The arrangement of a network that comprises nodes and connecting lines via

sender and receiver is referred to as network topology. The various network

topologies are:

Mesh Topology:

In a mesh topology, every device is connected to another device via a particular

channel. In Mesh Topology, the protocols used are AHCP (Ad Hoc Configuration
Protocols), DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), etc.

Figure 1: Every device is connected to another via dedicated channels. These

channels are known as links.

• Suppose the N number of devices are connected with each other in a mesh
topology, the total number of ports that are required by each device is N-1.
In Figure 1, there are 5 devices connected to each other, hence the total
number of ports required by each device is 4. The total number of ports
required=N*(N-1).
• Suppose, N number of devices are connected with each other in a mesh
topology, then the total number of dedicated links required to connect them
is NC2 i.e. N(N-1)/2. In Figure 1, there are 5 devices connected to each other,
hence the total number of links required is 5*4/2 = 10.

Advantages of this topology:

• Communication is very fast between the nodes.

• It is robust.
• The fault is diagnosed easily. Data is reliable because data is transferred
among the devices through dedicated channels or links.
 • Provides security and privacy.

Problems with this topology:

• Installation and configuration are difficult.

• The cost of cables is high as bulk wiring is required, hence suitable for a
smaller number of devices.
• The cost of maintenance is high.

Star Topology:

In star topology, all the devices are connected to a single hub through a cable. This
hub is the central node and all other nodes are connected to the central node. The
hub can be passive in nature i.e., not an intelligent hub such as broadcasting
devices, at the same time the hub can be intelligent known as an active hub. Active
hubs have repeaters in them. Coaxial cables or RJ-45 cables are used to connect the
computers. In Star Topology, many popular Ethernet LAN protocols are used as
CD(Collision Detection), CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access), etc.

Figure 2: A star topology having four systems connected to a single point of

connection i.e. hub.

Advantages of this topology:

• If N devices are connected to each other in a star topology, then the number
of cables required to connect them is N. So, it is easy to set up.
• Each device requires only 1 port i.e. to connect to the hub, therefore the total
number of ports required is N.
• It is Robust. If one link fails only that link will affect and not other than that.
• Easy to fault identification and fault isolation.
• Star topology is cost-effective as it uses inexpensive coaxial cable.
Problems with this topology:

• If the concentrator (hub) on which the whole topology relies fails, the whole
system will crash down.
• The cost of installation is high.
• Performance is based on the single concentrator i.e. hub.

Bus Topology:

Bus topology is a network type in which every computer and network device is
connected to a single cable. It is bi-directional. It is a multi-point connection and a
non-robust topology because if the backbone fails the topology crashes. In Bus
Topology, various MAC (Media Access Control) protocols are followed by LAN
ethernet connections like TDMA, Pure Aloha, CDMA, Slotted Aloha, etc.

Figure 3: A bus topology with shared backbone cable. The nodes are connected to
the channel via drop lines.

Advantages of this topology:

• If N devices are connected to each other in a bus topology, then the number
of cables required to connect them is 1, known as backbone cable, and N
drop lines are required.
• Coaxial or twisted pair cables are mainly used in bus-based networks that
support up to 10 Mbps.
• The cost of the cable is less compared to other topologies, but it is used to
build small networks.
• Bus topology is familiar technology as installation and troubleshooting
techniques are well known.

Problems with this topology:

• A bus topology is quite simpler, but still, it requires a lot of cabling.

• If the common cable fails, then the whole system will crash down.
 • If the network traffic is heavy, it increases collisions in the network. To
avoid this, various protocols are used in the MAC layer known as Pure
Aloha, Slotted Aloha, CSMA/CD, etc.
• Adding new devices to the network would slow down networks.
• Security is very low.

Ring Topology:

In this topology, it forms a ring connecting devices with exactly two neighboring
devices.

A number of repeaters are used for Ring topology with a large number of nodes,
because if someone wants to send some data to the last node in the ring topology
with 100 nodes, then the data will have to pass through 99 nodes to reach the 100th
node. Hence to prevent data loss repeaters are used in the network.

The data flows in one direction, i.e.., it is unidirectional, but it can be made
bidirectional by having 2 connections between each Network Node, it is
called Dual Ring Topology. In-Ring Topology, the Token Ring Passing protocol is
used by the workstations to transmit the data.

Figure 4: A ring topology comprises 4 stations connected with each forming a

ring.

The most common access method of ring topology is token passing.

• Token passing: It is a network access method in which a token is passed

from one node to another node.
 • Token: It is a frame that circulates around the network.

The following operations take place in ring topology are :

1. One station is known as a monitor station which takes all the responsibility
for performing the operations.
2. To transmit the data, the station has to hold the token. After the transmission
is done, the token is to be released for other stations to use.
3. When no station is transmitting the data, then the token will circulate in the
ring.
4. There are two types of token release techniques: Early token release
releases the token just after transmitting the data and Delayed token release
releases the token after the acknowledgment is received from the receiver.

Advantages of this topology:

• The data transmission is high-speed.

• The possibility of collision is minimum in this type of topology.
• Cheap to install and expand.
• It is less costly than a star topology.

Problems with this topology:

• The failure of a single node in the network can cause the entire network to
fail.
• Troubleshooting is difficult in this topology.
• The addition of stations in between or the removal of stations can disturb the
whole topology.
• Less secure.

Tree Topology :

This topology is the variation of the Star topology. This topology has a hierarchical
flow of data. In Tree Topology, protocols like DHCP and SAC (Standard
Automatic Configuration ) are used.
 Figure 5: In this, the various secondary hubs are connected to the central hub
which contains the repeater. This data flow from top to bottom i.e. from the central
hub to the secondary and then to the devices or from bottom to top i.e. devices to
the secondary hub and then to the central hub. It is a multi-point connection and a
non-robust topology because if the backbone fails the topology crashes.

Advantages of this topology :

• It allows more devices to be attached to a single central hub thus it decreases

the distance that is traveled by the signal to come to the devices.
• It allows the network to get isolated and prioritize from different computers.
• We can add new devices to the existing network.
• Error detection and error correction are very easy in a tree topology.

Problems with this topology :

• If the central hub gets fails the entire system fails.

• The cost is high because of the cabling.
• If new devices are added, it becomes difficult to reconfigure.

Hybrid Topology :

This topological technology is the combination of all the various types of

topologies we have studied above. It is used when the nodes are free to take any
form. It means these can be individuals such as Ring or Star topology or can be a
combination of various types of topologies seen above. Each individual topology
uses the protocol that has been discussed earlier.
Hybrid Topology

Figure 6: The above figure shows the structure of the Hybrid topology. As seen, it
contains a combination of all different types of networks.

Advantages of this topology :

• This topology is very flexible.

• The size of the network can be easily expanded by adding new devices.

Problems with this topology :

• It is challenging to design the architecture of the Hybrid Network.

• Hubs used in this topology are very expensive.
• The infrastructure cost is very high as a hybrid network requires a lot of
cabling and network devices.