Candazo Roland Pre Final Thesis 4 - 21

Northwestern Visayan Colleges
College of Criminal Justice Education
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
We all have been affected by the Corona-Virus (COVID-19) pandemic. However,

the impact of the pandemic and its consequences are felt differently defending on our
status as individuals and as members of society. Wholesome some try to adapt to working
online, homeschooling their children, ordering food via instacart, otherwise have no
choice but to exposed to the virus while keeping society functioning. Our different
soocial group we belong to determine our inclusions within society and by extension, our
vulnerability to epidemics. COVID -19 has taken a heavy tool on rural livelihood, loss of
income and job opportunities were over aching challenges in poor communities.
Disaster-prone communities experienced more difficulties in coping with
COVID-19 restrictions and its severe economic impact. Coronavirus has affected us so
much. Impact on youth and local organizations serving youths as a result of the COVID-
19 pandemic. The pandemic also has been testing the limits of Global cooperation.
Support for developing economics in particular remains inadequate. The pandemic is also
changing our society and challenging long-Held tradition and habits. It will impact us for
years Beyond the immediate crisis.
The pandemic has brought considerable disruption to the way most people live,
work, study and access health care. These changes and their socio-economic
consequences, along with the fear of getting infected or of having loved ones infected
have a profound impact on the mental health of the general population. Social constraints
in the Covid-19 pandemic force individuals to adapt to isolation and increase the
prevalence of violence in the family, depression, anxiety, post -traumatic stress disorder.
The pandemic also prevented many people from looking for works and efforts to
contain it led businesses to suspend operations or close resulting in a record number of
temporary lay-offs. There were higher levels of anxiety and depression than normal, but
not the continual increased we thought would happen. It got worse prior to lockdown
coming in, and then stabilized during lockdown.
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Statement of the Problem

This study was conducted to determine the aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic in
Barangay Batbatan, in the municipality of Culasi Antique
1.What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age,
1.2 Sex,
1.3 Civil status,
1.4 Educational attainment, and
1.5 Occupation?
2.What are the aftermaths of COVID-19 Pandemic in Barangay Batbatan in the

Municipality of Culasi, Antique in terms of:
2.1 Crimes,
2.2 Health, and
2.3 Social mobility?
3.What is the degree of aftermath of COVID-19 Pandemic in Batbatan in the

Municipality of Culasi, Antique in terms of:
3.1 Crimes,
3.2 Health, and
3.3 Social mobility?
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Theoretical Framework
(Republic Act No. 11469, March 24, 2020) An Act Declaring the Existence Of A
National Emergency Arising From The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) Situation
And A National Policy In Connection Therewith, And Authorizing The President Of The
Republic Of The Philippines For A Limited Period And Subject To Restrictions, To
Exercise Powers Necessary And Proper To Carry Out The Declared National Policy And
For Other Purposes
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in
Congress assembled: Section 1. Short Title. This Act shall be known and cited as the
"Bayanihan to Heal As One Act."
Section 2: State of National Emergency. - Presidential Proclamation No. 922, s.
2020, was issued declaring a State of Public Health Emergency throughout the
Philippines due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), and the Code Alert
System for COVID-19 was raised to Code Red Sublevel Two (2) in accordance with the
Department of Health's (DOH) and the Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of
Emerging Infectious Diseases' recommendations. A further Presidential Proclamation No.
929, Section 2020, declaring a state of calamity throughout the Philippines and imposing
an enhanced community quarantine throughout Luzon, was issued.
In view of the continuing rise of confirmed cases of COVID-19, the serious threat
to the health, safety, security, and lives of our countrymen, the long-term adverse effects
on their means of livelihood, and the severe disruption of economic activities, a state of
national emergency is hereby declared over the entire country.
Section 3. Declaration of Policy. - The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly affected
nations worldwide, including the Philippines, and has caused and is continuing to cause
loss of lives and disruption to the economy. Thus, there is an
urgent need to: (a) mitigate, if not contain, the transmission of COVID-19; (b)
immediately mobilize assistance in the provision of basic necessities to families and
individuals affected by the imposition of Community Quarantine, especially indigents
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and their families; (c) undertake measures that will prevent the overburdening of the
healthcare system: (d) immediately and amply provide healthcare, including medical tests
and treatments, to COVID-19 patients, persons under investigation (PUIs),or persons
under monitoring (PUMs); (e) undertake a program for recovery and rehabilitation,
including a social amelioration program and provision of safety nets to all affected
sectors.
Undertake a program for recovery and rehabilitation, including a social
amelioration program and provision of safety nets to all affected sectors; (f) ensure that
there is sufficient, adequate and readily available funding to undertake the foregoing; (g)
partner with the private sector and other stakeholders to deliver these measures and
programs quickly and efficiently. Promote and protect the collective interests of all
Filipinos in these challenging times. By reason thereof, and in order to optimize the
efforts of the President to carry out the tasks needed to implement the aforementioned
policy, it is imperative to grant him authority subject to such limitations as hereinafter
provided.
In addition to acts or omissions already penalized by existing laws, any person
found to have committed any act or series of acts against person declared confirmed,
suspected, probable, exposed or recovered of the recovered of the Covid 19 virus,
returning OFW’s, health workers, frontliners, and other social workers, or indigent which
result in unjust distinction, exclusion, restriction, physical, psychological harm or
suffering, intimidation, harassment, damage to property, public ridicule or humiliation,
verbal abuse, arbitrary ejectment from dwelling or unlawful deprivation of liberty, shall
be penalized with imprisonment of six (6) months and a fine of One hundred thousand
pesos (P100,000.00).
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Research Paradigm
The independent variable of the study is the profile of respondents in terms of

age, sex, civil status and educational attainment, occupation and the dependent variable
of the study is the aftermath of COVID-19 to residents of Barangay Batbatan in the
municipality of Culasi Antique.
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Profile of
Respondents
Age
Sex
Aftermath of
Civil Status
COVID-19
Educational
Attainment Pandemic
Occupation
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Figure 1.
The research paradigm illustrates the independent and dependent variables of the study.
Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study was conducted in order to determine the aftermath of the COVID-19
pandemic to the residents of Barangay Batbatan in the Municipality of Culasi Antique.
The descriptive method of research was used in this study. The respondents of the study
were the 100 residents of Barangay Batbatan in the Municipality of Culasi Antique.
This study was conducted during the school year 2020-2021 at Northwestern Visayan
Colleges.
Significance of the Study

This study will be beneficial to the following:
Resident/s. The results of this study will be able to enlighten the residents about
the residents about the current situation of their fellow community members, their
existing situation due to COVID 19 pandemic.
Barangay Official/s. This will determine the needs to establish a force or
mandatory health protocols for the elimination of local transmission in the whole
barangay for the residents’ protection.
Local Government Unit. This study provides the local government with
knowledge and awareness of the effects of COVID-19 spread on barangay residents.
Future Researcher/s. This will serve as the basis for their future studies.
Definition of Terms
The following terms are conceptual and operational definitions for better
understanding and clarity:
Aftermath - Signs or results of an event or occurrence considered collectively,
especially of a catastrophe or disaster.
(https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/aftermath).
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Operationally, In this study, aftermath refers to consequences that is brought by

