Analysis of Axial & Centrifugal Compressors: To Be Selected As Per Specific Speed of Applications

Analysis of Axial & Centrifugal Compressors
P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
To be Selected as per Specific Speed of Applications….

Multi Stage Hybrid Compressor
Static & Stagnation Scalars
Irreversible Adiabatic Stage of an Axial Flow Compressor
p03s=p02s
p02
p03
T03=T02
T02s Rotor Losses
Total Losses
T03s
T
Pinput,a
Pinput, s
p01
T01
s
Gas dynamics of Irreversible Compressor
p02s
Va23
2c p
Va22
2c p
Va21
2c p
Stage Efficiency
The stage efficiency of an adiabatic compressor stage is:

h03s  h01
 stage 
h03  h01
For calorically perfect gas
T03s  T01
 stage 
T03  T01
Actual temperature rise of a fluid when compressed in an
irreversible stage for a pressure ratio of p03/p01 is:
T03s  T01 p03   stageT0 S 

  
 
T03  T01   1  
  1 
stage p01  T01 

System of Equations for Stage Design
  
UV f cot 1  cot  2  
 
   1 
  stage  Vr21  Vr22
p03,act  cp   2
 1   Vr1  Vr22  Va22  Va21
p01 T01
 
 
 
U
 cot 1  cot 1  cot  2  cot  2
Vf
V f cot 1  cot 1  cot  2 

Vr 2 
sin  2
Selection of Global Stage Variables
Δh
Stage load coefficient ψ 2
U
Vf
Stage flow coefficient φ
U
h2  h1
Stage reaction 
h03  h01
The stage load distribution throughout the
compressor
Selection of Design Parameters
• A high pressure rise per stage will decrease the number of
stages for a given overall pressure rise.
• A high pressure rise per stage is obtained using:
• High blade speed.
• High inlet flow velocity.
• High fluid deflection in rotor blades.
 
Pstage  m c p T03a  T01   mUVf cot 1  cot  2 
Inlet Velocity Triangle & Flow Velocity
1
1
Selection of Inlet Angle
Va1
Va1
Vr1
Vr1
Blade Speed
• For a given rotor speed the velocity of the blade at the tip will be
maximum.
• The centrifugal stress in the rotor blades depends on the rotational
speed, the blade material and length of the blade.
• The maximum centrifugal stress is given by,
b
 ct ,max 
2
 
U t2 1  b 2 K
• b, hub-tip diameter ratio.

• K varies in the range 0.55 – 0.65.
Fluid Deflection
Fluid Deflection  cot 1  cot 2 

c
solidity ,   100
s
Vr,max  Vr2
Diffusion factor, D 
Vr1
Performance of Aerofoil
Camber angle, q
Naca 65 : inl
Circula rarc : inl

Clues to Invent an Aerofoil
Outlet flow Angle
Deflection
Loss coefficient
Current Design Practice
Fan or low pressure Compressor
Parameter Range
Pressure ratio for single 1.5 – 2.0
stage
Pressure ratio for two 2.0 – 3.5
stages
Pressure ratio for three 3.5 – 4.5
stages
Inlet mass flow rates 195 – 205 kg/m2.s
Tip speed 427 – 457 m/s
Diffusion factor 0.5 – 0.55
Current Design Practice
High pressure Compressor
Parameter Range
Stage loading 0.3 – 0.35
coefficient
Flow coefficient 0.45 – 0.55
Hub/tip ratio 0.6 – 0.75
Inlet mass flow rates 175 – 185 kg/m2.s
Tip speed 386 – 457 m/s
Diffusion factor 0.5 – 0.55
Compressor Maps
po 3act
p01
 
 m To1 pstp 
 Tstp poi 

Multi Stage Compression
Loss in capacity due to variation of velocity is defined as work done factor.

Work done factor, l, decrease with number of stages.
Multi Stage Axial-flow Compressor
Gas Dynamics of An Impeller
Va2
Vf2 Vr2
Vw2 < U
Vw1
Vr1
Va1
Vf1
Thermodynamic View of an isentropic Compressor
  
P  m Vw2 r2  Vw1r1   mh02  h01   m c p T02  T01 

P  m c p T03  T01 
p03=p02 3
p3 1 2
Only Impeller can consume Power !!!
T03=T02
Va23
p2
2c p
Va22
T 2c p

P  m  Vw 2 r2  Vw1r1 
p01
p1
T01
Va21
2c p
s
Irreversible Diffuser
p03s=p02s
p02a
p03a
T03=T02
Impeller Losses
Overall Losses
T

P  mVw 2 r2  Vw1r1 
p01
T01
s
Work consumed by A compressor = Increase in Stagnation Enthalpy of gas
  
Pact   m Vw2 r2  Vw1r1   mh03  h01   m c p T03  T01 
For an irreversible compression, the actual pressure rise is less than isentropic
pressure rise due to (T03-T01).
     
   
p03a  p03s p03a  T03as    1   T03as  T01    1 
    1  
p01  T01   T01 
Define, Adiabatic Efficiency of A Compressor: T03as  T01
 comp 
T03  T01
  
p03a   comp T03  T01  
 
  1 
 1  
p01  T01 
 
Pact   m Vw2 r2  Vw1r1   m c p T03  T01 
Ur2  Vw1r1 
 T03  T01 
cp
  
 compUr2  Vw1r1  
 
p03,act   1 
 1  
p01  c T 
 p 01 
N Q
Ns  3
for pumps
4
H
Erection of Pump
Hd
ps
Hpump
Hs
Internals – Pump Vs Compressor
Compressor Impeller
Fan Impeller
Pump Impeller

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Analysis of Axial & Centrifugal Compressors

To be Selected as per Specific Speed of Applications….

The stage efficiency of an adiabatic compressor stage is:

T03s  T01 p03   stageT0 S 

stage p01  T01 

V f cot 1  cot 1  cot  2 

• b, hub-tip diameter ratio.

Fluid Deflection  cot 1  cot 2 

Circula rarc : inl

Outlet flow Angle

Loss in capacity due to variation of velocity is defined as work done factor.

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