percentage of children with no
vaccinations increased, from 4 percent in 2013 to 9 percent in 2017.

Among children age 24-35 months, 47% have received the second dose of the measles or MMR
vaccine. Overall, only 33 percent of children in this older cohort have received all age-appropriate
vaccinations. Coverage was lower for those living in rural areas than in urban areas (32% versus 36%), and
was lowest in ARMM (9%) and highest in Cordillera Administrative Region (49%).

27
 Table 14.1 Vaccinations by background characteristics

Percentage of children age 12-23 months and children age 24-35 months who received specific vaccines at any time before the survey (according to a vaccination card or the mother’s report), percentage with all basic vaccinations,
and percentage with all age appropriate vaccinations, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Children 12-23 months
DPT HepB Hib Polio2 Children age 24-35 months:
All age All age
All appro- appro-
HepB basic priate No Numbe priate Number
Background (birth Measles/ vaccin- vaccin- vaccin- r of Measles/ vaccin- of
characteristic BCG dose)1 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 MMR 1 ations3 ations4 ations children MMR 2 ations5 children
Sex
Male 89.5 78.8 86.3 83.1 80.2 87.1 85.6 81.8 86.3 83.1 80.2 88.1 87.0 78.2 81.0 69.2 61.3 9.6 1,031 48.8 35.1 932
Female 90.6 76.9 87.0 82.6 79.4 88.0 85.7 80.4 87.0 82.6 79.4 87.8 85.8 79.9 79.7 70.8 61.2 9.2 902 44.7 31.6 903
Birth order
1 89.3 77.8 86.5 82.7 78.6 88.6 87.2 81.0 86.5 82.7 78.6 87.9 86.5 79.3 81.4 67.9 58.8 9.3 540 48.0 36.0 534
2-3 91.3 80.8 87.5 84.8 81.9 87.8 86.9 82.8 87.5 84.8 81.9 88.8 87.9 79.2 82.3 72.8 65.1 8.6 853 51.1 35.5 772
4-5 88.7 75.8 86.2 83.7 81.7 87.0 85.2 82.8 86.2 83.7 81.7 87.0 86.2 82.2 80.4 73.3 63.6 10.4 352 40.1 28.4 333
6+ 88.6 69.4 83.5 73.0 70.3 84.4 76.3 71.2 83.5 73.0 70.3 85.9 79.7 70.8 68.9 56.5 46.4 11.4 188 37.9 26.6 196
Mother’s
education
No education (45.4) (19.1) (41.6) (29.0) (29.0) (41.6) (29.9) (29.0) (41.6) (29.0) (29.0) (44.3) (37.6) (36.5) (33.4) (27.5) (15.2) (53.1) 19 (18.2) (18.2) 27
Grades 1-6 82.8 58.7 72.2 65.9 61.4 74.9 69.2 63.1 72.2 65.9 61.4 78.7 75.3 65.9 63.7 52.2 38.5 16.7 302 37.1 24.3 338
Grades 7-10 90.4 77.9 88.4 84.9 82.1 89.4 88.3 83.3 88.4 84.9 82.1 88.8 87.5 80.5 83.1 71.6 61.7 8.7 1,043 44.1 28.9 892

28
Grade 11 nc nc nc nc nc nc nc nc nc nc nc nc nc nc nc nc nc nc 0 nc nc 0
Post-secondary 97.3 90.5 92.0 84.6 81.4 92.0 92.0 83.3 92.0 84.6 81.4 93.7 93.7 84.1 91.0 77.3 72.6 2.4 85 60.4 41.1 108
College 94.1 90.1 92.6 91.0 88.1 92.3 91.2 89.4 92.6 91.0 88.1 92.5 91.6 84.6 85.0 77.8 74.2 5.9 484 57.4 47.4 469
Wealth quintile
Lowest 82.9 65.9 76.4 71.6 67.3 78.2 75.1 69.7 76.4 71.6 67.3 80.2 79.0 72.8 68.3 57.5 46.7 15.9 529 35.5 22.8 538
Second 93.7 78.9 90.6 86.3 82.9 91.8 89.8 83.6 90.6 86.3 82.9 91.0 88.5 79.8 84.2 71.3 60.0 6.2 410 52.2 33.7 381
Middle 90.2 80.7 86.6 83.8 80.2 87.9 85.9 81.7 86.6 83.8 80.2 88.0 86.2 79.7 82.5 72.8 66.0 9.5 412 47.5 37.4 374
Fourth 93.0 81.4 92.0 89.0 87.8 92.1 91.6 88.8 92.0 89.0 87.8 90.8 89.6 84.0 87.7 80.7 70.6 6.9 328 46.3 38.4 311
Highest 94.6 92.6 94.4 91.5 89.9 93.6 92.9 90.3 94.4 91.5 89.9 95.3 95.0 82.8 86.8 75.0 73.6 4.3 254 63.6 44.4 232
Total 90.0 77.9 86.6 82.9 79.8 87.5 85.6 81.2 86.6 82.9 79.8 87.9 86.4 79.0 80.4 69.9 61.2 9.4 1,933 46.8 33.4 1,835