the covdid-19 pandemic to the health or respondents, crimes and social mobility.
Barangay. Refers to a small territorial and administrative district forming the
most local level of government. (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/barangay)
Operationally, it refers to the barangay wherein the study will be conducted.
Corona Virus 2019 (Covid-19). Refers to a disease caused by new strain of
coronavirus. Refers also to a 2019 novel coronavirus or 2019-nCOV.
(https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus)
Operationally, it refers to the most alarming and dangerous illnesses happened in
the whole world
Crime - an act or omission that results in an offense that authorities may
investigate and for which a legal punishment exists, and it is the deliberate execution of a
behavior that is widely regarded as dangerous, damaging, or destructive and is expressly
prohibited by law and punishable (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/crime)
Operationally, it refers to a offenses committed by a criminals within the
community.
Pandemic. A worldwide spread of an infectious disease, with larger reach than
an epidemic. Until COVID-19, the last pandemic was the H1N1 influenza outbreak in
2009. (https//: www.en.wikipedia.org.wiki-Covid)
Operationally, it refers to the world-wide spreading of diseases.
Quarantine. a system of measures maintained by governmental authority at
ports, frontiers, etc., for preventing the spread of disease.
(https://www.dictionary.com/browse/quarantine)
Operationally, it refers a strict isolation imposed to prevent the spread of disease.
Social distancing. This refers to the practices of maintaining safe or appropriate
distance from other people. (http://www.chinacdc.cn/yyrdgz)
Operationally, it refers to the act of remaining physically apart in an effort to
stem transmission of COVID-19. Social distancing can include a move to remote work,
the cancellation of events and remaining at least six feet away from other individuals.
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Social Mobility –it is movement through time between places of varying benefit
in a society's social classification structure that affects individuals, families, or other
social units. (Merriam Webster Dictionary)
Operationally, the same meaning will be used.
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents relevant studies and literature from foreign and local
sources, including ideas relevant to the current study on which it is based after scanning
various references such as the internet, magazines, and other important news articles in
which the study is mentioned.
Foreign Literature
Infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-
2), agent of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has emerged in December 2019 in
Wuhan, China and spread globally on all continents. People living with HIV (PLWH)
represent 37.9 million worldwide with a substantial proportion of the population in
certain countries. Notably, South Africa, where one out of five adults’ lives with HIV,
has reported its first COVID-19 case on 5 March 2020. Incidence and severity of
respiratory virus infection, such as influenza, is higher in PLWH as compared with HIV-
uninfected patients. PLWH have an increased risk of hospitalization, more prolonged
hospitalization and death following influenza infection. Since the beginning of the 21st
Century, two other coronaviruses have emerged as a cause of severe respiratory diseases:
namely, SARS and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). In
order to identify previous clinical studies reporting outcome of PLWH following SARS
or MERS-Cov infection, a PubMed search was performed using the MeSH terms
Coronavirus or Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus or SARS Virus and HIV
or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Large cohort studies of SARS-infected and
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MERS-CoV-infected patients were also reviewed for associated risk factors. References
of relevant
articles were screened. HIV-infection was not reported as a risk factor in large cohorts of
SARS and MERS-CoV-infected patients. A case of SARS infection in a 30-year-old
Chinese man was reported in 2004 in this journal. The patient was on antiretroviral
therapy with lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/RTV) and tenofovir, had a low CD4+ count
(134/μl) and a detectable viral load (470 copies/ml). The patient was treated with
ribavirin and steroids and experienced a mild course, not requiring mechanical
ventilation. The authors hypothesized that ART regimen could have influenced the course
of the disease. Both in-vitro and historical studies suggested a possible antiviral activity
of the protease inhibitor LPV/RTV against SARS infection. In a nonrandomized study,
addition of LPV/RTV to ribavirin was associated with better outcome as compared with
ribavirin alone. Randomized control trials with LPV/RTV are currently ongoing in the
treatment of COVID-19. However, recent in-vitro and animal studies in the MERS-CoV
model indicated that LPV/RTV in combination with IFN-β is inferior to the antiviral
agent remdesivir. During the 2003 SARS outbreak, Chen et.al. [13] reported that 19
AIDS patients treated for opportunistic infections in the same ward of SARS-infected
patients did not develop nosocomial SARS infection despite long stay. This was in
contrast with the high rate of infection in health-care workers (HCW) working on the
same ward (21%). It could be hypothesized that distinct immune response might have
impacted susceptibility to SARS infection. However, no definite conclusion regarding the
possible interaction between HIV-infection and SARS can be drawn as exposure to
infective viral particles is probably different between HCW and patients.
(https://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2020/07010/Potential_impact_of_COVID_
19_in_people_living_with.19.aspx?context=LatestArticles)
In settings with high burdens of HIV, tuberculosis, or malaria, disruptions during the
COVID-19 pandemic could cause an increase in deaths due to HIV of up to 10%, due to
tuberculosis of up to 20%, and due to malaria of up to 36%, over 5 years compared with
if no COVID-19 pandemic occurred. In regions with a high burden of all three diseases,
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disruptions could cause an additional number of years of life lost over 5 years that is less
than but of the same order of magnitude as the direct impact from COVID-19. Therefore,
in settings with high burdens of HIV, tuberculosis, or malaria, maintaining a continuity of
services and recovering programmes should be a high priority to reduce the broader
health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. This indirect impact of the pandemic might be
largely avoided through maintenance of core programme elements and recovery
campaigns. For HIV, individuals receiving ART should continue to access treatment even
in periods of highest health system demand (eg, via multimonth prescriptions or
dispensing away from health facilities). For tuberculosis, routes for individuals to seek
care and diagnosis must be provided despite interventions that promote social distancing.
For malaria, preventative measures must be prioritized, ensuring LLINs and prophylactic
treatments, such as mass drug distribution or seasonal malaria are conducted at scale as
soon as possible. Our results underscore the extraordinarily difficult decisions facing
policy makers. Well managed, long-term suppression interventions could avert the most
deaths through avoiding a COVID-19 pandemic; however, if the interventions are not
well managed, they could lead to a large spike in deaths from other causes. In either case,
suppression interventions will have enormous impacts of other types, in the worst cases
risking jobs, livelihoods, food security, and more. If such suppression interventions are
not feasible, then mitigation-type interventions might lead to fewer overall deaths
(including deaths due to COVID-19 and other diseases) than in other scenarios. However,
a less effective or less well managed intervention could still result in a high number of
COVID-19 deaths and could lead to a greater increase in deaths from other causes. An
intense but short period of suppression intervention (the suppression–lift scenario) could
generate a valuable delay in the pandemic that provides the opportunity to increase
hospital capacity and engineer reductions in contacts. Yet, if such changes were not
possible, then the impact of the pandemic would simply be compounded by the
disruptions incurred during the initial period of intervention. Furthermore, it is not known
whether the risk of COVID-19 deaths that could be directly attributed to the continuation
of some services, such as LLIN distribution, would exceed the benefit that might be
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gained in reduced deaths from other causes. The major uncertainties in this analysis can
be classified into three groups: uncertainty about the scale of the COVID-19 pandemic;
uncertainty about the extent to which other disease programmes will actually be
disrupted; and uncertainty about how those disruptions will impact on population health.
It should be noted that producing a reliable modelling analysis at a time when data are
still scarce is difficult. In particular, our understanding is rapidly evolving with regard to
the risk of mortality upon infection with SARS-CoV-2, how this is affected by underlying
comorbidities (including for those co-infected with HIV, tuberculosis, or malaria), age, or
setting (ie, how mortality might be different in Africa to that in China, Europe, and the
USA), and the possible effects of treatment. We do not have precise knowledge of the
transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 (represented by the R0 value) or a detailed
understanding of how this varies across settings. Meanwhile, the extent to which policies
that are implemented are successful in reducing transmission is also uncertain and likely
to vary by context. Our analyses show that uncertainty in these two factors can be
conceptualized as a continuum between a no-action epidemic and a suppressed epidemic:
a higher R0 value or a lower degree of mitigation moves epidemics closer to a no-action
type, which induces a high strain on the health system over a shorter period; a
lower R0 value or a higher degree of mitigation is more likely to resemble a suppressed-
type epidemic, which will maintain burden at lower levels while measures are maintained
but results in a second wave of infections if those interventions are removed. As a result,
the scenarios that have been constructed do not cover all possible eventualities, but they
do illustrate the trade-offs between the extent of disruption due to interventions and
periods of high health system demand. (https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30288-
6).
At the time of writing, more than 17 million people have contracted COVID-19 globally
and more than half a million have died. However, the health impact of COVID-19 is
likely to be far more substantial and long-lasting in countries with high incidences of
tuberculosis and HIV than in those with low incidences. Tuberculosis and HIV each have
more than double the mortality rate of COVID-19, as shown in the Western Cape, South
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Africa. The biological interactions between tuberculosis, HIV, and COVID-19, as well as
health system factors contribute to the impact of COVID-19 on vulnerable populations.
Modelling data show that COVID-19 could trigger an excess of 6 million tuberculosis
deaths by 2025, with decreased diagnosis, treatment initiation, and successful treatment
completion. Similarly, a 6-month disruption in antiretroviral therapy (ART) delivery for
HIV could result in up to half a million additional deaths, double mother-to-child
transmission in sub-Saharan Africa over one year, and increase mortality by up to 40%
over the next 5 years. In addition, disrupted drug supplies could lead to drug resistance,
amplifying the costs of managing these entrenched epidemics. Although modelling has
limitations, COVID-19 will no doubt have a lasting negative impact on both diseases.
South Africa has had remarkable successes in the management of HIV and tuberculosis
in the past 10 years, but these gains are threatened by COVID-19. Médecins Sans
Frontières has collaborated with the South African Department of Health for two decades
to support community-based, differentiated HIV and drug-resistant tuberculosis service
delivery in the per urban township of Khayelitsha in the Western Cape, South Africa.
Khayelitsha now has one of the highest burdens of COVID-19 in the Western Cape,
which in turn accounts for more than half South Africa's known cases. Although routine
activities have required adaptation during the COVID-19 pandemic, disruptions caused
by the emergency response highlight potentially unnecessary health system interactions
between people with tuberculosis and people with HIV, including facility-based
counselling, long clinic waiting times to receive medications, and frequent follow-up,
even for patients who are clinically well. This situation presents an opportunity for
positive, long-term, systematic change to transform inefficient, paternalistic policies and
practices. For example, clinical or counselling consultations over the telephone support
patients (particularly those initiating treatment or re-engaging with services) while
reducing contact for both the health-care providers and recipients. The need to reduce
clinic attendance to shield the vulnerable and reduce exposure to health-care workers is
also an opportunity to build home-based care, strengthen community and self-
administered tuberculosis therapy, further decentralize medication pick-up, and extend
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ART and pre-exposure prophylaxis medication refills. Interventions developed

