HEALTH SECTOR REVIEW

FERTILITY, FAMILY PLANNING AND

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

JULY 2014

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 AUTHORS:
GAVIN JONES
SRI MOERTININGSIH ADIOETOMO

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Ms Nina Sardjunani, Deputy for Human Resource Development
and Culture at Bappenas, Prof Fasli Jalal, Head of BkkbN, and other resource persons from
the Ministry of Health, BkkbN, Johns Hopkins CCP, and Indonesian Midwives Association
(IBI) who provided valuable inputs, consultations and reviews to improve this report i 1 .
Special thanks goes to Dr Arum Atmawikarta, Mr. Ahmer Akhtar and Dr. Pungkas Bajuri who
coordinated all aspects of this study.

This report would not have materialized without the support of AUSAID (now DFAT) through
AIPHSS.

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A list of names of resource persons and their affiliation is attached in the annex

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Table of Contents

Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................... 3
List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. 6
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ 7
Abbreviations and Acronyms...................................................................................................... 8
Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................10
1. Introduction: Population and Fertility Trends ......................................................................17
1.1. Fertility and Family Planning issues ............................................................................18
1.2. Fertility and marriage issues .......................................................................................19
2. Achievement So Far ..........................................................................................................23
2.1. Fertility ........................................................................................................................23
2.2 Family Planning ..........................................................................................................23
2.3 Unmet need ................................................................................................................24
2.4 Contraceptive method mix ..........................................................................................29
2.5 Abortion rate ...............................................................................................................30
3. Remaining Challenges .......................................................................................................31
3.1 TFR has stalled since 2003.........................................................................................31
3.2 Regional and socio-economic variation in fertility and in unmet need for family
planning.................................................................................................................................31
3.3 Early marriage and teenage fertility .............................................................................32
3.4 Why is CPR stalling? A situation analysis in 15 Districts .............................................33
3.5 Situation analysis: from a study in 4 provinces and 15 districts. ..................................34
4. Strategic Issues .................................................................................................................37
4.1 Financing and method mix ..........................................................................................37
4.2 Improvement of equity of access.................................................................................37
4.3 Planning and budgeting: Lack of political commitment among Bupati or Walikota .......37
4.4 Capacity of BkkbN’s human resources........................................................................38
4.5 Family Planning Services ............................................................................................39
4.6 Issues of demand creation ..........................................................................................40
4.7 Contraceptive supply chain management issues ........................................................41
5. New and Emerging Challenges ..........................................................................................42
5.1 Situation of family planning under the new JKN ..........................................................42
6. Policy Directions and Strategies.........................................................................................44
6.1 Key policy objectives...................................................................................................44
6.2 Assist the private sector - A bidan-focused strategy ....................................................46
6.3 Demand creation: Reinvigorate specific BkkbN programs ...........................................46

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 6.4 Meeting the unmet need of economically disadvantaged couples ...............................47
6.5 Balancing method mix through increasing long-acting method use .............................47
6.6 Strengthening contraceptive supply chain management .............................................47
6.7 Fostering more effective collaboration at the district level ...........................................48
6.8 Support for later marriage ...........................................................................................48
6.9 Meeting the reproductive health needs of the unmarried .............................................49
6.10 Financing of the family planning program ......................................................................49
7. 2019 Targets......................................................................................................................50
7.1 Fertility – Population Dynamics ...................................................................................50
7.2 Contraceptive Use- Balancing Method Mix .................................................................50
7.3 Reducing unmet need and increase in private sector use ...........................................50
7.4 Increase in quality assurance; Bidan competence and contraceptive supply chain
management .........................................................................................................................51
7.5 Adolescent RH - reducing teenage fertility ..................................................................51
7.6 Coordination among stakeholders and community participation ..................................51
7.7 Equity..........................................................................................................................51
8. Program and Main Activities ..............................................................................................53
9. Risks ..................................................................................................................................58
10. Challenges .....................................................................................................................60
References ...............................................................................................................................61
Appendix Table 1. Changes in Singulate Mean Age at Marriage (SMAM) and in % females
ever married at ages 15-19 between 2005 and 2010, Indonesian provinces .............................63
Appendix Table 2. Projection of TFR 2010-2035 by Province. ..................................................65
Appendix 3 List of Individuals and Organizations Consulted .....................................................66

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List of Tables

Table 1. Population Growth and Fertility, 2010 - 2014 ....................................................................... 23

Table 2. Family Planning Targets in Mid-Term Review of RPJM, 2010 - 2014.............................. 24
Table 3. Demographic Trends According to the Official Indonesian Population Projection ......... 45

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List of Figures

Figure 1. Indonesia: Projected Total Population ................................................................................. 18

Figure 2. Indonesia: Dependency Ratio ............................................................................................... 18
Figure 3. Trend in TFR after Reaching 2.6, Various Countries......................................................... 21
Figure 4. Provincial Variations in Total Fertility Rates, 2012 ............................................................. 22
Figure 5. Trends in Unmet Need for Family Planning, 1991 - 2012 ................................................. 25
Figure 6. Percentage of Married Woman with Unmet Need for Family Planning by Age of
Women, IDHS 2012 ............................................................................................................... 25
Figure 7. Percentage of Married Women using Contraceptives by Method and Wealth Index,
IDHS 2012 ............................................................................................................................... 26
Figure 8. Percentage of Married Women who Want to Space or Limit Childbearing but not
using Contraceptives (Unmet Need), by Wealth Index, IDHS 2012............................... 27
Figure 9. Provincial Differences in Use of Modern Contraception and in Unmet Need for
Contraception.......................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 10. Short Term Methods Remain Dominant in Method Mix, 2007 - 2012........................... 29
Figure 11. Increasing Private Sector Services, 1991 - 2012 ............................................................. 30
Figure 12. Percentage of Teenagers Aged 15 - 19 Who Have Begun Childbearing ..................... 33

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Abbreviations and Acronyms

ALOKON Alat dan obat kontrasepsi (Contraceptive devices and drugs)

APBD Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah (Local Revenue and Expenditure
Budget)
APBN Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Nasional (National Revenue and
Expenditure Budget)
Bappeda Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah (Local Development Planning
Agency)
Bappenas Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (National Development
Planning Agency)
BCC Behaviour Communication Change
BkkbN Badan Kependudukan dan KB Nasional (National Population and Family
Planning Board)
BPJS Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial (Social Security Agency)
BPS Badan Pusat Statistik – Statistics Indonesia
CBR Crude Birth Rate
CDR Crude Death Rate
CPR Contraceptive Prevalence Rate
CSCM Contraceptive Supply Chain Management
CTU Contraceptive Technology Update
DAK Dana Alokasi Khusus (Special Allocation Fund).
DHS Demographic and Health Survey
DinDikBud Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (Office of Education and Culture – local
level).
Dinkes Dinas Kesehatan (Office of Health – local level).
FP Family Planning
FS Female Sterilization
GENRE Generasi Berencana (Generation with Planning)
IBI Ikatan Bidan Indonesia (Midwives’ Association)
IDHS Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey
IEC Information Education and Communication
IUD Intra Uterine Devices
JKN Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (Universal Health Care)
JKN-KB Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional Keluarga Berencana (Universal Health Care -
Family Planning)
JNPK Jaringan Nasional Pelatihan Kesehatan (National Network of Health
Training).
KPAI Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia (National Commission on Child
Protection).
KUA Kantor Urusan Agama (Office for Religious Affairs)
MOED Ministry of Education

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MOH Ministry of Health
Musrenbang Musyawarah Perencanaan Pembangunan (Discussions on Development
Planning).
MWRA Married Women of Reproductive Age
NGO
Non-Government Organization

NRR Net Reproduction Rate

NTT Nusa Tenggara Timur
OBGYN Obstetrics and Gynaecology
P2KP Jaringan Nasional Pelatihan Kesehatan (Network of Health Training at the
Province level).
P2KS Jaringan Nasional Pelatihan Kesehatan (Network of Health Training at the
District level).
PBI Penerima Bayaran Iuran (Recipients of Premium Insurance paid by the
Government)
Pemda Pemerintah Daerah (Local Office of the Government)
PerPres Peraturan Pemerintah (Government Regulation).
PLKB Petugas Lapangan Keluarga Berencana (Family Planning Field Workers).
POGI Persatuan Ahli Obstetri dan Ginekology (Association of OBGYN)
PPKBD Pembina Program Keluarga Berencana Daerah (Local Family Planning
Program Officer)
PPM Pemenuhan Permintaan Masyarakat (Community Demand Fulfillment).
Puskesmas Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat (Community Primary Health Care).
RH Reproductive Health
RPJM2 Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah 2 (Mid-term Development Plan
2).
RPJM3 Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah 3 (Mid-term Development Plan
3).
RPJMN Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional (National Mid-term
Development Plan).
SDKI Survey Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia (see IDHS).
SDP Service Delivery Point
SJSN Sistem Jaminan Sosial Nasional (National Social Security System)
SK Surat Keputusan (Letter of decree)
SKPD-KB Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah – Keluarga Berencana (Family Planning
Implementers at the District Level)
SMAM Singulate Mean Age at Marriage
SUPAS Survey Penduduk Antar Sensus (Intercensal Population Census)
Susenas Survey Social Ekonomi Nasional (National Social and Economic Survey)
TFR Total Fertility Rate
UN United Nations

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Executive Summary

Indonesia is benefiting from a slowing of rates of population growth and from the
“demographic window of opportunity”, the change in age structure resulting from earlier
declines in fertility. This window will widen further in the next two decades, especially if the
total fertility rate can be lowered to replacement level, i.e. 2.1. However, Indonesia’s fertility
rate appears to have risen over the latter part of the past decade to its level of a decade ago
– about 2.5. This is because contraceptive prevalence has levelled off at around 62 per cent,
the method mix has shifted toward methods with higher discontinuation, and age at marriage
has fallen, leading to earlier initiation of childbearing.

In the past, Indonesia’s fertility rates fell in tandem with rising levels of economic and social
development (rising income levels, urbanization, educational development, and declining
infant and child mortality), and assisted by a vigorous family planning program. During the
last decade, though, continuing economic and social development has not led to reduced
fertility rates, and the family planning program has found it hard to adapt to new challenges,
including those resulting from regional autonomy.

The key challenges facing revitalization of the family planning program are (1) the need for
effective collaboration between BkkbN, Depkes, and the private sector at the national level,
and between these actors and local government at the kabupaten/kota level; (2) The need to
develop effective mechanisms for the family planning program under the new universal
health care program (JKN).

There is a need to focus on ensuring that the economically disadvantaged are not blocked
from practising contraception through lack of knowledge, lack of access to the methods they
need or inability to pay for contraception. The method mix has been shifting in favour of
short-term methods: the injectable and the pill accounted for 79 per cent of methods used in
2012, compared with 17 per cent for the IUD, implant and sterilization combined. If this ratio
reflected women’s preferences, then these should be respected. However, there is
considerable evidence that it reflects, instead, the preferences of providers. At present, the
private sector is providing 72% of contraceptives, provided mainly by bidan. Many of these
bidan are employed in the government sector, but also operate their private practice. In
private sector practice, there is an emphasis on short-term methods, partly because these
are more remunerative for the provider. Many bidan are also not confident in inserting IUDs
and implants.

The method mix disadvantages many lower-income users. In terms of both demographic
impact and the need to provide users the most effective and acceptable method, effective
promotion of longer-acting methods is needed, and training of bidan to increase their skill in
providing longer-term methods is also urgent. The government must be involved in this, as
the private sector cannot be relied on to play this role.

The implementation of the JKN will provide further challenges, as well as opportunities, for
the family planning program. The key issues are as follows:

1. The JKN, as a social insurance system which aims to pool risk, benefits from large
numbers of healthy members who do not need to utilize health services. In contrast, the
family planning program focuses on the need to recruit increasing numbers of acceptors
from the ranks of those facing unmet need for contraception. The system of capitation

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 will mean less profit for providers, and hence a disincentive for increasing contraceptive
prevalence rates.

2. There needs to be a clear explanation of who has to pay for contraceptives and who
gets them free. At present, 72% of contraceptive users pay out of pocket to private
sector providers, while BkkbN provides the contraceptives free for those obtaining them
from public clinics. If BkkbN has to provide free contraceptives for all users, the family
planning program will depend on government funding indefinitely.

3. The role of the bidan and their remuneration for providing services, and the regulation
that those who provide family planning services as Klinik Pratama have to develop
networking under the coordination of a doctor, needs to be given careful consideration.

Promotion of later marriage is a key task facing the BkkbN, both because of its demographic
implications and its many other dimensions. Early marriage has played an important role in
the stalling of fertility decline in Indonesia, because it brings childbearing forward in time,
thus raising period fertility rates. The high incidence of teenage marriage reflects a situation
in which many such marriages are not desired by those entering the marriage, either
because they result from unintended pregnancies, and marriage appears to be the only
socially acceptable solution; or because they result from pressures to marry from
conservative parents. There is therefore a human rights dimension - nobody should be
forced to marry a partner not chosen by them at an age not chosen by them; and a
reproductive rights dimension – some of those who need reproductive health information
and contraceptive services have restricted access to them because of existing laws and
regulations. The reproductive health issues of adolescents are some of the most serious
issues facing Indonesia.

For population, family planning and reproductive health, the key policy objectives, expressed
very broadly, are as follows:

1. Lower the fertility rate to replacement level as soon as possible, in the face of still
relatively high desired family size, while respecting the rights of individuals and couples
to have the number of children they desire.

2. Promotion of a rising age at marriage in the interest of the wellbeing of young people
(especially young girls) whose freedom to choose their partner must be promoted, and
who face health consequences from early childbearing. A rise in age at marriage will
also lead to lower fertility.

3. Revitalization of the family planning program, in order to meet the reproductive health
needs of the population and lower the level of unmet need for contraception.

With regard to the first objective, it is expected that continuing success in economic and
social development (rapid economic growth, further lowering of mortality rates, urbanization,
further increase in educational enrolment ratios, growth of formal sector employment) will
play a major role in delaying marriage and lowering desired family size. However, crucial as
they may be, planning for these developments lies outside the scope of the present report.
The two key levers for achieving the first objective that are relevant to the present report are
to assist more of the couples with an unmet need for contraception (currently 11% of
couples) to practice contraception, and to promote a rise in the age at marriage.

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In seeking to raise age at marriage, the main emphasis should be on reducing teenage
marriage, and enforcing the legal minimum age at marriage. In cases where marriage results
from premarital pregnancy, it reflects a need for family planning information and services to
be available to the unmarried. In cases where the marriage occurs when the girl is aged
below 16, it reflects the need to enforce the minimum legal age at marriage. In cases where
the marriage is arranged without the consensus of the bride, it reflects the need to enforce
human rights legislation.

