Name: Pratik Kumar Mishra Date:

Roll No. : CEB522 Sign:

Class : TE Comps

EXPERIMENT NO. 02

AIM: Simulation of Network Topology - Installation of packet Tracer and implement

simple network Topologies.

THEORY:

1. Bus Topology

Theory:

● The bus topology is designed in such a way that all the stations are
connected through a single cable known as a backbone cable.
● Each node is either connected to the backbone cable by drop cable or
directly connected to the backbone cable.
● When a node wants to send a message over the network, it puts a
message over the network. All the stations available in the network will
receive the message whether it has been addressed or not.
● The bus topology is mainly used in 802.3 (ethernet) and 802.4 standard
networks. The configuration of a bus topology is quite simpler as
compared to other topologies.
● The backbone cable is considered as a "single lane" through which the
message is broadcast to all the stations.

Pros & Cons:

Advantages of Bus topology:

● Low-cost cable: In bus topology, nodes are directly connected to the

cable without passing through a hub. Therefore, the initial cost of
installation is low.
● Moderate data speeds: Coaxial or twisted pair cables are mainly used in
bus-based networks that support upto 10 Mbps.
● Familiar technology: Bus topology is a familiar technology as the
installation and troubleshooting techniques are well known, and hardware
components are easily available.
 ● Limited failure: A failure in one node will not have any effect on other
nodes.

Disadvantages of Bus topology:

● Extensive cabling: A bus topology is quite simple, but still it requires a lot
of cabling. o Difficult troubleshooting: It requires specialized test
equipment to determine the cable faults. If any fault occurs in the cable,
then it would disrupt the communication for all the nodes.
● Signal interference: If two nodes send the messages simultaneously,
then the signals of both the nodes collide with each other.
● Reconfiguration is difficult: Adding new devices to the network would
slow down the network.
● Attenuation: Attenuation is a loss of signal that leads to communication
issues. Repeaters are used to regenerate the signal.

Diagram:

2. Ring Topology

Theory:

● Ring topology is like a bus topology, but with connected ends.

● The node that receives the message from the previous computer will
retransmit to the next node.
● The data flows in one direction, i.e., it is unidirectional.
● The data flows in a single loop continuously known as an endless loop. o
It has no terminated ends, i.e., each node is connected to another node
and has no termination point.
● The data in a ring topology flow in a clockwise direction.
Pros & Cons:

Advantages of Ring topology:

● Network Management: Faulty devices can be removed from the network

without bringing the network down.
● Product availability: Many hardware and software tools for network
operation and monitoring are available.
● Cost: Twisted pair cabling is inexpensive and easily available. Therefore,
the installation cost is very low.
● Reliable: It is a more reliable network because the communication system
is not dependent on the single host computer.

Disadvantages of Ring topology:

● Difficult troubleshooting: It requires specialized test equipment to

determine the cable faults. If any fault occurs in the cable, then it would
disrupt the communication for all the nodes.
● Failure: The breakdown in one station leads to the failure of the overall
network.
● Reconfiguration is difficult: Adding new devices to the network would
slow down the network.
● Delay: Communication delay is directly proportional to the number of
nodes. Adding new devices increases the communication delay.

Diagram:
3. Star Topology

Theory:

● Star topology is an arrangement of the network in which every node is

connected to the central hub, switch or a central computer.
● The central computer is known as a server, and the peripheral devices
attached to the server are known as clients.
● Coaxial cable or RJ-45 cables are used to connect the computers.
● Hubs or Switches are mainly used as connection devices in a physical
star topology. o Star topology is the most popular topology in network
implementation.

Pros & Cons:

Advantages of Star topology

● Efficient troubleshooting: Troubleshooting is quite efficient in a star

topology as compared to bus topology. In a bus topology, the manager
has to inspect the kilometers of cable. In a star topology, all the stations
are connected to the centralized network. Therefore, the network
administrator has to go to the single station to troubleshoot the problem.
● Network control: Complex network control features can be easily
implemented in the star topology. Any changes made in the star topology
are automatically accommodated. o Limited failure: As each station is
connected to the central hub with its own cable, therefore failure in one
cable will not affect the entire network.
● Familiar technology: Star topology is a familiar technology as its tools
are cost effective.
● Easily expandable: It is easily expandable as new stations can be added
to the open ports on the hub.
● Cost effective: Star topology networks are cost-effective as it uses
inexpensive coaxial cable.
● High data speeds: It supports a bandwidth of approx 100Mbps. Ethernet
100BaseT is one of the most popular Star topology networks.

Disadvantages of Star topology

● A Central point of failure: If the central hub or switch goes down, then all
the connected nodes will not be able to communicate with each other.
 ● Cable: Sometimes cable routing becomes difficult when a significant
amount of routing is required.

Diagram:

4. Mesh Topology

Theory:

● Mesh technology is an arrangement of the network in which computers

are interconnected with each other through various redundant
connections.
● There are multiple paths from one computer to another computer.
● It does not contain the switch, hub or any central computer which acts as
a central point of communication.
● The Internet is an example of the mesh topology.
● Mesh topology is mainly used for WAN implementations where
communication failures are a critical concern.
● Mesh topology is mainly used for wireless networks.
● Mesh topology can be formed by using the formula: Number of cables =
(n*(n-1))/2;
Where n is the number of nodes that represents the network.