Notes: Children are considered to have received the vaccine if it was either written on the child’s vaccination card or reported by the mother. For children whose vaccination information is based on the mother’s report, date of
vaccination is not collected. The proportions of vaccinations given during the first and second years of life are assumed to be the same as for children with a written record of vaccination. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-
49 unweighted cases.
BCG = Bacille Calmette-Guérin; DPT = diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus; HepB = Hepatitis B; Hib = Haemophilus influenzae type b; OPV = oral polio vaccine; IPV = inactivated polio vaccine; MMR = measles mumps rubella
nc = no cases
1
For children whose vaccination information is based on the mother’s report, children reported to have received HepB (birth dose) received the vaccine within 24 hours after birth. For children whose vaccination information is
based on the written record of vaccination, children are considered to have received hepatitis B (birth dose) if this vaccine is recorded on their card, regardless of when the dose was administered.
2
Polio = IPV or OPV
3
BCG, three doses of DPT, three doses of OPV or IPV, and one dose of measles or MMR
4
BCG, HepB (birth dose), three doses of DPT, three doses of HepB (excluding birth dose), three doses of Hib, three doses of OPV or IPV, and one dose of measles or MMR
5
BCG, HepB (birth dose), three doses of DPT, three doses of HepB (excluding birth dose), three doses of Hib, three doses of OPV or IPV, and two doses of measles or MMR
 Table 14.2 Vaccinations by residence and region

Percentage of children age 12-23 months and children age 24-35 months who received specific vaccines at any time before the survey (according to a vaccination card or the mother’s report), percentage with all basic vaccinations,
and percentage with all age appropriate vaccinations, according to residence and region, Philippines NDHS 2017
Children 12-23 months
DPT HepB Hib Polio2 Children age 24-35 months:
All age All age
All appro- appro-
HepB basic priate No Number priate Number
(birth Measles/ vaccin- vaccin- vaccin- of Measles/ vaccin- of
Residence/region BCG dose)1 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 MMR 1 ations3 ations4 ations children MMR 2 ations5 children
Residence
Urban 91.4 81.5 88.9 85.0 83.0 89.5 88.2 83.2 88.9 85.0 83.0 90.8 90.1 81.7 84.6 74.8 66.9 8.0 885 48.6 35.5 818
Rural 88.8 74.9 84.7 81.1 77.1 85.9 83.4 79.4 84.7 81.1 77.1 85.5 83.3 76.7 76.9 65.8 56.5 10.6 1,048 45.3 31.7 1,017
Region
National Capital Region 96.1 91.6 92.6 86.8 85.5 93.1 93.1 85.9 92.6 86.8 85.5 94.7 94.7 83.1 87.8 77.2 72.7 3.9 225 50.7 41.2 224
Cordillera Admin.
Region 95.1 88.2 93.3 93.3 90.0 93.3 93.3 90.0 93.3 93.3 90.0 92.0 89.3 82.8 82.3 76.6 72.4 4.9 28 58.3 49.1 31
I - Ilocos Region 96.4 95.7 87.2 86.3 84.5 92.6 88.1 87.3 87.2 86.3 84.5 94.6 94.6 82.9 82.0 70.1 69.5 3.6 92 58.3 47.1 61
II - Cagayan Valley 97.5 93.4 88.5 87.5 85.3 94.3 91.0 86.8 88.5 87.5 85.3 90.2 90.0 87.6 80.7 64.2 62.9 2.5 64 35.7 26.8 74
III - Central Luzon 91.1 85.6 89.0 78.2 72.6 89.5 87.6 76.5 89.0 78.2 72.6 88.6 86.9 71.8 87.8 65.8 64.0 8.3 180 27.1 20.8 163
IVA - CALABARZON 94.7 77.9 93.2 91.5 90.9 93.3 90.7 89.8 93.2 91.5 90.9 93.7 91.3 84.1 83.5 76.6 63.1 4.5 343 56.2 32.5 297
IVB - MIMAROPA 88.2 64.4 82.3 77.2 71.3 82.3 78.5 73.4 82.3 77.2 71.3 82.1 76.3 73.1 74.8 63.5 48.3 11.8 45 46.3 34.3 50
V - Bicol 94.4 70.5 89.0 86.3 82.1 90.6 89.0 84.8 89.0 86.3 82.1 90.5 88.6 80.4 83.6 73.6 56.1 4.6 131 54.2 33.6 130
VI - Western Visayas 82.4 76.4 78.7 73.3 71.3 81.5 78.4 72.3 78.7 73.3 71.3 84.2 84.2 77.7 76.0 66.7 61.0 15.7 126 46.9 34.1 117

