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    WNLecture 2

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    sarahz_2009
    This document summarizes key topics from a lecture on wireless networks and mobile communication, including: 1) The different frequency ranges used for wireless communication and regulations set by the ITU. 2) Common modulation techniques like ASK, FSK, and PSK used to translate digital data into analog signals for transmission. 3) Different types of antennas like omni-directional and unidirectional antennas and propagation methods like reflection, scattering, and diffraction that affect wireless signals. 4) Multiplexing techniques including frequency, time, code, and cognitive radio that allow multiple access to shared wireless spectrum.

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    WNLecture 2

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    sarahz_2009
    30 views6 pages
    This document summarizes key topics from a lecture on wireless networks and mobile communication, including: 1) The different frequency ranges used for wireless communication and regulations set by the ITU. 2) Common modulation techniques like ASK, FSK, and PSK used to translate digital data into analog signals for transmission. 3) Different types of antennas like omni-directional and unidirectional antennas and propagation methods like reflection, scattering, and diffraction that affect wireless signals. 4) Multiplexing techniques including frequency, time, code, and cognitive radio that allow multiple access to shared wireless spectrum.

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    WNLecture2

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    This document summarizes key topics from a lecture on wireless networks and mobile communication, including: 1) The different frequency ranges used for wireless communication and regulations set by the ITU. 2) Common modulation techniques like ASK, FSK, and PSK used to translate digital data into analog signals for transmission. 3) Different types of antennas like omni-directional and unidirectional antennas and propagation methods like reflection, scattering, and diffraction that affect wireless signals. 4) Multiplexing techniques including frequency, time, code, and cognitive radio that allow multiple access to shared wireless spectrum.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    30 views6 pages

    WNLecture 2

    Uploaded by

    sarahz_2009
    This document summarizes key topics from a lecture on wireless networks and mobile communication, including: 1) The different frequency ranges used for wireless communication and regulations set by the ITU. 2) Common modulation techniques like ASK, FSK, and PSK used to translate digital data into analog signals for transmission. 3) Different types of antennas like omni-directional and unidirectional antennas and propagation methods like reflection, scattering, and diffraction that affect wireless signals. 4) Multiplexing techniques including frequency, time, code, and cognitive radio that allow multiple access to shared wireless spectrum.

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    of 6

    1/27/2012

    Course: Wireless Networks and Mobile Communication CS 731 By Dr Adnan Nadeem

    Wireless
    Topics in this lecture Signals, Antennas (forouzan) Propagation Multiplexing, Spread Spectrum

    Wireless Transmission

    Frequencies for communication


    VLF = Very Low Frequency LF = Low Frequency MF = Medium Frequency HF = High Frequency VHF = Very High Frequency UHF = Ultra High Frequency SHF = Super High Frequency EHF = Extra High Frequency UV = Ultraviolet Light

    Regulations
    It is hard to find common worldwide regulations International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is responsible for world wide activities (wired & wireless)

    Frequency and wave length = c/f wave length , speed of light c 3x108m/s, frequency f
    twisted pair coax cable optical transmission

    1 Mm 300 Hz

    10 km 30 kHz

    100 m 3 MHz

    1m 300 MHz

    10 mm 30 GHz

    100 m 3 THz

    1 m 300 THz

    VLF

    LF

    MF

    HF

    VHF

    UHF

    SHF

    EHF

    infrared

    visible light UV

    1/27/2012

    Frequencies for mobile communication


    VHF-/UHF-ranges for mobile radio simple, small antenna for cars deterministic propagation characteristics, reliable connections SHF and higher for directed radio links, microwave, satellite communication small antenna, beam forming large bandwidth available Wireless LANs use frequencies in UHF to SHF range some systems planned up to EHF limitations due to absorption by water and oxygen molecules (resonance frequencies) weather dependent fading, signal loss caused by heavy rainfall etc.

    Signals
    physical representation of data function of time and location signal parameters: parameters representing the value of data classification continuous time or values /discrete time or values analog signal = continuous time and continuous values digital signal = discrete time and discrete values signal parameters of periodic signals: period T, frequency f=1/T, amplitude A, phase shift sine wave as special periodic signal for a carrier: s(t) = At sin(2 ft t + t)

    Transmission Media
    Guided Media - coaxial cable
    -Twisted pair cable

    Unguided Media
    Electromagnetic Spectrum

    Unguided Media

    Radio waves (multicast) communications, such as radio, television, and paging systems. Microwaves (unicast) communication such as cellular telephones, satellite networks, and wireless LANs. Infrared signals used for short-range communication in a closed area using line-of-sight propagation.

