Chapter 4 - Colour in Images and Video

MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY
COLOUR IN IMAGES AND VIDEO
Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

BSIT-III
Chapter 4
BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI
COLOUR SCIENCE
Light and Spectra
Light is an electromagnetic wave. Its colour is characterized by the

wavelength content of the light.
(a) Laser light consists of a single wavelength: e.g., a ruby laser
produces a bright, scarlet-red beam.
(b) Most light sources produce contributions over many wavelengths.
(c) However, humans cannot detect all light, just contributions that fall
in the \visible wavelengths".
(d) Short wavelengths produce a blue sensation, long wavelengths
produce a red one.
SPECTROPHOTOMETER:
device used to measure visible light, by reflecting light from a
direction grating (a ruled surface) that spreads out the different
wavelengths.
Figure shows the phenomenon that white light contains all the colours
of a rainbow.
Visible light is an electromagnetic wave in the range 400 nm to 700
nm (where nm stands for nanometer, 109 meters).
Why does the prism separate the light into its spectral
components?
prism bends different wavelengths of light by different amounts
refractive index is a function of wavelength
shorter wavelengths are refracted more strongly than longer
wavelengths
HUMAN VISION
The eye works like a camera, with the lens focusing an image onto the
retina (upside-down and left-right reversed).
The retina consists of an array of rods and three kinds of cones.
The rods come into play when light levels are low and produce a image in
shades of gray (\all cats are gray at night!").
For higher light levels, the cones each produce a signal. Because of their
diering pigments, the three kinds of cones are most sensitive to red (R),
green (G), and blue (B) light.
It seems likely that the brain makes use of differences R-G, G-B, and B-R, as
well as combining all of R, G, and B into a high-light-level achromatic
channel.
COLOUR
Light source, object, observer
Electromagnetic spectrum
THE EYE
Rods and Cones
Rods perceive luminance only
Highly sensitive
Cones perceive colour

Require bright conditions
Red, Green, Blue pigment
3 million behind fovea, 1 - 2 of accurate
vision
Absorption not even distributed 40:20:1 (RGB)
Better tuned to see red, yellow, green cyan
range
COLOR BLINDNESS
Guess The Number in Each Figure .?
RGB- ADDITIVE COLOUR

RGB
Full amounts of each light produce white
Like a TV or Monitor
RGB MODEL IS ADDITIVE

Red=Green=Blue=0 is black
(no color)
Add Red only
Add some blue
How to make pure white?
10
HSB MODEL
Based on human
perception
Hue: color reflected from or
transmitted through an object
Saturation: strength of color
(% grey)
Brightness: relative lightness
from black (0%) to white
(100%)
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CMYK MODEL
Based on light-absorbing quality of ink printed on paper
As light is absorbed, part of spectrum is absorbed and part reflected back to
eyes
So CMYK is a subtractive model (RGB is additive)
4 channels: Cyan (C), magenta (M), yellow (Y), black (K)

In theory, pure colors should produce black, but printing inks contain impurities
So combining 3 pure colors produces muddy brown
Therefore pure K is needed to produce pure black
Hence CMYK is four-color process printing
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PRINTING PRESS PROCESS
13
PRINTING PRESS PROCESS
14
DIGITAL PRINTING PROCESS
15
Figure shows colour combinations that result from combining primary colours
available in the two situations, additive colour and subtractive colour.
Fig. Additive and subtractive colour. (a): RGB is used to

specify additive colour. (b): CMY is used to specify subtractive
16
color
COLOR GAMUT
Eyes see more than
screens or printers can
show
Gamut is the range of a
color model
RGB and CMYK show
different subsets of
colors
17
ALPHA CHANNEL
Alpha channel stores mask information

A mask lets part of an image be transparent so that other
layers show through
8-bit mask value determines degree of transparency
So Photoshop files have 3 channels for color and 1 alpha

(32 bits per pixel)
=
18
CLUT OR PALETTE
8-bit color is low-cost, limited gamut
GIF and web-safe colors are 8-bit
Indexing millions of colors to 256 is arbitrary
Here are some standard and custom palettes
Macintosh CLUT
(Color Look-Up Table)
Web-safe palette
(216 colors)
19
PALETTE ISSUES
What happens when converting from 24- to 8-bit color depth?
Dithering: finding closest possible color in palette
Why might a custom palette be useful?

Matching colors of a photograph
What happens when switching palettes?

Screen flashing
Avoid it by fading images to white or black
20
HISTORY OF COLOUR
21
HISTORY OF COLOR
Color came into experience of Human mind because of its frightening
nature when it sees huge mammals, earth and other things around it.
Knowing strange about thingsto become powerful by get ride of.
Create pictures to controls beast and wild animalsso called black
magic through images.
22
COLOR IN ANCIENT EGYPT

MESOPOTAMIA, THE FAR EAST
Based of religion
Light and Shadows
Unaware.Unconcern
Flat Color sculptors
For them sun and Moon is the important things
23
COLOR IN ANCIENT CRETE

Style was free
Color was always Cheery
Specially in interior of House
flying fish
spiral patterns
24
COLOR IN ANCIENT GREECE

Strong hand in architecture and sculptor
Renowned Vases with three colors

painting their stone, bronze, and marble statues realistically
25
COLOR IN ANCIENT ROME

magnificent temples, palaces, and luxurious villas with strong interiors
painted with mosaics.
encaustic, pigments mixed with hot wax to create mosaics like a
paintings
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COLOR IN ANCIENT CHRISTIANITY

