H.

323 Protocol Suite

Guoyou He
Helsinki University of Technology
[email protected]
H.323 Protocol Suite
 Introduction
 What is H.323 Protocol
 H.323 Version History
 H.323 Architecture
 Call Signaling
 Call Connection Procedures
 New Features of H.323 Version 4
 Comments on H.323
 Conclusions
Introduction
 Numerous multimedia applications and services are
available .
 New technology and applications are constantly evolving
(e.g. multimedia computer, compression technique,
multimedia networks, and transport mechnanisms etc.).
 Standards and technology for multimedia communications
are evolving at at a prodigious pace.
 Many standards have been specified to provide
interoperability for equipment from multiple vendors.
H.323 is one of them.
What is H.323 suite
 H.323 is a standard specified for Packet-based
Multimedia Communications Systems by ITU-T.
 H.323 defines systems and functions for audiovisual
services over packet switched networks which may not
provide a guaranteed Quality of Service.
 H.323 suite is an ´Umbrella´ standard, references to other
standards and ITU recommendations.
 Interoperability with other multimedia networks is the
primary goal for developing H.323.
 Version 1 was approved in June, 1996.
What is H.323 Suite (cont.)
H.323 Standards
Network Non-guaranteed Bandwidth packet-switched
networks (e.g. IP)
Video H.261, H.263

Audio G.711, G.722, G.728, G.723, G.729

Call signaling and media H.225

packetisation
Call Control H.245

Multipoint H.323

Data T.120
H.323 Version Suites
 Version 1 – June, 1996
 Named “Visual telephone systems and equipment for local area
networks which provide a non-guaranteed quality of service”
 Multimedia conferencing on a LAN
 Defined network elements and overall call comdel
 Version 2 – January, 1998
 Name changed to “Packet-based multimedia communications
systems”
 More efficient procedures for two-party call setup, e.g. fast call
 Brought in H.235 Security (Authentication of participant, Integrity of
data, Encryption, and digital signature)
 Supplementary Services (H.450), Integration of data conferencing
with T.120
 Support media over ATM
H.323 Version Suites (cont.)
 Version 3 – September, 1999
 Geared for better PSTN integration and scability (alternate
resources, multiplexing signaling channels)
 Expanded supplementary services (H.450)
 Version 4 – November, 2000
 Introduced a lot of new enhancements in many important areas,
including reliability, scalability, and flexibility.
 New features help facilitate more scalable Gateway and MCU
 Added more new services
 New features for usage information reporting, better bandwidth
management, etc.
H.323 Architecture
H.323 Architecture (cont.)
Audio Video Data System Control
I/O I/O App. User Interface

Audio
Codec Video Data System Control
G.711 Codec Interface
G.722 CALL RAS H.245
G.723 H.261 T.120 Control Control Control
G.728 H.263 H.225 H.225
G.729
RTP/RTCP
UDP UDP or TCP
IP
L_2 Varies
L_1 Varies

H.323 protocol stack

H.323 Architecture (cont.)
 H.323 standards specifies the elements, protocols,
and procedures providing multimedia
communication over packet-based networks. The
four main enlements are:
 Terminals
 Gateways
 Multipoint Control Unit (MCU)
 GateKeeper
H.323 Architecture (cont.)
 Terminals
 Including Video I/O equipment, Audio I/O equipment, User Data Applications,
PC, and System Control User Interface etc.
 Used for real-time bidirectional multimedia communications
 Compatible with the terminals on the inter-working networks
 Client Endpoing on the network
 Must support audio
 G.711 (64 Kb/s) is mandatory
 G.722 (48, 56, and 64 kbps channels), G.723 (5.3 and 6.3 kbps channels), G.728 (16
kbps channel), and G.729 (8 kbps channel) are specified low bit rate voice
 Video, data support optional
 H.261 mandatory if video is supported
 H.245, H.225 required for control functions
 Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) used for media packet
H.323 Architecture (cont.)
 Gateways
 Supports interoperability with other terminal types
 Provides translation functions between H.323 and circuit-switched
networks
 Translating protocols for call setup and release
 Converting media format between different networks
 Gateways are optional in H.323 networks
H.323 Architecture (cont.)
 Multipoint Control Unit (MCU)
 Responsible for managing multipoint conferencing between three or
more H.323 terminals.
 Two functional parts
 Multipoint controller (MC) – mandatory
 Supports the negotiation of capabilities with all terminals
 control the resources in the multicast operation
 Conference control -> What media streams go where
 May also located in terminal, gateway, or gatekeeper
 Multipoint processor (MP) – optional
 Is the central processor of some or all the voice, video, and data streams for
a multipoint conference
 Mixes, switches, and processes media streams
H.323 Architecture (cont.)
 MCU (Centralized/Decentralized multipoint conference)
H.323 Architecture (cont.)
 MCU (Hybrid multipoint conference)
H.323 Architecture (cont.)
 Gatekeeper (Required functions)
 Admission control for the network
 Bandwidth control and management
 Address resolution
978-555-4567  204.124.46.19)
E.164 Number Network address

