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    Lecture2 Nur402 MA

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    The document provides an overview of the key steps involved in conducting quantitative and qualitative research. It discusses components such as defining the research problem and question, reviewing relevant literature, developing a theoretical framework, identifying assumptions and limitations, developing hypotheses or research questions, determining study design and variables, sampling, data collection and analysis, and interpreting and communicating findings. The document also differentiates between quantitative and qualitative research, describing their different purposes, designs, data collection methods, and approaches to analysis and interpretation.

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    Lecture2 Nur402 MA

    Uploaded by

    ram
    22 views48 pages
    The document provides an overview of the key steps involved in conducting quantitative and qualitative research. It discusses components such as defining the research problem and question, reviewing relevant literature, developing a theoretical framework, identifying assumptions and limitations, developing hypotheses or research questions, determining study design and variables, sampling, data collection and analysis, and interpreting and communicating findings. The document also differentiates between quantitative and qualitative research, describing their different purposes, designs, data collection methods, and approaches to analysis and interpretation.

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    Lecture2_Nur402_MA (2)

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    The document provides an overview of the key steps involved in conducting quantitative and qualitative research. It discusses components such as defining the research problem and question, reviewing relevant literature, developing a theoretical framework, identifying assumptions and limitations, developing hypotheses or research questions, determining study design and variables, sampling, data collection and analysis, and interpreting and communicating findings. The document also differentiates between quantitative and qualitative research, describing their different purposes, designs, data collection methods, and approaches to analysis and interpretation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    22 views48 pages

    Lecture2 Nur402 MA

    Uploaded by

    ram
    The document provides an overview of the key steps involved in conducting quantitative and qualitative research. It discusses components such as defining the research problem and question, reviewing relevant literature, developing a theoretical framework, identifying assumptions and limitations, developing hypotheses or research questions, determining study design and variables, sampling, data collection and analysis, and interpreting and communicating findings. The document also differentiates between quantitative and qualitative research, describing their different purposes, designs, data collection methods, and approaches to analysis and interpretation.

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    of 48

    Overview of Quantitative &

    Qualitative Research
    Learning Objectives
    1. List The Steps In Conducting Quantitative & Qualitative Research
    2. Discuss The Steps In Quantitative & Qualitative Research
    3. Differentiate Between Quantitative and Qualitative Research
    Components of Qualitative Research
    • Purpose of the Study
    • Research Question
    • Review the Literature
    • Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
    • Study Assumptions
    • Acknowledge the Limitations
    • Hypothesis or Research Question
    • Define the Study Variables
    Cont.
    • Research Design
    • Identify the Population
    • Select the Sample
    • Conduct pilot study
    • Data collection
    • Data analysis
    • Interpret, communicate and utilize findings
    Study Purpose

    • Difference between purpose and problem

    • Problem tells what is studied.


    • Purpose tells why study is done.

    • Studies may have one or both.


    Research Question

    • Specific question researcher expects to be answered

    • Specify variables and populations


    Review the Literature

    • Finds out what exists on the topic


    • Searches a variety of sources
    • Helps look at theory and framework
    • Helps address the study methods
    • Continues until time to collect data has ended
    Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

    • Research helps test, develop, and refine theories.


    • Process assists in selection of study variables.
    • Directs the hypothesis and interprets findings
    • Answers the “so what” question(s)
    • Adds to our nursing body of knowledge
    Study Assumptions
    • Beliefs held to be true but not necessarily proven
    • Each research study is based on assumptions.
    • Should be stated explicitly
    • Often implicit
    Types of Study Assumptions

    Assumptions based on theory or research findings

    Universal assumptions

    Commonsense assumptions
    Acknowledge the Limitations
    • Limitations: uncontrolled variables

    • Affect study results


    • Limit generalization of the findings

    • Extraneous variables

    • Explain limitations at end of study


    Hypothesis or Research Question

    • Predicts relationships between variables

    • Independent
    • Dependent

    • Predicted answer to research question

    • Testable empirically
    Types of Hypothesis

    • Directional

    • Nondirectional

    • The null hypothesis


    Define the Study Variables and
    Terms
    • Must be clear to the researcher and reader

    • Conceptual definition: definition of an abstract idea

    • Operational definition: how variable will be observed


    • Allows for replication
    Research Design

    • Plan for how study will be conducted


    • Type of data collected
    • Means used to obtain data

    • Varies with the type of study conducted


    • Quantitative VS Qualitative
    • Experimental VS Non-experimental
    Experimental vs Non-experimental
    Experimental: Researcher Non- experimental: Describes
    manipulates or controls or looks at relationships(s) or
    variable(s) and observes effect in correlation between variables.
    other variable(s) Variables are not manipulated
    by the researcher
    Evaluates cause and effect e.g: Correlation between HRT
    relationship (Hormonal therapy) use and
    breast CA
    e.g: Does a pre-op intervention
    program to  self efficacy affect
    self care measures post-op?
    Identify the Population

    • Target population: group of interest

    • Accessible population: group available for study

    • Two populations must be similar.