Pros & Cons:

Advantages of Mesh topology:

● Reliable: The mesh topology networks are very reliable as if any link
breakdown will not affect the communication between connected
computers.
● Fast Communication: Communication is very fast between the nodes.
 ● Easier Reconfiguration: Adding new devices would not disrupt the
communication between other devices.

Disadvantages of Mesh topology

● Cost: A mesh topology contains a large number of connected devices

such as a router and more transmission media than other topologies.
● Management: Mesh topology networks are very large and very difficult to
maintain and manage. If the network is not monitored carefully, then the
communication link failure goes undetected.
● Efficiency: In this topology, redundant connections are high that reduces
the efficiency of the network.

Diagram:

5. Tree Topology

Theory:

● Tree topology combines the characteristics of bus topology and star

topology. o A tree topology is a type of structure in which all the computers
are connected with each other in hierarchical fashion.
● The top-most node in tree topology is known as a root node, and all other
nodes are the descendants of the root node.
● There is only one path between two nodes for the data transmission.
Thus, it forms a parent-child hierarchy.
Pros & Cons:

Advantages of Tree topology

● Support for broadband transmission: Tree topology is mainly used to

provide broadband transmission, i.e., signals are sent over long distances
without being attenuated.
● Easily expandable: We can add the new device to the existing network.
Therefore, we can say that tree topology is easily expandable.
● Easily manageable: In tree topology, the whole network is divided into
segments known as star networks which can be easily managed and
maintained.
● Error detection: Error detection and error correction are very easy in a
tree topology. o Limited failure: The breakdown in one station does not
affect the entire network. o Point-to-point wiring: It has point-to-point
wiring for individual segments.

Disadvantages of Tree topology

● Difficult troubleshooting: If any fault occurs in the node, then it becomes

difficult to troubleshoot the problem.
● High cost: Devices required for broadband transmission are very costly.
● Failure: A tree topology mainly relies on the main bus cable and failure in
the main bus cable will damage the overall network.
● Reconfiguration is difficult: If new devices are added, then it becomes
difficult to reconfigure.
● Large cabling is required as compared to star and bus topology .

Diagram:
6. Hybrid Topology

Theory:

● The combination of various different topologies is known as Hybrid

topology.
● A Hybrid topology is a connection between different links and nodes to
transfer the data.
● When two or more different topologies are combined together it is termed
as Hybrid topology and if similar topologies are connected with each other
will not result in Hybrid topology. For example, if there exists a ring
topology in one branch of ICICI bank and bus topology in another branch
of ICICI bank, connecting these two topologies will result in Hybrid
topology.

Pros & Cons:

Advantages of Hybrid Topology

● Reliable: If a fault occurs in any part of the network will not affect the
functioning of the rest of the network.
● Scalable: Size of the network can be easily expanded by adding new
devices without affecting the functionality of the existing network.
● Flexible: This topology is very flexible as it can be designed according to
the requirements of the organization.
● Effective: Hybrid topology is very effective as it can be designed in such a
way that the strength of the network is maximized and weakness of the
network is minimized.

Disadvantages of Hybrid topology

● Complex design: The major drawback of the Hybrid topology is the

design of the Hybrid network. It is very difficult to design the architecture
of the Hybrid network. o Costly Hub: The Hubs used in the Hybrid
topology are very expensive as these hubs are different from usual Hubs
used in other topologies.
● Costly infrastructure: The infrastructure cost is very high as a hybrid
network requires a lot of cabling, network devices, etc.
 Diagram:

CISCO packet tracer –

Cisco Packet Tracer is a cross-platform visual simulation tool designed by Cisco

Systems that allows users to create network topologies and imitate modern computer
networks. The software allows users to simulate the configuration of Cisco routers and
switches using a simulated command line interface. Packet Tracer makes use of a drag
and drop user interface, allowing users to add and remove simulated network devices
as they see fit. The software is mainly focused towards Certified Cisco Network
Associate Academy students as an educational tool for helping them learn fundamental
CCNA concepts. It can be used to create complicated network typologies, as well as to
test and simulate abstract networking concepts. It acts as a playground for you to
explore networking and the experience is very close to what you see in computer
networks.
Cisco Packet Tracer supports a multi-user system that allows many users to connect
various topologies across a computer network. Instructors can also build exercises for
students to perform using Packet Tracer.

Steps:

1. Pick a total of 4 pcs in the packet tracer application.

2. We need 2 routers.
3. We need a single router.
4. Give the appropriate IP addresses to the pcs accordingly.
5. Test the network with the help of packets.
Connect the devices as shown below:

Output:

1. Bus Topology-

Implementation-
Ping from one PC to another-

Configuration Window of PC-

 Simulation Panel-

2. Ring Topology-

Implementation-
Ping from one PC to another-

Configuration Window of PC-

 Simulation Panel-

3. Star Topology-

Implementation-
Ping from one PC to another-

Configuration Window of PC-

 Simulation Panel-

4. Mesh Topology-

Implementation-
Ping from one PC to another-

Configuration Window of PC-

 Simulation Panel-

5. Hybrid Topology-

Implementation-
Ping from one PC to another-

Configuration Window of PC-

 Simulation Panel-

6. Tree Topology-

Implementation-
Ping from one PC to another-

Configuration Window of PC-

 Simulation Panel-

Conclusion:

Thus we studied and implemented simple network topologies like bus, star, mesh, ring,
tree, hybrid, etc with their advantages and disadvantages, and configured it using cisco
packet tracer successfully.