specifically for COVID-19 could also enhance tuberculosis and HIV services. For
example, community networks developed for COVID-19 screening could be repurposed
to support tuberculosis and HIV: to expand tuberculosis screening and HIV self-testing,
identify individuals who need additional support (e.g., social grants), and link new cases
or patients lost to follow-up to care. Stigma reduction campaigns for COVID-19 could
also embrace positive messages about HIV and tuberculosis. Conversely, the COVID-19
pandemic has exposed systemic weaknesses, such as reduced medication supply and staff
shortages, which will require dedicated health system strengthening and substantial
investments to correct. South Africa has a 60 000 strong cadre of community health
workers but attempts to build on their community knowledge and access for contact
tracing have revealed the poor integration of these workers into the health system—
highlighted, for example, by their difficulty in accessing personal protective equipment
and training. COVID-19 has also publicized the extreme economic vulnerability of
individuals living with tuberculosis and HIV, and a commitment to mitigating the
socioeconomic drivers and effects of both diseases must be maintained in the years to
come. The panel shows a summary of the potential collateral benefits from the COVID-
19 pandemic to tuberculosis and HIV services.
(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100342Google Scholar).
The aim of this review is to explore whether patients with autoimmune diseases (AIDs)
were at high risk of infection during the COVID-19 epidemic and how severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic affected immune system.
A systematic literature search was performed using the foreign databases (NCBI, web of
science, EBSCO, ELSEVIER ScienceDirect) and Chinese databases (WanFang, CNKI
(China National Knowledge Infrastructure), VIP, CBM) to locate all relevant publications
(up to January 10, 2021). The search strategies used Medical Search Headings (MeSH)
headings and keywords for COVID-19or SARS-CoV-2or coronavirus and autoimmune
disease. This review evaluates the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the immune system through
ACE-2 receptor binding as the main pathway for cell attachment and invasion. It is
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speculated that SARS-COV-2 infection can activate lymphocytes and inflammatory

response, which may play a role in the clinical onset of AIDs and also patients were
treated with immunomodulatory drugs during COVID-19 outbreak. Preliminary studies
suggested that the risk of developing severe forms of COVID-19 in patients with AIDs
treated with immunomodulators or biologics might not increase. A large number of
samples are needed for further verification, leading to an excessive immune response to
external stimuli. (https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20).
A global pandemic was declared by the World Health Organization on 11 March 2020,
after the first case of COVID-19 was identified in December 2019. By 19 April, numbers
had reached 2 241 778 individual cases and 152 551 deaths worldwide. Australia's first
case of COVID-19 was diagnosed on 25 January and case numbers reached a peak on 20
March 2020. By 19 April, there had been 6606 notifications and 69 deaths. Nationally,
children aged less than 10 years have made up 1% of reported cases, and 10–19 -year-
olds, 3%. International studies describing COVID-19 in children have consistently noted
that pediatric cases account for a small proportion of all cases. Deaths have been
rare. Pediatric infection from SARS-CoV-2 typically results in a milder clinical course,
less chance of hospitalization, and fewer intensive care admissions than in adults. SARS-
CoV-2 infected children with comorbidities are suspected to be at higher risk of severe
disease, although there is limited evidence for this. This suspicion is partly based on how
other coronaviruses have affected younger children (<3 years), and those with
comorbidities. Screening for SARS-CoV-2 in Victoria, Australia, is performed according
to Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) guidelines. Epidemiological and
clinical criteria for screening have changed over time. In the early stages of the pandemic,
testing was restricted to symptomatic overseas returned travelers and known contacts of
COVID-19 patients. On 14 April, guidelines were broadened to include all patients with
fever or respiratory tract infection symptoms, regardless of epidemiological features. As
of 12 April, Victoria had reported a total of 1322 COVID-19 cases from approximately
82 000 tests (1.62%) (https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2020.44.34.Google Scholar).
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As of mid-November 2020, Venezuela has reported more than 95,750 cases and 830
deaths of COVID-19. It is likely these numbers are significant underestimates due to a
lack of testing kits, supplies and the broken health infrastructure the country currently
experiences. Neighboring and near-by countries report vastly more cases. For example,
Colombia has more than 1 million cases and maintains a closed border policy with
Venezuela and internal restrictions on social activities with hot spots-based quarantine
measures. Perú has nearly as many cases and Brazil ranks third worldwide with more
than 5,750,000 cases. The situation is especially dire in the jungle-border regions that
these Andean countries share, which are characterized by impoverished communities and
limited health infrastructure. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated ongoing
economic and political collapse in Venezuela, and compounds the challenges facing
public health institutions from cuts in funding and corruption resulting in shortages of
medicines, medical personnel, health care supplies and basic infrastructure. Hospitals
throughout Venezuela have reported water and electricity shortages that have severely
hindered medical procedures and treatments. In the last 5 years, Venezuela has seen both
the re-emergence and an increased rate of infectious, vector-borne, vaccine-preventable
and neglected tropical diseases due to this crisis; which has also affected neighboring
countries and the region. These health systems challenges to tackle diseases, are the same
that the country now faces to deal with the spread of COVID-19. The population health
impact has been substantial. Venezuelans have reported losing 11 kgs. (24.2 pounds) on
average of weight; maternal and child health indicators have worsened including
maternal and child mortality; and already vulnerable populations -mainly children,
women, indigenous communities, the elderly and people suffering from pre-existing
mental or physical health conditions and disabilities- have seen measures of quality of
life worsen. Furthermore, there is a lack of access to cancer medications and
antiretroviral therapies for people living with HIV, with Venezuela being the only
middle-income country in the world where HIV therapies have been interrupted. These
issues increase the populations vulnerability to malaria and exacerbate risk factors for
COVID-19 related to comorbidities, access to resources and care. There are repeated
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water shortages in Venezuela, and it is estimated that nearly 80% of the population does
not have continuous access to clean drinking water and basic sanitation. Due to growing
inflation, which is expected to reach 52,000% this last quarter of 2020 and economic
sanctions enforced by the United States and other countries the public health situation
continues to worsen as the government struggles with lack of public investment or funds
to cover State debt. Venezuela is now the poorest country in the Americas, and 96% of
Venezuelan live in poverty. Lack of sanitation conditions not only hinders vector control
but also affects hygiene and cleaning practices necessary to stop the spread of COVID-
19. The collapse of Venezuela’s health infrastructure and deterioration of disease control
programs has impacts on the region. The re-emergence of vector-borne and infectious
diseases threatens neighboring countries as Venezuelan migrants and refugees that had
fled the country are now returning as a result of quarantines in other countries and
economic insecurity. Public health experts have started to warn about the potential
syndemic that could take place -if it has not already- due to convergence of increased
numbers of dengue, malaria and measles cases, the hindered immunization strategies due
to the pandemic, the lack of HIV medications available, massive migration out and
inward, and the immense human and economic costs that COVID-19 could bring to the
region. (https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/12/venezuela-health-care-crisis-poses-global-
threat-coronavirus-maduro-sanctions/).
The coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an international public health crisis with
devastating effects. In particular, this pandemic has further exacerbated the burden in
tropical and subtropical regions of the world, where dengue fever, caused by dengue
virus (DENV), is already endemic to the population. The similar clinical manifestations
shared by Covid-19 and dengue fever have raised concerns, especially in dengue-endemic
countries with limited resources, leading to diagnostic challenges. In addition, cross-
reactivity of the immune responses in these infections is an emerging concern, as pre-
existing DENV-antibodies might potentially affect Covid-19 through antibody-dependent
enhancement. In this review article, we aimed to raise the issue of Covid-19 and dengue
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fever misdiagnosis, not only in a clinical setting but also with regards to cross-reactivity
between SARS-CoV-2 and DENV antibodies. We also have discussed the potential
consequences of overlapping immunological cascades between dengue and Covid-19 on
disease severity and vaccine development. (https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.2161).
During the COVID-19 pandemic, dengue cases spiked in Brazil, introducing an added
burden on already fragile healthcare systems. The COVID-19 pandemic coincided with a
resurgence of dengue in Brazil, raising concern for countries in Asia where dengue
occurring across tropical and subtropical regions of Asia accounts for approximately 70%
of the global disease burden. Considering the regions extremely high burden of dengue,
its climate change vulnerability and—imminently—the beginning of the monsoon season,
there needs to be concerted actions to prevent large dengue outbreaks during and beyond
the COVID-19 pandemic. Preventing or reducing dengue virus transmission depends
primarily on mosquito vector controls including interrupting human–vector contact. At a
time of continuous lockdowns, when public health staff are diverted to control COVID-
19 transmission and community engagement focused on the pandemic, routine mosquito
vector surveillance and control programs are discontinued or paused in many countries,
which will impair dengue control and prevention. A study of India found that the
immature density of Aedes mosquito drastically increased during the COVID-19
lockdown due to paused vector control programs, and an increased density of vectors was
also reported in Malaysia during the COVID-19 lockdown, which has led to increased
dengue incidence. During the lockdowns, when human movement is limited to and
around own homes, perversely, human–vector contact may be enhanced, resulting in an
increased risk of exposure and virus transmission. This impact is likely to be even more
pronounced in settings where dengue virus transmissions primarily occur in or between
households, rather than an occupational setting. A study quantified the impact of
lockdowns on dengue incidence and suggested that a rise in dengue cases associated with
lockdowns in Thailand; however, no significant impact on dengue transmission was
found in Singapore and Malaysia. A robust study in Thailand found that 60% of dengue
cases living less than 200m apart came from the same transmission chain, providing
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strong evidence that residences play a primary role in dengue virus transmission.
Conversely, in areas where mosquito density is high in public spaces, like workplaces or
schools, decreased dengue transmission may occur during a lockdown, such as occurred
among migrant workers in Singapore. (https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?
id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0009778#references).
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has rapidly spread throughout Latin America, a region
swept by multiple previous and ongoing epidemics. There are significant concerns that
the arrival of COVID-19 is currently overlapping with other viruses, particularly dengue,
in various endo-epidemic regions across South America. In this report, we analyzed
trends for both viral infections in Colombia during the first 20 epidemiological weeks
(EWs) of 2020. From 1st January to 16th May 2020 (EWs, 1-20), a total of 52 679 cases
of dengue and 14 943 cases of COVID-19 have been confirmed in Colombia. As both
conditions may potentially lead to fatal outcomes, especially in patients with chronic co-
morbidities, overlapping infections, and co-occurrence may increase the number of
patients requiring intensive care and mechanical ventilation. In regions, such as Valle del
Cauca, intensified preparation for such scenarios should be pondered, and further studies
should be performed to address this critical issue in a timely matter.
(https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jmv.26194).
The Corona pandemic, brought about by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV2), is pronounced international public health crisis with shocking health
impacts. The Covid-19 disease has created the symptoms misdiagnosis complicacy in
tropical and subtropical areas of the world, that are dengue endemic regions too to the
population. The dengue is cause by dengue virus (DENV). Initially, there is similarity in
the sign and symptoms of patients with Covid-19 and dengue, namely fever, headache,
myalgia associated with thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and abnormal liver function tests.
The similarity in clinical symptoms in Covid-19 and dengue fever has to raise the issue of
co-infection and symptoms misleading. In addition, co-infection followed by cross-
reactivity between antibodies against DENV and SARS-CoV-2 serology tests has been
19