29
VII - Central Visayas 82.6 72.0 82.4 80.4 78.8 82.4 82.4 79.4 82.4 80.4 78.8 82.6 79.3 73.7 80.9 72.2 60.8 16.6 141 62.0 47.0 92
VIII - Eastern Visayas 99.0 80.3 98.1 96.6 91.1 98.3 98.1 94.7 98.1 96.6 91.1 97.7 96.7 91.0 93.3 84.2 68.2 0.8 87 55.5 43.4 95
IX - Zamboanga
Peninsula 87.0 81.8 83.2 79.6 75.5 83.2 80.1 75.5 83.2 79.6 75.5 86.8 85.9 84.5 71.8 61.1 60.0 12.6 61 35.7 28.1 94
X - Northern Mindanao 87.0 74.2 85.7 84.1 81.8 85.7 85.3 83.2 85.7 84.1 81.8 85.6 85.6 82.2 76.7 69.9 61.1 12.7 91 45.3 32.7 84
XI - Davao 98.8 86.8 98.4 96.3 93.8 98.2 98.2 95.3 98.4 96.3 93.8 97.9 97.9 96.3 92.3 87.0 78.0 0.7 93 50.6 40.6 94
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 68.9 54.2 65.9 62.0 52.9 66.5 63.4 54.6 65.9 62.0 52.9 65.7 63.1 58.6 59.5 48.2 42.1 31.1 98 38.3 21.0 107
XIII - Caraga 97.4 73.0 93.9 90.8 85.7 94.4 91.7 88.2 93.9 90.8 85.7 93.8 91.3 86.1 79.0 74.5 58.6 2.4 60 51.7 37.2 54
ARMM 54.7 33.0 40.0 34.2 28.9 40.5 36.2 32.9 40.0 34.2 28.9 44.1 41.2 33.3 33.6 18.0 8.9 43.7 68 11.2 9.1 69
Total 90.0 77.9 86.6 82.9 79.8 87.5 85.6 81.2 86.6 82.9 79.8 87.9 86.4 79.0 80.4 69.9 61.2 9.4 1,933 46.8 33.4 1,835

Note: Children are considered to have received the vaccine if it was either written on the child’s vaccination card or reported by the mother. For children whose vaccination information is based on the mother’s report, date of
vaccination is not collected. The proportions of vaccinations given during the first and second years of life are assumed to be the same as for children with a written record of vaccination.
BCG = Bacille Calmette-Guérin; DPT = diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus; HepB = Hepatitis B; Hib = Haemophilus influenzae type b; OPV = oral polio vaccine; IPV = inactivated polio vaccine; MMR = measles mumps rubella
1
For children whose vaccination information is based on the mother’s report, children reported to have received HepB (birth dose) received the vaccine within 24 hours after birth. For children whose vaccination information is based
on the written record of vaccination, children are considered to have received hepatitis B (birth dose) if this vaccine is recorded on their card, regardless of when the dose was administered.
2
Polio = IPV or OPV
3
BCG, three doses of DPT, three doses of OPV or IPV, and one dose of measles or MMR
4
BCG, HepB (birth dose), three doses of DPT, three doses of HepB (excluding birth dose), three doses of Hib, three doses of OPV or IPV, and one dose of measles or MMR
5
BCG, HepB (birth dose), three doses of DPT, three doses of HepB (excluding birth dose), three doses of Hib, three doses of OPV or IPV, and two doses of measles or MMR
3.14.2 Childhood Acute Respiratory Infection, Fever, and Diarrhea

Acute respiratory infection (ARI), fever, and dehydration from diarrhea are important contributing
causes of childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries (WHO 2003). Prompt medical attention
when a child has the symptoms of these illnesses is, therefore, crucial in reducing child deaths. In the NDHS
2017, for each child under age 5, mothers were asked if the child had experienced short, rapid breathing, or
difficulty in breathing as a result of a chest-related problem (symptoms of ARI); a fever; or an episode of
diarrhea in the 2 weeks preceding the survey. Respondents were also asked if treatment was sought when
the child was ill. Overall, 2 percent of children under age 5 showed symptoms of ARI, 17 percent had a
fever, and 6 percent experienced diarrhea in the 2 weeks preceding the survey (data not shown). It should be
noted that the morbidity data collected are subjective because they are based on a mother’s perception of
illnesses without validation by medical personnel.

Table 15 shows that treatment was sought for 67 percent of children with ARI symptoms, 52 percent
of those with a fever, and 42 percent of children with diarrhea. Forty-five percent of children with diarrhea
received a rehydration solution from an oral rehydration salt (ORS) packet or pre-packaged solution; 24
percent of children with diarrhea were given zinc supplements, and 17 percent received both ORS and zinc
supplements.

Relative to 2013, the percentage of children with diarrhea who received ORS has changed little
(49% in 2013 versus 45% in 2017), however there has been a marked increase in the percentage of children
given zinc (5% in 2013 compared with 24% in 2017).

30
Table 15 Treatment for ARI symptoms, fever, and diarrhea

Among children under age 5 who had symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI) or had fever in the 2 weeks preceding the survey, percentage
for whom advice or treatment was sought, and among children under age 5 who had diarrhea during the 2 weeks preceding the survey, percentage
for whom advice or treatment was sought, percentage given a fluid made from oral rehydration salt (ORS) packets or given pre-packaged ORS
fluid, percentage given zinc, and percentage given ORS and zinc, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Children with
symptoms of ARI1 Children with fever Children with diarrhea
Percentage
Percentage Percentage Percentage given fluid
for whom for whom for whom from ORS
advice or advice or advice or packet or
treatment treatment treatment pre- Percentage
Background was Number of was Number of was packaged Percentage given ORS Number of
2 2 2
characteristic sought children sought children sought ORS fluid given zinc and zinc children
Age in months
<6 * 4 54.7 98 (36.3) (20.9) (22.8) (11.2) 32
6-11 * 15 46.1 209 36.5 39.5 33.7 17.3 93
12-23 (72.2) 38 53.6 372 43.4 48.5 22.7 16.5 173
24-35 (50.9) 31 55.8 344 45.2 48.3 27.2 21.2 133
36-47 (67.6) 29 49.6 255 40.0 42.9 17.8 15.2 79
48-59 (66.6) 34 49.4 329 41.7 48.8 19.6 15.6 74
Sex
Male 70.8 102 55.1 849 49.2 48.9 26.9 20.3 307
Female 60.0 48 47.8 758 33.4 40.3 21.6 13.7 279
Residence
Urban (79.8) 57 52.8 667 42.0 43.6 25.8 18.3 248
Rural 59.6 93 50.9 940 41.4 45.7 23.4 16.2 338
Mother’s education
No education nc 0 * 10 * * * * 4
Grades 1-6 65.7 46 40.0 298 40.6 41.2 20.0 15.4 144
Grades 7-10 68.8 74 53.9 896 42.9 47.3 23.1 16.6 303
Grade 11 nc 0 * 1 * * * * 1
Post-secondary * 5 64.0 76 (54.2) (59.6) (51.4) (44.6) 26
College (72.8) 25 54.3 327 36.5 38.9 28.4 15.0 107
Wealth quintile
Lowest 57.6 47 46.5 505 38.8 42.6 22.6 16.7 202
Second (53.8) 34 46.9 398 43.3 45.5 23.7 18.4 149
Middle (80.4) 31 53.1 307 44.5 48.1 22.4 15.4 111
Fourth * 24 60.6 233 40.0 46.6 26.5 13.7 78
Highest * 14 63.9 164 (44.9) (40.6) (36.4) (25.0) 45
Total 67.3 150 51.7 1,608 41.7 44.8 24.4 17.1 586

