Miraflores Ira Shane Muiging Banga Final Thesis

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Northwestern Visayan Colleges

College of Criminal Justice Education
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
The world is in great chaos since the covid-19 pandemic disrupt the peacefulness
of the Earth. It gives a lot of problems and affected peoples live in a glimpse. A
coronavirus is a kind of common virus that causes an infection in your nose, sinuses, or
upper throat. Most coronaviruses aren't dangerous. COVID-19 is a disease caused by
SARS-CoV-2 that can trigger what doctors call a respiratory tract infection. It can affect
your upper respiratory tract (sinuses, nose, and throat) or lower respiratory tract
(windpipe and lungs). It spreads the same way other coronaviruses do, mainly through
person-to-person contact. Infections range from mild to deadly. (WHO, 2020)
In the world we are in a fight of our lives against the coronavirus. It has affected
many people including myself. The coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic is the defining
global health crisis of our time and the greatest challenge we have faced since the
Spanish influenza affecting the whole world. Since its emergence in Asia late last year,
the virus has spread to every continent except Antarctica. We have now reached the
tragic milestone of one million deaths, and most of the country is suffering under an
almost intolerable burden of loss. In the COVID-19 crisis food security, public health,
and employment and labour issues, in particular workers’ health and safety, converge.
The COVID-19 outbreak affects all segments of the population and is particularly
detrimental to members of those social groups in the most vulnerable situations,
continues to affect populations, including people living in poverty situations, older
persons, persons with disabilities, youth, and indigenous peoples. Philippines government
decided to organize local lock-downs following the rise of the global coronavirus cases.
The entire Luzon island is locked-down affecting more than 50 million people. The lock-
down prohibits people from going outside their homes except for getting basic necessities
and going to their work. Metro Manila lock-down was announced on 12 March, while
similar quarantine measures are expected in all provinces. Philippines has imposed travel
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restrictions. Quarantining will be imposed in the Philippines barangays,

municipalities/cities. Adhering to workplace safety and health practices and ensuring
access to decent work and the protection of labour rights in all industries will be crucial
in addressing the human dimension of the crisis. Immediate and purposeful action to save
lives and livelihoods should include extending social protection towards universal health
coverage and income support for those most affected.
Therefore, the researcher would like to distinguish the effects of Covid-19

pandemic to the residents of barangay Muguing in the municipality of Banga. This will
assist the residents in the barangay to follow safety guidelines to avoid spreading of the
said virus.
Statement of the Problem
This aimed to determine the effects of Covid-19 Pandemic to the residents of

barangay Muguing in the municipality of Banga.
Specifically, this sought answer to the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age
1.2 Sex
1.3 Civil Status
1.4 Educational Attainment
1.5 Occupation
2. What are the negative effects of Covid-19 Pandemic to the residents of barangay
Muguing in the municipality of Banga?
3. What is the degree of the negative effects of Covid-19 Pandemic to the residents
of barangay Muguing in the municipality of Banga?
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Theoretical Framework
This study is anchored to the Executive Order No. 020 - Series of 2020. An Order
Placing the Entire Province of Aklan Under Enhanced Community Quarantine To protect
he People Against The 2019 Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19). Whereas, His Excellency
President Rodrigo Roa Duterte issued Proclamation No 929 Series of 2020, entitled
“Declaring A State of Calamity Throughout the Philippines Due to Covid-19”.
WHEREAS, in response to the pronouncement of His Excellency, undersigned

issued Executive Order No. 19, Series of 2020, amended by Executive order No. 019-A
and further amended by Executive Order No. 019-8, Restricting the Movement of the
People and Regulating the Entry of Goods into the Province of Aklan as well as
Mandating Social Distancing Measures to contain the spread of covid-19;
WHEREAS, due to the escalating COVID-19 situation nationwide, there is a need

to raise the level of community quarantine in the Province of Aklan. NOW
THEREFORE, I, FLORENCIO T. MIRAFLORES, Provincial Governor of the Province
of Aklan, do hereby promulgate this Executive Order placing the entire Province of
Aklan under ENHANCED COMMUNITY QUARANTINE to protect the people against
the 2019 Corona Virus Disease (covid-19).
Section 1. Effectivity. This Executive Order shall be effective from March 23,
2020 at 12:01 A.M. until April 14, 2020 at 11:59 P.M. unless extended or shortened upon
recommendation by the Inter-Agency Task Force for the management of Emerging
infectious diseases (AIT-EID), Department of Health (DOH), or Provincial Health Office
(PHO).
Section 2 Social Distancing. It shall be understood that “social distancing” shall

refer to the distance of at least one (1) meter between one person to another.
Section 3. Closures. All public and private offices, business and commercial
establishments, shall be closed.
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Research Paradigm
The independent variable of this study will be the profile of the residents of
barangay Muguing in the municipality of Banga, Aklan while dependent variable of this
study will be the effects negative effects of Covid-19 Pandemic.
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Profile of the Negative

