INTRODUCTION

Street children’s challenges are dynamic in nature. The study problem was the inadequacy of
effective rehabilitation Facilities and strategies that promote street children’s social
development. The objective of the study was to determine strategies for improving
effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions for street children social development in Region
IV-A, Calamba City, Philippines.
There are a number of projects currently being carried out that address problems such street
children face. Research has been carried out to try and understand street children better, to
find out what their living conditions are, what effect these exceptional circumstances have had
on their thought processes and attitudes towards life and society, and what their priorities and
desires are.
The general consensus is that approaches should be flexible and adaptable to meet the wide
range of different needs of these children including the provision of social and psychological
guidance and support. Special care should be taken to gain the child’s confidence by creating
non-intimidating, informal environments where the children feel comfortable and secure.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

A street child refers to “any girl or boy who has not reached adulthood, for whom the street
has become her or his habitual abode and/or sources of livelihood, and who is inadequately
protected, supervised or directed by adults. expressing concern over their emergence and
marginalization. This resulted into street children rehabilitation interventions on local and
regional levels which provide facility safety, healthcare, counseling, education, vocational
training, legal aid, love, food, clothing, sports, recreation and other social development
services requires collective efforts of all relevant stakeholders.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Street children are an existing and growing social problem in Region IV-A Calamaba City and
it’s expected to grow given the rapid rate of urbanization through devolution and its resultant
impacts on the contemporary society. Street children continue to face socio-economical
challenges in their struggle to participate in the wider community. Moreover, the already tense
relationship within the society exacerbate as they are viewed as the major suspects of looting
and vandalism. Despite government and NGO interventions towards alleviation of the
problem of street children, there is inadequacy of effective rehabilitation strategies that
promote street children’s social development. There is therefore need to identify challenges of
particular groups of street children and design strategies to alleviate their situations . Due to
their exposure to violence both at home and on the street; street children grow into adults who
engage in criminal activities thus threatening security of the public. I
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study determine significant role of Architectural design concept, strategy and innovation
that helps to improve Rehabilitation and Training Facilities in such a way that it will provide
more comfortable well develop Training ground for street children building their lives phisicall,
mentally, imotionaly and socially and live with a better life in the society.

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

To determine strategies for improving effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions for street

children's physical,imotional, spiritual and social development and design a facility that will
sustain and provide eductional and vocational safety trainings for them.

A. Architectural design and planning that contribute to the Development

Facility and Rehabilitation of the Street Children

B. What Architectural strategy, elements and innovations can be apply according to

actual situation and location of proposed facility.

C. How can the society will attract and help specially Government and NGOs to
finance a well develop Rehabilitation and Training facility proposed project How does
the architectural design strategy helps to promote more Rehabilitation Facility for street
children.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITIRATURE

Strategies for Improving Effectiveness of Rehabilitation Interventions for Social