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted
cases and has been suppressed.
nc = no cases
1
Symptoms of ARI include short, rapid breathing which was chest-related and/or difficult breathing which was chest-related.
2
Excludes advice or treatment from a traditional practitioner/hilot, friends/relatives and church

3.14.3 Breastfeeding and Bottle Feeding Practices

Breastfeeding is sufficient and beneficial for infant nutrition in the first 6 months of life.
Breastfeeding immediately after birth also helps the uterus contract, hence reducing the mother’s postpartum
blood loss. Giving any other foods and water (in addition to breast milk) before the child is age 6 months is
discouraged because it may inhibit breastfeeding and expose the infant to illness. Infants older than 6 months
need other food and drink while they continue to breastfeed until age 2 or older. Breastmilk is an important
source of energy, protein, and other nutrients such as vitamin A and iron (Pan American Health Organization
2002).

The NDHS 2017 collected data on breastfeeding for all youngest children born in the 2 years
preceding the survey and living with their mother. Table 16 shows breastfeeding status by child’s age. Eight-
five percent of infants under age 6 months are breastfeeding; by age 12-23 months, 60 percent of children
are breastfeeding. These proportions are similar to those reported in the NDHS 2013: 85 percent of infants
under age 6 months and 51 percent of children 12-23 months were breastfeeding.

The NDHS 2017 also collected data on bottle feeding for all children under age 2. Feeding children
using a bottle with a nipple is a practice that is discouraged because of the risk of illness to the child.
Nevertheless, in the Philippines, it is common: 37 percent of infants under age 6 months and 56 percent of

31
children age 12-23 months were fed using a bottle with a nipple. This represents a slight increase relative to
the NDHS 2013 when 34 percent of infants under age 6 months and 53 percent of children 12-23 months
used a bottle with a nipple.

Table 16 Breastfeeding status by age

Percentage of youngest children under age 2 who are living with their mother and are currently breastfeeding and
percentage of all children under age 2 using a bottle with a nipple, according to age in months, Philippines NDHS 2017
Number of youngest
Percentage currently children under age 2 Percentage using a Number of all children
Age in months breastfeeding living with the mother bottle with a nipple under age 2
0-1 94.3 290 24.7 296
2-3 77.9 306 43.3 311
4-5 82.2 278 42.6 280
6-8 73.6 417 51.4 421
9-11 73.5 554 50.3 564
12-17 64.9 910 57.8 963
18-23 53.9 850 54.5 970
0-3 85.9 596 34.2 606
0-5 84.7 874 36.9 886
6-9 73.1 593 50.6 600
12-15 66.0 623 57.7 661
12-23 59.6 1,760 56.1 1,933
20-23 52.3 591 56.2 682

3.15 HIV/AIDS AWARENESS, KNOWLEDGE, AND BEHAVIOR

3.15.1 Knowledge of HIV Prevention

The 2017 NDHS included a series of questions that addressed respondents’ knowledge of HIV
prevention, awareness of modes of HIV transmission, and behaviors that can prevent the spread of HIV.

Sixty-six percent of women know that consistent use of condoms is a means of preventing the spread
of HIV (Table 17). Eighty-four percent of women know that limiting sexual intercourse to one faithful,
uninfected partner can reduce the chance of contracting HIV. Six in ten women (62%) know that both using
condoms and limiting sexual intercourse to one uninfected partner are means of preventing HIV.

By residence, women who reside in urban areas are more likely to be knowledgeable about both
HIV prevention methods than their counterparts residing in rural area (65% and 60%, respectively). More
dramatic differences were observed by region. For instance, only 33% of women in ARMM know both HIV
prevention methods compared with 77% of women in Cordillera Administrative Region. Knowledge of HIV
prevention increases by education and household wealth, ranging from 24% in women with no education to
73% in women with college, and from 47% of those in the lowest quintile to 71% of those in the highest.