Respondents
Effects
Age
Civil Status of
Educational
Attainment Covid-19
Occupation
Sex Pandemic.
Figure 1
The research paradigm illustrates the Independent and Dependent variables of the
study.
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Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study is focused on determining the effects of Covid-19 Pandemic to the
residents of barangay Muguing in the municipality of Banga. This study will be
conducted in the academic year 2020-2021. The respondents of this study will be the
residents of Barangay Muguing Banga, Aklan which will be consisting of fifty (50)
respondents in all. This research is measurable in approach.
Significance of the Study

This study is deemed beneficial to the following:
Residents. This study will give the resident of Barangay Muging an awareness as
to how much the effect is brought by the pandemic to their lives causing some of the
family losing their jobs.
Barangay Officials. This study will give them an insight to improve urgent
measures and apply resources to contain the effects and impact of the new coronavirus.
They will also have an awareness of the different effects of covid-19 pandemic to the
residents of Muguing.
Inter-Agency Task Force. The result of this study will give the Inter-Agency
Task Force a further understanding on effects of Covid-19 pandemic to the residents of
Barangay Muguing Banga. This will also give them more knowledge and awareness on
the effects of covi-19 to their people.
Future Researchers. This research will give the future researcher source in
discovering other materials that can contribute in knowing the in-depth effect of Covid-
19 pandemic. They can also use the outcomes of this study as a reference for their future
researches.
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Definition of Terms
To provide a transparent and versatile understanding about the study, the
following definition of terms were defined accordingly through conceptual and
operational definition.
Antibody. A protein your immune system makes in response to an infection. If
you have antibodies for the coronavirus in your blood, it means you have been infected
with this virus at some point (even if you never had any symptoms).
(https://www.webmd.com/lung/coronavirus-glossary#1)
In this study, Antibody refers the proteins that help fight off infections and can
provide protection against getting that disease again (immunity).
Coronavirus (COVID-19). It is defined as illness caused by a novel coronavirus

now called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; formerly
called 2019-nCoV), which was first identified amid an outbreak of respiratory illness
cases in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-
ncov/about/index.html)
In this study, Covid-19 refers to the world-wide phenomena and disease that is
spreading in the world and making people suffers thru a virus that spreads thru the
droplets of saliva from an infected person which has a covid-19 case.
Droplet. A tiny moist particle that is released when you cough or sneeze. You
may contract the coronavirus if you’re close to someone who is carrying it and your
mouth, nose, or eyes come into contact with droplets they have released.
(https://www.webmd.com/lung/coronavirus-glossary#2)
In this study, Droplet refers to the same meaning as mentioned above.
Effects. a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause.

(Oxford Dictionary)
In this study, effects refer to the impact Covid-19 Pandemic to the residents of
Barangay Muguing in the municipality of Banga, Aklan.
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Epidemic. A significant and possibly sudden increase in the number of cases of a

disease in the community. (https://www.webmd.com/lung/coronavirus-glossary#1)
In this study, Epidemic refers to a sudden increase in the number of a disease in

the world.
Health. “Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and
not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” (www.medicalnewstoday.com)
In this study, health refers to the fit of a person being having no any kinds of
illness.
Negative Effects. is regularly recognized as a "stable, heritable trait tendency to