    1/27/2012

    Antennas
    Propagation methods

    Omni directional Antennas


    Omni directional characteristics of radio waves used for multicast communications such as radio, tv & paging system

    Unidirectional Antennas
    Microwaves use (unidirectional antennas) for unicast communication such as Cellular Telephone Satellite network

    MIMO
    Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
    Use of several antennas at receiver and transmitter Increased data rates and transmission range without additional transmit power or bandwidth via higher spectral efficiency, higher link robustness, reduced fading

    Signal propagation ranges


    Transmission range
    communication possible low error rate

    Examples
    IEEE 802.11n,

    Functions
    Beamforming: emit the same signal from all antennas to maximize signal power at receiver antenna Spatial multiplexing: split high-rate signal into multiple lower rate streams and transmit over different antennas Diversity coding: transmit single stream over different antennas with (near) orthogonal codes t1 t2
    Sending time 1: t0 2: t0-d2 3: t0-d3

    Detection range
    detection of the signal possible no communication possible

    sender transmission distance detection interference

    t3
    3

    1 2 Time of flight t2=t1+d2 t3=t1+d3

    Interference range
    receiver

    sender

    signal may not be detected signal adds to the background noise

    1/27/2012

    Signal propagation
    Propagation in free space always like light (straight line) Receiving power proportional to 1/d in vacuum much more in real environments (d = distance between sender and receiver) Receiving power additionally influenced by fading (frequency dependent) shadowing reflection at large obstacles refraction depending on the density of a medium scattering at small obstacles diffraction at edges

    Multipath propagation
    Signal can take many different paths between sender and
    receiver due to reflection, scattering, diffraction
    multipath LOS pulses pulses

    signal at sender signal at receiver

    Time dispersion: signal is dispersed over time


    interference with neighbor symbols, Inter Symbol Interference (ISI)

    The signal reaches a receiver directly and phase shifted


    shadowing reflection refraction scattering diffraction

    distorted signal depending on the phases of the different parts


    2.14

    Effects of mobility

    Multiplexing

    Channel characteristics change over time and location


    signal paths change different delay variations of different signal parts different phases of signal parts quick changes in the power received (short term fading)
    power long term fading

    Multiplexing in 4 dimensions
    space (si) time (t) frequency (f) code (c)

    channels ki k1 c t c t k2 k3 k4 k5 k6

    Additional changes in
    distance to sender obstacles further away slow changes in the average power received (long term fading)

    Goal: multiple use


    of a shared medium

    s1

    f s2 c f

    Important: guard spaces needed!


    short term fading t

    s3

    2.15

    2.16

    1/27/2012

    Frequency multiplex

    Time multiplex

    Separation of the whole spectrum into smaller frequency


    bands A channel gets a certain band of the spectrum for the whole time Advantages
    no dynamic coordination necessary works also for analog signals
    k1 c f k2 k3 k4 k5 k6

    A channel gets the whole spectrum for a certain amount


    of time

    Advantages
    only one carrier in the medium at any time throughput high even for many users
    c k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6

    Disadvantages
    waste of bandwidth if the traffic is distributed unevenly inflexible
    t

    Disadvantages
    precise synchronization necessary
    t

    2.17

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller

    www.jochenschiller.de

    MC - 2011

    2.18

    Time and frequency multiplex

    Cognitive Radio
    Typically in the form of a spectrum sensing CR
    Detect unused spectrum and share with others avoiding interference Choose automatically best available spectrum (intelligent form of time/frequency/space multiplexing)

    Combination of both methods A channel gets a certain frequency band for a certain
    amount of time

    Example: GSM Advantages


    better protection against tapping protection against frequency selective interference
    k1 c f k2 k3 k4 k5 k6

    Distinguish
    Primary Users (PU): users assigned to a specific spectrum by e.g. regulation Secondary Users (SU): users with a CR to use unused spectrum

    Examples
    Reuse of (regionally) unused analog TV spectrum (aka white space) Temporary reuse of unused spectrum e.g. of pagers, amateur radio etc.
    f
    SU SU PU PU PU SU PU SU PU SU PU SU PU PU SU

    but: precise coordination


    required
    t
    SU SU PU

    SU PU

    PU

    space mux
    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller www.jochenschiller.de MC - 2011

    frequency/time mux
    www.jochenschiller.de MC - 2011

    2.19

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller

    2.20

    1/27/2012

    Code multiplex

    Modulation
    k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6

    Each channel has a unique code

    Digital modulation
    digital data is translated into an analog signal (baseband) ASK, FSK, PSK - main focus in this chapter differences in spectral efficiency, power efficiency, robustness

    All channels use the same spectrum


    at the same time

    Advantages
    bandwidth efficient no coordination and synchronization necessary good protection against interference and tapping
    f

    Analog modulation
    shifts center frequency of baseband signal up to the radio carrier

    Motivation
    smaller antennas (e.g., /4) Frequency Division Multiplexing medium characteristics

    Disadvantages
    varying user data rates more complex signal regeneration
    t

    Basic schemes
    Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM) Phase Modulation (PM)

    Implemented using spread spectrum technology


    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller www.jochenschiller.de MC - 2011

    2.21

    2.22

    Summary
    Summarize based on your learning

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