32
 Table 17 Knowledge of HIV prevention methods

Percentage of women age 15-49 who, in response to prompted questions, say that people can reduce the risk of
getting HIV by using condoms every time they have sexual intercourse and by having one sex partner who is not
infected and has no other partners, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage who say HIV can be prevented by:
Using condoms
and limiting sexual
Limiting sexual intercourse to one
Background intercourse to one uninfected
characteristic Using condoms1 uninfected partner2 partner1,2 Number of women
Age
15-24 59.2 78.8 54.7 9,072
15-19 52.9 74.2 48.1 4,897
20-24 66.5 84.3 62.3 4,175
25-29 68.8 86.5 65.5 3,717
30-39 71.0 88.3 67.9 6,603
40-49 70.4 85.5 66.1 5,682
Residence
Urban 68.9 86.7 64.8 12,252
Rural 63.8 81.3 59.9 12,822
Region
National Capital Region 71.4 89.7 67.8 4,400
Cordillera Admin. Region 80.0 88.1 76.8 440
I - Ilocos Region 63.8 83.2 59.3 1,258
II - Cagayan Valley 48.3 80.6 45.7 802
III - Central Luzon 67.2 85.0 64.5 2,453
IVA - CALABARZON 70.9 87.2 67.6 4,016
IVB - MIMAROPA 69.0 85.9 67.3 621
V - Bicol 69.2 83.4 63.1 1,551
VI - Western Visayas 63.1 86.2 57.0 1,498
VII - Central Visayas 64.7 82.0 60.4 1,607
VIII - Eastern Visayas 73.5 87.9 70.1 997
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 59.6 75.8 55.7 764
X - Northern Mindanao 60.4 81.4 55.6 998
XI - Davao 69.6 86.7 65.1 1,203
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 52.5 73.8 48.6 1,038
XIII - Caraga 74.1 88.3 70.0 648
ARMM 37.5 46.0 32.8 780
Education
No education 25.1 34.5 23.5 200
Grades 1-6 51.6 68.6 47.7 3,245
Grades 7-10 63.5 83.3 59.2 11,558
Grade 11 63.8 80.1 58.0 934
Post-secondary 75.1 90.8 71.7 1,144
College 76.2 91.9 72.9 7,994
Wealth quintile
Lowest 51.2 67.7 46.7 4,209
Second 62.7 82.4 58.2 4,629
Middle 67.8 86.8 63.7 4,918
Fourth 70.3 88.8 67.5 5,528
Highest 74.9 90.1 70.9 5,791
Total 15-49 66.2 84.0 62.3 25,074

1
Using condoms every time they have sexual intercourse
2
Partner who has no other partners

3.15.2 Comprehensive Knowledge about HIV Prevention among Young People

Table 18 shows information about comprehensive knowledge of HIV prevention among young
women age 15-24. Comprehensive knowledge of HIV prevention is defined as knowing that both condom
use and limiting sexual intercourse to one uninfected partner are HIV prevention methods, knowing that a
healthy-looking person can have HIV, and rejecting the two most common local misconceptions about HIV
transmission: that HIV can be transmitted by mosquito bites and by sharing food with a person who has HIV.
Knowledge of how HIV is transmitted is crucial to enabling people to avoid HIV infection.

Only one in five young women (20%) have comprehensive knowledge of HIV prevention. The
proportion with knowledge generally increases with age and education. Young women in Ilocos Region and
Cagayan Valley are least likely to be knowledgeable about HIV prevention (11% each) compared with their
counterparts in other regions.

33
 Table 18 Comprehensive knowledge about HIV prevention

Percentage of young women age 15-24 with comprehensive knowledge about HIV
prevention, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage with
Background knowledge about
characteristic HIV prevention1 Number of women
Age
15-19 15.7 4,897
15-17 14.4 3,058
18-19 17.7 1,839
20-24 25.5 4,175
20-22 25.6 2,572
23-24 25.2 1,603
Marital status
Never married 20.7 6,807
Ever had sex 21.8 564
Never had sex 20.6 6,243
Ever married 18.6 2,264
Residence
Urban 21.5 4,446
Rural 18.8 4,626
Region
National Capital Region 23.4 1,646
Cordillera Admin. Region 43.7 186
I - Ilocos Region 10.7 496
II - Cagayan Valley 11.0 292
III - Central Luzon 20.2 874
IVA - CALABARZON 25.1 1,316
IVB - MIMAROPA 22.0 231
V - Bicol 16.1 623
VI - Western Visayas 14.1 530
VII - Central Visayas 16.3 577
VIII - Eastern Visayas 17.9 393
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 17.3 252
X - Northern Mindanao 14.3 348
XI - Davao 27.4 397
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 20.3 363
XIII - Caraga 25.0 232
ARMM 14.2 318
Education
No education 7.1 29
Grades 1-6 10.1 630
Grades 7-10 15.0 4,451
Grade 11 22.0 932
Post-secondary 34.7 252
College 28.9 2,778
Total 15-24 20.2 9,072

1
Knowledge about HIV prevention means knowing that consistent use of
condoms during sexual intercourse and having just one uninfected faithful partner
can reduce the chance of getting HIV, knowing that a healthy-looking person can
have HIV, and rejecting the two most common local misconceptions about
transmission or prevention of HIV

3.15.3 Multiple Sexual Partners

Limiting the number of sexual partners and practicing protected sex are crucial in the fight against
the spread of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. Respondents to the NDHS 2017 were asked
detailed questions about their sexual behavior, including the number of partners they had in the 12 months
preceding the survey and condom use during their most recent sexual intercourse. Table 19 shows that less
than 1% of women age 15-49 reported having had two or more sexual partners during the 12 months prior
to the survey. Among women who had two or more sexual partners in the 12 months prior to the survey, 9%
reported using a condom during their last sexual intercourse. Among women who ever had sexual
intercourse, the mean number of lifetime sexual partners is 1.4.