experience a broad range of negative feelings, such as worry, anxiety, self-criticisms, and
a negative self-view".
In this study, negative effects refer to the bad impact of the covid-19 pandemic to
the live of the residents in barangay Muguing in the municipality of Banga.
New Normal. a current situation, social custom, etc., that is different from what
has been experienced or done before but is expected to become usual or typical.
(https://www.dictionary.com/browse/typical)
In this study, new normal refers to a change in the lifestyle of a person due to this
pandemic which is different from the normal that all the people are accustomed to.
Stay-at-home order. Restricts individuals from leaving their homes for anything
other than essential activities such as medical care, to shop for food, and to perform
essential work. This type of order has been issued during the COVID-19 pandemic to
limit the number of people exposed to the virus.
In this study, stay at home order refers to the same meaning as mentioned above.
Swab test. A type of diagnostic test that involves taking sample from the back of
your nasal cavity so it can be analyzed in a lab to see if it contains the virus. Also called a
viral test. (https://www.webmd.com/lung/coronavirus-glossary#4)
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In this study, swab test refers a test that is being done to ensure if someone has
obtained the corona virus or not.
Trial. Short for clinical trial, this is when researchers study a medical test or
treatment in a set group of people to make sure it’s safe and effective before giving it to
the public. (https://www.webmd.com/lung/coronavirus-glossary#5)
In this study, trial refers to testing the vaccine if it is truly effective to fight the
covd-19 or not.
Viral shedding. It occurs when a virus replicates inside an organism and is

released into the environment. In COVID-19, it is suspected that SARS-CoV-2 is most
contagious when symptoms are worse and viral shedding is high (WebMD, 2020b).
In this study, viral shedding refers to the release of virus from an infected person
into the environment, where it can infect others. In the case of COVID-19, most viral
shedding occurs through the respiratory tract (often via a cough or sneeze), but the virus
may also be shed though the gastrointestinal tract and show up in the stool.
Viral test. Also called diagnostic test, this checks to see if the active (live) virus
is present in your body. In the case of COVID-19, this usually involves taking a sample
from the back of your nasal cavity (swab test) so it can be analyzed in a lab to see if it
contains genetic material from the virus. (https://uvahealth.com/services/covid19-
glossary)
In this study, viral test is a measurement of the amount or concentration of a virus

in a standard volume of blood, plasma, saliva, mucous, or other bodily fluid; usually
expressed as the number of virus particles per milliliter.
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Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the review of related literature, which discusses about
previous studies pertaining to academic performance of fourth year criminology students
in their major subjects.
Foreign Literature
China appeared to manage the coronavirus outbreak effectively, putting in place
early travel bans within the country itself. As early as January 23, Chinese authorities
declared a nationwide travel ban, which, some experts suggest, may have averted over
700,000 COVID-19 cases within the country. Earlier in April, China eased the lockdown
measures in Wuhan, the original epicenter of the new coronavirus outbreak, amid
celebrations that the nation had beaten the virus. Nevertheless, a recent study assessing
the likely number of COVID-19 deaths in the country suggests that the virus may have
hit even harder than the authorities initially thought. Given the development of the
situation in China, many people have been questioning the appropriateness of measures
that other countries around the world have taken. Earlier in April, Japan’s Prime Minister
Shinzo Abe declared a state of emergency. This allowed the authorities to ask people to
stay at home, though the government has not enforced closures or restrictions. This state
of emergency should remain in place until early May, though the steady number of
COVID-19 cases has reportedly moved doctors in Japan to warn of an impending
breakdown in their health care system. Many countries have declared restrictive
measures, such as lockdown, shelter in place, or stay at home orders, to contain the
pandemic at a local level. However, the wildly differing responses and response timelines
have left people wondering if authorities failed to take the situation seriously early on
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when they could have done more to slow down the spread of the coronavirus.
(https://www.medicalnewstoday.com)
In Africa, there are many factors going in Africa’s favour here. The continent’s
relative isolation means that many countries receive very few foreign visitors or send
people abroad. A case in point is South Africa, which is among the African countries
recording maximum interaction with the outside world, and also leads the table in total
deaths related to COVID-19. Africa’s relative isolation also meant that the continent was
hit by the virus late and countries got time to prepare themselves for the outbreak. The
other reason is the continent’s young population. According to the United Nations (UN),
as much as three-quarters of Africa’s population is aged below 35. COVID-19 is known
to have more adverse impact on older population and those with comorbidities. The
continent has also gone through other outbreaks like Ebola in the recent past to prepare
for the current pandemic to some extent. Experts are also looking into whether a TB
vaccine popular in the continent is helping impart immunity in this case also.
(https://www.counterpointresearch.com)
BANGKOK, June 30, 2020 – Thailand’s economy is expected to be impacted