The third objective, revitalization of the family planning program, is aimed at sharply lowering
the level of unmet need for family planning through more focused and efficient provision of
family planning information and services. The strategy should be to clearly delineate the
respective roles of the BkkbN, Kemenkes and local government in (1) providing public sector
family planning/reproductive health information and services, and in advocacy activities
related to such activities; (2) supporting the private sector and community groups involved in
provision of contraceptive supplies and services; (3) promoting contraceptive use by couples
in planning their families (demand creation).

The revitalization of the family planning program will lead to a reduction in the level of unmet
need for family planning, enabling those wishing to avoid births that are unwanted (at
present, or at all) to achieve their objectives. There will be wider benefits as well. A
revitalized family planning program would contribute to lowering the maternal mortality rate
in two ways: avoiding some pregnancies that would have resulted in unsafe induced
abortions, and avoiding some births that would have occurred in circumstances with an
above-average chance of delivery complications that could not be well met by available
health facilities. It would also enable more women to enter the workforce, rather than
bringing up babies they had not wanted.

The demographic targets of the RPJMN 2015-2019 should be modified in light of the latest
understandings of fertility trends and their likely trajectory, for consistency with the recently
issued official population projections and given the policies to be discussed below. The
longer-term target consistent with the population projections would be that in 2025, TFR
would be 2.1, CBR 15.6, CRD 7.4 and the annual rate of population growth would be 0.82
per cent. These targets can be considered conservative; the resumption of fertility decline
could well be faster, and TFR=1 could be reached much sooner if most of the unmet need
for contraception is met; long-term family planning methods are emphasized more;
communication efforts to reduce early marriage succeed; and economic and social
development, especially further increase in educational enrolment rates, continues.

Issues in revitalizing the family planning program include the relative roles of BkkbN,
Depkes, local government, the private sector and NGOs, particularly at the kabupaten level.
The limited availability of suppliers – bidan and doctors – in puskesmas is an issue for the
promotion of longer-term methods. The contraceptive supply chain – from accession to
storage and distribution to the final users - needs to be effectively managed. The role of
NGOs in providing RH/FP services needs to be expanded, and community participation in
family planning/reproductive health promotion revived. There is a role for revived IEC efforts,
for which BkkbN was well known in the past. The basics need to be stressed: the benefits of
delayed marriage and small family size for mother and child health, for children’s
opportunities for continued education, for women’s opportunity for self-development.
Training of staff is needed to use a life cycle approach to providing appropriate messages in

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promoting contraception for spacing or limiting. An intensive IEC strategy for adolescent
reproductive health is needed, through both formal and non-formal institutions.

In brief, the following strategies for revitalizing the family planning program are
recommended:

1. Assist the private sector to better meet the needs of the 72% of users it serves

2. Assist the BkkbN to better serve the needs of the poorer sections of the community for
whom the cost of contraceptives is likely to be an obstacle to use

3. Reinvigorate BkkbN’s postpartum, post-abortion and workplace-based family planning

programs

4. Facilitate cooperation between BkkbN, Dinkes and Pemda at the district level

5. Follow a bidan-focused strategy for ensuring the effective provision of family planning
services of high quality.

6. Mount a communications program through BkkbN and supportive local government

agencies, workplaces, schools and community groups to foster later marriage

7. Through a communication program and provision of services, meet the reproductive

health needs of the unmarried

Some more detail on some of these strategies follows:

A Bidan-Focused Strategy

As most private sector services are provided by bidan, strengthening the role of the private
sector should be focused on strengthening the role of bidan. Of the 135,000 midwives in
Indonesia, approximately 40,000 provide family planning services, of whom about 10,000 to
12,000 belong to an elite accredited group called Bidan Delima, who provide a package of
high quality MCH and family planning services in the private sector. The strategy should be
to strengthen and enlarge the group of Bidan Delima and then other licensed midwives to
provide a wide range of contraceptives, including longer-acting methods, by expanding the
range of training opportunities for clinical skills and hands-on experience, including
interpersonal counselling techniques. One of the objectives of this training should be to
eliminate the current evident provider bias favouring injectables.

Fostering Demand

Revitalize understanding of the benefits of having small family size through IEC and BCC,
through the following key messages:

• Will improve mothers and child’s health

• With small number of children, parents will be able to meet basic needs of their children,
and invest more in their educational development

• In the long run, quality of next generation will be better than the previous generations.

• This will help poverty reduction.

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The main challenge is the shortage of fieldworkers (PLKB) who were formerly the spearhead
of communication efforts. This problem can be overcome by (1) arranging for bidan who
have completed PTT duties to double up as motivators; (2) Working with the Dinas
Kesehatan to develop health promotion working groups which include family planning
promotion.

Meeting the Unmet Need of Economically Disadvantaged Couples

1. Communication about use of contraceptives according to life cycle approach (spacing or

limiting). Ensure that information and services relating to long-acting methods are
available.

2. Reduce side effect or health related problems resulting from contraceptive use, through
more effective counselling and increased availability of trained personnel.

3. Provide access to contraceptive services which are affordable to the poor

Balancing Method Mix through Increasing Long-Acting Method Use

1. Counseling on the benefit of using long-acting method, especially for users who plan to
limit family size. Ensure that information and services relating to long-acting methods
are available.

2. Increasing the number of bidan who are qualified to insert IUD and Implant

Strengthening Contraceptive Supply Chain Management

1. Improve field data on kinds of contraception needed, supported by recording and

reporting activity, checked against PPM data from BKKBN.

2. Transparent provision and purchase of contraceptive supplies using e-catalogue. Cease

receiving all products at the central warehouse prior to distribution to provincial level.

3. Move from target-based to evidence-based methodology to determine contraceptive

requirements; keep accurate records of contraceptive supply availability so that
stockouts do not occur.

4. Improving storage warehouses consistent with standards needed to maintain the quality
of contraceptives. Consider bypassing district level in delivering contraceptives to SDPs.

5. Allocate funds for management of the warehouses.

6. BkkbN allocate funds for ‘handling costs’ and transportation and ensure that
contraceptives reach the clients who need them.

Fostering More Effective Collaboration at the District Level

1. Comply with the Health Minister’s instruction that Dinkes at the Kabupaten/Kota Level
have to assist SKPD KB in implementation of FP program.

2. Strengthen advocacy to Bupati and Walikota about the importance of the family
planning program for the future generation, by building a solid team consisting of SKPD-

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 KB, Dinkes, Bidan, Camat, and community leaders to obtain commitment for the family
planning program.

3. Strengthen the involvement of SKPD-KB in social development planning (education,

health) at the Kabupaten level to include the FP program, and so ensure budget
allocation for family planning activities.

4. Strengthen capacity of the SKPD-KB at the Kabupaten/Kota level to identify issues, set
priorities, and conduct planning and budgeting for the district family planning program.
Strong and accurate program planning and budgeting with supporting argumentation is
needed to convince the Pemda of the importance of allocating a budget for family
planning.

5. Guidance and technical support by national and provincial government to increase the
capability of SKPD-KB to carry out their duties.

Support for Later Marriage

1. Advocacy to executive, religious and community leaders on the reasons to delay

marriage

2. Activate the enforcement of the minimum marriage age in the marriage law, especially
the minimum age of 16 for girls.

3. Enforcement of regulations to keep children in school longer and facilitate this through
fellowships for poor students (available through MOED).

4. IEC to parents and children to delay marriage to benefit fully from educational
opportunities and avoid unintended pregnancies and unsafe abortion that is hazardous
to maternal mortality.

Meeting the Reproductive Health Needs of the Unmarried

1. Support the GENRE program which assists young people to pursue quality living and
avoid risky behavior including pre-marital sex.

2. Work with NGOs to meet the reproductive health needs of youth.

3. Strengthen the coordination between government and partner (NGO).

Financing of the Family Planning Program

1. Need for MOU between BkkbN and Ministry of Interior about financing of the family
planning program at the regional level

2. Consideration should be given to disbursing APBN funds directly to the kabupaten/kota

level. This would require appropriate monitoring and evaluation mechanism, and
technical support for SKPD-KB to develop regular program planning and budgeting.

3. The DAK (special allocation budget) - a central government contribution to fund specific
priority activities at kabupaten/kota level, gives priority to lagging regions with relatively
poor fiscal capacity, but with good potential to carry out the programs. The budget is
usually used for infrastructure such as buildings, vehicles, IUD kits, etc. The utilization is

15
 often not optimal because of lack of operational funds or diversion to other uses;
moreover, program needs are often not for infrastructure, but for operational expenses.
The Pemda has to put aside counterpart funds amounting to 10 percent of the total
DAK. This reduces the funds which should be able to be used for operational expenses
of the family planning program.

4. It is recommended that for the kabupaten/kota where infrastructure needs have been
met, the DAK budget could be used for operational aspects of the family planning
program including for training of bidan, contraceptive supply etc.

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1. Introduction: Population and Fertility Trends

Indonesia has profited greatly from the reduction in fertility rates that was achieved over the
1970s, 1980s and 1990s. This decline led to a near-cessation of growth of the school-age
population, thus facilitating the considerable increase achieved in educational enrolment
rates, slowing the increase in the burden of numbers on the health care system, and slowing
overall population growth, thus ameliorating the environmental pressures that have
accompanied Indonesia’s economic development.

A popular way of conceptualizing the impact of changing age structures that result from
steady declines in fertility is through the term “demographic bonus” or “demographic window
of opportunity” – meaning the favourable trends in the proportion of working age population
in the total population. Such trends facilitate, but do not ensure, more rapid economic
development through improvements in human capital and higher levels of per capita
production. Indonesia made fairly effective use of its demographic window of opportunity,
which happily is expected to continue widening over the coming two decades.

There is, however, one factor marring this generally favourable picture: namely, the stalling
of fertility decline over the past decade. Whereas in 1985, Indonesia’s fertility was well below
that in Malaysia, India, Bangladesh and Vietnam, by 2010 all those countries had lower
fertility than Indonesia. The stalling of Indonesia’s TFR at 2.6 (half a child per woman higher
than replacement level fertility) means that total population is growing more rapidly than had
been expected, the school-age population is increasing, thus providing greater challenges in
achieving 9 years compulsory education and moving to 12 years’ compulsory education, and
the larger numbers of births increases the challenge in providing for the health care needs of
the population.

The exact trend of fertility since 2000 is a matter of considerable controversy. The reference
to a stalling of TFR at about 2.6 compares the estimated figure from the 2002 Demographic
and Health Survey (DHS) with the estimated figure for the 2012 DHS. However, careful
analysis of what happened since the 1990s suggests that TFR may have actually reached a
low of about 2.2 in 2002 and risen to about 2.5 in 2011 (Hull, forthcoming). The data are not
robust enough to be totally sure about this. What is clear, however, is that the fertility decline
experienced during the 1990s has not continued in the present century; fertility in 2012 was
barely different from its level in 2002.

If fertility decline can be resumed quickly, the scenario for future total population and its age
structure (reflected in dependency ratios) will be greatly affected. Figures 1 and 2 compare
trends in the official population projections released in January 2014 with those derived from
the latest - 2012 - United Nations projections. The United Nations projections show the
alternative paths of total population and of dependency rates depending on whether fertility
increases slightly from its present levels (the assumption in the high projection), declines to
replacement level by the early 2020s (the medium projection) or declines rapidly to levels
well below replacement level (the low projection). The official Indonesian projection is close
to the UN medium projection. Comparing the high and medium projections, the trajectory of
fertility could make a difference of about 49 million in the total population by 2050, and the
difference between a dependency ratio rising from a low of 0.47 in 2020 and one reaching a
low of 0.45 in 2025and remaining low for two decades after that.

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 Figure 1. Indonesia: Projected Total Population

Total Population ('000) - Indonesia

Historical

400
Official
Thousands

Indonesian
350 Projection
United Nations
300 Population
Projection:
250
High Variant

200

Medium Variant
150

100
Low Variant
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
Figure 2. Indonesia: Dependency Ratio 2050

1,20 Indonesia - Dependency Ratio Historical

(0-14 + 65+)/(15-64)
1,00 Official
Indonesian
0,80 Projection
United Nations
Population
0,60 Projection:
High Variant
0,40
Medium
0,20 Variant

Low Variant
0,00

1.1. Fertility and Family Planning issues

Indonesia has a valid interest in achieving replacement level fertility. Even if this is achieved
by the early 2020s, Indonesia’s population will still increase by about 86 million, or 36 per
cent, from its 2010 figure before levelling off well past mid-century,
mid century, as a result
res of population
momentum.2 The key issue for population planning and family planning in Indonesia is to
ensure that this macro goal of lowering the fertility rate is consistent with the goal of enabling
couples to achieve their desired family size and ensure
ensure their reproductive health. The fertility
goal should not be allowed to override these other goals. Are the two goals consistent?

2
This is based on the United Nations medium population projection; the official Indonesian population
projection does not go beyond 2035, in which year the population is expected to be still growing.
g

18
From one perspective, there may seem to be a conflict between them. After all, the average
expressed desired family size of Indonesian women is 2.8 children (married women) or 2.6
(all women) (DHS 2012), which if attained by all women would result in fertility above the
nationally desired level. However, it must be kept in mind that some women do not marry,
and some are unable to achieve their fertility desires because of marital dissolution,
infecundity or sub-fecundity. Therefore an average desired family size of 2.8 among married
women will not lead to a fertility level as high as TFR of 2.8. Moreover, as infant and child
mortality declines further, the “replacement” and “insurance” motives for having more
children will weaken. Desired family size can change, and could be expected to decline
somewhat as Indonesia reaches higher levels of economic development; social science
literature suggests that in general, socio-economic development is strongly related to fertility
decline, though institutional and cultural factors also play a role, as can a well structured
family planning program (Bryant, 2007; Robinson and Ross (eds), 2007). It is not
unreasonable to expect that if average age at marriage in Indonesia can be raised from its
current levels, and those couples with an unmet need for contraception can be enabled to
use contraception, fertility can be brought down to replacement level without any violation of
reproductive rights.

1.2. Fertility and marriage issues

It has to be conceded, however, that Indonesian fertility trends over the past decade suggest
that there are factors influencing Indonesian marriage and fertility that are working against
the usual relationship between fertility and socio-economic development. Rising school
enrolments have led to increasing enrolment rates in Indonesia for both males and females,
and the proportion of the Indonesian population living in urban areas has risen considerably.
Such trends are usually associated with delays in marriage and declines in fertility. But this
has not been the case in Indonesia in recent years. The factors leading to declining marriage
and a rise in fertility are not well understood. Therefore the fact that international experience
suggests that further improvement in Indonesia’s socio-economic indicators should lead to
increases in age at marriage and declines in fertility cannot be taken as evidence that these
associations will necessarily hold in Indonesia as well.