34
Table 19 Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past 12 months

Among all women age 15-49, percentage who had sexual intercourse with more than one sexual partner in the past 12 months; among those having more
than one partner in the past 12 months, percentage reporting that a condom was used during last intercourse; and among women who ever had sexual
intercourse, mean number of sexual partners during their lifetime, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Women who had 2+ partners in the Women who ever had sexual
All women past 12 months intercourse1
Percentage who
Percentage who reported using a
had 2+ partners in condom during Mean number of
Background the past Number of last sexual inter- Number of sexual partners in Number of
characteristic 12 months women course women lifetime women
Age
15-24 0.4 9,072 (21.6) 37 1.4 2,826
15-19 0.3 4,897 * 14 1.3 599
20-24 0.6 4,175 (17.7) 23 1.4 2,227
25-29 0.5 3,717 * 17 1.4 3,077
30-39 0.5 6,603 (0.9) 31 1.5 6,120
40-49 0.2 5,682 * 11 1.3 5,415
Marital status
Never married 0.3 8,971 (17.1) 24 1.5 1,348
Married/living together 0.4 15,016 1.0 61 1.4 15,009
Divorced/separated/widowed 1.1 1,086 * 12 1.5 1,082
Residence
Urban 0.4 12,252 (9.0) 45 1.4 8,255
Rural 0.4 12,822 9.5 51 1.4 9,184
Region
National Capital Region 0.3 4,400 * 14 1.3 2,705
Cordillera Admin. Region 0.5 440 * 2 1.4 268
I - Ilocos Region 0.5 1,258 * 7 1.2 830
II - Cagayan Valley 0.2 802 * 2 1.5 607
III - Central Luzon 0.3 2,453 * 6 1.3 1,702
IVA - CALABARZON 0.1 4,016 * 4 1.3 2,895
IVB - MIMAROPA 0.3 621 * 2 1.4 442
V - Bicol 0.5 1,551 * 8 1.2 1,063
VI - Western Visayas 0.0 1,498 * 0 1.3 1,071
VII - Central Visayas 0.9 1,607 * 14 1.7 1,125
VIII - Eastern Visayas 0.3 997 * 3 1.4 695
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 0.3 764 * 2 1.5 569
X - Northern Mindanao 1.0 998 * 10 1.7 751
XI - Davao 0.4 1,203 * 5 2.1 955
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 1.2 1,038 * 12 1.7 789
XIII - Caraga 0.3 648 * 2 1.4 484
ARMM 0.1 780 * 1 1.1 489
Education
No education 0.0 200 nc 0 1.2 167
Grades 1-6 0.5 3,245 * 16 1.4 2,888
Grades 7-10 0.5 11,558 5.4 56 1.4 8,265
Grade 11 0.1 934 * 1 (1.2) 42
Post-secondary 0.3 1,144 * 4 1.3 921
College 0.2 7,994 (10.6) 19 1.4 5,155
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.4 4,209 * 15 1.4 3,298
Second 0.5 4,629 (1.2) 25 1.5 3,431
Middle 0.2 4,918 * 12 1.5 3,555
Fourth 0.5 5,528 (14.0) 27 1.3 3,662
Highest 0.3 5,791 * 18 1.3 3,492
Total 0.4 25,074 9.3 96 1.4 17,438

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and
has been suppressed.
nc = no cases
1
Means are calculated excluding respondents who gave non-numeric responses.

3.16 COVERAGE OF HIV TESTING SERVICES

Knowledge of HIV status helps HIV-negative individuals make specific decisions to reduce risk
and increase safer sex practices so that they can remain disease-free. Among those who are HIV-positive,
knowledge of their status allows them to take action to protect their sexual partners, to access treatment, and
to plan for the future. To assess awareness and coverage of HIV testing services, NDHS respondents were
asked whether they had ever been tested for HIV. If they said that they had been tested, they were asked
whether they had received the results of their last test and where they had been tested. If they had never been
tested, they were asked whether they knew a place where they could go to be tested.

35
 Table 20 shows that 45% of women know of a place where they can get an HIV test. By age, young
women age 15-19 are the least likely to know a place to get an HIV test (31%). Knowledge of a place to get
an HIV test is higher among urban women than rural women (51% and 40%, respectively) and increases
steadily with increasing wealth quintile.

Tables 20 also show coverage of HIV testing services. Overall, 4% of women have ever been tested
for HIV and received the results of their last test, and 2% were tested in the past 12 months and received the
results of their last test. Urban women are more likely than rural women to have been tested and to have
received the results. Testing coverage increases with increasing wealth.