recorded in reports. Furthermore, cross-reactivity of the immune reaction in these

infections is an emerging issue, Covid-19 through counteracting agent subordinate
upgrade as pre-existing DENV-antibodies may possibly influence Covid-19 through
antibody-dependent enhancement. Some studies have proposed that Covid-19 disease and
transmission might be slower in dengue-endemic locales of the world. This review deals
with the concern of misdiagnosis challenges due to Covid-19 and dengue fever, co-
infection, cross-reactivity between SARSCoV-2 and DENV antibodies. Simultaneous
pandemics of dengue and Covid-19, just as the chance of co-contamination, add to the
generally significant burden on health care services.
(https://www.dipterajournal.com/pdf/2021/vol8issue3/PartA/83-14-794.pdf).
Local Literature
In 2016, the Philippines embarked on an unprecedented mass immunization campaign
against dengue fever, becoming the first Asian nation to authorize the commercial use of
Dengvaxia, the dengue vaccine manufactured by the French pharmaceutical Sanofi
Pasteur. In December 2017, nearly 2 years since the campaign started, Sanofi announced
that Dengvaxia may actually cause more severe disease in those who have not had
previous dengue infection. By then, over 800,000 Filipino schoolchildren had been
inoculated. Criminal investigations against involved government figures ensued, with one
critic likening the mass vaccination programme to a genocide against Filipino
children. The deaths of several children who had received the vaccine became a focal
point of the scandal, as the Public Attorney’s Office ran a highly publicized and
dramatized investigation, from televised autopsies to the chief lawyer appearing
alongside the grieving mothers in media interviews. The resulting crisis of confidence
against the public health sector sent immunization rates plummeting to an all-time low,
precipitating a measles outbreak across the country, exacerbating already-low
immunization rates. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005422).
The Philippines, which has the fastest rising HIV epidemic globally, has limited options
for HIV testing and its uptake remains low among cisgender men who have sex with men
(cis-MSM) and transgender women (TGW), especially amid the COVID-19 pandemic.
20

As HIV self-testing (HIVST) and technology-based approaches could synergize to

expand uptake of HIV testing, we aimed to evaluate the outcomes of a community-led
online-based HIVST demonstration and to explore factors associated with HIVST-related
behaviours and outcomes. The diagnosis gap is a known driver of the HIV epidemic [.
The low uptake of HIV testing among cis-MSM and TGW has been attributed to meager
options for testing in the Philippines, limited currently to facility-based and community-
based testing. The former is the more prevalent model and involves using rapid
diagnostic test (RDT) kits, available only in Department of Health (DOH)-accredited
stand-alone laboratories, hospitals, and clinics, and is only facilitated by medical
technologists specifically trained for HIV. Whereas community-based testing is carried
out by trained lay providers during community visits and outreach programs using RDT
kits. To address the low uptake amid the limited choices, expanding options may be key
to upscaling access and uptake of HIV testing. The World Health Organization (WHO)
has recommended HIV self-testing (HIVST), which involves the use of RDT kits for
individuals to perform and interpret on their own. This may remove barriers in the current
HIV testing in the Philippines, including geographical distance, lack of confidentiality or
privacy, conflicting schedules, and stigma. HIVST has been shown to be safe and
effective at increasing uptake and frequency of HIV testing without compromising
condom use, social safety, and enrollment to treatment. In the Philippines, limited
evidence shows acceptability and preference of blood-based over fluid-based tests among
cis-MSM and TGW. An equally important approach is the use of technology-based
interventions—this is the concurrent use of technology to expand reach, accelerate scale-
up, and facilitate cost-efficient and instantaneous service delivery, responding to the
inherent restrictions in face-to-face services. Examples of these are online-based
interventions, which if used with HIVST seem to synergistically remove barriers to HIV
testing among cis-MSM especially among first-time testers. Even though the proportion
of Filipinos accessing the internet (67.0%) and using social media (80.7%) are higher
than the global average, this approach has not been maximized, yet has been increasingly
21

used during the COVID-19 pandemic.

(https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-12705-z).
The Philippines is one of the countries with the fastest growing Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) epidemics worldwide, registering a 203% increase in
new infections from 2010 to 2018 (Gangcuangco, 2019). At the end of 2019, the
Department of Health, the Philippines (2020) recorded 74,807 HIV cases and estimated
that 35 Filipinos were tested positive for the virus daily. In 2020, the HIV registration
rate was decreased by around 40% from 2019 due to the restrictions induced by the 2019
novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. However, in the 2021, the rate increased to
12,341, which is almost similar to the 2019 rate (Department of Health [DOH], the
Philippines, Epidemiology Bureau, 2022). HIV-focused community-based organizations
(CBO) have been instrumental in augmenting national and local government efforts in
providing health and social services for persons living with HIV (PLHIV). An essential
human resource of CBOs is its group of volunteers (professional and non-professional
HIV care and service providers), who aid in ensuring individuals have access to HIV-
related services and advocate for the welfare of PLHIVs and other related at-risk groups.
The landscape of HIV service delivery in the Philippines is shaped by the efforts and
innovations of CBOs and their volunteers (Constantino et al., 2016; Cousins, 2018;
Quilantang et al., 2020). The COVID-19 pandemic presented unprecedented challenges
in the delivery of HIV services. Evidence from a scoping review demonstrates pandemic-
induced disruptions in services, decreased access to pharmaceutical supplies, and
disruptions in service coordination, face-to-face consultations, and other related services,
which have caused poorer health wellbeing outcomes among PLHIVs (Winwood et al.,
2021). In addition, the fear of exposure to coronavirus has constrained the care provided
by HIV frontline workers (Operario et al., 2020) and impacted their overall wellbeing
(Sagaon-Teyssier et al., 2020). Mathematical modeling (Jewell et al., 2020a; Silhol et al.,
2021) and empirical evidence (Medina et al., 2021) suggest that prolonged COVID19-
induced interruptions in service provision can result in increased cases of opportunistic
infections and HIV-related deaths (Jewell et al., 2020b). This is a concern for the
22

Philippines, which placed 50th out of 53 countries in terms of COVID resilience in