While in most Asian countries, average age at marriage for both women and men has been
steadily rising, in Indonesia, as noted above, there has been a surprising trend toward earlier
age at marriage since 2005 (Hull, forthcoming). Early marriage has played a very important
role in the stalling of fertility decline in Indonesia, because it brings childbearing forward in
time, thus raising period fertility rates. This effect on fertility rates occurs even if the couple
do not end up having any more children than if they had married later.

The trend to earlier marriage in Indonesia is not easy to explain. However, many observers
think a key element may be increased religiosity and participation by more young people in
religion-based social groups which foster early marriage with co-religionists, and the
prevalence of messages favouring early marriage and family formation in popular media
programs. If so, the trend is unlikely to continue unabated, particularly in the face of
continuing extension of average years of schooling. But much will depend on whether
alternative, convincing messages favouring delays in marriage are competing in the
marketplace of ideas.

19
The concerns about continuing high levels of teenage marriage in Indonesia relate not only
to their effect in fostering high fertility; there are also other major issues associated with such
marriages: human rights issues in the case of marriages where the girl had no say in the
choice of husband; issues of implementation of law in the case of marriages below the legal
age of 16; issues about the need for reproductive health education and provision of
contraception to sexually active adolescents in the case of marriages resulting from teenage
pregnancy (see Utomo and McDonald, 2009).

The health risks of early childbearing are faced both by those becoming pregnant outside of
marriage and by those married at an early age for other reasons, who are likely to have their
first child at an early age. These multi-faceted implications of early marriage pose
considerable challenges to policymakers in Indonesia

The key planning issues relating to fertility in Indonesia, then, include the uncertainty about
future trends in fertility if no major interventions to affect it are planned; and the likely efficacy
of different interventions. Briefly, on the first of these, the experience of other countries after
reaching a TFR of 2.6 illustrates the dilemma of predicting what will happen to fertility in
Indonesia. Figure 3 shows the trends in fertility in a number of comparator countries up to 10
or 20 years after fertility in these countries had fallen to 2.6, compared with what has
happened in Indonesia to date, and the projections of what will happen in Indonesia
according to the official Indonesia population projection. Clearly, Indonesian trends differ
greatly from most of these countries, which include some of Indonesia’s neighbours as well
as some other Muslim-majority countries. In many of them, the decline from a TFR of 2.6 to
replacement level occurred in less than 10 years, and in some cases fertility continued to
decline thereafter to well below replacement level 15 years after TFR of 2.6 was first
reached. Only in Sri Lanka was TFR after 15 years as high as it is assumed to be in
Indonesia (around 2.3). In the others, the TFR ranged from 1.5 to 2.1. The official Indonesian
population projections (as well as the United Nations medium projection) assume a very
slow decline in fertility toward replacement level, which in the official projections will not be
attained until 2027. While this may well be the case, there is a real possibility that fertility will
turn down much more rapidly as a result of socio-economic development trends, along with
revitalization of the Indonesian family planning program.

There are considerable regional variations in fertility (see Figure 4). Contrary to the situation
a decade ago, no Indonesian provinces have fertility below replacement level. Ten provinces
have a TFR of 3.0 or higher. These are mainly less populous provinces, seven of them with
a population below 3 million, and among them only Sumatra Utara has a population
exceeding 5 million. Their total population of 34 million is 14 per cent of the Indonesian
population. Thus the contribution of these higher fertility provinces to Indonesia’s population
growth is only modest.

20
 Figure 3.. Trend in TFR after Reaching 2.6, Various Countries
ountries

2,6

2,4 Indonesia
Sri Lanka
2,2
Myanmar
2
Malaysia
TFR

1,8
Tunisia
1,6
Iran
1,4 Thailand
1,2 Vietnam
1 South Korea
0 5 10 15 20
Years
Source:
ource: Derived from United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division
(2013), World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision,, DVD Edition. For Indonesia, after 10 years
beyond reaching 2.6, the trend is based on the official population projections.

The stalling of Indonesia’s fertility decline discussed earlier has resulted in the population
growth rate increasing from 1.44 percent per annum during 1990-2000
1990 2000 to 1.49 percent per
annum during 2000-2010 2010 (BPS, 20113). The RPJMN target for fertility (TFR) in 2019 is 2.3,
and Bappenas envisages achievement of a TFR of 2.1 (NRR=1, or replacement level) in
2025. In considering what policies are needed in order to lower fertility, the proximate
determinants of fertility must be kept in mind (see Bongaarts, 1978), as any policy can only
influence fertility through these proximate determinants. They are:

a) Proportion married

b) Contraceptive use

c) Abortion

3
BPS, 2011, Pertumbuhan dan Persebaran Penduduk Indonesia, Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010,
2010 page 8.

21
 Figure 4. Provincial Variations in Total Fertility Rates, 2012

Papua Barat 3,7

Sulawesi Barat 3,6
Papua 3,5
NTT 3,3
Maluku 3,2
Sulawesi Tengah 3,2
Maluku Utara 3,1
Kalimantan Barat 3,1
Sulawesi Tenggara 3,0
Sumatera Utara 3,0
Riau 2,9
Kalimantan Timur 2,8
Kalimantan Tengah 2,8
NTB 2,8
Sumatera Selatan 2,8
Sumatera Barat 2,8
Aceh 2,8
Lampung 2,7
Indonesia 2.6
Gorontalo 2,6
Sulawesi Selatan 2,6
Sulawesi Utara 2,6
Kepulauan Riau 2,6
Bangka Belitung 2,6
Kalimantan Selatan 2,5
Banten 2,5
Jawa Tengah 2,5
Jawa Barat 2,5
Bali 2,3
Jawa Timur 2,3
DKI Jakarta 2,3
Jambi 2,3
Bengkulu 2,2
DI Yogyakarta 2,1

0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0

Source: Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey 2012

TFR by province from the official projections are shown in Appendix Table 2

22
2. Achievement So Far

2.1. Fertility

The targets set in the RPJM 2009-2014 were to reduce the TFR from an estimated 2.6 in
2009 to 2.1 in 2014, and the population growth rate from 1.3% per annum to 1.1 per annum
over the same period. Teenage fertility indicated by Age Specific Fertility Rate at age 15-19
was to be reduced from 51 to 30 in 2014, and the median age at marriage was to be
increased from 19.8 to 21. It was noted that regional variation remained high. Given the
trends in teenage marriage that have become clearer since these targets were set, none of
the targets are likely to be achieved. Table 1 shows the conditions in 2007 and 2012, the
target for 2014, and Bappenas’ comment at the time of the mid-term evaluation of RPJM.

Table 1. Population Growth and Fertility, 2010 - 2014

Condition Condition Target Need to do

2007 2012 2014
Population 1.3 a) 1.49 c) 1.1 Work hard, new
growth rate strategy

TFR per 2.6 b) 2.6 d) 2.1 Work hard, new

woman 15-49 strategy
Teenage Correction 48 d) 30 Efforts should be
Fertility (ASFR 51 (author) continued to increase
15-19) per Age at marriage
1000
teenagers
Median Age at 19.8 b) 20.4 d) 21 Efforts should be
marriage- (yrs) continued
SMAM 22.5 22.2 Focus on increasing
(Singulate SMAM through
Mean Age at increase in education
Marriage (yrs)
Regional variations remains high
• 2000-2005 (a) Supas 2005, b) IDHS 2007; c) 2000-2010, Census, 2010
d) IDHS 2012
Source: Bappenas, 2013. Evaluasi Paruh Waktu (Midterm Evaluation) of RPJM 2009-2014.

2.2 Family Planning

The contraceptive prevalence rate has risen little since it reached a level of 60% (any
method) and 56.7% (modern methods) in 2002. In 2007 it was 57.4% if only modern
methods are considered, and 61.4% if traditional methods are included, and in 2012 57.9%
for modern methods or 61.9% for all methods including traditional methods. The method mix
has been shifting in favour of short-term methods: 23.5% of users are using the pill and
55.1% the injectable. In terms of both demographic impact and the need to provide users the
most effective and acceptable method, it would be desirable to have a greater proportion of
long-acting methods such as the IUD, implants and sterilization.

The targets for family planning in the midterm review of RPJM are shown in Table 2. The
final column presents the comments included in the mid-term review about strategies and
degree of difficulty faced in achieving these targets.

23
 Table 2. Family Planning Targets in Mid-Term Review of RPJM, 2010 - 2014

Condition 2007 Estimated Target 2014 What to do

Actual 2012
CPR, Modern 57.4 b) 57.9 d) 65.5 Hard to achieve
Method
Unmet Need 9.1 b) 11.4 d) 5.0 Continue the
Revised 13 hard work
(author)
Balancing 73.6% use short Very slight Balanced method Hard to achieve
Method Mix term method increase in FS* mix
and implant
Source of Supply 69% private 73% private d) Empower private
22% public 23% public sector?
• 2000-2005 - b) IDHS 2007, c) 2000-2010 – Census 2010, d) IDHS 2012
*FS –Female Sterilization
Source: Bappenas, 2013. Evaluasi Paruh Waktu (Midterm Evaluation) of RPJM 2009-2014.

2.3 Unmet need

Unmet need for contraception in Indonesia has been declining over time (see Figure 5). It is
not particularly high compared with many other countries (Jones, 2012). However, it is high
enough so that it can be considered a major reproductive health issue, as some of those
whose needs are not met are likely to have unwanted pregnancies, to practice unsafe
abortion, or to give birth to children who are likely to be neglected or abused. Reducing
unmet need by half, from the 2012 figure of 11% to 5%, would have important benefits in
these respects, as well as making a substantial contribution to lowering the fertility rate
towards the target replacement level. Unmet need means that the demand for contraception
is there, but information and services are lacking, or perhaps the cost of known methods is
considered too high. In theory, universal access to contraceptives means zero unmet need,
although in practice unmet need can never be totally eliminated. However, the aim of
reducing unmet need to 5% within a short time period is not unrealistic, even if it does not
quite meet the MDG5b: “achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health”.

24
 Figure 5. Trends in Unmet Need for Family Planning, 1991 - 2012

18
17
16
15
14 14
13 13
12
Percentage

11
10
8
6
4
2
0
1991 1994 1997 2002/3 2007 2012

Source: IDHS, 2012

Note: Figures in the above chart use the revised definition of unmet need (IDHS, 2012, page 96).

As shown in Figure 6, among the younger age groups, unmet need is mainly for spacing,
whereas among women from age 35 and up, it is mainly for limiting; in other words, their
desired family size has been reached, but they are not practising contraception. The fact that
unmet need for spacing is dominated by young couples below 30-34 years may reflect the
effect of early marriage and lack of awareness about the importance of family planning.

Figure 6. Percentage of Married Woman with Unmet Need for Family Planning by Age of
Women, IDHS 2012

18
16
15,3
14
12
Percentage

10
For Spacing
8
For Limiting
6 6,3

4
2
0,4 0,9
0
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Source: IDHS, 2012

Other information from the IDHS is very important in indicating inequities in access to family
planning. Figure 7 shows the percentage of married women using different contraceptive
methods by wealth index (from the lowest to the highest wealth quintiles). The lowest wealth
quintile is notably underrepresented in use of two of the long-acting contraceptive methods –
female sterilization and IUD – though they have higher proportions using the other long-
acting method – implants. Adding together the use of the three long-acting methods, the use
of implants by the poor does not make up for their low use of the other methods; overall, the

25
use of long-term
term methods by the highest wealth quintile (29.8%) is double that by the lowest
wealth quintile (14.7%).
%). This seems to reflect an inequity in access to different methods of
contraception; it is hard to imagine that the poor really want to rely on short-term
short methods to
a much greater extent
tent than the wealthy.

Figure 7. Percentage of Married Women using Contraceptives by Method and Wealth Index,
IDHS 2012

70,0
60,0
Percentage

50,0
40,0
30,0
20,0
10,0
0,0
Sterilizati Sterilizati
on on
Female Male Pill IUD Injectables Implants Condom
Lowest 2,8 0,2 23,6 2,8 60,9 9,1 0,6
Second 4,2 0,2 23,5 3,8 60,2 6,9 1,3
Middle 5,1 0,3 23,1 4,5 58,4 6,1 2,5
Fourth 5,1 0,3 25,1 7,3 54,4 3,9 3,8
Highest 10,5 0,2 22,8 15,7 43,6 3,6 3,6

Figure 8 focuses directly on unmet need by wealth index. While the unmet need for limiting
does not vary much by wealth quintile, unmet need for spacing is a different story; here the
poor have much higher unmet need than the other wealth quintiles.

26
 Figure 8.. Percentage of Married Women who Want to Space or Limit Childbearing but not
using Contraceptives (Unmet Need), by Wealth Index, IDHS 2012

8
7
6
Percentage
5
4
3
2
1
0
Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest
for spacing 6,7 3,8 3,9 3,9 4,3
for limiting 6,7 6,4 6,4 6,9 7,9

Figure 9 provides information on the proportion using a modern method of contraception,

and the proportion with unmet need, by province. This information reflects differential access
to contraception by geographical area. It is very clear that the lowest proportions
proportio using
modern contraception, and the highest proportions of unmet need, are concentrated in the
poorest provinces of Eastern Indonesia, where issues of widely dispersed population across
scattered islands or inaccessible, mountainous areas make it very difficult
d to provide
adequate health and family planning services. But there is considerable variation in unmet
need across
cross other provinces as well.

Importantly, there are two other kinds of unmet need that are not covered at all in Figures 5
to 9. The firstt is the unmet need for contraception by sexually active unmarried women (who
are not included in the DHS surveys). The second is unmet need for more appropriate family
planning methods for women who do not have access to the full range of methods. When
these
ese two additional categories of unmet need are considered, the task ahead of the family
planning program appears considerably more daunting.