Work with glass mosaics rather than stone and marble
chips
27
COLOR IN MUSLIM ERA

Mostly for Religious writings and religious art.
Architectural decoration with shapes and calligraphic

Patterns, geometric shapes and designs.
28
COLOR IN MUGHAL ERA
29
PROPERTIES / ATTRIBUTES OF
COLOUR
30
RED (HIGH VOLTAGE, I AM AVAILABLE, ONLY YOU CAN SEE, I WILL

TEASE YOU, DONT TOUCH ME)
Fire
Blood
Energy
War
Danger
Strength
Power
Passion
Love
Desire
Anger
Light red represents joy, sexuality, passion, sensitivity, and
love.
Pink signifies romance, love, and friendship. It denotes
feminine qualities and passiveness.
Dark red is associated with vigor, willpower, rage, anger,
leadership, courage, longing, malice, and wrath.
Brown suggests stability and denotes masculine qualities.
Reddish-brown is associated with harvest and fall.
31
ORANGE (CREATIVITY, ATTRACTION, SUCCESS YOU WILL GET,

YOUNG)
Joy
Sunshine
enthusiasm
Fascination
happiness
attraction
success
encourage
ment
stimulation
Creativity
determination
Dark orange can mean deceit and distrust.

Red-orange corresponds to desire, sexual passion,
pleasure, domination, aggression, and thirst for action.
Gold evokes the feeling of prestige. The meaning of gold
is illumination, wisdom, and wealth. Gold often symbolizes
high quality.
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YELLOW (SUNSHINE, NEW DAWN, INTELLECT, HAPPINESS)

warming effect
cowardice
arouses
cheerfulness
generates muscle
energy
honor
loyalty
Dull (dingy) yellow represents caution, decay, sickness,
and jealousy.
Light yellow is associated with intellect, freshness, and
joy.
33
GREEN (NATURE, HEALING POWER, HOPE )

Growth
Harmony
Freshness
Pure
Money
hope
Fertility
Emotion Safety
Dark green is associated with ambition, greed, and
jealousy.
Yellow-green can indicate sickness, cowardice, discord,
and jealousy.
Aqua is associated with emotional healing and protection.
Olive green is the traditional color of peace.
34
BLUE (FUTURE, DREAM, DEPTH STABILITY)

trust
Loyalty
Wisdom
Confidence
intelligence
faith
Truth
Heaven
Sea
Sky
Ocean
Depth
Light blue is associated with health, healing, tranquility,

understanding, and softness.
Dark blue represents knowledge, power, integrity, and
seriousness.
35
PURPLE (POWER, NOBILITY, LUXURY, CANT BEAT ME)

Wealth
Extravagance
Wisdom
Mystery
Magic
Royalty
Artificial
Dignity
Independence
Creativity
Light purple evokes romantic and nostalgic feelings.

Dark purple evokes gloom and sad feelings. It can cause
frustration.
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WHITE
Goodness
Innocence
Purity
Virginity
color of perfection
(GOD, PURE, TRUTH, MOTHER, I WILL BE THERE FOR YOU)
Safety
Cleanliness
Spirit
Coolness
Hospitals
Doctors
Sterility
What ever it takessss , whatever heart breakssss, I will

be right there waiting for you. La..la.lalalalalala
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BLACK
Power
Elegance
Formality
Death
Evil
Mystery
(DEATH, EVIL)
Fear
Black holes
Negative
strength and
authority
Grief
Sorrow
Pain
I will destroy you, break you, give you pain, not leave you
alone
38
THANKYOU
Q&A
For My Slides and Handouts
http://zeeshanacademy.blogspot.com/
https://www.facebook.com/drzeeshanacademy
39

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MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY

COLOUR IN IMAGES AND VIDEO

Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

Light is an electromagnetic wave. Its colour is characterized by the

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI

Cones perceive colour

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI

RGB- ADDITIVE COLOUR

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI

RGB MODEL IS ADDITIVE

Add Red only

Add some blue

How to make pure white?

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI

4 channels: Cyan (C), magenta (M), yellow (Y), black (K)

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI

PRINTING PRESS PROCESS

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI

PRINTING PRESS PROCESS

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI

DIGITAL PRINTING PROCESS

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI

Fig. Additive and subtractive colour. (a): RGB is used to

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI

Alpha channel stores mask information

8-bit mask value determines degree of transparency

So Photoshop files have 3 channels for color and 1 alpha

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI

Why might a custom palette be useful?

What happens when switching palettes?

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI

COLOR IN ANCIENT EGYPT

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI

COLOR IN ANCIENT CRETE

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI

COLOR IN ANCIENT GREECE

Renowned Vases with three colors

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI

COLOR IN ANCIENT ROME

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI

COLOR IN ANCIENT CHRISTIANITY

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI

COLOR IN MUSLIM ERA

Architectural decoration with shapes and calligraphic

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI

COLOR IN MUGHAL ERA

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI

RED (HIGH VOLTAGE, I AM AVAILABLE, ONLY YOU CAN SEE, I WILL

ORANGE (CREATIVITY, ATTRACTION, SUCCESS YOU WILL GET,

Dark orange can mean deceit and distrust.

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI

YELLOW (SUNSHINE, NEW DAWN, INTELLECT, HAPPINESS)