severely by the COVID-19 pandemic, shrinking by at least 5 percent in 2020 and taking
more than two years to return to pre-COVID-19 GDP output levels, according to the
World Bank’s latest Thailand Economic Monitor, released today. The COVID-19
pandemic shocked the economy especially in the second quarter of 2020 and has led
already to widespread job losses, affecting middle-class households and the poor alike.
While Thailand has been successful in stemming the tide of COVID-19 infections over
the last three months, the economic impact has been severe. The tourism sector, which
makes up close to 15 percent of Thailand’s GDP, has been hit hard, with a near cessation
of international tourist arrivals since March 2020. Exports are expected to decline by 6.3
percent in 2020, the sharpest quarterly contraction in five years, as demand for Thai
goods abroad remains weakened by the global slowdown. Household consumption is
projected to decline by 3.2 percent as movement restrictions and dwindling incomes limit
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consumer spending, especially in the second quarter of 2020. As Thailand starts to ease
mobility restrictions, domestic consumption, Thailand’s traditionally strongest driver of
growth, may pick up in the second half of 2020 and in 2021, but economic recovery will
be gradual and uncertain. In the baseline, the Thai economy is projected to grow by 4.1
percent in 2021 and by 3.6 percent in 2022, which represents a slow recovery to pre-
COVID GDP output levels by mid-2022. The shape of the recovery is subject to
considerable downside risks, including weaker global growth, feeble tourism, and
continuing trade and supply chain disruptions. (https://www.worldbank.org)
Other European countries have put in place less stringent measures. For instance,
in the United Kingdom, Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced a lockdown on March
23, though the measures have been less stringent than in other countries. Unlike in Italy,
for instance, in the U.K., people may go out without a declaration form. The acceptable
reasons for leaving one’s home — “for food, health reasons or work” — has received
criticism for being confusing and lacking clarity. Some, however, relish the relative
freedom that Britain’s more relaxed pandemic advice has afforded. At the same time,
practitioners in the U.K.’s National Health Service (NHS) have been bracing for a severe
strain on the NHS’s resources, as hospitals are cracking under the pressure of increasing
numbers of COVID-19 cases. Other European countries, such as Sweden, which have
reported fewer cases of COVID-19 overall, have fewer and much less restrictive
measures in place. People who live in Sweden have been staying more or less put, mostly
following their own judgment. Simona, based in Malmö, told MNT that “Sweden does
not impose any quarantine [measures], just [physical] distancing, but I have been sort of
— partially — self-isolating together with my partner.” “We do get out to shop, meet
friends sometimes, or walk in the sun, so it is by no means a true form of self-isolation,”
she adds. Yet, some experts worry that the authorities have underestimated the incidence
of COVID-19 in Sweden. Others suggest that the guidelines have left older citizens —
one of the high-risk categories — unnecessarily exposed to the virus. The one country
that has received consistent kudos for its approach to the pandemic appears to be Finland,
where Prime Minister Sanna Marin announced, on April 22, a “composite strategy.” This
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strategy would involve a gradual easing of lockdown measures while increasing COVID-
19 testing. Testing will ensure that anyone exposed to the coronavirus receives the care
they need, while those who have not had exposure may return to their normal life, little
by little. (Cohut,M., 2020)
The COVID-19 outbreak affects all segments of the population and is particularly
detrimental to members of those social groups in the most vulnerable situations,
continues to affect populations, including people living in poverty situations, older
persons, persons with disabilities, youth, and indigenous peoples. Early evidence
indicates that that the health and economic impacts of the virus are being borne
disproportionately by poor people. For example, homeless people, because they may be
unable to safely shelter in place, are highly exposed to the danger of the virus. People
without access to running water, refugees, migrants, or displaced persons also stand to
suffer disproportionately both from the pandemic and its aftermath – whether due to
limited movement, fewer employment opportunities, increased xenophobia etc. If not
properly addressed through policy the social crisis created by the COVID-19 pandemic
may also increase inequality, exclusion, discrimination and global unemployment in the
medium and long term. The UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA)
is a pioneer of sustainable development and the home of the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs), where each goal finds its space and where all stakeholders can do their
part to leave no one behind. UN DESA through the Division for Inclusive Social
Development (DISD), monitors national and global socio-economic trends, identifies
emerging issues, and assesses their implications for social policy at the national and
international levels. To this end, we are a leading analytical voice for promoting social
inclusion, reducing inequalities and eradicating poverty. Comprehensive, universal social
protection systems, when in place, play a much durable role in protecting workers and in
reducing the prevalence of poverty, since they act as automatic stabilizers. That is, they
provide basic income security at all times, thereby enhancing people’s capacity to
manage and overcome shocks. (https://www.un.org)
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The Chinese economy is likely to be hit further by reduced global demand for its
products due to the effect of the outbreak on economies around the world. Data released
on 16 March showed China's factory production plunged at the sharpest pace in three
decades in the first two months of the year. For 2020, the country's economic growth is
expected to fall to 2.5%, according to a Reuters poll - its slowest in almost 50 years.
Monetary policy: central banks act but stocks, oil continue to come under steep pressure.
To combat the economic fallout, the US Federal Reserve on 15 March cut its key interest
rate to near zero. But the move, coordinated with central banks in Japan, Australia and
New Zealand in a joint-effort not seen since the 2008 financial crisis, has failed to shore
up global investor sentiment. As of 9 April, the S&P 500 stock index is down more than
13% since the start of the year, while global oil prices have plummeted more than 47%
year-to-date. The Fed on 9 April unveiled a new batch of programs, saying it plans to
provide $2.3 billion in loans to small and midsize businesses, as well as US cities and
states. The US central bank also expanded its corporate lending program to include some
classes of riskier debt. Meanwhile, the European Central Bank (ECB) also took action,
launching on 18 March a €750 billion Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme that is
expected to last until the end of this year. (https://www.weforum.org)
MONROVIA, July 30, 2020 – The COVID-19 pandemic continues to exact a toll
on the global economy, and Liberia is facing its dire human and economic impact, with
real GDP projected to contract by 2.6 percent in 2020, according to the first Liberia
Economic Update. The report shows that the human cost of COVID-19 could be high.
The population living below the national poverty line is expected to increase from 55.5
percent in 2019 to 68.9 percent, which means that an additional 526,000 Liberians are at
risk of falling into poverty. The authors also warn that economic growth could further
slowdown if government’s policy response is delayed, not well-targeted, or if the external