27
 0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
Central Kalimantan South Kalimantan
Jambi Lampung
Lampung Bangka Belitung
South Sumatra Central Kalimantan
South Kalimantan South Sumatra
Bengkulu West Kalimantan
Bali North Sulawesi
Bangka Belitung East Java
West Kalimantan Jambi
East Java Central Java
Banten Gorontalo
Central Java Banten
North Sulawesi Bengkulu
West Java West Java
Indonesia Bali
Jogyakarta Jogyakarta
Riau Indonesia
Contraception

East kalimantan West Nusatenggara

Jakarta East kalimantan
province IDHS 2012

province, IDHS 2012

North Sumatra Riau
Gorontalo Jakarta
West Sumatra Central Sulawesi
Aceh North Maluku
North Maluku West Sumatra
West Sulawesi Sutheast Sulawesi
South Sulawesi Riau Islands
Riau Islands West Sulawesi
Central Sulawesi South Sulawesi
West Nusatenggara Aceh
Percentage of married women with unmet need for contraception, by

East Nusatenggara North Sumatra

Percentage of married women using modern method of contraception, by
Figure 9. Provincial Differences in Use of Modern Contraception and in Unmet Need for

Sutheast Sulawesi West Papua

Maluku Maluku

28
West Papua East Nusatenggara
Papua Papua
2.4 Contraceptive method mix

Two other related aspects of the current situation in regard to family planning are crucial.
The first is that the method mix has shifted steadily towards short-term
short term methods. The
injectable and the pill accounted for 79 per cent of methods used in 2012, compared
co with 12
per cent for the IUD and implant combined. If this ratio reflected women’s preferences, then
these should be respected. However, there is considerable evidence that it reflects, instead,
the preferences of providers. Currently, 72 per cent of of women access their family planning
services from the private sector, provided mainly by bidan. Many of these bidan are
employed in the government sector, but also operate their private practice. In private sector
practice, there is an emphasis on short-term
short erm methods, partly because these are more
remunerative for the provider. The public sector is more oriented to providing longer acting
methods, and free services through campaigns organized by the provincial representatives
of the BKKBN in coordination with with local officials from Districts or Municipalities. The
sustainability of these official programs is a key issue. In addition there are also issues on
referral system in case of complications or side effects, and contraceptive resupply.

The Mid-term reviewew notes the method mix in family planning, with short-term
short methods
dominating and little change between 2007 and 2012 (see Figure 10). ). Particularly notable is
the ratio between injectables and pills, on the one hand, and longer-term
longer term implants and IUDs,
on the other, which remains extremely high.

Figure 10.. Short Term Methods Remain Dominant in Method Mix, 2007 - 2012

No significant change in method mix 2007-2012

2007
60,0

50,0
Percentages

40,0

30,0

20,0

10,0

0,0
Female Male pill iud inject implant condo traditio
Steriliza Steriliza s m nal
tion tion
2007 4,9 0,3 21,6 8,0 52,0 4,6 2,1 6,5
2012 5,2 0,3 22,0 6,3 51,5 5,3 2,9 6,5

Figure 11 shows the trend in the proportion of contraceptive supplied by the public sector,
the private sector, andd other sources, between 1991 and 2012. The public sector has
reached the point where it supplies less than a quarter of the contraceptives in Indonesia.
This new situation has major implications for policy.

29
 Figure 11. Increasing Private Sector Services, 1991 - 2012

Increasing Private Sector FP Services, IDHS 1991-2012

80
70
Percentage 60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1991 1994 1997 2002/3 2007 2012
Private sector 22 28 42 63 69 73
Public sector 76 49 43 28 22 23
Other 2 23 15 8 8 4

2.5 Abortion rate

The level of the abortion rate in Indonesia is unclear, since data are very unreliable and
estimates can only be based on assumptions with a wide range of uncertainty. An estimate
of about 1.3 million induced abortions in 2000 was made by Utomo et al (2001); when
combined with an estimated 0.7 million unintended births, this means that at least 2 million
pregnancies were unintended (Hull and Mosley, 2009: 31-2). Since then, no credible
estimates of induced abortions have been made. The available studies, however, suggest
that women who obtain abortions in clinics or hospitals tend to be married and educated. But
in rural areas, traditional birth attendants are estimated to perform more than four fifths of
abortions. “Altogether, nearly half of all women seeking abortion in Indonesia turn to
traditional birth attendants, traditional healers or masseurs to terminate their pregnancy.
(Women who induce their own abortions are not included in these estimates)” (Sedgh and
Ball, 2008) The issue urgently needs further study, both because abortion is believed to be
widespread among married women facing an unmet need for contraception and those
suffering from contraceptive failure, and because it is believed to be widespread in the case
of pregnancies to unmarried teenagers. The need to lower abortion rates is urgent, as so
many abortions are conducted in unsafe conditions and are hazardous for maternal
morbidity and mortality.

30
3. Remaining Challenges

3.1 TFR has stalled since 2003

What are the possible reasons for the TFR remaining stagnant over the past decade?
According to the mid-term review of RPJM2, the target to increase the number of new
acceptors had been met, but the fact that contraceptive prevalence had not increased
suggests relatively high dropout rates, perhaps related to the “churning” across methods
which is commonly found in family planning programs emphasizing short-term methods.
There is a need to look more carefully at the characteristics of new acceptors. For example,
if they tended to be women using for the first time after having more than three children, this
might have little impact on fertility.

The long-term development plan of Bappenas 2005-2025 emphasizes the control of

population quantity and growth in the 2010-2014 period, and the achievement of a stable
population in the 2015-2019 period. This plan now requires modification, to be consistent
with the official population projections developed on the basis of the 2010 Population
Census results. These show that population growth is unlikely to be controlled in the 2010-
2014 period; rather, the rate of population growth is likely to still be as high as 1.3 per cent
per annum in 2015. Also, the slow decline in the CBR but no decline in the CDR envisaged
in these projections does not meet the conditions of a stable population, which are a
constant birth and death rate. In any case, there is no particular reason for setting a goal of
reaching a stable population. A more realistic goal would be to reduce the fertility rate to
somewhat below replacement level, recognizing that because of population momentum, the
population will continue to grow for decades after replacement level fertility is reached.

The official Indonesian population projection has been arrived at after considerable
discussion among the experts involved. It envisages a very slow decline in fertility, with
replacement level fertility being reached only in the 2025-2030 period. While this assumption
is understandable, given the stalling of fertility decline over the past decade, it is also
possible that fertility decline could be resumed at a faster pace than envisaged in the
projections. This will need to be monitored carefully because of the important implications of
an alternative trend for all aspects of development planning.

3.2 Regional and socio-economic variation in fertility and in unmet need for family
planning

As shown in Figure 4, fertility ranges widely between Indonesian provinces. It ranges even
more widely between districts. The provinces where the total fertility rate is above 3 are all
provinces with large areas that are relatively inaccessible. These provide particular
challenges in providing family planning and reproductive health services to their populations,
as evidenced by their higher levels of unmet need for family planning (Figure 9).

Socio-economic variation in fertility is also high, with higher fertility among the poorer and
lower-educated groups. According to 2012 DHS data, the TFR decreases from 3.2 children
among women in the lowest wealth quintile to 2.2 children among women in the highest
wealth quintile, and the mean number of children ever born declines from 3.9 among women
age 40-49 in the lowest quintile to 2.7 among women in the highest quintile4. It is unlikely

4
IDHS 2012: Table 5.2, page 52

31
that these differences in actual fertility fully reflect differences in desired fertility. As already
shown in Figures 8 unmet need for family planning is greater among women in the lowest
wealth quintiles.

3.3 Early marriage and teenage fertility

In Indonesia, little childbearing takes place outside marriage (or at least outside relationships
recognized as marriages by the community), though pregnancy is sometimes the
precipitating factor for marriage. Thus trends in marriage are very important in influencing
fertility. Teenage marriage and childbearing is one of the key factors keeping fertility above
replacement level in Indonesia, though equally important are the many issues it raises about
the welfare of the teenagers involved. Recent marriage trends in Indonesia have caused
surprise. After rising over a number of decades, the average age at first marriage (SMAM)
declined between 2005 and 2010 (see Appendix Table 1). Moreover, the proportion of
teenagers aged 15-19 who are married rose substantially, from 9.2 per cent to 14.4 per cent.
India had almost twice as high a proportion of teenagers married as Indonesia in 1990, but
the figures in 2010 were identical, because India had made considerable progress in
reducing teenage marriage, while Indonesia had not.

In Indonesia, marriage usually is followed rather quickly by childbearing, so it is no surprise

that many young women in their late teens have begun childbearing. The figures from
successive DHS surveys are shown in Figure 12. The proportions have not changed very
much over the past decade, except for a worrying rise at age 16; almost 5 per cent of girls
this age have started childbearing, reflecting marriages below the legal minimum age of 16.
At age 19, almost 25 per cent of young Indonesian women have begun childbearing. Overall,
10 per cent of adolescent women age 15-19 are already mothers or pregnant with their first
child. Childbearing at ages 15-19 is heavily concentrated among the poorest young women;
the percentages fall from 16.7 per cent in the lowest wealth quintile and 13.7 per cent in the
second lowest quintile to 6.6 per cent in the second highest wealth quintile and 2.6 per cent
in the highest5. Importantly, early childbearing exacerbates the other disadvantages faced by
the poor.

5
IDHS 2012, page 61 Table 5.12

32
 Figure 12. Percentage of Teenagers Aged 15 - 19 Who Have Begun Childbearing

30

25

Percentage 20
2002/3
15
2007
10 2012

0
15 16 17 Age 18 19
Source: IDHS, 2002/3, 2007, 2012.

The age specific fertility rate at age 15-19 has actually declined slightly over the decade
between the 2002/3 DHS and the 2012 DHS – from 51 to 48, though this is still quite a high
rate, much higher than in Thailand or Malaysia, for example. For women aged 20-34, the
rate has increased between 2002/3, 2007 and 20126.

3.4 Why is CPR stalling? A situation analysis in 15 Districts

There are many factors limiting contraceptive use in the current Indonesian situation,
especially those related to delivery mechanism, such as institutional arrangements, financing
of the family planning (FP) program and regulations which are hampering FP program
implementation. Most issues of institutional arrangements have arisen after decentralization.
The role of the BkkbN, which in its heyday was an efficient, centrally run agency reaching to
the far corners of the country, has changed significantly since regional autonomy, and the
BkkbN has been struggling to define its role and devise productive ways of operating. The
balance of responsibilities between BkkbN and MOH in provision of contraceptive services
was constantly an issue pre-dating regional autonomy, but it continues to pose difficult
questions, especially at the grass roots level. After decentralization, the issue of lack of
political commitment among local executives and legislatives has also emerged, resulting in
a low percentage of budget allocated for the FP program at District or Municipal level. The
third issue is regulation, as Law number 52 of 2009 on Population and Family Planning has
not been adequately supported by Presidential Regulation (PerPres) which should
strengthen the FP program.

In dot point form, a more detailed list of factors associated with contraceptive use includes:

1. The significant role of the private sector, which includes providers’ readiness.

2. The bidan is the spearhead of FP services at the grass roots level, but the role of PLKB,
which was significant in motivating couples to use contraceptives, is disappearing.

3. Contraceptive supply chain management and delivery.

6
IDHS 2012, page 54, Table 5.4

33
4. Unbalanced method mix

5. The long-standing and unresolved issue: services for the unmarried? Especially the
youth?

3.5 Situation analysis: from a study in 4 provinces and 15 districts.

The following section provides a more concrete analysis of issues and problems in the
delivery mechanism presented in the previous paragraph, based on a study, conducted in
2012 (Febriani 2012), which helped provide a clearer picture of the situation in the local
areas including political commitment on financing, human resources and partnership; as well
as challenges in revitalizing the FP program at district and municipal level. The study was
conducted in the following provinces:

1. West Java (large population with early marriage)

2. West NusaTenggara (high TFR, low CPR and high Unmet Need)

3. West Kalimantan (Low CPR, high unmet need)

4. North Sumatra (low CPR and high unmet need).

The in-depth study was conducted in 15 kabupaten/kota in the following provinces which
were included in BkkbN’s KB Kencana initiative: NTT, North Sumatra, West Sulawesi, West
Papua, West Kalimantan and West Java. In general, the key finding from the 15 kabupaten
and kota under study is that there is a lack of activity in the FP program, except in providing
contraceptive supplies. Outreach activity in the form of providing information and motivation
is not being conducted. This might be due to inexperienced human resources, and lack of
technical support (facilitation) from the Central or Provincial level of BkkbN.

Payment for FP services by the client, and regulatory aspects:

Cost of services is not a problem for most clients, because the price is relatively inexpensive,
most clients are willing to pay for FP services and have shown this by moving to the private
sector during the last 15 years.

In any case, althoughThe GOI provided contraceptives for free, in most cases clients have to
pay. Both private and public service delivery points (SDPs) apply tariff for services which
varies among kabupaten/kota or among SDPs. There are no standardized tariffs for FP
services, no official regulations from local government, Bupati or Walikota, no memorandum
of understanding between the local family planning workers and the local health authorities.
All the family planning implementing units at the kabupaten/kota level (SKPD-KB) distribute
to public SDPs, and some also distribute to private SDPs-KB. But most health facilities as
well as the health staff have to buy contraceptives or the particular brands needed or
preferred by most clients.

Some Puskesmas apply a fee for services. Puskesmas in several kabupaten stated they
were experiencing contraceptive stock-out, pill almost expired and unsuitable/inappropriate
size of injectable.

34
Planning and Budgeting

This varies among kabupaten/kota due to the absence of national guidelines or budget
allocation for the FP program at the local level. Kabupaten and Kota have different budget
allocation in terms of APBD. In general among the 15 kabupaten under study, the budget
allocated for the FP program ranges between 0.04-0.2% of APBD compared to 6-17%
allocated for health – in other words, only somewhere between 0.2 per cent and 3.3 per cent
of the health budget. There is no standard format of the allocated budget, for example cases
were found of 54% for building renovation, and 94% for family data collection.

There are certain minimum standards of services (Standard Pelayanan Minimal), designed
at the Central Office, as follows:

1. SKPD_KB/Kota should allocate 30% of contraceptive supplies from the local budget
(APBD) but in reality, this is not happening, so the central BKKBN has to provide all the
contraceptive supplies, for free. Only some kab/kota under study was able to provide the
30 % of contraceptives, showing that these Bupati have a commitment to implement the
FP program. In addition, the FP program obtains DAK (Dana Alokasi Khusus, or Special
Funds) but the regulation stated that this money is mainly for equipment and
infrastructure. This is a problem since the FP program is more about activities than
infrastructure. If it is used for mobile clinics (operational car, speakers etc), there should
be funds to cover operational cost.

2. There is a requirement set by the central government that local government has to
provide 10% of the DAK money in order to receive this DAK. This reduces the local
budget that is supposedly for the FP program

3. SKPD-KBs are not actively involved in planning and budgeting of programs or activities
at the village level. Most often proposals from the village level are only for infrastructure.
SKPD-KB should be involved in the development planning discussions
(MUSRENBANG) at the district and sub-district level to advocate the need for FP to be
included in the planning and budgeting.

4. SKPD-KB has to compete with other local programs - education, health etc, KB is not a
priority, and there is no monitoring and evaluation of SKPD-KB performance.