February 2022 (Chang et al., 2022). The country has yet to completely lift all quarantine
and social distancing measures due to controversial public health strategies implemented
by the government in addressing the pandemic (Hapal, 2021). In line with this, the DOH,
the Philippines (2021) reported a 61% decrease in HIV testing in the Philippines during
the first year of COVID-19. (https://doi.org/10.14710/nmjn.v12i2.457 ).
The Philippines, which has the fastest rising HIV epidemic globally, has limited options
for HIV testing and its uptake remains low among cisgender men who have sex with men
(cis-MSM) and transgender women (TGW), especially amid the COVID-19 pandemic.
As HIV self-testing (HIVST) and technology-based approaches could synergize to
expand uptake of HIV testing, we aimed to evaluate the outcomes of a community-led
online-based HIVST demonstration and to explore factors associated with HIVST-related
behaviours and outcomes. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended
HIV self-testing (HIVST), which involves the use of RDT kits for individuals to perform
and interpret on their own. This may remove barriers in the current HIV testing in the
Philippines, including geographical distance, lack of confidentiality or privacy,
conflicting schedules, and stigma HIVST has been shown to be safe and effective at
increasing uptake and frequency of HIV testing without compromising condom use,
social safety, and enrollment to treatment. In the Philippines, limited evidence shows
acceptability and preference of blood-based over fluid-based tests among cis-MSM and
TGW. (https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12705-z).
Understanding peoples’ concepts of illness and health is key to crafting policies and
communications campaigns to address a particular medical concern. This paper gathers
cultural knowledge on infectious disease causation, prevention, and treatment the
Philippines that are particularly relevant for the COVID-19 pandemic, and analyzes their
implications for public health. This paper draws from ethnographic work (e.g., participant
observation, interviews, conversations, virtual ethnography) carried out individually by
each of the two authors from February to September 2020. The data was analyzed in
relation to the anthropological literature on local health knowledge in the Philippines. We
23

find that notions of hawa (contagion) and resistensiya (immunity) inform people’s views
of illness causation as well as their preventive practices - including the use of face masks
and vitamins and other pharmaceuticals, as well as the ways in which they negotiate
prescriptions of face mask use and physical distancing. These perceptions and practices
go beyond biomedical knowledge and are continuously being shaped by peoples’
everyday experiences and circulations of knowledge in traditional and social media. Our
study reveals that peoples’ novel practices reflect recurrent, familiar, and long-held
concepts - such as the moral undertones of hawa and experimentation inherent
in resistensiya. Policies and communications efforts should acknowledge and anticipate
how these notions may serve as either barriers or facilitators to participatory care and
improved health outcomes. (https://doi.org/10.1080/13648470.2021.1893980).
Covid-19 affected higher educational institutions not just in Wuhan, China where the
virus originated but all other higher educational institutions in 188 countries as of April
06, 2020. Educational countermeasures are taken to continue educating the students
despite the COVID-19 predicaments. Based on the author's experiences, research,
observations in the academe, COVID-19 guidelines, and the need for alternative
solutions, this article introduces how higher education is affected and how it can respond
to future challenges. This article recommends to educational institutions to produce
studies to proliferate and document the impact of the pandemic to the educational system.
There is also a greater need for educational institutions to strengthen the practices in the
curriculum and make it more responsive to the learning needs of the students even
beyond the conventional classrooms. (https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1263557).
As governments, media bodies, and other larger entities scrambled to respond, so too did
a great many of us individually and collectively across the world. With apprehension
spreading fast, many directed the same basic questions towards friends, family members,
and work colleagues, face to face and increasingly by telephone, Zoom, and social media.
This early and spontaneous sharing of information (facts, rumors, beliefs, perceptions,
and disinformation), confusion, concerns, anxieties, and fears (right, wrong, and
everything in between) amounted to a huge global quest for answers.1 It was also the first
24

sign of the subsequent outburst of autonomous and immediate mutual aid (Sitrin and
Colectiva Sembrar, 2020), self-help, and communal solidarity, which rapidly spread
across the planet, often faster than the virus itself. A couple of cautions must be
considered before proceeding. Trying to convey what happened across so many diverse
countries and localities over several months should only be seen as a modest attempt to
capture something hopefully characteristic in a global perspective. Aspiring to be
representative would be naive given the scale and scope of the subject; the research and
subsequent analysis aims instead to be indicative of wider trends. Furthermore, the
authors, reviewers, and readers, all were, and may still be, part of some of these reactions
and responses across the world. Readers should be more than usually aware of both
observer and participant bias. Researchers, writers, readers, we are essentially all part and
parcel of the experience that this paper seeks to describe. Lastly, a word on terminology.
In several instances, we have chosen to use mutual aid as short-hand for a huge variation
of actions that could also be described as self-help, citizen- or community-led response,
neighbor help, collective action, and local agency. The term mutual aid remains very
broad and loosely defined and has not yet been picked up and appropriated by
international aid actors. As researchers and authors, we have found these qualities to be
useful in the context of this particular work—aspects that we examine further below.
(https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12515).
Foreign Studies
Nguyen, A., Davtyan, M., Taylor, J., Christensen, C., Plankey, S., &Brown, B. (2021),
stated that more than 100 older people in Palm Springs, California, who were primarily
white, gay, and male, reported on the way the COVID-19 pandemic affected their daily
lives and discussed the reasons they missed taking their HIV medication throughout the
pandemic. The majority of people said that the pandemic had seriously disrupted their
lives, and about a quarter stated that they had missed a dose of their HIV treatment
because of the outbreak. Younger patients report a higher PTSD risk level and are more
likely to report some negative effects, such as changes in sleep patterns, financial
difficulties, and missed HIV medicine doses, compared to those who are 64 years or
25

older. Higher PTSD degree scores and interference with medical care were linked in
adjusted logistic regression to missed medication doses.
(https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2021.33.4.265).
Zhang, K. C., Fang, Y., Cao, H., Chen, H., Hu, T., Chen, Y. Q., Zhou, X., &Wang, Z.
(2022), determined that throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, fewer Chinese MSM
underwent HIV testing, and after the pandemic had initially been contained, neither rate
rose. In order to increase HIV testing among MSM during the pandemic, it may be
helpful to remove structural barriers to accessing HIV testing brought on by COVID-19,
alter attitudes toward HIV testing, and adopt HIV self-testing (HIVST). And due to
facility closures, physician scarcity, the suspension of public transportation, lockdowns,
and travel restrictions, COVID-19 control measures enhance structural barriers to HIV
testing. The fear of visiting hospitals, worries about getting sick, or close contact with
patients while getting tested are all perceived hurdles to using HIV testing.
(https://publichealth.jmir.org/2022/5/e30070).
Petrova, M., Miller-Perusse, M., Hirshfield, S., Carrico, A., &Horvath, K. (2021), stated
that COVID-19 pandemic's effects on the economy, society, and psychology could have a
significant effect on behavioral health. HIV and stimulant use have disproportionately
negative effects on men who have sex with other men (MSM), and their co-occurrence
increases the likelihood of HIV transmission while undermining national treatment
initiatives intended to stop the HIV epidemic. Regarding the possible effects of the
COVID-19 pandemic on substance use and HIV medication adherence in this important
vulnerable population—MSM who use stimulants and are living with HIV—little
evidence is available. (https://formative.jmir.org/2022/5/e30897)
Goense, H., Evers, Y., Hoebe, C., &Dukers-Muijrers, N. (2021), The Covid-19 pandemic
may have impacted MSMs' access to and use of HIV/STI testing in the Netherlands and
reinforced the value of distant sexual health care. In order to reach MSM, remote sexual
health care, including home HIV/STI testing and remote consultation, is becoming
recognized as a critical addition to routine care. Although healthcare professionals are
aware of this requirement, there is little information on how MSM perceive the use of
26

remote treatment. In the previous six months, 66.4% (97/146) of individuals underwent
STI and 61.6% underwent HIV testing. The majority of participants (56.8%) favor
remote consultations in addition to in-person consultations at STI clinics. 1.5% of men
who had intercourse utilized home HIV testing kits.
(https://sti.bmj.com/content/97/Suppl_1/A88.1?
utm_source=trendmd&utm_medium=trendmd&utm_campaign=institutional&utm_conte
nt=BMJUK_TMD_CM_2022&utm_term=sti)
Reyniers, T., Rotsaert, A., Thunissen, E., Buffel, V., Masquillier, C., Landeghem, E. V.,
Vanhamel, J., Nöstlinger, C., Wouters, E., Laga, M., &Vuylsteke, B. (2021), determined
that the present COVID-19 pandemic poses an unprecedented risk to the public's health,
and the precautionary measures implemented to contain it have interrupted daily life
throughout the world. MSM significantly decreased their sexual contact with unstable
partners during the initial COVID-19 lockdown, indicating that there was little risk of
HIV and STI transmission during this time. For the tiny number of people who have
several sex partners and engage in sexual behaviors like chemsex or group sex, advise
guaranteeing access to sexual health services. (https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2020-
054756)
Del Amo, J., Polo, R., Moreno, S., Díaz, A., Martínez, E., Arribas, J. R., Jarrín, I.,
&Hernán, M. A. (2020), determined that Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
occurrence and intensity in HIV-positive individuals undergoing antiretroviral therapy
(ART) have not been studied in sizable populations. HIV infection wasn't really found to
be a significant comorbidity disease in COVID-19 hospitalized patients in Madrid or
New York City. One explanation is that people who are HIV-positive do not experience
the strong immunologic reaction that frequently makes COID-19's clinical course more
challenging. Due to the prevalence of risk factors for severity in this population, COVID-
19 may be anticipated to be more severe in HIV-positive individuals. Over 75% of HIV-
positive people in Spain are men, and 24% of those over 50 who are on antiretroviral
therapy have pertinent comorbid illnesses. (https://doi.org/10.7326/m20-3689)
27