Development of Street Children in Kenya Daily Nation, 2015 July reported that, during the
GES (Global Entrepreneurship Summit) in Nairobi on July 24th, 2015, street children were
rounded up from Nairobi City Square and sent to Joseph Kang’ethe Rehabilitation Centre, this
symbolizes that they are a societal problem to be addressed. In 1991, through a Presidential
decree, the Government of Kenya established the District Children’s Advisory Committees
(AACs), in each district. The purpose was to enhance involvement of the community, Civil
Society Organizations (CSOs), private sector (business community), line ministries, Faith
Based Organizations (FBOs) and Community Based Organizations (CBOs) in the
administration of matters relating to children. By then, only the Department of children’s
services under the Ministry of Home Affairs and National Heritage was running public
supportive and preventive programmes for the benefit of actual and potential street children
(WHO, 2002).
Although most of the country's local authorities (municipalities and county councils)
were approved under the Children and Young Persons CAP 141 which was to manage both
types of programmes, however, none mounted a supportive programme (Morangi,
2013).These interventions were, primarily, based on the rehabilitation and training of street
children and were based on the delinquent nature of 6-18 year olds of whom street children
were a majority. The programme was organized into two types of institutions namely,
Approved Schools now known as Rehabilitation Schools and Juvenile Remand Homes now
known as Children’s Remand Homes, under the Children’s Act 2001. Approved Schools on
the other hand were custodial schools for the rehabilitation and training of delinquent juveniles
and youngsters (CRADLE, 2004). The Department of Children Services had (nine) 9 such
schools in the country, with a capacity of 3,000 children (GOK, 1990).
Wakhu, (2012) discourage these forms of interventions while acknowledging that in
order to address the issue of street children effectively, both such long and short-term
interventions are necessary. In addition, there should be a focus on preventive (rather than
rehabilitative) solutions. For instance, provision of food, clothes, medicines, and shelter may
even help to perpetuate the problem by making street life bearable and intensifying a child’s
dependence on programs (Volpi, 2002). Therefore this study sought to fill the gap between
preventive and reactive interventions. In 1998, the Department of Children Services
established the Volunteer Children Officers system. The concept was piloted 2004 in seven
(7) Districts (now sub-counties). The volunteers Children Officers (VCOs) complement the
work of children officers by providing supervisory services to children in need of care and
protection and those in conflict with the law at the location/village level. The VCOs worked
under close supervision of the District Children’s Officers (CSC, 2004).The VCO system
however, has significantly been hampered by lack of funding, inadequate and systematic
training to enhance their capacities in service delivery to children.
Under the National Alliance Rainbow Coalition (NARC) government (2003), Office of
the Vice President and Ministry of Home Affairs was created with the mandate to coordinate
all children services as stipulated in the Children’s Act of 2001. The Government also set up
the National Council for Children Services to oversee proper planning, financing, coordination
and supervision of child welfare activities. Representatives were drawn from relevant
government ministries, civil societies, private sector and religious organizations. At the district
level these structures are called Area Advisory Councils (AACs) (Kenya Gazette, 2002). In
2008, the Government of Kenya reorganized its ministries and the Department of Children
Services was moved from Office of the Vice President and Ministry of Home Affairs to Ministry
of Gender, Children and Social Development currently under the state department of Labour
Social Security and Services. The Ministry through the Department of Children Services
empowers the vulnerable groups and children in need of care and protection such as street
children, orphans, marginalized children (CRADLE, 2004). Although the governments have all
this rehabilitative strategies, the number of street children is escalating therefore this study
sought to find ways of improving this efforts by evaluating better rehabilitative strategies in
Kenya.
The NARC Government through the Ministry of Local Government embarked on a
rehabilitation program for street children in collaboration with the National Youth Services
(NYS) to offer trainings, in an effort to provide them with rehabilitation services, non formal
education, vocational skills, reintegration back to formal education and family reintegration
(Awori, 2007). Reception centres were also set up in four (4) provinces including Central,
Coast, Rift valley and Nairobi. In the reception centres street children are received, assessed,
categorized and given appropriate support and assistance or referred to relevant agencies
Consortium for street children (2011). In 2003, 6000 ex-street children were rehabilitated and
enrolled in different primary schools countrywide while 800 other street children acquired
vocational skills in various national youth service units countrywide (Awori, 2007). This study
sought to establish the social status of these graduates from these rehabilitation interventions
so as to see the programme’s effectiveness and impact.
Under the president Kibaki NARC administration, the Government of Kenya made
great strides in the provisions of supportive services to street children. Various bodies were
created and mandated to work with street children in Kenya (Awori, 2007). In 2003, The
Street Families Rehabilitation Trust Fund (SFRTF) was established under the Ministry of
Local Government now under Ministry of Devolution and Planning through a Gazette Notice
No. 1558 of 11th March 2003 (Undugu, 2008). The mandate of SFRTF was to coordinate
rehabilitation activities for street families in Kenya in partnership with other service providers,
educate the public, mobilize resources, manage a fund to support rehabilitation and
reintegration activities, and encourage decentralization of activities to County governments to
benefit those surviving on streets of Kenya’s towns among other functions (Awori, 2007).
Apart from government funding, this study sought to establish other sources of funding to
street children rehabilitation interventions.
The Street Families Rehabilitation Trust Fund (STRF) rehabilitates and returns street
children to their families and supports their re-integration into the community. The Trust has
moved from emergency response and immediate basic needs such as food, clothing, shelter,
health and psychosocial support to long-term programs including support for their education,
vocational skills and small scale business for self-reliant Muigai, (2003). Another government
of Kenya strategy for improving street children social development was the National Youth
Service Act, Chapter 208 provides for the establishment of a National Youth Service (NYS).
The functions of the NYS and related matters include training of young citizens to serve the
nation and employment of its members in tasks of national importance. Eligibility to the
service starts at the age of 16. Muigai, (2003) acknowledges that service opportunities are
usually advertised in the daily newspapers where college and university students often apply,
but since April 2003, approximately 800 street children from Nairobi and Mombasa had been
actively recruited into the NYS to become “useful citizens, like other Kenyans”. This study
sought to evaluate the effect of this strategy in Kakamega Central Sub-County.
A joint study on Street Children and Juvenile Justice in Kenya (2004) by CRADLE,
Undugu Society of Kenya and Consortium for Street Children (CSC) however notes that there
have been newspaper reports claiming that the first batch of street children graduates from
the NYC have simply returned to the streets ‘more ruthless and hardened’. If the ‘recruitment’
was in any way forced, this constitutes a gross violation of the rights of these children. Thus
this study sought to find out the human rights violation actions that may hinder effective social
development of street children.
The National Rainbow Coalition Government also initiated The Street Children
Capacity Building Project in 2004 which aimed at enhancing the capacity of organizations that
are addressing the plight of both actual and potential street children in Kenya. The project has
been based in Nairobi with a national out-reach, and working in partnership with organizations
and governmental institutions in key urban centres in different towns. Based on the programs’
objectives, the project developed training modules which address three thematic areas
namely: management of street children organizations, Participatory Action Research (PAR),
and Paralegal and child Rights. The project is based on a community and neighborhood
based model to protect children against violence which signifies a paradigm shift from the
rehabilitative programmes that characterized early governmental interventions (Muigai, 2003).
This study sought to establish the effect of these community and neighborhood based model
to protect street children through open rehabilitation system in Kakamega Central Sub-
County, Kenya.
The Challenges of Street Children Rehabilitation Interventions Undugu, (2008) reports
that rehabilitation interventions experience relatively similar problems and constraints in their
operation and expansion. These include budgetary constraints, lack of land, delays in
placement of graduates and lack of public and government support and a possible retreat of
the graduates to street life (UNCEF, 2005). There seems to be no co-ordination among the
NGOs themselves or between the NGOs and the government departments. This has lead to
occasional demolition of some NGO community-based shelter programmes. However, in
government circles, the phenomenon of street children is viewed as representing a potential
threat to the security of the state (Undugu, 2008).This study sought to evaluate strategies of
managing these challenges and developing better strategies to improve street children
rehabilitation interventions.