5. Budgeting refers to past years performance and there is no guidance on the budget
ceiling for the FP program.

Technical capacity of SKPD-KB

The capacity of SKPD-KB to advocate the need for and benefit of FP program is weak.
Staffs lack experience, management capability and technical competence. The assignment
of SKPD-KB is related to the political situation at the local area, and available budget is
sometimes used for operations related to local elections. Not surprisingly, there is a high
turnover of SKPD-KB. The key need is for capacity building, technical support for basic
planning, budgeting, program implementation, monitoring and evaluation and supervision, as
well as conducting IEC about the benefit of FP. The planning process needs to be integrated
with related sectors (Dinas Kesehatan, and Ministry of Women’s Empowerment and Child

35
Protection). Communication or relations between the SKPD-KB and Puskesmas or other
SDPs tends to happen only at the time of contraceptive distribution by SKPDs.

The BkkbN Provincial office determines the target for demand fulfilment (PPM). If the
kabupaten/Kota is able to meet the target, this is considered good performance. This
procedure appears to be “business as usual”, harking back to a much earlier period in the
program.

The kabupaten/kota do not have strategic planning for KB. There is no monitoring or
evaluation of the family planning efforts by local executives at the province level or by the
Central BkkbN office. There is little use of data in planning – but this is related to the lack of
suitable data. Data about clients who obtained contraceptives from SKPD-KB are not
available at the time of planning, and there are no data from the private sector SDP or KB
mandiri.

Family planning services

PLKBs (family planning field workers) were responsible for motivating clients to become
acceptors. But since decentralization the availability of PLKB and their activities has been
limited. Five of the kabupaten (30 percent) do not have PLKB, and in one kabupaten there is
only one PLKB covering 100 couples. PLKB performance is limited due to very limited
training; high turnover, especially of experienced PLKB (there are no incentive
remunerations for PPKBD (supervisor of PLKB) and Sub-PPKBD; geographical and
topographical barriers, with no support for operational cost; and sometimes lack of social
support from religious and community leaders.

The availability of bidan

There is an unevendistribution of bidan in the villages. In some kabupaten, bidan are more
concentrated in the kabupaten capital than in the villages, no doubt related to the preference
of bidan to work in urban areas. This increases problems of accessibility by the users. The
overall performance of bidan is low due to the lack of trained bidan, lack of technical skills
(only 14% have technical skills in inserting IUD and implant, and only 2% have counselling
skills), no supervision mechanism to ensure quality performance of bidan, and lack of
necessary equipment.

36
4. Strategic Issues

4.1 Financing and method mix

The majority of contraceptive users can afford to pay for their supplies, as evidenced by the
fact that the private sector now serves 73% of users, and that about 66% of users who
obtain services from the government (even the long-acting method) pay for the services. The
rest obtain the services for free – especially the long-acting method (IDHS 2012: 91).
However, the stress by private sector suppliers on short-term methods is undoubtedly
disadvantaging some clients – especially those who would prefer to terminate rather than
delay childbearing - in particular the poor who can ill afford the cost of contraceptive
resupplies. There are too many provider incentives for the use of injectables, and too little
support for vasectomy, implants and tubectomy (Hull and Mosley, 2009: 20-21; 26-30).
Thus, while “fully 50 per cent of all married women do not want another child yet the great
majority do not have effective access to the most secure methods of fertility control. This is a
huge “hidden unmet need” for the method of their choice to avoid another birth over the
remaining decade or more of their reproductive life.” (Hull and Mosley, 2009: 29-30).

The fee for services standard tariff varies due to lack of policy and guidelines from the
central government. This needs to be redressed.

4.2 Improvement of equity of access

There are many inequities in use, access and quality of FP/RH services - between
provinces, between districts within provinces, and between the general population and
marginalized groups. Reaching the hard-to-reach is costly, partly because groups are hard
to reach for different reasons: geography, religion, culture, leadership, political instability,
widely dispersed, tradition bound, illiterate, having poor access to health services, a legal
status that marginalizes, extreme poverty, or highly mobile (Lewis and Haripurnomo,
2009:51). The private sector is unlikely to address equity because it is difficult and costly to
reach society’s most marginalized groups. Government must take the lead on this issue.
Because the issues, approaches and required resources differ for each disadvantaged
group, required activities will differ. The key point is that government will need to set
priorities and develop interventions based on identification of priority areas and groups,
needs assessment and strategic factors (Lewis and Haripurnomo, 2009: 54-5).

4.3 Planning and budgeting: Lack of political commitment among Bupati or Walikota

The FP program is allocated a very small share of the APBD - between 0.04 and 0.2%. It is
hard to say what share it should receive, but non-involvement of SKPD-KB’s in planning and
budgeting at the district level means loss of opportunity in competing with other programs
such as education and health. There is also lack of integrated planning with the Dinas
Kesehatan and Ministry of Women’s Empowerment and Child Protection.

Of the total BKKBN budget, about 35% remains at the central level and 65% goes to the
Provincial BKKBN offices. At the provincial level, about 50-60% of the budget is distributed
to the kabupaten/kota level, depending on needs. The 40-50% which remains at the
Provincial level is used, among other things, for workshops, training etc. which draw
participants from the kabupaten/kota level. The budget at the kabupaten/kota level can be
used for all aspects of the population, family planning and family development program. It is

37
subject to control by the Provincial level. Since 2012, the distribution of the BKKBN budget
from the Province to the SKPD-KB has been by means of a MOU which is also signed by the
Bupati/Walikota.

The family planning program at the kabupaten/kota level has two sources of funding. The
first is the funds noted above, allocated by the BkkbN provincial level, and the second is the
APBD (kabupaten level budget), which depends on commitment by the legislative and
executive arms of local government.

BkkbN requires local government to provide 30% of contraceptives and supplies needed
(Minimum Standard of Services – Standar Pelayanan Minimal – SPM, SK Kepala BkkbN, 29
January 2010). Some kabupaten do meet the requirement, but the majority do not have
enough funding to do this. Therefore the Central office has to provide most of the free
contraceptives for the poor. There are seven provinces where contraceptives were provided
free for all of the acceptors: Papua, Papua Barat, Maluku Utara, Maluku, NTB and NTT
(discussion with the Director of Finance and Logistics Management at BkkbN, 20 January
2014). But there is also an issue that contraceptives provided by the central office and
delivered to kabupaten/kota level become commodities at this level, which means that
acceptors have to pay to obtain contraceptives.

Another issue is that funds are not provided for the handling costs of delivery of the
contraceptives provided by the central office to the point of services.

DAK (Dana Alokasi KhususorSpecial funds) also poses problems. Regulations specify that it
is only for infrastructure (sarana and prasarana) - which are not prioritized in the operational
mechanism at the local level. This means that although this is a source for funding at the
local level, regulations hamper its use for operational cost of the FP program. A solution has
to be sought to overcome this problem.

Since the family planning program is only one of 28 urusan wajib at the kabupaten/kota
level, it is important for the SKPF-KB to be able to negotiate the importance of family
planning for funding. Government regulation No. 41 of 2007, article 22, point 5 provides for
the establishment of BPKBD, but so far, out of 534 kabupaten/kota, only 18 have a BPKBD.
Of course, the program works well in many kabupaten that do not have a BPKBD, as the
SKPD-KB can conduct activities based on the MOU with the Province officials. But in many
cases, it does not appear to work well, as it depends entirely on the political commitment of
the local officials.

4.4 Capacity of BkkbN’s human resources

Assessment reports on the need for revitalization of the Family Planning Program suggest
the need for capacity building of BkkbN Staff at all levels (Lewis and Haripurnomo , 2009;
Thomas and Adioetomo, 2010). They found lack of skills to identify priorities, build
partnerships, generate political support, plan activities, and implement plans. This
assessment is also supported by the situation analysis in 14 Kabupaten. In general, the
technical competence and management capacity of the local officials at the district and
municipal level is lacking, in the following ways:

1. Lack of competence in basic planning, program implementation, monitoring and

supervision

38
2. Lack of capacity to advocate the importance of the FP program to executives and
legislators at the Kabupaten/Kota level.

3. Lack of communication with other sectors.

4.5 Family Planning Services

The increasing role of the private sector has to be supported. The 2012 IDHS shows that 72
percent of acceptors obtained services from the private sector, which were mainly provided
by Bidan or Bidan di Desa. The estimated number of Bidan registered in July 2013, was
around 135,000 persons. Among these, 40,000 bidan provided FP services, of which 31,400
were from government and private practice, another 8,600 were Bidan Mandiri (non-
government) who are only in private practice. About 10, 000 of the bidan who provide FP
services are called bidan delima; these provide a package of FP and maternal health
services that serves as the gold standard of the profession, in a private clinic of their
own.7(See also Parson, et.al.;2013).

But this number of qualified bidan is too small compared to the scale of demand for family
planning services, especially if the Government aims at increasing the use of long-acting
methods for more effective contraception and to reduce unmet need. The problem is not only
that the number and quality of bidan who are certified with CTU (Contraceptive Technology
Update) competence, especially in inserting IUD and Implant, is very minimal, but that there
is also a need for qualified bidan for counselling and with interpersonal relations skills.
BkkbN statistics in 2014 reveal that among 97,999 bidan registered by BkkbN, only about
44% have been trained in IUD, 37% in implant, and about 28% in counselling and
interpersonal communication8. Another issue is the highly uneven distribution of bidan. A
report by IBI in 2011 reveals that 105 Puskesmas, mostly in the Eastern Islands of
Indonesia, have no bidan.9

Thus, there is an urgent need to expand the number and distribution of Bidan, especially
those with CTU competence. This can be done through expansion of training programs for
bidan to acquire skills for long acting method services. During the 2010-2013 period, 35,000
bidan were trained, but the process of training faced many obstacles. Review of existing
documents and discussions with users as well as IBI officials leaves the impression that the
training system and quality of services of bidan who provide FP services leave much to be
improved.

1. The first issue is about the institutional arrangement of the training. Currently the JNPK
holds the MOH mandate as the sole training institution for health providers. In order to
achieve more effective training and increase the output of trained bidan, the government
needs to give permission to other institutions to engage in training. IBI can be invited to
organize this training program, working in collaboration with professional instructors such
as from POGI (Association of Indonesian OBGYN). The government regulations on the
mandate to conduct bidan training should be reviewed.

7
IBI claimed that by March 2014, the number of Bidan Delima has increased to 12,000 persons.
8
http://www. Bkbn.go.id/data/Default.aspx accessed March 2014.
9
Emi Nurjasmi, 2011. ‘Peranan Bidan Dalam Program Kependudukan dan Keluarga Berencana’.

39
2. Secondly, there are many problems in recruitment of trainees. For example, many of the
trainees did not have a permit to practice. The recruitment mechanism for trainees needs
to be widened to collaborate more with other related stakeholders and users - the
Dinkes, the IBI, the POGI, BKKBD/SKPD at Province level (in addition to JNPK at local
level), P2KS (province level), P2KP (Kabupaten/Municipal level).

3. Thirdly, a solution must be found for various barriers in training implementation, such as
the requirement that trainees must practice the insertion of IUD to five clients and the
implant to two clients as a requirement for obtaining CTU certification. It is difficult to find
‘models’ for IUD and Implant insertion. This problem hampers the trainee from obtaining
CTU certification, without which they are unable to practice as qualified bidan.BkkbN has
suggested that such practice can be done during the implementation of mobilfe FP
services10

4. Fourthly, the quality of the training must be improved to comply with standard training
requirements.

5. The Government budget for such training is lacking in alat bantu praktek, such as IUD
kits etc.

6. An overall lesson is the need to improve and strengthen collaboration with professional
organizations (IBI and POGY (OBGYN Association), as well as related institutions in the
local area.

The most urgent need is to increase the number of bidan delima. To acquire a certificate as
bidan delima, in addition to undergoing the same basic training as other midwives, a
candidate has been subject to a rigorous 6-month accreditation process focusing primarily
on quality of services and facilities (Parsons et.al, 2013). Thus it is a long process for a bidan
to obtain Bidan Delima certification. This is implemented by IBI as a professional
organization. IBI strongly suggests that this ‘branded Bidan Delima’ program should be
expanded. But, as well as cost, there are other obstacles: limited number of management
teams (tim pengelola), limited number of assessors, and limited number of facilitators.
Funding to expand the number of these officials is also limited and IBI requests the
government to assist them in conducting training for management team, facilitators and
assessors.

4.6 Issues of demand creation

The past success of the FP program lay mostly in the work of PLKB. The task of PLKB is
encouragement of couples to adopt small family size values and to use contraception. After
decentralization, the PLKB belongs to the Kabupaten and the numbers declined significantly.
Thus, the promotion of FP is rather neglected at the local level, with great variation between
districts.

Nowadays, the recruitment of new acceptors is mainly through strategic events, campaigns
to mobilize potential acceptors such as National Family Day (Harganas), and other events
which can be used for mobilization of couples to become new acceptors. This system is

10
Discussion with one of the BkkbN Directors

40
called ‘klinik bergerak’, which raises question on the sustainability of contraceptive use, the
referral system and contraceptive re-supply.

4.7 Contraceptive supply chain management issues

A recent report (Brandt and Benarto 2013) finds that managing contraceptive logistics and
the delivery system pose serious problems. The first issue is estimating the number of
contraceptives that should be available when needed. This is due to the use of target-based
rather than evidence-based methodology to determine contraceptive requirements, and poor
data in the recording and reporting system. The central government identified PPM
(Pelayanan Permintaan Masyarakat), as an estimate of demand for contraceptive but in
actual implementation, it is a target to increase new users.Stock outs are frequent in the
clinics supplied by BKKBN.Brandt and Benarto’s study stated that there is contraceptive
stock out of about 40%, but discussion with IBI indicated that the 40% is mainly about
unavailability of pills and injectables. Detailed discussion with a bidan, a member of
IBI,indicated that IUDs are mostly available when needed. Therefore, it is not clear from
Brand and Benarto’s study what specific methods of contraception are lacking.

The contraceptives and supplies are provided by the central government, delivered to
kabupaten/ kota through the province level. Whereas the MOH uses an E-catalogue system
for procurement, and drugs and medicines are delivered directly to the provincial or district
level, BkkbN receives all contraceptives at its central warehouse prior to their distribution to
the provincial level. This lengthens the supply chain. Moreover, it appears that in the storage
facilities used by BkkbN, both at the top of the supply chain and at its lowest levels,
temperatures are far higher than the 25 degrees celsius maximum recommended for
facilities used to store contraceptives. This puts at risk the potency of most of the
contraceptive stocks as they travel through the supply chain, before they reach the
consumer. There are low levels of competency in staffing both at the central warehouses in
Jakarta and at the lower level storage facilities (Brandt and Benarto, 2013). Another
problem is that there is no provision for handling cost for delivery from kabupaten to village
level and to the end users.