Table 20 Coverage of prior HIV testing

Percentage of women age 15-49 who know where to get an HIV test, percent distribution of women age 15-49 by testing status and by whether they
received the results of the last test, percentage of women ever tested, and percentage of women who were tested in the past 12 months and received the
results of the last test, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage
who have
Percent distribution of women by testing been tested
status and by whether they received the for HIV in the
results of the last test past 12
Percentage Ever tested, months and
who know Ever tested did not received the
Background where to get and received receive Percentage results of the Number of
characteristic an HIV test results results Never tested1 Total ever tested last test women
Age
15-24 37.7 1.9 0.5 97.5 100.0 2.5 1.1 9,072
15-19 30.8 0.4 0.4 99.2 100.0 0.8 0.3 4,897
20-24 45.8 3.7 0.7 95.5 100.0 4.5 2.1 4,175
25-29 50.5 6.2 0.7 93.1 100.0 6.9 4.0 3,717
30-39 49.6 5.8 0.8 93.4 100.0 6.6 3.3 6,603
40-49 49.3 3.1 1.1 95.9 100.0 4.1 1.2 5,682
Marital status
Never married 41.7 2.4 0.5 97.1 100.0 2.9 1.8 8,971
Ever had sex 53.2 7.0 1.1 91.9 100.0 8.1 4.9 1,348
Never had sex 39.7 1.6 0.4 98.1 100.0 1.9 1.2 7,623
Married or living together 47.1 4.5 0.9 94.7 100.0 5.3 2.2 15,016
Divorced/separated/widowed 52.7 7.3 1.1 91.7 100.0 8.3 3.5 1,086
Residence
Urban 50.8 5.9 0.9 93.1 100.0 6.9 3.4 12,252
Rural 40.2 1.8 0.6 97.6 100.0 2.4 1.0 12,822
Region
National Capital Region 59.9 11.4 1.2 87.5 100.0 12.5 6.7 4,400
Cordillera Admin. Region 41.3 2.2 0.1 97.7 100.0 2.3 1.1 440
I - Ilocos Region 52.9 2.4 0.5 97.1 100.0 2.9 0.8 1,258
II - Cagayan Valley 31.1 0.8 0.3 98.8 100.0 1.2 0.8 802
III - Central Luzon 44.5 1.6 0.6 97.7 100.0 2.3 0.7 2,453
IVA - CALABARZON 38.1 3.4 0.8 95.8 100.0 4.2 1.7 4,016
IVB - MIMAROPA 60.2 1.5 0.3 98.3 100.0 1.7 0.6 621
V - Bicol 49.0 1.3 0.2 98.5 100.0 1.5 0.5 1,551
VI - Western Visayas 61.3 1.6 1.3 97.1 100.0 2.9 0.8 1,498
VII - Central Visayas 33.6 5.1 1.2 93.8 100.0 6.2 3.4 1,607
VIII - Eastern Visayas 42.1 1.6 0.1 98.3 100.0 1.7 0.9 997
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 40.4 2.4 1.1 96.5 100.0 3.5 1.2 764
X - Northern Mindanao 30.7 1.7 0.5 97.8 100.0 2.2 0.7 998
XI - Davao 38.7 1.6 0.7 97.7 100.0 2.3 0.4 1,203
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 30.7 1.7 0.7 97.6 100.0 2.4 0.9 1,038
XIII - Caraga 59.1 2.1 0.3 97.5 100.0 2.5 1.4 648
ARMM 29.4 0.6 0.3 99.1 100.0 0.9 0.2 780
Education
No education 15.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 200
Grades 1-6 29.2 1.0 0.5 98.5 100.0 1.5 0.6 3,245
Grades 7-10 40.2 2.7 0.5 96.8 100.0 3.2 1.4 11,558
Grade 11 29.4 0.0 0.4 99.6 100.0 0.4 0.0 934
Post-secondary 54.1 5.3 1.7 93.0 100.0 7.0 3.3 1,144
College 60.9 7.0 1.1 91.9 100.0 8.1 3.9 7,994
Wealth quintile
Lowest 31.9 0.8 0.3 98.9 100.0 1.1 0.4 4,209
Second 39.6 1.9 0.7 97.4 100.0 2.6 1.1 4,629
Middle 43.4 3.4 0.7 95.8 100.0 4.2 1.9 4,918
Fourth 48.3 4.4 0.7 94.9 100.0 5.1 2.1 5,528
Highest 58.8 7.4 1.1 91.5 100.0 8.5 4.4 5,791
Total 45.4 3.8 0.7 95.4 100.0 4.6 2.1 25,074

1
Includes ‘don’t know/missing’

36
3.17 VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

Violence against women is a pervasive and worldwide problem in almost all societies. It permeates
all social, cultural, economic, race and religious sectors. Violence can take many forms, including physical,
sexual, emotional, economic, and psychological abuse. It can have devastating consequences on the short-
and long-term health and well-being of the women affected as well as their over-all quality of life (Hutchins
and Sinha, 2013).

The Republic Act No. 9262 or the “Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004”
is one of the Philippine government’s initiatives in addressing the issue on violence against women. Under
this Act, violence against women and children is classified as a public crime and penalizes all forms of abuse
violence within the family and intimate relationships (Philippine Commission on Women).

As was the case in the 2008 and 2013 NDHS surveys, the NDHS 2017 included a Women’s Safety
Module to collect information on the extent of violence against women in the country. The questionnaire
comprises questions on the women’s experience of physical, sexual and emotional violence from their
husbands or partners as well as by other family members or unrelated individuals.

Table 21 provides data for ever-married women age 15-49 who have ever experienced emotional,
physical, or sexual violence by their husband or partner. One in five (20%) women has ever experienced
emotional violence, 14 percent has ever experienced physical violence, and 5 percent ever experienced
sexual violence by their current or most recent husband or partner.