environment does not improve significantly this year. “The World Bank welcomes
efforts by the Liberia authorities to manage the community spread of COVID-19,
building on the lessons from the Ebola experience,” said Pierre Laporte, World Bank
Country Director for Ghana, Liberia and Sierra-Leone. “We recognize that mitigating the
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impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Liberian economy poses a complex and
evolving challenge. Together with other development partners, we are supporting the
government through financing and technical advice to address the crisis and transition to
a robust economic recovery”. (https://www.worldbank.org)
The present millennium has witnessed a series of health challenges ranging from
the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), first discovered in Saudi Arabia in 2012,
the Western African Ebola virus in Guinea between 2013 and 2016, to the Brazilian Zika
virus in 2015. Unexpectedly, the beginning of the year 2020 saw the emergence of yet
another deadly virus (COVID-19), which is a severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (WHO, 2020). The first index case of COVID-19 surfaced
as unknown acute pneumonia in Wuhan hospital, a city in Eastern China. Consequently,
WHO declared the virus a global pandemic on March 11, 2020, WHO (Cai et al., 2020;
Wang et al., 2020) having been previously recognized as a “Public Health Emergency of
International Concern (PHEIC)” on January 30, 2020. The sudden emergence of the
novel coronavirus has affected the entire world in an unprecedented manner. Thus, the
issue has and continues to gather momentum by day owing largely to the growing rate of
human-to-human transmission, causing severe respiratory disorder, and more damaging,
is its unrestrained lethality. In fact, within the space of 6 months,1 over 7 million people
have contacted the virus, causing the death of nearly 434,796 people, while about
4,272,909 recovered from the virus (Worldometer, 2020). The lack of available clinical
vaccines to combating the virus prompted the global resolve for the adoption of
lockdown measures, which was first implemented by the central government of China in
Wuhan on January 23, 2020. This lockdown move was commended globally and
particularly by the World Health Organization (WHO), tagging it as “unprecedented in
public health history” (Crossley, 2020). Subsequently, there were widespread
declarations of lockdown in over 100 countries between April and June 2020. This
lockdown move became an inevitable option owing to both the anticipated and
unanticipated macroeconomic shocks that could be triggered by the evolving virus.
(Kazeem Bello Ajide, Ridwan Lanre Ibrahim, Olorunfemi Yasiru Alimi (2020)
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The COVID-19 pandemic has wreaked substantial damage on human lives and
the economy in South Africa. But the impact of the measures used to combat the
pandemic, such as lockdowns, have not been even. The pandemic has likely worsened the
income inequalities that characterise the country’s economy. Vulnerable populations such
as low income earners in informal and precarious employment have been most affected
by job losses and the resulting income loss. Moreover, while COVID-19 has affected
every facet of people’s lives, it is essentially a health problem. The loss of jobs and
income is likely to result in reduced ability to access healthcare and a nutritious diet.
This, in turn, will negatively impact on people’s health. (https://theconversation.com/)
In the COVID-19 crisis food security, public health, and employment and labour
issues, in particular workers’ health and safety, converge. Adhering to workplace safety
and health practices and ensuring access to decent work and the protection of labour
rights in all industries will be crucial in addressing the human dimension of the crisis.
Immediate and purposeful action to save lives and livelihoods should include extending
social protection towards universal health coverage and income support for those most
affected. These include workers in the informal economy and in poorly protected and
low-paid jobs, including youth, older workers, and migrants. Particular attention must be
paid to the situation of women, who are over-represented in low-paid jobs and care roles.
Different forms of support are key, including cash transfers, child allowances and healthy
school meals, shelter and food relief initiatives, support for employment retention and
recovery, and financial relief for businesses, including micro, small and medium-sized
enterprises. In designing and implementing such measures it is essential that governments
work closely with employers and workers. Countries dealing with existing humanitarian
crises or emergencies are particularly exposed to the effects of COVID-19. Responding
swiftly to the pandemic, while ensuring that humanitarian and recovery assistance
reaches those most in need, is critical. Now is the time for global solidarity and support,
especially with the most vulnerable in our societies, particularly in the emerging and
developing world. Only together can we overcome the intertwined health and social and
economic impacts of the pandemic and prevent its escalation into a protracted
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humanitarian and food security catastrophe, with the potential loss of already achieved
development gains. (WHO, 2020)
Local Literature
Baguio City’s tourism industry is now feeling the brunt of the Coronavirus
Infectious Disease (COVID-19) outbreak following the successive lay off of workers in
the hotel and restaurant sector due to the drastic drop in their supposed sales over the past
several weeks.Evangeline Payno, Special Assistant to the General Manager of the Baguio
Country Club (BCC), said that more than 100 agency workers that are hired during peak
tourism months will no longer be called to report for work considering the reported
cancellation of reservations in the club following the cancellation of the Panagbenga, the
city’s major crowd drawing event, due to the COVID-19 outbreak. She admitted that the
city’s tourism industry, especially the hotel and restaurant sector, is now feeling the
serious negative impact of the COVID outbreak because aside from the cancellation of
the reservations, there are no more bookings that are being made by interested foreign
and domestic visitors in the accommodation establishments. According to her, the city’s
tourism was able to achieve its peak during the Yuletide Season and was supposed to
continue during the Panagbenga and summer seasons but no longer be the case
considering the COVID-19 outbreak that has taken its toll on the global tourism industry
over the past several weeks. Some hotel and restaurant owners, members of the transport
sector, market vendors among others that rely heavily on residents tourists to sustain their
operations revealed that there had been a significant decline in their customers that
affected their financial projections that is why some of them have embraced strategies to
ensure their sustained operations until things get better in the coming months. Payno
added that accommodation establishments in the city will be coming out with the needed
promotions in the coming months to entice people to travel to the city and visit the scenic
destinations once the situation will normalize to help the tourism industry recover from
the current slump that it is experiencing due to the COVID-19 scare. She asserted that the
local tourism industry will have to make do with the present situation and await whatever
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developments that will happen in the global arena on the COVID-19 outbreak so that they
will be able to craft strategic programs to recover from the present state of the industry.
(https://www.baguioheraldexpressonline.com/baguio-tourism-feeling-brunt-of-covid/)
Residents of Barangay Bagong Silang in Caloocan city have been scrambling to