41
5. New and Emerging Challenges

5.1 Situation of family planning under the new JKN

The newly enacted Jaminan Kesehatan National (JKN) is deeply rooted in the National
Social Security System of 2004. Under the law establishing the National Social Security
System, family planning services and information provided by government health facilities or
by private sector facilities recognized and authorized by the government are included among
the health services covered by the system (see Article 22)11. Similarly, in article 21, ayat (1)
of the Presidential Decree No. 12 of 2013, on the JKN, family planning is included among
the promotive and preventive health services (ayat 4), with specific mention of basic
contraception, vasectomy and tubectomy, in coordination with the institution responsible for
the Family Planning Program. However, in article 25 it is stated that contraceptive devices
(alat and obat kontrasepsi) are not covered by JKN.12

There are a number of unresolved issues for users of contraception under the new JKN.

1. The first is the difference of concept or philosophy between JKN as a social insurance
system and the family planning program. The concept of insurance is pooling risk
through a revenue collection from membership.13 The concept is to avoid risk through,
among others, health promotion and prevention of health risk. Providers of services are
given a sum of resources (capitation). Thus, a large number of JKN members who are
healthy and do not need to utilize health services will be profitable to the providers. This
is very different from Family Planning, the focus of which is on recruitment of increasing
numbers of acceptors from the ranks of those facing unmet need for contraception.
These acceptors have to utilize FP services from FP providers. If the same system of
capitation is used as the JKN for health, the higher the utilization of FP services, the less
profit the providers will receive. This is a crucial threat to Indonesia’s efforts to increase
CPR, reduce unmet need and therefore reduce TFR. (There is already evidence that
some Puskesmas are reluctant to provide FP services which absorb their capitation). A
system needs to be developed which still complies with the SJSN but does not conflict
with the efforts to revitalize the program.

2. The second issue is the need to make a clear distinction between contraceptive
acceptors who are able to pay the premium and those who are entitled to receive
free services. This may require a review of the Ministerial regulation/BPJS, and at the
very least a clear explanation of who has to pay for the contraceptive services and
supplies and who gets them free. At present, most contraceptive users pay for the
contraceptives (72% of users pay out of pocket to private sector providers), while BkkbN

11
Pasal 22, Ayat (1)
Yang dimaksud pelayanan kesehatan dalam pasal ini meliputi pelayanan dan penyuluhankesehatan, imunisasi,
pelayanan Keluarga Berencana, rawat jalan, rawat inap, pelayanangawat darurat dan tindakan medis lainnya,
termasuk cuci darah dan operasi jantung.
Pelayanan ersebut diberikan sesuai dengan pelayanan standar, baik mutu maupun jenispelayanannya dalam
rangka menjamin kesinambungan program dan kepuasan peserta.
Luasnya pelayanan kesehatan disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan peserta yang dapat berubahdan kemampuan
keuangan Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial. Hal ini diperlukanuntuk kehati-hatian.
12
The usual practice of FP program is that BKKBN provided the contraceptive devices. So the JKN covered only
cost of FP services.
13
Menkokesra, 2012. Peta Jalan Menuju Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (Road Map of JKN) 2012-2019.

42
 provides the contraceptives free for those obtaining contraception from the public clinics.
Under the new regulations,contraceptive devices and medicines (ALOKON) have to be
covered by BkkbN for all contraceptive users. This would be in sharp contrast with the
present situation. If the BkkbN has to provide free contraceptives for all users, this will
mean that the family planning program will depend on government funding for a very
long time.

Even if government sources provide ALOKON only for those who are penerima bayaran
iuran (PBI), with a separate identity card from those who pay a JKN contribution, there is
still a problem of delivery of ALOKON for non-PBI participants. From where would these
acceptors obtain their supplies? If they have to obtain the supplies from the market and
bring them to the provider, this would be cumbersome. One possible solution may be for
the clinic facilities to be given a supply of ALOKON, but users who are contributing
members of JKN would have to pay for the ALOKON.

3. The third issue is the role of Bidan and the process of remuneration of services they
provide. This is related to the regulation that Bidan who provide FP services as Klinik
Pratama (Klinik Bidan, dokter gigi or dokter praktek swasta) have to develop networking
under the coordination of a doctor (in order to maintain high quality of services). Thus
klinik bidan athough registered and accredited, cannot be contracted directly by BPJS,
except in cases where the bidan is covering less than 3000 population. This is related to
the benefit package. Again this is an insurance concept which is against the FP goal.
Therefore there are two alternatives: decide whether FP is outside BPJS – JKN or
Review BPJS and Ministerial Regulation on JKN implementation. A similar case can
also be found with regard to nutrition policy.

43
6. Policy Directions and Strategies

6.1 Key policy objectives

The key policy objectives, expressed very broadly, are as follows:

1. Lower the fertility rate to replacement level as soon as possible, in the face of still
relatively high desired family size, while respecting the rights of individuals and couples
to have the number of children they desire.

2. Promotion of a rising age at marriage in the interest of the wellbeing of young people
(especially young girls) whose freedom to choose their partner must be promoted, and
who face health consequences from early childbearing. A rise in age at marriage will
also lead to lower fertility.

3. Revitalization of the family planning program, in order to meet the reproductive health
needs of the population and lower the level of unmet need for contraception.

With regard to the first objective, it is expected that continuing success in economic and
social development (rapid economic growth, further lowering of mortality rates, urbanization,
further increase in educational enrolment ratios, growth of formal sector employment) will
play a major role in delaying marriage and lowering desired family size. Such has been the
experience of the more developed countries. However, crucial as they may be, planning for
these developments lies outside the scope of the present report.

The second and third objectives are linked directly to the first objective. The second
objective is to raise age at marriage, with special emphasis on reducing teenage marriage,
and enforcing the legal minimum age at marriage. Early marriage is likely to result in early
childbearing, and this will cut short the studies of many teenagers. In cases where marriage
results from premarital pregnancy, it reflects a need for reproductive health information and
family planning services to be available to the unmarried. In cases where the marriage
occurs when the girl is aged below 16, it reflects the need to enforce the minimum legal age
at marriage. In cases where the marriage is arranged without the consensus of the bride, it
reflects the need to enforce human rights legislation.

The third objective, revitalization of the family planning program, is aimed at sharply lowering
the level of unmet need for family planning through more focused and efficient provision of
family planning information and services. The strategy should be to clearly delineate the
respective roles of the BkkbN, Kemenkes and local government in (1) providing public sector
family planning/reproductive health information and services, and in advocacy activities
related to such activities; (2) supporting the private sector and community groups involved in
provision of contraceptive supplies and services; (3) promoting contraceptive use by couples
in planning their families (demand creation).

The revitalization of the family planning program will lead to a reduction in the level of unmet
need for family planning, enabling those wishing to avoid births that are unwanted in the
sense of not being wanted at present, or not being wanted at all, to achieve their objectives.
Aside from enabling individuals and couples to achieve their preferences in this way, there
will be wider benefits. For example, it would enable more women to enter the workforce,
rather than bringing up babies they had not wanted.

44
The close synergy between the revitalization of the family planning program and the aim of
reducing maternal mortality needs to be stressed. Indonesia has fallen far short of achieving
the MMR target, one of the key MDG goals, and it is agreed that the utmost effort is needed
to lower maternal mortality. A revitalized family planning program would contribute to
lowering the maternal mortality rate in two ways: avoiding some pregnancies that would
have resulted in unsafe induced abortions, and avoiding some births that would have
occurred in circumstances with an above-average chance of delivery complications that
could not be well met by available health facilities.

Success in implementing these policies can be expected to have an influence on population

growth rates and their determinants (fertility and mortality), and the implications of these
demographic trends for the growth of different segments of the population. However, the
demographic targets of the RPJMN 2015-2019 should first be modified in light of the latest
understandings of fertility trends and their likely trajectory, as reflected in the recently issued
official population projections and given the policies to be discussed below. The suggested
revision in these targets is shown in Table 3. The longer-term target consistent with the
population projections would be that in 2025, TFR would be 2.1, CBR 15.6, CRD 7.4 and the
rate of population growth would be 0.82 per cent annually.

As noted earlier, these targets can be considered very conservative, the resumption of
fertility decline could well be faster, and TFR=2.1 could be reached much sooner if the
following are achieved:

• Most of the unmet need for contraception is met

• Long-term family planning methods are emphasized more

• Communication efforts to reduce early marriage succeed

• General economic and social development, especially further increase in educational

enrolment rates, is achieved

Table 3. Demographic Trends According to the Official Indonesian Population Projection

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

TFR target RPJMN 2.1
2009-2014
Official population projection
TFR 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3
CBR 19.2 18.8 18.5 18.2 17.8
CDR 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.5
Rate of growth 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1
# births (x1000) 4,985 4,869 4,840 4,810 4,780
# deaths (x1000) 1,622 1,653 1,684 1,717 1,753
Population increase (x 3,362 3,216 3,156 3,093 3,027
1000)

Nevertheless, it is appropriate for planning purposes to use the official population

projections, recognizing that such projections will always need to be modified as time goes
on in the light of emerging trends.

45
In brief, the following strategies for revitalizing the family planning program are
recommended:

1. Assist the private sector to better meet the needs of the 73% of users it serves

2. Assist the BKKBN to better serve the needs of the poorer sections of the community for
whom the cost of contraceptives is likely to be an obstacle to use

3. Reinvigorate BKKBN’s postpartum, post-abortion and workplace-based family planning

programs

4. Facilitate cooperation between BkkbN, Dinkes and Pemda at the district level; this is a
crucial requirement of an effective family planning program

5. Follow a bidan-focused strategy for ensuring the effective provision of family planning
services with high quality of services.

6. Mount a communications program through BkkbN and supportive local government

agencies, workplaces and schools to foster later marriage

7. Through a communication program and provision of services, meet the reproductive

health needs of the unmarried

Some more detail on each of these strategies follows:

6.2 Assist the private sector - A bidan-focused strategy

Most private sector services are provided by Bidan. Therefore strengthening the role of the
private sector should be focused on strengthening the role of bidan.

Of the 135,000 midwives in Indonesia, approximately 40,000 provide family planning

services, of whom about 10,000 to 12,000 belong to an elite accredited group called Bidan
Delima, who provide a package of high quality MCH and family planning services in the
private sector. The strategy proposed by Parsons et al., 2013 (p. 4-5), is to

“Focus programmable inputs first on strengthening and enlarging the

group of Bidan Delima and then other licensed midwives to provide a
cafeteria range of contraceptives, including longer acting methods
depending on the needs of individuals in different reproductive stages of
life. To accomplish this, the family planning program will need to expand
the range of training opportunities for clinical skills and supervised hands
on experience. Midwives and supervisors also need in-service training in
interpersonal counselling techniques. One of the objectives of this training
is to eliminate the current evident provider bias favouring injectables.
Couples need to have effective access to the full range of contraceptive
methods.”

6.3 Demand creation: Reinvigorate specific BkkbN programs

Revitalize understanding of the benefits of having small family size through IEC and BCC,
through the following key messages:

1. Will improve mother’s and child’s health

46
2. With a small number of children, parents will be able to meet the basic needs of their
children, and invest more in their educational development.

3. In the long run, the quality of the next generation will be better than that of the previous
generations.

4. Smaller family size will help poverty reduction.

The main challenge facing demand creation is the shortage of PLKB who were formerly the
spearhead of communication efforts. This problem can be overcome by (1) arranging for
bidan who have completed PTT duties to double up as motivators; (2) Working with the
Dinas Kesehatan to develop health promotion working groups which include family planning
promotion. But appropriate media campaigns should also be stressed.

6.4 Meeting the unmet need of economically disadvantaged couples

1. Communication about use of contraceptives according to life cycle approach (spacing or

limiting)

2. Especially for limiting, ensuring that information and services relating to long-acting
methods are available

3. Provide access to contraceptive services which are affordable to the poor

4. Reduce side effects or health related problems resulting from contraceptive use, through
more effective counselling and increased availability of trained personnel

6.5 Balancing method mix through increasing long-acting method use

1. Counselling on the benefit of using long-acting method

2. Counselling to switch from short term to long term method for users who plan to limit
family size

3. Increasing the number of bidan who are qualified to insert IUD and Implant

4. Ensuring that information and services relating to long-acting methods are available

6.6 Strengthening contraceptive supply chain management

1. Move from target-based to evidence-based methodology to determine contraceptive

requirements; improve field data on kinds of contraception needed, supported by
recording and reporting activity, checked against PPM data from BkkbN.

2. Transparent provision and purchase of contraceptive supplies using e-catalogue. Cease

receiving all products at the central warehouse prior to their distribution to the provincial
level.

3. Keep accurate records of contraceptive supply availability so that stock outs do not
occur

4. Improve storage warehouses consistent with standards needed to maintain the quality
of contraceptives. Consider the recommendation of Brandt and Benarto (2013) to

47
 bypass the district level and deliver contraceptives directly to SDPs from provincial
warehouses.

5. Allocate funds for management of the warehouses.

6. BKKBN should allocate funds for ‘handling costs’ and transportation and ensure through
discussions between BKKBN district administrators and local government that
contraceptives reach the clients who need them.

7. Strengthening the capacity of storage managers and staff to maintain high quality of
contraceptives and supplies.

6.7 Fostering more effective collaboration at the district level

1. Comply with the Health Minister’s instruction that Dinkes at the Kabupaten/Kota Level
have to assist SKPD-KB in implementation of the FP program.

2. Strengthen advocacy to Bupati, Walikota and key members of the executive and
legislative arms of government about the importance of the family planning program for
the future generation, by building a solid team consisting of SKPD-KB, Dinkes, Bidan,
Camat, and community leaders (including religious and adat) to obtain commitment for
the FP program.

3. Strengthen the involvement of SKPD-KB in social development planning (education,

health) at the Kabupaten level to include the FP program, and so ensure budget
allocation for FP/RH activities.

4. Capacity of the SKPD-KB at the Kabupaten/Kota level to identify issues, set priorities,
and conduct planning and budgeting for the district family planning program needs to be
strengthened. Strong and accurate program planning and budgeting with supporting
argumentation is needed to provide the necessary ammunition for convincing the
Pemda of the importance of allocating a budget for family planning.

5. Point 4 needs to be supported by the national and provincial government through

guidance and technical support for increasing the capability of SKPD-KB to carry out
their duties.