CASE STUDY

Local

Retreat Paradize Rehabilitation Center ( SILANG, CAVITE )

A private owned Rehabilitation Center, the facility accommodates different types of addictions
and mental illness such as depression, behavioural disorder, alcoholic, and gambling
addiction. It is located at Silang, Cavite, approximately 15 minutes from Natioanal Hiway,
Tagaytay Road. The facility itself does not look like a typiccal medical type building or
hospital. It is Surrounded by tress and natural fresh air, good environment, peaceful quiet,
good location for persons under recovery.
Bridge of Hope Rehabilitation ( Los Banos, Lacuna )

A private owned Rehabilitation Center, the facility accommodates different types of addictions
and mental illness such as depression, behavioural disorder, alcoholic, and gambling
addiction. It is located at the University of the Philippines, Jamboree Los Banos,
approximately 30 minutes from National Hiway, Los Banos, Lguna. The facility itself does not
look like a typiccal medical type building or hospital. It is Surrounded by tress and natural
fresh air, good environment, peaceful quiet, good location for persons under recovery.
Foreign

TELETON CHILDREN'S REHABILITATION CENTRE

Designed by Gabinete de Arquitectura (Arquitectos Architects), Paraguay, this

rehabilitation center has been rebuilt from an existing center in Lambare. The project
was a combination of destruction of the old and creation of the new, taking a leaf out of
what rehabilitation means. Materials from the rubble have been mostly reused in
building the new center as the project was intended. The ideology of reusing the material
or rehabilitating the materials was a conscious decision made to give the same
representation to the society it stands in. (Teletón Children’s Rehabilitation Center,
Gabinete de Arquitectura, 2022)

BELMONT COMMUNITY REHABILITATION CENTRE

Design by Billard Leece Partnership architecture firm, located in Victoria, Australia assists
people in learning to develop skills required for their all-around wellbeing and maintain it
since the year 2012. It sits in a residential area with plenty of landscape, the center also
provides external services to the community. (Belmont Community Rehabilitation Centre,
Billard Leece Partnership, 2013)

VANDHALLA EGMONT REHABILITATION CENTRE

Designed by CUBO Arkitekter and Force4 Architects, located in Denmark, Vandhalla is an

extension to Egmont school. The addition of rehabilitation has its focus on providing
rehabilitation through the water. Its easy access pool for even these differently has led to an
increase in the number of students and gave motivation to the student as well as the public as
well. It is safe to say that this piece of architecture stands as an inspiration for its location.
(Vandhalla Egmont Højskolen, 2022).
REHAB CLINIC