 Communicates using the RAS protocol

 Manages all terminals, gateways, MCUs in an H.323
zone
 Optional element in H.323 network, but Must be
consulted if present
H.323 Architecture (cont.)
 Gatekeeper (Optional functions)
 Call control signaling
- May process messages or pass them on
 Call management
-May be based on address translation function
- Call screening
- Call forwarding/redirection
- Call routing
 Time of day
 Network congestion
 Least cost
Call Signaling
 Addresses
 Registration, Admission, and Status (RAS)
 H.225 Call Signaling and H.245 Control
Signaling
Addresses
 Each entity has at least one network address
- To uniquely identifies the H.323 entity on the network.
 Some entities may share a network address
- e.g. a terminal and a co-located MC
 For each network address, each H.323 entity may have
several Transport layer Service Access Point (TSAP)
identifiers
- These TSAP identifiers allow multiplexing of several channels
sharing the same network address
 An endpoint may also have one or more alias addresses.
- May represent the endpoint
- May represent the conferences that the endpoint is hosting
Registration, Admission, and
Status (RAS)
 Used between H.323 endpoints and gatekeepers
 Gatekeeper discovery
- determine which Gatekeeper to register with
 Static (well-known Gatekeepr)
 Dynamic (multicast)
 Endpoint registration
- join a zone, and informs the Gatekeeper of its transport address and alias address
- done in the configuration process
- occurs before any calls and may occur periodically
 Endpoint location
- transport address is determined
 Admission control
- restrict the entry of an endpoint into a zone
 Bandwidth change
- modify the call bandwidth during a call
 Disengagement control
- disassociate an endpoint from a gatekeeper and it zone
Registration, Admission, and
Status (RAS) (cont.)
Gatekeeper discovery

Endpoint Gatekeeper

GRQ

GCF/GRJ
Registration, Admission, and
Status (RAS) (cont.)
Endpoint registration
Endpoint Gatekeeper

RRQ

RCF/RRJ

URQ

Endpoint initiated
UCF/URJ Unregister Request

URQ

Gatekeeper initiated
UCF Unregister Request
H.225 Call signaling and H.245
Control signaling
 H.225 Call signaling
 H.245 Control signaling
H.225 Call Signaling
 Setup connections between H.323
endpoints
 Over which real-time data is transported
 Is reliable channel used to carry H.225 call
control messages
 Two kind of call signaling method
 Gatekeeper-routed Call Signaling
 Direct Call Signaling
Gatekeeper-routed Call Signaling
 Admission messages are on RAS channels
 Call-signaling messages are on the call-signaling channel

Gatekeeper cloud
1 ARQ
2 ACF/ARJ
3 Setup
4 Setup 1 2 3 8 4 5 6 7
5 ARQ
6 ACF/ARJ
7 Connect
8 Connect
Endpoint 1 Endpoint 2

T1521280-96
Call Signalling Channel Messages
RAS Channel Messages
Direct Call Signaling
 During the admission confirmation, Gatekeeper indicates that the endpoints can
exchange call-signaling messages directly

Gatekeeper cloud

1 2 4 5
1 ARQ
2 ACF/ARJ
3 Setup 3
4 ARQ Endpoint 1 6 Endpoint 2
5 ACF/ARJ
6 Connect
T1521290-96

Call Signalling Channel Messages

RAS Channel Messages
H.245 Control Signaling
 When Gatekeeper routed call signaling is
used
 H.245 control channel is established directly
between the endpoints
 H.245 control channel is routed between the
endpoints through the Gatekeeper
 When Direct endpoint call signaling is used
 H.245 control channel can only be connected
directly between the endpoints
H.245 Control Signaling (cont.)
 H.245 control channel is established directly between the endpoints

Gatekeeper cloud

1 ARQ
2 ACF/ARJ
3 Setup 1 2 3 8 4 5 6 7
4 Setup
5 ARQ
6 ACF/ARJ
7 Connect 9
8 Connect Endpoint 1 Endpoint 2
9 H.245 Channel

T1521300-96
H.245 Control Channel Messages
Call Signalling Channel Messages
RAS Channel Messages
H.245 Control Signaling
 H.245 control channel is routed between the endpoints through the Gatekeeper

Gatekeeper cloud
1 ARQ
2 ACF/ARJ
3 Setup
4 Setup
1 2 3 8 9 4 5 6 7 10
5 ARQ
6 ACF/ARJ
7 Connect
8 Connect
9 H.245 Channel Endpoint 1 Endpoint 2
10 H.245 Channel