Women who are divorced, separated, or widowed are more likely to have experienced all forms of
violence by their most recent partner compared with women who are married or living together: 53 percent
of divorced, separated, or widowed women have experienced physical, sexual, or emotional violence
compared with 24 percent of women who are married or living together.

Women’s experience with violence by a partner varies widely by region; only 7 percent of ever-
married women in ARMM report experiencing physical, sexual, or emotional violence by their last partner
compared with 52 percent of ever-married women in Caraga. All forms of violence generally decline with
increasing household wealth.

37
Table 21 Spousal violence by background characteristics

Percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 who have ever experienced emotional, physical or sexual violence committed by their husband/partner, according to
background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Physical and Physical or
Background Emotional Physical Sexual Physical and sexual and Physical or sexual or Number of ever
characteristic violence violence violence sexual emotional sexual emotional married women
Age
15-24 21.9 15.6 4.6 2.8 2.2 17.3 28.9 1,585
15-19 21.2 11.9 2.9 1.0 0.8 13.8 26.4 329
20-24 22.1 16.5 5.0 3.3 2.5 18.2 29.5 1,257
25-29 20.0 12.7 4.8 3.4 2.1 14.1 26.6 1,996
30-39 20.6 13.0 5.3 4.0 3.3 14.3 25.9 4,257
40-49 19.6 13.5 5.5 4.2 3.0 14.8 25.7 3,719
Religion
Roman catholic 20.4 13.7 5.3 4.0 3.0 15.1 26.5 9,189
Protestant 24.3 14.2 4.8 3.3 2.3 15.6 30.8 946
Iglesia ni Cristo 16.8 18.5 5.5 3.4 3.1 20.6 26.6 354
Aglipay 17.1 12.6 2.8 2.1 2.1 13.3 22.4 96
Other Christian 22.8 12.6 6.6 4.2 3.7 15.0 26.9 245
Islam 12.6 5.3 3.1 1.4 0.7 7.0 15.5 558
Other 23.7 9.5 3.1 1.9 1.7 10.7 27.5 138
None (38.2) (20.5) (2.7) (2.7) (0.0) (20.5) (40.8) 32
Marital status
Married/living together 18.5 12.3 4.6 3.2 2.3 13.7 24.4 10,778
Divorced/separated/widowed 45.6 29.1 13.1 11.4 10.6 30.8 53.4 779
Residence
Urban 19.2 13.7 4.5 3.4 2.6 14.7 25.5 5,264
Rural 21.4 13.3 5.7 4.1 3.1 14.9 27.1 6,294
Region
National Capital Region 10.0 9.0 1.6 1.1 0.7 9.5 15.6 1,727
Cordillera Admin. Region 12.3 8.7 3.1 2.1 1.5 9.6 16.0 165
I - Ilocos Region 24.7 19.0 6.3 5.1 3.6 20.2 33.1 555
II - Cagayan Valley 16.6 13.4 5.6 4.6 3.1 14.4 20.6 415
III - Central Luzon 11.9 8.5 3.7 2.9 2.3 9.3 15.4 1,175
IVA - CALABARZON 15.4 12.5 3.6 2.9 1.9 13.1 22.5 1,964
IVB - MIMAROPA 20.9 13.9 5.2 3.7 2.3 15.4 27.2 316
V - Bicol 33.0 24.2 11.9 8.7 6.9 27.4 43.4 707
VI - Western Visayas 25.1 14.8 5.5 4.4 3.5 15.9 30.6 689
VII - Central Visayas 33.7 14.5 6.0 4.2 4.1 16.3 38.0 675
VIII - Eastern Visayas 35.0 22.6 8.9 6.8 5.0 24.7 43.2 476
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 38.7 15.3 9.2 5.3 4.5 19.3 43.4 377
X - Northern Mindanao 18.2 12.0 4.2 3.6 2.6 12.6 22.6 488
XI - Davao 19.6 15.7 4.0 3.6 2.9 16.0 26.9 617
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 23.6 11.0 7.1 3.3 2.2 14.8 29.8 543
XIII - Caraga 44.7 22.6 14.9 9.5 7.5 28.0 51.8 323
ARMM 5.3 2.9 1.0 0.6 0.5 3.3 6.7 346
Education
No education 16.4 9.7 5.4 4.5 1.7 10.7 20.8 106
Grades 1-6 23.2 17.4 6.7 5.2 4.0 18.9 30.4 2,034
Grades 7-10 23.0 15.2 5.5 4.0 2.8 16.7 29.4 5,639
Grade 11 * * * * * * * 19
Post-secondary 16.9 10.5 4.1 3.2 2.9 11.3 22.1 581
College 14.6 8.5 3.7 2.6 2.2 9.7 19.2 3,179
Wealth quintile
Lowest 23.8 18.1 6.7 5.2 4.0 19.6 31.6 2,281
Second 25.6 15.9 7.3 5.3 3.9 17.9 31.8 2,322
Middle 21.9 12.6 5.9 4.3 2.9 14.3 27.4 2,326
Fourth 15.9 12.8 3.2 2.2 1.9 13.7 22.4 2,434
Highest 14.6 7.7 2.6 1.8 1.5 8.5 18.3 2,194
Total 20.4 13.5 5.2 3.8 2.8 14.8 26.4 11,558

Notes: Husband/partner refers to the current husband/partner for currently married women and the most recent husband/partner for divorced, separated or widowed
women. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been
suppressed.

38
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