Enrollment No.

: 202103103510015

Practical 1
Aim: Perform a practical to install cisco packet tracer and study all its controls
and components. Also create topology for PC-to-PC communication.

• Introduction :
o Cisco Packet Tracer is a network simulation tool developed by Cisco Systems that
allows users to design, configure, and troubleshoot network setups.
o It provides a virtual environment where users can create and simulate network
topologies, experiment with different configurations, and observe the behavior of
network devices.
o It is widely used by students, educators, and professionals to learn and practice
networking concepts.

• Installation of Cisco Packet Tracer :

1) Visit the Cisco Networking Academy website (Netacad) at
https://www.netacad.com/.
2) Create an account on the Cisco Networking Academy website if you don't have one
already.
3) Log in to your account and navigate to the Packet Tracer section.
4) Click on the "Download Packet Tracer" button.
5) Select the appropriate version of Packet Tracer for your operating system
(Windows, macOS, or Linux).
6) Accept the terms and conditions of the End User License Agreement (EULA).
7) Click on the download link to start the download process.
8) Once the download is complete, locate the installer file on your computer.
9) Run the installer file and follow the on-screen instructions to install Packet Tracer.
10) After the installation is complete, you can launch Cisco Packet Tracer and start
using it.

• Network Devices :

1. Router :
o A router is a networking device that operates at the network layer
(Layer 3) of the OSI model.
o It connects multiple networks together and forwards data packets
between them.
o Routers use routing tables and protocols to determine the best path
for data transmission.

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o They can perform functions such as IP address assignment, traffic

management, and network security.
o Routers are essential for connecting networks within and between
organizations and are commonly used in homes, offices, and the
internet.

2. Switch :
o A switch is a networking device that operates at the data link layer (Layer
2) of the OSI model. o It connects devices within a network, such as
computers, printers, and servers, and facilitates communication between
them. o Switches use MAC addresses to forward data packets to the
intended recipient device. o They provide high-speed data transfer and
enable simultaneous communication between multiple devices on the same
network.
o Switches are commonly used in local area networks (LANs) to improve
network performance and efficiency.

3. Hub :
o A hub is a networking device that operates at the physical layer (Layer 1) of
the OSI model. o It is a simple device that connects multiple devices
within a network by broadcasting incoming data to all connected devices. o
When a hub receives data, it replicates and sends it to all other ports,
regardless of the intended recipient.
o This broadcasting approach can lead to collisions and reduced network
efficiency.
o Hubs are rarely used in modern networks, as they have been largely
replaced by switches.

• End System :
o An end system, also known as a host, refers to any device or computer that is
connected to a network and interacts with other systems to send or receive data.
o End systems are the devices used by users to access and utilize network resources,
services, and applications.

1) Computers and Laptops:

Traditional desktop computers and laptops are commonly used as end systems. They
have processing power, memory, storage, and various input/output devices such as
keyboards, mouse, and monitors. These devices can run different operating systems
(such as Windows, macOS, or Linux) and are capable of running a wide range of
applications.

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2) Mobile Devices:
With the widespread adoption of smartphones and tablets, mobile devices have become
popular end systems. Mobile devices have similar capabilities to computers and
laptops but are designed for portability. They connect to networks through Wi-Fi or
cellular data connections and offer a variety of applications and services.

3) Servers:
Servers are powerful computers or systems dedicated to providing services or
resources to other end systems on a network. They typically have higher processing
power, memory, and storage capacities compared to regular end systems. Servers can
host websites, store data, run applications, manage network services, and perform
various computational tasks.

4) Internet of Things (IoT) Devices:

IoT devices are end systems that are embedded with sensors, software, and network
connectivity. These devices include smart home appliances, wearable devices,
industrial sensors, and more. IoT devices enable the collection, analysis, and sharing of
data, allowing for automation and control in various domains.

5) Network Appliances:
Some specialized devices, such as network printers, network-attached storage (NAS)
devices, or network cameras, can also act as end systems. These devices connect to the
network to provide specific functions or services related to their purpose.

• Media :

o In computer networks, the term "media" refers to the physical transmission

medium through which data is transmitted from one device to another.
o It provides the means for communication between network devices.
o There are several types of media used in computer networks. Some of them are as
follows :
1. Copper Cables
2. Fiber Optic Cable
3. Wireless Transmission:
 Wi-Fi
 Bluetooth
 Cellular Network
4. Satellite Communication

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• PC to PC Communication :

1) Take two end system(i.e PC) and establish a connection between them as shown in
picture.

2) Now configure the IP address, Subnet mask & default gateway of both the PC.

3) Now send message from PC0 to PC1.

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Practical-2
Aim: To perform a practical to create a topology comprising two different
Networks using two switches and one router. Also, demonstrate basic CLI
commands and different router modes.

 CLI :
o CLI stands for Command Line Interface.
o It is a text-based interface that allows users to interact with a computer system or
device by entering commands. o The CLI provides a direct and efficient way to
configure, manage, and monitor various aspects of a system or device.

Here is a list of some common CLI commands and their descriptions:

1. enable: This command is used to enter privileged EXEC mode, which grants access to higher-
level configuration commands.

2. hostname: The hostname command is used to set the name of the device. It changes the prompt to
reflect the new hostname.

3. config: The config command is usually followed by other keywords to enter various configuration
modes. For example, config terminal enters global configuration mode.

4. interface: This command is used to select a specific interface (e.g., Ethernet interface, Gigabit
Ethernet interface) to configure.

5. ip address: In interface configuration mode, the ip address command is used to assign an IP

address and subnet mask to the selected interface.

6. no shutdown: This command is used to enable an interface. When an interface is created, it is

administratively shut down by default. The no shutdown command brings the interface up.

7. exit: The exit command is used to exit from the current configuration mode or to move back to the
previous configuration mode.

8. dhcp pool: Creates a DHCP pool and enters DHCP pool configuration mode.

9. default-router: Specifies the default gateway (router) for the DHCP clients.

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 Topology comprising two different Networks using two switches and one router :

1) Take a router, two switches and 4 end devices(PC) and create a connection between them as
shown in picture below:

2) Now set up an interface between the router and both the switches.

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3) Now configure the IP address, Subnet Mask & Default Gateway of the end devices( i.e., the 4 PC).

4) Now send message from PC0 to PC3.

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Practical-3(A)
Aim: (i) To perform a practical to configure DHCP service on the router in the
experiment 2.

• DHCP :

o DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. o It is a network

protocol widely used to automatically assign IP addresses and related network
configuration parameters to devices on a network.
o DHCP simplifies network administration by centrally managing and automating
the process of IP address assignment, ensuring efficient utilization of available IP
addresses.

• DHCP service on router :

1) Take a router, two switches and 4 end devices(PC) and create a connection between them
as shown in picture below:

2) Now set up an interface between the router and both the switches.

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3) Now configure a DHCP pool network.

4) Now configure the IP address, Subnet mask & default gateway using dhcp.

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5) Now send message from PC0 to PC3.

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Practical-3(B)
Aim: To perform a practical to configure server with DHCP service for dynamic
Configuration of hosts.

 Server with DHCP :

1) Make a connection as shown in figure and configure the network.

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2) Now configure a DHCP pool network.

3) Now configure the IP address of server.

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4) Now configure the end devices(PC0, PC1, PC2 & PC3)

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5) Now send message from PC2 to Server.

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