get their cash aid from the government for the past several days, breaking social
distancing rules imposed in a bid to stem the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak.
On May 6, Wednesday morning, hundreds of individuals, previously in line in front of a
high school in Phase 3 area, were caught in a video racing against one another after they
were informed that the venue for the distribution of cash assistance was already
transferred to Phase 10. Some of them walked, some ran, some rode on their motorcycles
and tricycles, in a bid to get to the new venue as soon as possible, while forming an
exodus of face-mask-wearing people. Joanna Ciar, who took the video, told the Manila
Bulletin that these residents lined up as early as 4 a.m. after they were told that the
P8,000 assistance from the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)
would be distributed. Four hours later, however, they had yet to receive any money. In
front of Kalayaan High School, a throng of residents, including senior citizens, were seen
in a photo close to each other while awaiting cash assistance. At the Phase 10 area, there
was also a meters-long line of people waiting under the heat of sun. Scenes like these
have been happening in the barangay since the start of the distribution of cash assistance,
according to residents. This raised their concerns that the already high COVID-19 cases
in their area would continue to rise because of the violation of social distancing rules,
enforced all over the world to contain the virus. According to the Caloocan public
information office, Bagong Silang has already had 19 cases as of May 5. It has had the
highest COVID-19 case in the city, prompting authorities to place it under extreme
enhanced community quarantine since March. (Pedrajas, J. 2020)
Zamboanga City is feared to become the next Cebu City. The coronavirus disease
2019 is also spreading fast in Batangas and Davao City. Given these warnings, the
government is urged to focus on tracing high-risk individuals. The government should
18
continue “significant restrictions” in Metro Manila and Cebu City and make “aggressive
contact tracing” – with the help of police and volunteer students – a centrepiece of its
strategy against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a University of the
Philippines report recommended. The UP report cautioned about a “resurgence” of
infections as quarantine measures are eased to stop the economy from crashing. It also
warned that Zamboanga City may be on its way to being in the same situation as Cebu
City. Batangas and Davao City were also flagged as “high risk” areas in need of
monitoring by the government. “Given the recent decision by government to loosen
restrictions and based on the experience of other countries, the likelihood of a resurgence
seems to be not a question of if but where, and how bad,” according to the report titled
“COVID-19 Forecasts in the Philippines: Post-ECQ Report.” The report was dated May
20 and published on May 22. The report stressed the need for vigilance even in areas
under general community quarantine or out of any form of lockdown. “Our goal
ultimately is not just to flatten the curve but to bend it downwards,” it said. The
government should also ensure that health systems “are capable of detecting, testing,
isolating and treating every case of COVID-19, as well as tracing every contact.”
(Nonato, V. 2020)
The Covid-19 pandemic made an impact to the economy of the Philippines.