6.8 Support for later marriage

1. Advocacy to executive and legislative officials, religious and community leaders on the
reasons why delayed marriage is beneficial. Ensure that the team proposed under 6.7.2
above includes commitment to the goal of countering under-age marriage as one of its
key concerns.

2. Activate the enforcement of the minimum marriage age in the marriage law, especially
the minimum age of 16 for girls.

3. Enforcement of regulations to keep children in school longer (the Wajib Belajar 9 years
and then 12 years) and facilitate this through fellowships for poor students (available
through MOED).

48
4. IEC to parents and children to delay marriage to benefit fully from educational
opportunities and avoid unintended pregnancies and unsafe abortion that is hazardous
to maternal mortality.

6.9 Meeting the reproductive health needs of the unmarried

1. Support the GENRE program which assists young people to pursue quality living and
avoid risky behavior including pre-marital sex or unsafe sex.

2. Work with NGOs to meet the reproductive health needs of youth.

3. Strengthen the coordination between government and partner (NGO).

6.10 Financing of the family planning program

1. In order to provide an appropriate legal framework for the financing of the family
planning program, there is need for a MOU between BKKBN and the Ministry of the
Interior about the financing of the family planning program at the regional level.

2. In order for funds to flow more rapidly, consideration should be given to disbursing
APBN funds directly to the kabupaten/kota level, bypassing the Province level. This
would require an appropriate monitoring and evaluation mechanism, and technical
support for the SKPD-KB to develop relevant program planning and budgeting.

3. Since the family planning program is only one of 28 urusan wajib(obligatory programs)
at the kabupaten/kota level, it is important for the SKPD-KB to be able to negotiate the
importance of family planning for funding. Government regulation No. 41 of 2007, article
22, point 5 provides for the establishment of BPKBD; efforts should be made to increase
the number of kabupaten that have done so.

4. As well as the regular budget, there is the DAK (special allocation budget). This is a
central government contribution to fund specific activities at the kabupaten/kota level
which are in line with national priorities.Priority is given to lagging regions with relatively
poor fiscal capacity, but with good potential to carry out the programs being funded. The
budget goes direct from the Finance Ministry to the kabupaten/kota receiving it, not via
the Provincial BKKBN office (in the case of family planning activities). Utilization of this
budget in the case of family planning activities is usually for infrastructure such as
buildings,vehicles, (e.g. mobile units, motor bikes for fieldworkers), and IUD kits..There
are a number of issues. First, the utilization of the buildings or vehicles concerned is
often not optimal because of lack of operational funds or diversion to other uses.
Second, family planning program needs are often not for infrastructure, but rather for
operational expenses of various kinds. Third, the Pemda has to put aside counterpart
funds amounting to 10 percent of the total DAK. This reduces the funds which should be
able to be used for operational expenses of the family planning program.

5. It is recommended that for the kabupaten/kota where infrastructure needs have been
met, the DAK budget could be used for operational aspects of the family planning
program including for training of bidan, contraceptive supplies, etc.

49
7. 2019 Targets

7.1 Fertility – Population Dynamics

Indicator 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Notes

TFR 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 #Children
per woman
CBR 19.2 18.8 18.5 18.2 17.8 Births per
1000
population
CDR 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.5 Deaths per
1000
population
Rate of 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 Annual %
growth
# births 4,985 4,869 4,4840 4,810 4,780
(x1000)
# deaths 1,622 1,653 1,684 1,717 1,753
(x1000)
Population 3,362 3,216 3,156 3,093 3,027
increase
(x1000)
Source: Official Population Projection, 2010-2035.

7.2 Contraceptive Use- Balancing Method Mix

Indicator 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Notes

CPR all 60.5 60.8 61.1 61.5 61.8 % of
method MWRA
Method % of all users
Injectables 44.8 44.3 41.8 40.0 38.8
Pill 25.0 24.0 23.5 22.5 22.2
Condom 2.8 3.0 3.4 3.4 3.8
IUD 11.3 11.8 12.8 13.8 14.1
Implant 11.3 11.8 12.8 13.8 14.1
Female 3.8 4.0 4.6 5.3 5.8
Sterilisation
Male 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2
Sterilisation
Source: Estimated by SMA and GWJ based on the policy to balance method mix while at the
same time strengthening the role of private sector and increasing male participation.

7.3 Reducing unmet need and increase in private sector use

Indicator 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Notes

Unmet 10.2 9.8 9.4 8.9 8.5 % of (new
need formula)
Short term 71.3 68.7 65.9 64.8 62.8 % of users
method
Long 28.7 31.3 34.1 35.2 37.2 % of users
acting
Use of 72.7 72.8 72.9 73.0 75 % source
private of supply
sector

50
7.4 Increase in quality assurance; Bidan competence and contraceptive supply chain
management

Indicator 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Notes

Increase in 12,500 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000 To anticipate
# bidan increase in
delima Long term
method
Increase in 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% % of storage
CSCM management
meeting gold
standard

7.5 Adolescent RH - reducing teenage fertility

Indicator 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Notes

Teenage 43 41 39 37 35/1000 ASFR
fertility, 15-
19
Age at first 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.7 23 years SMAM
marriage based
SP2010
% teenage 14.4 13.4 12.0 10.0 8.0 Age 15-24
unmet years
need for
spacing
% teenage 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 Age 15-24
unmet years
need for
limiting

7.6 Coordination among stakeholders and community participation

Indicator 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

% of coordination between dinkes 40% 60% 70% 80% 90%
and SKPD
Demand Creation
% increase of outreach by Bidan 30% 50% 70% 90% 100%
% increase in community 30% 50% 70% 90% 100%
participation

7.7 Equity

Indicator 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Notes

Universal 60.5 60.8 61.1 61.5 61.8 Same as
access to CPR
contraceptives
Increase in 53.0 55.0 57.0 59.0 61.8 20%
contraceptive lowest
use by the quintile
poor*
Increase in 61.0 63.0 65.0 67.0 70.0 20%
contraceptive second
use lowest
quintile

51
Source: Estimated based on IDHS 2012.

52
8. Program and Main Activities

Policy, Programs, Activities and Indicators:

Fertility Family Planning and Reproductive Health (FFR)

FFR: (1) Lowering Fertility Rate to Replacement Level; (2) Promotion of Rising Age at
First Marriage; (3) Revitalization of Family Planning Program

(1) Lowering Fertility Rate

Program Activities Indicators Data

• Reinvigorate the • Mass campaign to the wider community Reduction of Ideal IDHS
promotion of and their leaders at the local level. Key Family Size among (three-five
benefit of having message is that having small family size young couples years)
small family size will improve the health of mothers and
values children.
• It is important to focus also to young
couples.
• Advocacy to • Meetings, Workshops, Auditions, or Increase in political Reporting
legislatures, Round table discussions with commitment to base
executives, at executives, legislatives to advocate that: implement family
national, Investment in population planning as is
provincial and control and family planning indicated by
district/municipal program reduces the cost increase in budget
level of social of meeting basic needs for for FP, especially at
and economic the future generations and the district/municipal
benefit of therefore more money to level
lowering fertility increase access of
children’s education and
health services.
In the long run reduction in
number of births will
reduce unemployment rate
• Build an advocacy team at the national
and provincial level involving Ministry of
Health, Ministry of Education, Ministry of
Religion, Ministry of Interior, Ministry of
Finance etc. to implement this action.

(2) Support For Later Marriage (Remaja)

Program Activities Indicators Data

• IEC BCC to • The Provincial BKKBN representative Increase in age at IDHS

community and invites collaborations with Governors, first marriage (three-five
religious leaders to Bupati, Mayors and Indonesian especially among years),
comply with the legal Commission of Child Protection (KPAI), girls SUPAS
minimum age at first and SKPD-KB to strongly advise Village 2015
marriage (16 years) and Sub-district Heads and the
for girls Religious leaders and KUA to enforce
the Law on minimum age at marriage
for girls (16 years).
• Advocate government • The Provincial BKKBN representative Increase in Susenas
to enforce the invites collaborations with Governors, education level up to (yearly).
implementation of 9 DinDikBud, Bupati, Mayors, SKPD-KB 9 years of schooling
years compulsory and KPAI to strongly advise Village and
education Sub-district Heads and the Religious
and SKPD-KB to enforce the
implementation of 9 years compulsory
education

53
• IEC to parents and • The Provincial BKKBN representative Increase in age at IDHS
youth about the invites collaborations with Governors, first marriage (three-five
danger in early DinKes, DinDikBud, Bupati, Mayors, especially among years)
marriage and Village and Sub-district Heads, SKPD girls
childbearing KB and KPAI
to inform parents and the
youth about the danger of
early marriage, early
childbearing, unintended
pregnancies which lead to
unsafe abortion and
maternal mortality
IEC to parents to keep
children in school at least
until 9 years of schooling
• Teenagers who • The Provincial BKKBN representative Reduction in IDHS
already married, IEC invites collaborations with Governors, teenage fertility (three-five
to delay childbearing DinKes, Bupati, Mayors, Village and indicated by age years)
Sub-district Head and SKPD-KB specific fertility rate
To inform parents about 15-19 years.
the danger of early
marriage, early
childbearing, unintended
pregnancies which lead to
unsafe abortion and
maternal mortality
To educate teenage
couples to delay their first
birth, to plan their families
and have small family size.

(3) Revitalization of Family Planning Program

Program Activities Indicators Data

Demonstrate political Directive of collaboration among MOH, Issuance of surat

commitment to the FP Mendagri and BkkbN through a Ministerial edaran and PERDA
program and surat edaran (Especially PERDA from the
strengthen Ministry of Interior)
coordination at the
central level
• Strengthen political BkkbN at the Central and provincial level Increase in budget Reporting
commitment to and SKPD-KB to advocate Dinkes, Bupati, allocated for FP base
implement FP Mayors and SKPD-KB that: program at the
program especially at • family planning is essential to improve district/municipal
the district/municipal mother and child health level
level • Investment in family planning program
will be beneficial in the near future as it
reduces child development cost and
therefore resources can be focused on
meeting basic needs for children.
• Fostering more • BkkbN at the provincial level provide Increase in Reporting
effective collaboration technical support to SKPD-KB: complying with the base
at the District Level. To identify potential and Minister of Health’s
challenges and set instruction on the
priorities in program collaboration
planning and budgeting between SKPD-KB
and implementing family and DinKes
planning program
Support the SKPD-KB to
participate in developing
family planning and
budgeting in collaboration
with other local
stakeholders (DinKes,
DinDikBud, Bupati, Camat

54
 etc) and Bappeda at
Kabupaten and Minicipal
level in development
planning
• Demand creation to • BkkbN at the provincial level in Increase in the use Susenas
promote collaboration with DinKes lead SKPD- of contraceptives for (yearly),
contraceptive use KB, Bidan, PLKB, sub-district and family IDHS
village head, planning(CPR) (three – five
to inform couples about years)
the benefit of family
planning for the health of
mothers, the children and
the welfare of the whole
family
to promote contraceptive
use on the basis of life
cycle approach (couples
who want to space or to
limit childbearing)
to provide information to
couples about various
contraceptive devices
each with its benefit and
risk
to support Bidan dan
Doctors at Puskesmas to
help couples to choose the
appropriate contraceptive
method to the couples
(effective counseling).
• Meeting the need for • BkkbN at the provincial level and SKPD- Reduction in Susenas
FP of couples who KB in collaboration with Dinkes at percentage of (yearly),
want to space or to Kabupaten leve to: couples with unmet IDHS
limit childbearing but Prepare accurate and need for (three – five
are not using timely data on number and contraceptives years)
contraceptives location of couples with
unmet need for
contraceptive services.
To promote couples with
unmet need to use
appropriate contraceptive
method (short term and
long acting method)
To advise couples to
comply with regulation of
using contraceptives
(taking pills daily, etc).
• Balancing method BkkbN at the provincial level and SKPD-KB Increase in the Susenas
mix in collaboration with Dinkes, Bidan and percentage of (yearly),
Puskesmas Doctors at Kabupaten level to: couples using long- IDHS
• Advise couples about the benefit of acting (three – five
using long-acting contraceptive contraceptives years)
method. That investment in long-
term method use is more costly but
yearly cost is cheaper
• Inform couples to use contraceptive
method according to their need,
spacing or limiting. Couples who
want to limit childbearing are
suggested to switch to long-term
method.
• Promote couples who have unmet
need to use appropriate
contraceptive method (short term
and long acting method)
• Assist private sector • BkkbN and Ministry of Health and IBI at • Increase in Reporting
province and district level to support number and base

55
 to better meet the efforts to increase number and better
needs of the 73% of distribution of bidan who are certified distribution of
users - A bidan with Contraceptive Technological bidan with
focused strategy- Update (CTU). CTU
• BkkbN and Ministry of Health and IBI to certification
support efforts to Improve and increase • Increase in
the training opportunities for qualified number and
bidan with CTU certification and better
counseling competencies distribution of
• BkkbN and Ministry of Health Assist IBI bidan with
to increase number of Bidan Delima CTU
certification
and
counseling
• Increase in
number and
distribution of
Bidan Delima
• Strengthening • BkkbN and Ministry of health at central, • Availability of Reporting
contraceptive supply provincial and district level to support data needed base
chain management SKPD-KB in efforts to improve field data to estimate Reporting
as basis for providing contraceptive number of base
supplies (based on the Pemenuhan contraceptives
Permintaan Masyarakat data). by method
• Keep accurate records on contraceptive • Improve
availability to avoid stock out recording and
• BkkbN promote the procurement system reporting
using e-catalog for transparency. system of
• Improve storage warehouses consistent contraceptive
with gold standards needed to maintain availability
the quality of contraceptives and need
• Allocate funds for the management of • Increase in
the warehouses number of
• Allocate funds for ‘handling cost’ and storages
ensure that contraceptives reach the consistent
clients who need them with standards
needed to
maintain the
quality of
contraceptives
• Increase in
funding for
management
of storage to
maintain
quality of
contraceptives
• Increase in
funding for
handling cost
(delivery to
end users)
• Meeting the need of • BkkbN allocates resources to support Increase in IDHS
economically economically disadvantaged couples contraceptive use (three-five
disadvantaged • BkkbN and Dinkes provide access to among the poor years)
couples services which are affordable to the
poor
• BkkbN at the central and provincial level
support the SKPD-KB and DinKes in
communicating to poor couples about
the benefit of using contraceptives for
planning their births.
• Support Bidan and Puskesmas Doctors
to reduce side effect or health related
problem resulting from contraceptive
use
• Meeting the • BkkbN to support GENRE program at all Increase in the IDHS

56
 reproductive health levels of government administration coverage of
needs of the which assist young people to pursue reproductive health
unmarried quality living and avoid risky behavior services of the
including pre-marital unsafe sex unmarried
• BkkbN supports NGOs to meet
reproductive health information and
service needs of the youth
• Strengthen the coordination between
government ad partners (NGOs).
• Financing of the • Regular budget from APBN Increased budget Reporting
family planning • When infrastructure and equipment at and resources for base
program the kabupaten level have been met, it is contraceptive supply
suggested that DAK to be used for: chain management,
contraceptive supply chain handling cost of
management, operational family
handling cost of planning program,
operational family planning training of bidan to
program increase the number
training of bidan to and distribution of
increase the number and CPU certified bidan.
distribution of CPU
certified bidan.
11. FP Program under To be discussed further
BPJS and JKN KB

57
9. Risks

There are many potential risks involved in the policy proposed for population, family planning and reproductive health. A matrix
setting out these risks, their potential impact, and proposed solutions to them is provided below.