    • Generalization
    Sample Selection
    • Subgroup of the population
    • Represents the population
    • Helps with generalization
    • Types of samples:
    • Probability samples
    • Nonprobability samples
    • Voluntary participation
    Conduct a Pilot Study
    • Miniature trial version of planned study

    • Helps examine issues


    • Design
    • Sample size
    • Data collection procedures
    • Data analysis approaches

    • Revisions made after pilot is completed.


    Collect the Data
    • Determined by study hypothesis or question

    • Systematic data collection procedures


    • Who will collect the data?
    • When will the data be collected?
    • Where will the data be collected?
    • What data will be collected?
    • How will the data be collected?
    Organize the Data for Analysis
    • Planned from the beginning

    • Consult with statistician.


    • Data needed
    • Procedures for analysis
    Analyze the Data
    • The process is easier now.

    • Data are placed into computerized statistical packages. e.g


    (SPSS Package)

    • Results are analyzed.


    Interpret the Findings

    • Do the data support the research hypothesis?

    • Is the theoretical or conceptual framework supported?


    Interpret the Findings

    • Problems encountered
    • Limitations of the study
    • Compare with other studies
    • Implications are identified.
    • Recommendations for future research
    Communicate the Findings
    • Critical component of the process

    • Variety of mediums
    • Research journals
    • Clinical journals
    • Presentations
    • Poster sessions
    Utilize the Findings

    • Researcher’s involvement in implementation

    • Recommendations
    • Consulting
    • Disseminating
    Quantitative VS Qualitative
    Research
    Quantitative Research
    • Control
    • Manipulation
    • Empirical data
    • Deductive
    • Test hypotheses
    • Generalization
    • Populations
    Qualitative Research
    • No manipulation

    • In-depth descriptions
    – Unstructured interviews
    – Participant observation

    • Inductive
    • Patterns or themes
    • Not able to generalize
    • Individual
    Terms used in Quantitative and
    Qualitative Research
    Quantitative Qualitative
    • Subject, study participant, • Study participant, informant, key
    respondent informant
    • Researcher, investigator • Researcher , investigator
    • Concepts, Constructs, variables • Phenomena, concepts, constructs
    • Data (Numerical values) • Data ( narrative descriptions)
    • Relationships ( causal, functional) • Patterns of association
    • Deductive reasoning • Inductive reasoning
    • Reliability, validity, • Trustworthiness
    generalizability
    Qualitative Approaches ( Types)

    • Phenomenology
    • Grounded theory
    • Ethnography
    • Historical
    Identify the Problem of the Study

    • General to more focused

    • Nature of the phenomenon

    • Group that will be studied


    Select the Research Design

    • Depends on phenomenon that will be studied

    • Phenomenological approach
    • Grounded theory
    • Action research
    Review the Literature

    • Debate on when to do

    • May bias the study results

    • Preferred at the end of the study

    • Tells how results fit with the body of knowledge


    Sample Selection

    • Smaller in size

    • No set rules

    • Quality over quantity

    • Saturation: data becoming redundant


    Gain Entry to Research Site
    • Research in field

    • IRB approval
    • Before approaching potential participants
    • To receive funding

    • Key informants
    Protect the Rights of Participants

    • Close relationship between researcher and participants


    • Anonymity versus confidentiality
    • Demographic information
    • Ethical considerations
    Collect the Data

    • Variety of methods

    • Time frame not specified

    • Focus groups

    • Generally not replicated


    Data Collection

    Most common used methods:

    • Interview “A shared journey”

    • Participant observation
    Other Data-Collection Methods

    • Open-ended questionnaires
    • Life histories
    • Diaries
    • Letters
    • Photographs
    • Official documents
    Analyze the Data

    • Begins once data collection starts


    • Not a distinct step
    • No set rules
    • Can take a long time
    • Content analysis
    • Manually or through computer programs
    Interpret the Data

    • Not as clear-cut as quantitative


    • Occurs simultaneously with data collection
    • Constant search for patterns and themes
    • How results can be applied
    Utilize the Study Results

    • Implications for nursing practice


    • More difficult than with quantitative data
    Key Concepts
    • Reliability: repeatability of scientific observations
    • Validity: findings reflect reality
    • Credibility: Confidence in the truth of the data
    • Transferability: Generalizability
    • Dependability: Stability
    • Confirmability: Objectivity, neutrality of the data
    Content Analysis Procedures

    • Categories of data
    • Variations based on research design
    • Coding—the basic analysis tool
    • Themes developed from coded data
    • Manually or on computer
    Communication of the Results
    • Journals

    • Conferences

    • Presentations

    • Posters
    Combining Research Methods
    • Sequential or simultaneous
    • Mixed-method research
    • Triangulation
    • Data triangulation: Different data sources
    • Methods triangulation: Different study methods
    • Investigator triangulation: Different Investigators
    • Theory triangulation: Different perspectives
    Any Question ?
    Thank you

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