Designed by Herzog & De Meuron, the rehabilitation center was an extension of the
REHAB Clinic in Basel, Switzerland. The two-floor horizontal extension was subtly added
to the existing clinic keeping in mind the ease of access to its users. The design was
focused on connecting inside space to the outside rather than the other way around.
(Herzog & de Meuron completes extension of REHAB clinic in Basel, 2022)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Gathering all importance and reliable information, data from selected reference,
books, research write ups, Internet.
b. Conduct a site investigation, consultation and request of important supporting
documents from Government agencies and NGOs around near by areas that may use as
basis and supporting reference that may help for the study.
c. Conduct a site interview from the staffs, and other incharge managing existing
rehabilitation facility and also from the persons involved.
SITE DATA

PROVINCE OF LAGUNA

FIGURE – 1 MAP OF LAGUNA PROVINCE

CITY OF CALAMBA

MAP OF CALMBA CITY

MACRO-INVESTIGATION
HISTORY OF CALAMBA
According to legend, a Guardia Civil during the Spanish occupation met a young woman while
making his rounds within the vicinity. The woman who had just been to a nearby river carrying
a jar of water was asked for the place’s name. Mistakenly thought that she was asked for
what she was carrying, she replied “kalan-banga”, and hurriedly went away. The guard then
coined the name “kalamba” that later became what is now known “Calamba”. To immortalize
the town’s legend, a concrete jar with inscriptions of each barangay was constructed and
erected right at the City Plaza, just across the Historical House of the Philippines’ National
Hero Dr. Jose Rizal.
Calamba became the second component city of the Province of Laguna by virtue of Republic
Act (RA) 9024, “An Act Converting the Municipality of Calamba, Province of Laguna into a
Component City to be known as the City of Calamba.” RA 9024 was signed into law by Her
Excellency President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on March 5, 2001 at the Malacañang Palace.
The Commission on Elections (COMELEC) then set the plebiscite for Calamba’s cityhood on
April21, 2001, three weeks before the local elections. A vast majority of Calambeños took part
in the historic plebiscite, which determined the destiny of Rizal’s hometown. Of the total
15,056 Calambeños who voted, only 3,413 or 22.67% voted “No.” The remaining 77.33%
voted “Yes” to Calamba’s conversion into a component city. Calamba City was declared the
regional center of the Cavite – Laguna –Batangas –Rizal – Quezon (CALABARZON) region
by former Pres. Arroyo by virtue of Executive Order No. 246, dated October 28, 2003. At
present, Calamba is a first-class city and is an acknowledged tourism, industrial, commercial,
service and administrative center in CALABARZON.
Calamba City had a population of 454,486 in 2015. It is the most populous out of the 6 cities
and 24 municipalities of the Province of Laguna. Calamba accounted for almost 15 percent of
Laguna’s population surpassing the cities of San Pedro, Sta. Rosa and Biñan. The city's
Population is about thirty times that of Famy, the least populated town in Laguna. The City
has 54 barangays of which Canlubang, Mayapa and Parian are the most populated while
Mabato, Ulango and Camaligan are the least populated. The City’s number of households
during the 2015 census was 105,941 with an average household size of 4.3. The gross
population density of the City of Calamba in 2015 was about 34 persons per hectare3 which
was much higher than its 21.16 population density in 2000. Barangay Poblacion 4 was the
most densely populated with 720 persons per hectare. The next most densely populated
barangays were Poblacion 2 and Palingon. Meanwhile, the least densely populated
barangays were Mabato, Puting Lupa, and Ulango with only less than five persons per
hectare
Physical Characteristics
Calamba City is situated at the western fringe of Laguna de Bay and is located about 45
kilometers south of Metro Manila. It is geographically located at 14° and 17’ and 83° latitude
and 121° and 13’ and 41° longitude. It is bounded at the north by Cabuyao City (Laguna
Province), at the east by Los Baños (Laguna Province) and Laguna de Bay, at the south by
Batangas Province (specifically by Santo Tomas, Tanauan City and Talisay), and at the west
by Cavite Province (specifically by Tagaytay City and Silang). With an area of 14,480
hectares, the city accounts for about eight percent of the total land area of the Province of
Laguna.
CLIMATE CHANGE ANALYSIS
Study by the Geoscience Foundation, Inc. for the Mines and Geosciences Bureau in
December 2013, Calamba City is mainly susceptible to four hazards: flooding, liquefaction,
landslide and earthquake. Portions of 32 of the 54 barangays of the city are prone to flooding.
These barangays are located at the northeastern portion of the city in areas nearest to
Laguna de Bay.
Elevations in these barangays are less than 10 meters above sea level. Areas with moderate
to high susceptibility to flooding comprise about 7% of the city’s land area. There are also
liquefaction prone areas in the city which may be found in portions of 31 barangays. These
barangays are also located in the northeastern portion of the city.
Locations having moderate to high liquefaction risks comprise about 11% of the city’s land
area. Raininduced landslides affect 36 barangays. Areas that are highly prone to landslides
are those that are abutting the San Juan River as well as the areas with slopes greater than
18 percent. Those that are with moderate to high rain-induced landslide risks comprise about
17% of the city’s land area