H.245 Control Channel Messages T1521310-96

Call Signalling Channel Messages

RAS Channel Messages
Call Connection Procedures
 Step A: Call setup
 Step B: Initial communication and
capability exchange
 Step C: Establishment of audiovisual
communication
 Step D: Call services
 Step E: Call termination
Step A: Call setup
 Different call setup cases
 all combinations of Direct Routed Call
signaling (DRC)/Gatekeeper Routed Call
signaling (GRC) with same or different
Gatekeepers;
 Fast connect procedures;
 Call forwarding using facility (restarts the
procedure);
 setting up conferences
Step A: Call setup (cont.)
 Both endpoints registered to the same Gatekeeper, direct call signaling

Endpoint 1 Gatekeeper 1 Endpoint 2

ARQ (1)

ACF/ARJ (2)

Setup (3)

Call proceeding (4)

ARQ (5)

ACF/ARJ (6)

Alerting (7)

Connect (8)

T1527160-97

RAS Messages

Call Signalling Messages

Step B: Initial communication
and capability exchange
 Capability exchange
 Endpoints establish the H.245 control channel after call setup
message from step A
 H.245 procedures are used over the H.245 control channel
- for the capability exchange
- to open the media channels
 Master/Slave determination
 To resolve conflicts between two endpoints which both:
- can be the MC for a conference
- are attempting to open a bidirectional channel
 H.245 tunneling
Step B: Initial communication
and capability exchange
 H.245 Control signaling flow, control channel is established directly between the endpoints

Endpoint 1 Gatekeeper Endpoint 2

TerminalCapabilitySet(9)

TerminalCapabilitySetAck(10)

TerminalCapabilitySet(11)

TerminalCapabilitySetAck(12)

OpenLogicalChannel(13)

OpenLogicalChannelAck(14)

OpenLogicalChannel(15)

OpenLogicalChannelAck(16)

H.245 Message
Step C: Establishment of
audiovisual communication
 The audio and video streams
 transmitted in the logical channels setup in H.245,
 transported over dynamic Transport layer Service
Access Point (TSAP) Identifiers using an unreliable
protocol.
 Data communications
 transmitted in the logical channels setup in H.245,
 transported using a reliable protocol.
Step C: Establishment of audiovisual
communication (cont.)
 Media stream and media control flow

Endpoint 1 Gatekeeper Endpoint 2

RTP Media Stream(17)

RTP Media Stream(18)

RTCP Messages(19)

RTCP Messages(20)

RTP media stream and RTCP Messages

Step D: Call services
 Bandwidth change
 Status
 Conference expansion
 Multicast cascading
 H.450 Supplementary services
Step D: Call services
 Bandwidth change may requested by both Gatekeeper or endpoints during a conference

Endpoint 1 Gatekeeper Endpoint 2

BRQ(21)

BCF/BRJ(22)

CloseLogicalChannel(23)

OpenLogicalChannel(24)
BRQ(25)

BCF/BRJ(26)

OpenLogicalChAck(27)

RAS messages H.245 messages

Step E: Call termination
 Any endpoint can request terminate a call
 All logical channels are closed
 Terminating a conference is done by MC
Endpoint 1 Gatekeeper Endpoint 2

End Session Command(28)

End Sesion Command(29)

Release Complete (30)

DRQ(31) DRQ(32)

DCF(33) DCF(34)

H.225 Signaling Messages

RAS Message
H.245 Message
New Feature of H.323 Version 4
 Scalability, Reliability, and Flexibility
 Services
 “Must Have” Features
 Further Features are under developing
on H.323
Scalability, Reliability, and
Flexibility
 Gateway Decomposition with H.248
 Alternate Gatekeepers
 Endpoint Capacity Reporting
Gateway Decomposition with
H.248
 Decomposition gateway
Alternate Gatekeepers
Endpoint Capacity Reporting
Services
 HTTP-based Service Control
 Stimulus-based Control
 Call completion
Must Have” Features
 Usage Information Reporting
 Tones and Announcements
 Alias Mapping
 Better Bandwidth Management (multicast)
 Fax Enhancements
 Tunneling other protocols
 H.323 specific URL
 Call Credit-related capabilities
 Multiplexing audio and video
Further Features are under
developing on H.323
 Generic Extensibility Framework
 Inter-working or integrating with other
protocols
 Mobility
 Robustness
Mobility
Comments on H.323
 H.323 is a very complex system with all of kinds of features for
multimedia communications
 H.323 allows the use of multiple codecs
 H.323 is scalable
 H.323 is a proven technology used in large networks. It has excellent
integration with PSTN.
 Multimedia conferencing shows the real potential for H.323 used in
multimedia communication
 Many equipment manufacturers, software vendors, and service
providers have built products and services supporting H.323. It
greatly supports the success of H.323.
 Under the challenge of new technologies
Conclusions
 H.323 is organized around four major facilities: (a) terminals, (b)
Gateways, (c) Gatekeeper, and (d) MCUs
 A principal technology for the transmission of real-time audio, video,
and data communication over packet-based networks
 Multipoint and point-to-point sessions.
 A rich and complex specification
 Scalable, reliable, flexible system,
 Supplementary services, and new features are powerful
 Faces great compression from some newly developed protocols
 Reducing the complexity of H.323, and simplifying its usage are
essential