Hung, C.-C., Banerjee, S., Gilada, I., Green, K., Inoue, Y., Kamarulzaman, A., Leyritana,
K., Phanuphak, N., Wong, T., Wong, T., Singh, S., &Choi, J.-Y. (2022), determined that
HIV testing, treatment, and diagnosis are only a few of the HIV prevention and care
strategies that go into eradicating the public health threat that HIV poses. People living
with HIV (PLHIV) need universal access to HIV care and treatment in order to properly
control their infection and significantly lower HIV-related morbidity and mortality. In
Asia, the COVID-19 pandemic significantly damaged the continuity of HIV prevention
and care. The results of the research indicate that PLHIV, KPs, and HCPs used telehealth
services differently along the spectrum of HIV prevention and care. Infrastructure must
be optimized, and processes must be modified so that HIV treatment may continue with
the fewest possible interruptions during health emergencies.
(https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270831)
Mirzaei, H., McFarland, W., Karamouzian, M., &Sharifi, H. (2020), stated that PLHIV
are surviving longer due to ART, and many of them will also develop chronic illnesses
linked to COVID-19 disease. It is unknown whether PLHIV who are virologically and
clinically stable will be at a higher risk for consequences. The majority of the findings
that are currently accessible are from case reports and case series of HIV-co-infected
patients. With ART, PLHIV are surviving longer; many of them will also have chronic
illnesses linked to COVID-19 disease. If PLHIV who are laboratory-confirmed and
clinically stable will be at a higher risk for consequences, this is unknown. The data that
are now available primarily come from case reports and case series of patients who are
also HIV-positive. : (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02983-2)
Bell, D., Hansen, K. S., Kiragga, A. N., Kambugu, A., Kissa, J., &Mbonye, A. K. (2020),
Public health lockdown measures in reaction to the COVID-19 outbreak in sub-Saharan
Africa are now extensively documented. It is feared that shifting the priorities and
refocusing of health systems may limit access to treatments for diseases other than
COID-19. According to Ugandan data on emerging diseases, this decline may already be
taking place. According to data from the Ugandan Ministry of Health, in the first quarter
of 2020, there were 29% fewer deliveries in facilities and an 82% increase in maternal
28

deaths. Although admissions and inpatient deaths decreased by roughly equal amounts,
they were still 28% below the 12-month average for 2019.
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7470592/)
Dionne, K. Y., &Turkmen, F. F. (2020), the Ebola virus, which moved from West Africa
to the Americas over a number of years in the late 1980s and early 1990s, is one of the
most recent instances of a viral disease that people identify with China and Chinese
people. Similar to how politicians in the U.K. justified tightening limits on immigration
from Ebola-affected nations, the Trump administration highlighted the impact of
COVID-19 as the main justification. used the SARS pandemic as justification to oppose
foreign employees at the time. According to researchers, attributing AIDS to immigrants
causes complacency and denial. They were concerned that this denial may contribute to
the silent spread of HIV infection.
(https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/politics-of-
pandemic-othering-putting-covid19-in-global-and-historical-context/
5435248FC7AEF1468E4A8946FA57A92A).
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter outlined the methodology that was used in conducting the research.
This chapter presented the research design and sampling technique that were employed. It
further identified the data collection instruments, procedures for data collection and
statistical treatment that were used in the study.
Research Design
Descriptive research is an appropriate choice when the research aim is to
identify characteristics, frequencies, trends, and categories. The descriptive method of
investigation was used in this study. It is the most appropriate procedure that fits into the
objectives, data collection method and procedure on the data presentation to answer the
questions such as what, how and to what extent of the topic and try to describe present
condition, events or system based on impressions effect on the respondents.
29

It is useful when not much is known yet about the topic or problem. Before you
can research why something happens, you need to understand how, when and where it
happens (Shona, https//www.descriptiveresearch.com.ca-2019).
Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study were the one hundred (100) residents of
Barangay Batbatan, in the Municipality of Culasi Antique.
Sampling Technique
In this study the sampling procedure is convenience sampling because this is

qualified in my study to allow me as a researcher to obtain basic data. A convenience
sampling that I used is very useful especially in recruiting friends to participate in my
study, collecting data from locations that are nearby, sending a survey in the mall,
ensuring a link of social media
Data Gathering Research Instrument

The designed instrument employed was the self-administered survey
questionnaire. A sample form questionnaire was given to 100 respondents in order to
gather data. The questionnaires have three parts. The first part pertained to the profile of
respondents in terms of age, sex, civil status, educational attainment and occupation.
The second part pertained to the aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic to the residents of
Barangay Batbatan. The third and last part pertained to the degree of the aftermath of
COVID-19 pandemic to the residents of Barangay Batbatan.
Data Gathering Procedure

The letter of approval for the Dean of Criminal Justice Education-
Northwestern Visayan Colleges we secured before administering the questionnaire to
the respondents and was duly approved by the Dean. The researcher reproduced copies
of the questionnaire and were distributed according to the number of respondents. Then,
30

the researcher oriented the respondents on the main objective, background and
procedures of the study. After which, the researcher gave time to the respondents to
answer the questionnaire. The researcher personally collected the questionnaire from the
respondents and tabulated the results.
Statistical Treatment
The researcher of this study used statistical tools to the data collected to ensure
understanding and interpretation.
In problem number 1 and 2, simple percentage and frequency distribution were

used.
The formula:
f
P= x 100 %
n
Where:
P= Percentage
f= frequency of respondents
n= total number of respondents
In problem number 3 weighted mean was used.

The formula:
∑fx
x=
n
Where:
x=weigℎted mean
f =weight of the response
Xi= number of response
n=total number of respondents
31

∑= summation
To measure the degree of the aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic to the residents

of barangay Solido, the scale below was used.
Weighted Range Verbal Interpretation
3 2.5-3.0 Very High Degree

2 1.5-2.4 High Degree
1 1.0-1.4 Low Degree
Chapter 4
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
Finding of the problems posted in Chapter 1 is presented in this chapter. Data gathered by
the researcher is analyzed and interpreted so that findings can be significant reference for future
researchers with similar studies.
1. Profile of Respondents
Table 1.1
Age of Respondents
Age Frequency Percentage

20 – Below 21 21
21 – 30 23 23
31 – 40 16 16
32

41 – 50 14 14
51 – 60 14 14
61 – Above 12 12
Total 100 100%
Age of respondents is presented in Table 1.1. out of 100 respondents, 21 or 21 percent

have age 20 years old and below; 23 or 23 percent are between 21 to 30 years old; 16 or 16
percent are between 31 to 40 years old; 14 or 14 percent are 41 to 50 and are between 51 to 60
years old; and lastly, 12 or 12 percent have age 61 years old and above. Most of the respondents
are between 21 to 30 years old.
Table 1.2
Sex of Respondents
Sex Frequency Percentage

Male 46 46
Female 54 54
Total 100 100%
Shown in the Table 1.2 is the sex of respondents. Males are 46 or 46 percent; while
females which are 54 or 54 percent.
Table 1.3
Civil Status of Respondents
Civil Status Frequency Percentage

Single 57 57
Married 43 43
Total 100 100%
33

Posted in Table 1.3 is the civil status of respondents. Majority of the respondents are
single having 57 or 57 percent; while 43 or 43 percent are married. The finding is validated in the
findings of Table 1.1 where 44 percent of the respondents are 30 years old and below. Persons at
this age are not yet ready or stable to marry and raise a family.
Table 1.4
Educational Attainment of Respondents
Educational Attainment Frequency Percentage

High School Graduate 16 16
Senior High School
34 34
Graduate
College Graduate 28 28
Master’s/Ph Degree 22 22
Total 100 100%
Table 1.5 features the educational attainment of respondents. High school graduates are
16 or 16 percent; 34 or 34 percent finished senior high school; 28 or 28 percent graduated
college; and 22 or 22 percent are master’s or Ph degree holders.
Most of the respondents are senior high school graduates, followed by college graduate
respondents.
Table 1.5
Occupation of Respondents
Occupation Frequency Percentage

