(a) (i) One of the assumptions of the kinetic theory of gases is that molecules make elastic

1 collisions. State what is meant by an elastic collision.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii) State two more assumptions that are made in the kinetic theory of gases.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) One mole of hydrogen at a temperature of 420 K is mixed with one mole of oxygen at
320 K. After a short period of time the mixture is in thermal equilibrium.

(i) Explain what happens as the two gases approach and then reach thermal
equilibrium.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Calculate the average kinetic energy of the hydrogen molecules before they are
mixed with the oxygen molecules.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 7 marks)

(a) (i) Write down the equation of state for n moles of an ideal gas.
2
______________________________________________________________

Page 1 of 25
 (ii) The molecular kinetic theory leads to the derivation of the equation

pV =
,

where the symbols have their usual meaning.

State three assumptions that are made in this derivation.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) Calculate the average kinetic energy of a gas molecule of an ideal gas at a temperature
of 20 °C.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) Two different gases at the same temperature have molecules with different mean square
speeds.
Explain why this is possible.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

(a) The air in a room of volume 27.0 m3 is at a temperature of 22 °C and a pressure of

Calculate

(i) the temperature, in K, of the air,

______________________________________________________________

Page 2 of 25
 (ii) the number of moles of air in the room,

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(iii) the number of gas molecules in the room.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)

(b) The temperature of an ideal gas in a sealed container falls. State, with a reason, what
happens to the

(i) mean square speed of the gas molecules,

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii) pressure of the gas.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 9 marks)

(a) State two quantities which increase when the temperature of a given mass of gas is
4 increased at constant volume.

(i) ______________________________________________________________

(ii) ______________________________________________________________
(2)

Page 3 of 25
(b) A car tyre of volume 1.0 × 10–2 m3 contains air at a pressure of 300 kPa and a temperature
of 290K. The mass of one mole of air is 2.9 × 10–2 kg. Assuming that the air behaves as an
ideal gas, calculate

(i) n, the amount, in mol, of air,

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the mass of the air,

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(iii) the density of the air.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)

(c) Air contains oxygen and nitrogen molecules. State, with a reason, whether the following are
the same for oxygen and nitrogen molecules in air at a given temperature.

(i) The average kinetic energy per molecule

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii) The r.m.s. speed

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 11 marks)

Page 4 of 25
 The diagram below shows a number of smoke particles suspended in air. The arrows indicate the
5 directions in which the particles are moving at a particular time.

(a) (i) Explain why the smoke particles are observed to move.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Smoke particles are observed to move in a random way. State two conclusions about
air molecules and their motion resulting from this observation.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) A sample of air has a density of 1.24 kg m–3 at a pressure of 1.01 × 105 Pa and a
temperature of 300 K.

the Boltzmann constant = 1.38 × 10–23 J K–1

(i) Calculate the mean kinetic energy of an air molecule under these conditions.

(2)

(ii) Calculate the mean square speed for the air molecules.

(3)

Page 5 of 25
 (iii) Explain why, when the temperature of the air is increased to 320 K, some of the
molecules will have speeds much less than that suggested by the value you
calculated in part (b)(ii).

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

(a) The diagram shows curves (not to scale) relating pressure p, and volume, V, for a fixed
6
mass of an ideal monatomic gas at 300K and 500K. The gas is in a container which is
closed by a piston which can move with negligible friction.

molar gas constant, R, = 8.31 J mol–1 K–1

(i) Show that the number of moles of gas in the container is 6.4 × 10–2.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Calculate the volume of the gas at point C on the graph.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

Page 6 of 25
(b) (i) Give an expression for the total kinetic energy of the molecules in one mole of an
ideal gas at kelvin temperature T.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Calculate the total kinetic energy of the molecules of the gas in the container at point
A on the graph.

Explain why this equals the total internal energy for an ideal gas.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

(c) Defining the terms used, explain how the first law of thermodynamics, ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW,
applies to the changes on the graph

(i) at constant volume from A to B,

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii) at constant pressure from A to C.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)

(d) Calculate the heat energy absorbed by the gas in the change

(i) from A to B,

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Page 7 of 25
 (ii) from A to C

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 15 marks)

(a) Use the kinetic theory of gases to explain why

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the volume occupied by an ideal gas increases when it is heated at constant
pressure.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) A quantity of 0.25 mol of air enters a diesel engine at a pressure of 1.05 × 105 Pa and a
temperature of 27°C. Assume the gas to be ideal.

(i) Calculate the volume occupied by the gas.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Page 8 of 25
 (ii) When the gas is compressed to one twentieth of its original volume the pressure rises
to 7.0 × 106 Pa. Calculate the temperature of the gas immediately after the
compression.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 8 marks)

The graph in the figure below shows the best fit line for the results of an experiment in which the
8 volume of a fixed mass of gas was measured over a temperature range from 20°C to 100°C. The
pressure of the gas remained constant throughout the experiment.

Page 9 of 25
(a) Use the graph in the figure to calculate a value for the absolute zero of temperature in °C.
Show clearly your method of working.

(4)

(b) Use data from the graph in the figure to calculate the mass of gas used in the experiment.
You may assume that the gas behaved like an ideal gas throughout the experiment.

gas pressure throughout the experiment = 1.0 × 105 Pa

molar gas constant = 8.3 J mol–1 K–1

molar mass of the gas used = 0.044 kg mol–1

(5)
(Total 9 marks)

Page 10 of 25
 Helium is a monatomic gas for which all the internal energy of the molecules may be considered
9 to be translational kinetic energy.

molar mass of helium = 4.0 × 10–3 kg

(a) Calculate the kinetic energy of a tennis ball of mass 60 g travelling at 50 m s–1.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Calculate the internal energy of 1.0 g of helium gas at a temperature of 48K.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) At what temperature would the internal energy of 1.0 g of helium gas be equal to the kinetic
energy of the ball in part (a).

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

A 1.0 kΩ resistor is thermally insulated and a potential difference of 6.0 V is applied to it for 2.0
10
minutes. The thermal capacity of the resistor is 9.0 J K–1. The rise in temperature, in K, is

A 1.3 × 10–3

B 8.0 × 10–3

C 0.48

D 0.80
(Total 1 mark)

Page 11 of 25
 At a certain temperature, the root-mean-square speed of the molecules of a fixed volume of an
11
ideal gas is c. The temperature of the gas is changed so that the pressure is halved. The
root-mean-square speed of the molecules becomes

D 2c
(Total 1 mark)

The graph shows the relation between the product pressure × volume, pV, and temperature, θ, in
12
degrees celsius for 1 mol of an ideal gas for which the molar gas constant is R.

Which one of the following expressions gives the gradient of this graph?

D R
(Total 1 mark)

Page 12 of 25
 Which one of the graphs below shows the relationship between the internal energy of an ideal
13
gas (y-axis) and the absolute temperature of the gas (x-axis)?

(Total 1 mark)

A fixed mass of gas occupies a volume V. The temperature of the gas increases so that the root
14
mean square velocity of the gas molecules is doubled.
What will the new volume be if the pressure remains constant?

C 2V

D 4V

(Total 1 mark)

Page 13 of 25
 The temperature of a hot liquid in a container falls at a rate of 2 K per minute just before it begins
15 to solidify. The temperature then remains steady for 20 minutes by which time all the liquid has all
solidified.

What is the quantity ?

C 10 K–1

D 40 K–1

(Total 1 mark)

Page 14 of 25