Matrix of Risk, Potential Impact and Potential Solutions

No. Area/Issue Potential Problems Potential Impact

Guidance Policy or Topic Area Describe the problem is risk What is the impact of this risk why is it important to respond - List the proposed technical solution and who should take lead in
political risks,social or equity risks, technical risks, economic risks responding to the problem

POLICY 1 Institutional (1) lack of political commitment to implement (1) this leads to inadequate funding for FP program (1) Work with Ministry of Interior (Mendagri) and MOH to implement
arrangement Family Planning Progarm at the implementation; (2) sustainability of FP services is challenged as Law number 52 of 2009 to establsih BPKBD which have authority to
Kabupaten/Kota level; (2) lack of clear division well as hampering the effort to reduce unmet need for FP implement FP program in all kabupaten/kota; (2) Work with Ministry of
of work and responsibilities among local services (especially for the poor), which leads to unwated Interior to devleop PERDA to establish BPKBD and Perda on FP
institutions, leading to lack of coordination in pregnancy and maternal mortality due to unsafe abortion; (3) implementation (as one of the 'urusan wajib' mandated by PP 2007;
FP imlementation; (3) these are due to laws meanwhile mothers with uncontrolled fertility will have high (3)Meanwhile, build an advocacy team with capacity to convince
and regulations that result in FP having no morbidity due to too many births and short space between executives and Legislatures at Kabupaten level that FP program is
institutions with authority to conduct FP at births (4) the macro effect is increase in fertility, maternal beneficial for the future generations; (3)mass campaign about the
the local level; (5) capacity of local officials mortality; (5) low capacity of local officials to negotiate the benefit of the FP program;(4) increase coordination of SKPD-KB with
who are able to develop program planning, benefit of FP program will lead to the lacki of FP funding. Dinkes and Bupati; (5) Increase involvement of SKPD-KB in District
budgeting and monitoring. Development planning to include FP program at the Kabupaten level; (6)
at the central level - coordination with clear responsibilities between
BKKBN and MOH and Mendagri should be strengthened; (7)BkkbN
should provide technical support and guidance to increase capacity of
local staff.

POLICY 2 FFR JKN-KB (1) Difference in philosophy between (1) Providing contraceptives for all users challenges the (1) Review BPJS law and regulations that mandated that every acceptor
insurance and risk pooling and planning as in sustainability of financing JKN-KB which in turn challenges the should be provided contraceptives for free. (2) Suggest special
FP (promote as many acceptors as possibe to sustainability of FP services; (2) Problem of providers' regulation for JKN-KB where acceptors of IUD, Implants and Injectables
utilize JKN-KB) (2)73%of acceptors are reimbursement for their services demotivates them from who were able to pay have to bring their own contraceptices for FP
already paying out-of-pocket for FP services, providing FP services under the JKN system; (3) Regulation on services; (3) establish a system where IUD, Implants and Injectables are
while BPJS mandated that contraceptives are the basis of number of area coverage is difficult to implement in easily accessible and affordable by acceptors who used to pay for the
provided for free ; (3) BPJS mandated that for regions with low density of population such as Kalimantan and services; (4) for the PBI members of JKN contraceptives are provided for
individual providers to have direct contract Papua; (4) All of these increased number of couples with unmet free; (5) review regulation that bidan can have direct contract with BPJS
with BPJS, this individual should be within the need for contraception especially those who are poor if they have 3000 population (area coverage - too wide); (6) review
area coverage of 3000 population; this increasing risk of unintended pregnancy leading to unsafe regulation that BPJS only covered sterilization of FP and suggest
hampers the reimbursment of service abortion, and maternal mortality, (5) mothers with unwanted inclusion of IUD and Implant insertion and expulsion to increase the use
providers who are mostly bidan; (4) birth tend to be less motivated in child care and development, of Long-acting method, to support the fertility reduction efforts
contraceptive use is skewed toward the use of which challenges the quality of the future generations, (6) the
short-term methods with high discontinuation macro effect of unmet need is higher fertility and poverty
of use. This challenges the effort to reduce
fertility rate.

58
 No. Area/Issue Potential Problems Potential Impact
Guidance Policy or Topic Area Describe the problem is risk What is the impact of this risk why is it important to List the proposed technical solution and who should take lead in responding
respond - political risks,social or equity risks, technical to the problem
risks, economic risks

POLICY 3 FFR- RH- services (1) the tendency of declining age at first marriage (1)Early childbearing increases the risk of maternal (1) law of 2009 that FP services are only for married couples should be
for the unmarried especially among the uneducated and poor morbidity and mortality. (2) Increasing age at marriage reviewed; (2) meanwhile the ambiguity of government about providing RH
increases the incidence of early childbearing; (2) and the proportion of women remaining single without services for the special group of people (the youth and the unmarried) has
government program to increase age at marriage appropriate RH services will lead to unintended to be solved by strengthening collaboration with NGOs and private sector;
without appropriate RH services for the pregnancy which in turn leads to unsafe abortion among (3)Government should advocate executives and legislatures at all levels as
unmarried youth increases the risk of unintended the youth. This increases the risk of maternal mortality; well as community leaders to NOT Criminalize unmarried people and youth
pregnancy among the youth; (3) increase in (3) young girls/couples are not prepared to be responsible with regard to such behaviour; (4) IEC for the unmarried youth about the
educational attainment and labor force parents which puts at risk the quality of the future risk of unsafe sex; (5) strengthen BkkbN's role to educate youth to avoid
participation among the youth increases age at generations risky behavior and to be prepared for responsible parenthood through the
first marriage and therefore increases demand for GENRE program aiming for better quality of the future generations
RH services among the youth; (4) increasing
tendency of special group of people remaining
single

SYSTEM 4 Supply side (1) shortage of bidan with certifications and low (1) lack in number and uneven distribution of bidan and (1) Suggest BkkbN to recruit more bidan and improve the geographic
readiness quality of contraceptive supply chain poor management of contraceptive supply chain distrbution; (2) advocate executives at the Kabupaten level to also recruit
(Midwives and management; (2)shortage of bidan with threaten the sustainability of FP services; (2) shortage of more bidan; (3) work with MOH to increase number of training programs
Contraceptive Contraceptive Technology Update (CTU) and bidan with CTU certification threatens the quality of FP and improve the quality of bidan training; (4) MOH and BkkbN review rules
availability) geographically uneven distribution of bidan: (3) services which leads to high risk of side effect and and regulations hampering the training organizations; (5) BkkbN
stock out of contraceptive supplies; (4)poor discontinuation, and therfore increases TFR; (4) increased strengthen collaboration with private sector, especially the professional
management of contraceptive supply chain rumours of side effects demotivate women from using organization such as IBI to organize and conduct training of Bidan and
contraceptives; (5) increased unmet need for Bidan Delima. (6) BkkbN provide financial support for IBI to conduct bidan
contraceptive use --> increased unintended pregnancy training, monitoring and evaluation; (7) DAK money should be able to be
and abortion that lead to maternal mortality used to improve storage of contraceptives, to cover handling cost and
improve delivery mechanism to end users, and to conduct training for
bidan and training for contraceptive storage managers

59
10. Challenges

Many aspects of the situation in Indonesia hamper the effort to apply the policies and solve
the strategic issues already identified. Some of them have to do with the political and
administrative situation; others have to do with cultural and other aspects. The devolution of
authority to the districts, implemented in 2004, is one major factor which has had benefits in
locating the planning decision-making closer to the people whose lives are affected by it, but
at the same time it has introduced numerous headaches for development programs which
previously relied on a centralized, vertical approach to planning and implementation. The
family planning program was one such program. The capacity for planning at the local level
varies considerably as does the efficiency in program implementation. Currently, we see the
SKPD-KB typically being marginalized in district-level decision-making about budget
allocation and allocation of resources. At the district level, there is not always effective
collaboration between Depkes, BkkbN and the Pemda. In any case, the private sector now
supplies 73% of contraceptive users; though the further complication is that the private
sector often means the public sector after office hours, in that the private sector may be the
same person (doctor, nurse, bidan) wearing a different hat. This can lead to conflict of
interest issues, distortion of public programs and at worst, neglect of the best interest of
clients for the sake of personal profit.

As already mentioned in Section 3, there are major personnel limitations and supply chain
issues in the revitalization of the family planning and reproductive health program in
Indonesia. There are also some very specific challenges in integrating family planning and
reproductive health in the new Jaminan Kesehatan National, which have been outlined in
Section 5. An ongoing issue is widely different perspectives within the community and within
government about the provision of reproductive health information and services to the
unmarried. This is an issue that is not going to go away, and it cannot be swept under the
carpet, because it concerns matters of life and death for many young women. In dealing with
all these issues, an open attitude by government officials will be needed, and an effort to
overcome institutional rivalries in the interest of the greater wellbeing of the Indonesian
people.

60
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Penduduk 2010, Jakarta: BPS.

Brandt, P.M. Jesse and Clara L. Benarto, 2013, Final Report of the Contraceptive Supply
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Bryant, John, 2007, “Theories of fertility decline and the evidence from development
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Darwin, Muhadjir and Sukamdi, 2009, Revitalization of Family Planning Program in

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Appendix Table 1. Changes in Singulate Mean Age at Marriage (SMAM) and in %
females ever married at ages 15-19 between 2005 and 2010, Indonesian provinces

Province SMAM % females ever married aged

15-19

2005 2010 difference 2005 2010 difference

INDONESIA 23.4 22.2 -1.2 9.2 14.4 5.2

Yogyakarta 25.7 24.2 -1.5 2.2 6.1 3.9

West Sumatra 24.4 22.9 -1.5 4.7 6.2 1.5

Riau islands 24.6 24.4 -0.2 5.2 7.5 2.3

East Nusatenggara 24.0 23.4 -0.6 5.9 7.7 1.8

Maluku 23.7 23.6 -0.1 5.6 8.3 2.7

Bali 23.2 22.3 -0.9 6.6 10.5 3.9

Riau 23.7 22.5 -1.2 8.0 10.6 2.6

Lampung 22.9 22.0 -0.9 8.8 12.0 3.2

North Maluku 23.2 22.7 -0.5 9.7 12.7 3.0

South Sulawesi 24.4 23.0 -1.4 9.7 13.3 3.6

Central Java 23.4 22.0 -1.4 7.9 13.4 5.5

West Java 22.9 22.2 -0.7 11.2 13.5 2.3

Bengkulu 23.0 22.2 -0.8 9.7 13.5 3.8

North Sulawesi 23.9 22.4 -1.5 5.9 13.6 7.7

South Sumatra 23.7 22.2 -1.5 7.7 14.5 6.8

Papua 21.9 22.3 +0.4 14.7 14.6 -0.1

Southeast Sulawesi 23.2 22.3 -0.9 11.7 15.1 3.4

West Nusatenggara 22.4 22.1 -1.3 13.6 15.4 1.8

East Kalimantan 23.4 22.1 -1.3 9.3 15.4 6.1

East Java 22.7 21.9 -0.8 12.6 15.6 3.0

West Kalimantan 23.7 22.1 -1.6 8.2 16.0 7.8

Gorontalo 21.9 21.7 -0.2 13.0 16.0 3.0

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Central Sulawesi 22.4 21.8 -0.6 15.0 17.0 2.0

Jambi 22.3 21.1 -1.2 9.6 17.1 7.5

DKI Jakarta 26.4 23.4 -3.0 14.0 17.1 3.1

North Sumatra 24.9 21.7 -3.2 13.7 17.5 3.8

Bangka-Belitung 22.0 21.3 -0.7 14.3 19.0 4.7

South Kalimantan 22.2 21.1 -1.1 16.3 22.3 6.0

Central Kalimantan 22.0 21.0 -1.0 10.5 22.7 12.2

Banten 22.9 21.5 -1.4 8.2 22.8 14.6

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Appendix Table 2. Projection of TFR 2010-2035 by Province.

65
Appendix 3 List of Individuals and Organizations Consulted

Dates Organization Name and Title of Individuals

1 13 Jan BkkbN Head of BkkbN: Prof Dr Fazli Jalal,
with Prof Gavin Jones and Prof
Endang Achadi.
2 13 Jan BkkbN Deputy FP and RH: Dr dr Julianto
Wicaksono
3 20 Jan BkkbN Director of Finance and Logistics
Management : Mr Sugilar
4 20 Jan BkkbN Deputy Family Welfare: Dr Sudibyo
Alimuso
5 28 Jan Johns Hopkins Center for Ms Fitri Putjuk, Dr Ishar Fihir, dr Cut
Communication Program for FP Idawani, ms Inne Sylviane, ms Utari,
Mr Eddy Hasmi, Dr Rahmat Santika.
6 4 Feb Director of BkkbN Private Sector FP Ibu Sri Rahayu

7 4 Feb BkkbN Deputy Family Welfare: Dr Sudibyo

Alimuso on GENRE
8 7 Feb AFP JHU CCP Ibu Tuminah member of IBI, Ibu
Inne, Ibu Utari, Ibu Fitri Putjuk
9 10 Feb Bappenas Deputy of HR. Ibu Nina Sardjunani.

10 24 Feb Meeting with Staff of Bappenas on DR Theresia Ronny and Secretary

JKN KB General BKKBN Ibu Ambar
11 3 March Meeting with Chairpersons of IBI Ibu Emi, Ibu Tuminah and two other
and some staff at IBI headquarter Bidan
12 19 Discussion on JKN-KB with Director Ibu Yayuk from BkkbN and Ibu Tere
March ofPrivate Sector FP and staff from Bappenas.
Bappenas handling JKN.
13 29 April Consultation on JKN-KB with staff Dr Irma Adiana MSI.
of Deputy FP at BkkbN
14 30 May Director of Planning at the BkkbN Mr IPIN MSI
2014

66