Barangay Officials 2 2
Engineer 1 1
Teacher 10 10
LGU Staff 15 15
Construction Worker 18 18
Tricycle Driver 7 7
34

Student 33 33
Housewife 14 14
Total 100 100%
Reflected in Table 1.5 is the occupation of respondents. There are 2 or 2 percent

barangay officials; teachers are 10 or 10 percent; only 1 or 1 percent is an engineer; LGU staff are
15 or 15 percent; and construction worker are 18 or 18 percent.
Moreover, tricycle drivers are 7 or 7 percent; students are 33 or 33 percent; housewives
are 14 or 14 percent.
Most of the respondents are students, followed by construction worker.
II. Aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic in Barangay Solido, Nabas, Aklan in terms of crimes,
health and social mobility.
Table 2.1
Aftermath of COVID-19 Pandemic in Term of Crimes
Indicators Frequency Percentage

1. Rules and regulation are strictly
100 21.3
implemented
2. Crimes rates are decreasing 85 18.2
3. Increased in the deployment of
100 21.3
law enforcers
4. Peace and order in the
100 21.3
community
5. Crimes are closely monitored
83 17.9
and solved
Total Multiple Response 468 100%
35

Shown in Table 2.1 is the aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic in terms of crimes. Using
multiple response statistical tool, there 100 or 21.3 percent response on indicators such as rules
and regulations are strictly implemented; increased in the deployment of law enforcers; and peace
and order in the community. Likewise, 85 or 18.2 percent responses in crime rates are decreasing;
and, 83 or 17.9 percent on crimes are closely monitored and solved.
Total multiple response of Table 2.1 is 468 which is 94 percent of the overall response of
500. This finding indicates that majority of the respondents are grateful to authorities since their
barangay has peace and order, crimes are monitored and solved; and rules and regulations are
strictly implemented.
Table 2.2
Aftermath of COVID-19 Pandemic in Terms of Health

1. Have developed anxiety and
60 15.2
depression due to Covid-19
2. Extra conscious on health 88 22.3
3. Getting extra careful not get
70 17.8
sick
4. Still wearing of face mask and
100 25.4
practicing social distancing
5. Fear of getting Covid-19 75 19.3
Revealed in Table 2.2 is the aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic in terms of health. Still
using multiple response, 60 or 15.2 percent responses on have developed anxiety and depression
due to covid-19; 88 or 22.3 percent responses on extra conscious on health;70 or 17.8 percent
36

responses on extra careful not get sick; 100 or 25.4 percent responses on still wearing facemask
and practicing social distancing; and 75 or 19.3 percent responses on fear of getting COVID-19.
Table 2.2 has a total multiple response of 393 which 78 percent of the overall total
responses of 500. This implies that majority of the respondents are responsible enough to avoid
COVID-19 by still wearing facemask and practicing social distancing, by extra careful not to get
sick, and by extra conscious on their health.
Table 2.3
Aftermath of COVID-19 Pandemic in Terms of Social Mobility

1. Can have face to face classes 100 1.5
2. Can spend time and visit
80 17.0
family and friends
3. People can go out especially
100 21.5
in public places
4. Social distancing is still
100 21.5
observed
5. Can go to other places
85 18.2
without restrictions
Table 2.3 shows the aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic in Barangay Batbatan in terms of
social mobility. Like Tables 2.1 and 2.2, multiple response was still applied. There are 100 of
21.5 percent responses on can have face to face classes; people can go out especially to public
places; and social distancing is still observed. Further, 80 or 17 percent responses on can spend
time to visit family and friends; and 85 or 18.2 percent responses on can go to other places
without restrictions.
Above table has 465 total multiple response which is 93 percent of the overall total
responses of 500. This finding implies that majority of the residents/respondents are eager to
37

travel; to go to parks, to visit family and friends and most of all for students to attend face to face
classes.
III. Degree of aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic in Barangay Batbatan in the municipality

of Culasi, Antique in terms of crimes, health and social mobility.
Table 3.1
Degree of the Aftermath of COVID-19 Pandemic in Terms of Crimes.
VAD AD LD Weighted Verbal

Indicators
(3) (2) (1) Mean Interpretation
49 36 15 2.34 HD
implemented
2. Crimes rates are decreasing 38 42 20 2.18 HD
3. Increased in the deployment of law
43 47 10 2.33 HD
enforcers
4. Peace and order in the community 56 34 10 2.46 HD
5. Crimes are closely monitored and solved 50 28 22 2.28 HD
Grand Weighted Mean 2.32 HD
Table 3.1 presents the degree of the aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic in Barangay
Batbatan in terms of crimes. It can be noted that all indicators including the grand weighted mean
are verbally interpreted as very high degree. These are rules and regulations are strictly
implemented. 2.34 weighted mean; increased in the deployment of law enforcers; 2.8 weighted
mean; peace and order in the community, 2.46 weighted mean; crime rates are decreasing, 2.33
weighted mean; and crimes are closely monitored and solved, 2.28 weighted mean.
General weighted mean of Table 3.1 is 2.32 verbally implemented as high value which
indicates that residents/respondents are of Barangay Batbatan are on a high degree satisfied with
the performance of barangay officials and authorities, the fact that there is peace and order in
their community.
38

Table 3.2
Degree of the Aftermath of COVID-19 Pandemic in Terms of Health

Indicators
1. Have developed anxiety and depression
49 39 12 2.37 HD
due to Covid-19
2. Extra conscious on health 56 34 10 2.46 HD
3. Getting extra careful not get sick 55 28 17 2,38 HD
4. Still wearing of face mask and
60 40 0 2,60 VHD
practicing social distancing
5. Fear of getting Covid-19 58 28 14 2.44 HD
Gleaned in Table 3.2 is the degree of the aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic in terms of
health. All indicators are verbally interpreted as high degree. These are have developed anxiety
and depression due to covid-19, 2.37 weighted mean; extra conscious on health, 2.46 weighted
mean; extra careful not get sick, 2.38 weighted mean; still wearing facemask and practicing social
distancing, 2.60 weighted mean; and fear of getting covid-19, 2.44 weighted mean.
Grand weighted mean of table 3.2 is 2.45, also verbally interpreted as high degree. This
finding indicates that respondents are on a high degree afraid of the covid-19, reason why they
still wear face mask, conscious in their health and careful not to get sick.
Table 3.3
Degree of the Aftermath of COVID-19 Pandemic in Terms of Social Mobility

Indicators
1. Can have face to face classes 50 35 15 2.35 HD
2. Can spend time and visit family and
60 28 12 2.48 HD
friends
39

3. People can go out especially in public

70 25 5 2.65 VHD
places
4. Social distancing is still observed 65 30 5 2.60 VHD
5. Can go to other places without
45 35 20 2.25 HD
restrictions
Shown in Table 3.3 is the degree of the aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic in barangay
Batbatan, Culasi, Antique in terms of social mobility. Verbally interpreted as very high degree are
people can go out especially in public places; and social distancing is still observed, having 2.65
and 2.60 weighted mean respectively. Verbally interpreted as high degree are can have face to
face classes, 2.35 weighted mean; can spend time and visit family and friends, 2.48 weighted
mean and can go to other places without restrictions, 2.25 weighted mean.
Table 3.3 also has a grand weighted mean of 2.47, verbally interpreted as high degree.
This result indicates that respondents, on a high degree are excited to visit their friends and
families, to travel, to go to parks, and most of all to attend face to face classes.
Chapter 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions, and the
recommendations made.
Summary of Findings
This study aimed to determine the effects of COVID-19 pandemic to the residents of
Barangay Batbatan in the municipality of Culasi, Antique. This was conducted during the school
year 2022-2023 at Northwestern Visayan Colleges, Kalibo, Aklan.
Based on the profile of respondents, majority are between twenty-one to thirty years old,
males, single, had finished senior high school/college graduates and most of the respondents are
students and have an occupation of construction workers.
On the aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic in terms of crimes to residents of Barangay