LAND USE ZONING

Overall City Form and Structure The overall city form and structure, as defined by its major
road network system, may be defined as a starfish-structure centered at the junction of the
South Luzon Expressway (SLEX) and the Maharlika Highway/ Real Road in Barangay
Turbina. This structure divides the City into three sectors - northeast, southeast, and west.1
The northeast sector is defined by areas at the east of the SLEX and north of Real Road. This
is the where Barangays Mapagong, Paciano, Lawa, Parian, Banlic, some Poblacion and other
barangays are found. The area is characterized by broad flatlands leading to Laguna de Bay
at the east.
This is also where a mixture of industrial, commercial, residential and agricultural areas may
be found. Corridor-type commercial developments are particularly located along the Manila
South Road. This sector is also the location of the CALABARZON Regional Government
Center in Barangay Mapagong. The southeast sector are areas south of Real Road and east
of SLEX. Topography in this sector is more diverse, having broad flatlands in Barangay Real
going towards Poblacion on to Lecheria, Bucal and Sucol. As noted in CLUDP 2000, there
remain some lands at the interior of these areas that are being used for agricultural
production.
The limited road infrastructure leading to these locations has constrained urban
developments. The terrain rises at the south of the sector which leads into the Mount Makiling
Forest Reservation. The area also hosts some industries, notable of which is the Light
Industry Science Park II. It is also characterized by scattered settlements many of which are
gated communities. The sector hosts the Calamba City Hall and Rizal Park. It is also the
location of a significant number of resorts and other tourism establishments due to the
advantage of the proximity of Mount Makiling.
The confluence of the above sectors is along Real Road where the City’s Central Business
District in Barangay Poblacion 1 may be found. The CBD has been experiencing an
intensification of urban growth, with demands for more building floor space due to high land
values. This intensification is also being felt along its urban corridors along Real Road and
Manila South Road. The western sector lies at the west side of the SLEX most of which is
within Barangay Canlubang. As described in CLUDP 2000, this sector is “characterized by
gradually undulating terrain and rolling to steep hills.” It may be considered as the City’s
industrial center as this is where most of the major industrial estates may be found. These are
mainly located at the northern part of Barangay Canlubang and at the south, in Barangays
Milagrosa, Saimsim, Camaligan and Makiling, where an industrial belt has apparently
emerged capitalizing on good accessibility provided by Maharlika Highway and SLEX. A
concentration of developments is also observed along Maharlika Highway which has emerged
as an intense urban corridor.
The Canlubang area has also emerged as a new development area with the implementation
of the state-of-the art Nuvali project which is reputedly the largest self-sustainable eco-friendly
community in the country. The area is also the site of major universities, golf courses and
several smaller gated communities. The southern part of this sector, towards Calamba’s
boundary with Talisay City is characterized by agricultural areas having scattered settlement
sites. Lands at the westernmost portion of this sector, towards the boundary of Tagaytay City,
are mainly open/idle with some areas planted to coconuts and other diversified crops. It is
anticipated that urban growth in the city will further accelerate with the implementation of
major transportation projects such as the Laguna Lakeshore Expressway Dike, proposed
Calamba-Los Baños Expressway and the North-South Railway Project. The latter will include
56 km commuter railway operations from Tutuban, Manila and Calamba City, 478 km long-
haul railway operations between Tutuban and Legazpi City in Albay with a possible extension
on the branch line between Calamba and Batangas City. These projects will strengthen the
city’s regional and international linkages. Land Use Distribution