Batbatan in the municipality of Culasi, Antique. It shows a total multiple response is 468 which is
94 percent of the overall response of 500. This finding indicates that majority of the respondents
40

are grateful to authorities since their barangay has peace and order, crimes are monitored and
solved; and rules and regulations are strictly implemented. The aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic
in terms of health, has a total multiple response of 393 which 78 percent of the overall total
responses of 500. This implies that majority of the respondents are responsible enough to avoid
COVID-19 by still wearing facemask and practicing social distancing, by extra careful not to get
sick, and by extra conscious on their health. The aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic in terms of
social mobility, has 465 total multiple response which is 93 percent of the overall total responses
of 500. This finding implies that majority of the residents/respondents are eager to travel; to go to
parks, to visit family and friends and most of all for students to attend face to face classes.
And, on the degree of the aftermath of COVID- 19 pandemic in terms of crimes to
residents of Barangay Batbatan in the municipality of Culasi, Antique. The grand weighted mean
is 2.32 verbally implemented as high value which indicates that residents/respondents are of
Barangay Batbatan are on a high degree satisfied with the performance of barangay officials and
authorities, the fact that there is peace and order in their community. The degree of the aftermath
of COVID-19 pandemic in terms of health. The grand weighted mean is 2.45, also verbally
interpreted as high degree. This finding indicates that respondents are on a high degree afraid of
the COVID-19, reason why they still wear face mask, conscious in their health and careful not to
get sick. Lastly, the degree of the aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic in terms of social mobility,
the grand weighted mean of 2.47, verbally interpreted as high degree. This result indicates that
respondents, on a high degree are excited to visit their friends and families, to travel, to go to
parks, and most of all to attend face to face classes.
Conclusions
Based on the above findings, the residents are greatly affected on the different problems
towards the community quarantine on this pandemic period. Mainly the different sources that
they are going to manage or done need to address so that this kind of problem can be solution.
These are normal fears of normal people who cannot afford to loss. Their jobs especially if they
are family man with children and parents to case of. The crisis has had a different impact on
enterprises, on workers and on their families, though in each case deepening already existing
disparities. Special attention needs to be given to the following groups.
Recommendations
Based on the above findings of the study, the researcher proposes the following
recommendations:
41

1. The Batbatan Barangay Council should allocate livelihood training programs most
especially among indigent communities/residents in the barangay. They should allocate
budget or additional allowances since they are not working in a full force condition.
2. The Department of Labor and Employment through strong coordination to the private
companies should continuously monitor the employees which are affected by the
pandemic most especially those suffered from loss of job and income.
3. Encourage backyard gardening, which will contribute to households’ nutritional intake,

promote crop diversification, serve as source of cash, and in some case, helps articulate
the role of women and children in household food production and security.
4. Establishment of Health Stations in the evacuation centers or transitional shelters in
barangay where the displaced population can access health services and right information
on COVID-19.
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QUESTIONNAIRES
Part I. Profile of the Respondents
Direction: Please provide the information needed. Answer it honestly and correctly.
Please put check inside the column for the information needed.
NAME:(Optional) _____________________________________________________
AGE:
( ) 20 years old and below ( ) 41 – 50 years old
( ) 21 – 30 years old ( ) 51 – 60 years old
( ) 31 – 40 years old ( ) 61 years old and above
SEX:
( ) Female ( ) Male
CIVIL STATUS:
45

( ) Single ( ) Married ( ) Widowed/er ( ) Separated
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:
( ) Elementary Graduate ( ) College Graduate
( ) High School Graduate ( ) Master Degree/PhD Degree
( ) Senior High School
OCCUPATION:
( ) Barangay Officials ( ) Engineer
( ) Construction Worker ( ) Teacher
( ) Tricycle Driver ( ) Local Government Unit Staff

Others (Please Specify:)________________________________________
Part II. What are the aftermaths of Covid-19 Pandemic to the respondents in Barangay
Solido in terms of:
Direction: Please check (/) the column to the right.
AFTERMATH OF COVID-19 Check
CRIMES
1. Rules and regulation are strictly implemented
2. Crimes rates are decreasing
3. Increased in the deployment of law enforcers
4. Peace and order in the community
5. Crimes are closely monitored and solved
HEALTH
1. Have developed anxiety and depression due to Covid-19

46

2. Extra conscious on health
3. Getting extra careful not get sick
4. Still wearing of face mask and practicing social distancing
5. Fear of getting Covid-19
SOCIAL MOBILITY
1. Can have face to face classes
2. Can spend time and visit family and friends
3. People can go out especially in public places
4. Social distancing is still observed
5. Can go to other places without restrictions
Part III. What is the degree of the aftermath of Covid-19 pandemic in Barangay Solido?
Direction: Please check (/) the column to the right.
VERY HIGH HIGH LOW

INDICATORS
DEGREE DEGREE DEGREE
CRIMES

implemented
2. Crimes rates are decreasing
3. Increased in the deployment of law

enforcers
4. Peace and order in the community
5. Crimes are closely monitored and solved
HEALTH
1. Have developed anxiety and depression

due to Covid-19
2. Extra conscious on health
47

3. Getting extra careful not get sick
4. Still wearing of face mask and practicing

social distancing
5. Fear of getting Covid-19
SOCIAL MOBILITY
1. Can have face to face classes
2. Can spend time and visit family and friends
3. People can go out especially in public places
4. Social distancing is still observed
5. Can go to other places without restrictions
Appendix B
LETTER TO THE PUNONG BARANGAY
December 2022
Hon. ROMEO B. CANDAZO

Punong Barangay
Batbatan, Culasi, Antique
Dear Sir,
Greetings!
The undersigned is conducting a study entitled “AFTERMATH OF COVID-19
PANDEMIC TO RESIDENTS OF BATBATAN, CULASI, ANTIQUE” as partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology at
the Northwestern Visayan Colleges for the Academic Year 2022-2023.
In view of this, the researcher would like to request permission from your good office to
gather data pertaining to this study. Rest assured that all data will be kept confidential and
will be used for research purposes only.
Your positive action on this request will be highly appreciated. Thank you so much.
Respectfully yours,
48

ROLAND B. CANDAZO
Researcher
MRS. JOSIELYN S. CIPRIANO

Adviser
DR. OSCAR GATCHALIAN SORIAN0

Dean, College of Criminal Justice Education
Approved by:
Hon. ROMEO B. CANDAZO

Punong Barangay
APPENDIX C
CURRICULUM VITAE
The researcher ROLAND B. CANDAZO was born on the 24th day of August 1999 and
we are presently residing at Batbatan, Culasi, Antique. His father’s name is Felipe C.
49

Candazo and his mother’s name is Concepcion B. Candazo. He finished his primary
education at Batbatan Elementary School, School Year 2011-2012.
He took his secondary education at Northern Antique Vocational High School,

School Year 2015-2016 and he finished his Senior High School at the same school,
School Year 2017-2018. Currently, he is a 3 rd year student at Northwestern Visayan
Colleges taking up Bachelor of Science in Criminology.
He is simple, friendly and approachable person. He loves listening to music, and

playing basketball. He grew up with a simple life and his goal is to change something and
the first goal is to graduate, to become successful and to have a job so that he can
payback all the sacrifices of his parents and make them proud.

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Northwestern Visayan Colleges

College of Criminal Justice Education

We all have been affected by the Corona-Virus (COVID-19) pandemic. However,

Northwestern Visayan Colleges

Statement of the Problem

1.What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

2.What are the aftermaths of COVID-19 Pandemic in Barangay Batbatan in the

3.What is the degree of aftermath of COVID-19 Pandemic in Batbatan in the

Northwestern Visayan Colleges

Northwestern Visayan Colleges

Northwestern Visayan Colleges

The independent variable of the study is the profile of respondents in terms of

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Northwestern Visayan Colleges

Scope and Limitation of the Study

Significance of the Study

Northwestern Visayan Colleges

Operationally, In this study, aftermath refers to consequences that is brought by

Northwestern Visayan Colleges

Northwestern Visayan Colleges

Northwestern Visayan Colleges

Northwestern Visayan Colleges

Northwestern Visayan Colleges

Northwestern Visayan Colleges

ART and pre-exposure prophylaxis medication refills. Interventions developed

Northwestern Visayan Colleges

speculated that SARS-COV-2 infection can activate lymphocytes and inflammatory

Northwestern Visayan Colleges

Northwestern Visayan Colleges

Northwestern Visayan Colleges

Northwestern Visayan Colleges

Northwestern Visayan Colleges

recorded in reports. Furthermore, cross-reactivity of the immune reaction in these

Northwestern Visayan Colleges

As HIV self-testing (HIVST) and technology-based approaches could synergize to

Northwestern Visayan Colleges

used during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Northwestern Visayan Colleges

Philippines, which placed 50th out of 53 countries in terms of COVID resilience in

Northwestern Visayan Colleges

Northwestern Visayan Colleges

Northwestern Visayan Colleges

Northwestern Visayan Colleges

Northwestern Visayan Colleges

Northwestern Visayan Colleges

Northwestern Visayan Colleges

Respondents of the Study

In this study the sampling procedure is convenience sampling because this is

Data Gathering Research Instrument

Data Gathering Procedure

Northwestern Visayan Colleges

In problem number 1 and 2, simple percentage and frequency distribution were

In problem number 3 weighted mean was used.

Northwestern Visayan Colleges

To measure the degree of the aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic to the residents

Weighted Range Verbal Interpretation

3 2.5-3.0 Very High Degree

Age Frequency Percentage

Northwestern Visayan Colleges