Philippines witnessed a slower economic growth in the first half of 2019, compared to
2018. The country saw a sustained economic growth of 6.3% between 2010 and 2018,
while the growth slowed down to 5.5% in H2 2019. The World Bank estimates
Philippines to witness full-year 2019 economic growth of 5.8%. The ongoing coronavirus
impact is expected to result in a subdued growth for the economy in 2020. China is
Philippines’ top trading partner accounting for 18.8% of total trade, according to the
Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). In November 2019, 22.9% of Philippines’ exports
were to China, the biggest importer for the country. Philippines imports account for
approximately 20% of goods from China followed by Korea and Japan at 10% each. The
Central Bank of the Philippines (BSP) noted that the coronavirus outbreak could have a
major impact on Philippine economy over the next few months. Ruben Carlo Asuncion,
19
chief economist for Union Bank of the Philippines, noted that the coronavirus outbreak
could cost the Philippine economy $600m or 0.8% of economic growth if it lasts for six
months, as quoted by CNN Philippines. (https://www.pharmaceutical-
technology.com/features/coronavirus-affected-countries-philippines-measures-impact-
tourism-economy/)
CEBU CITY – The Department of Health in Central Visayas (DOH 7) on

Monday said the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) status in Cebu province has become a
“cause of concern”. Dr. Mary Jean Loreche, DOH-7 chief pathologist and Covid-19
spokesperson, said residents in different towns and cities in Cebu should not be
complacent now that active transmission of the coronavirus has been detected in these
areas, based on the latest case bulletin. “Our advice to the residents in (Cebu) province,
they should be mindful of the situation. They need to be able do better by implementing
the minimum health standards and be encouraged to subject themselves to swab testing,”
Loreche said in a virtual presser. She said “they will never know where the COVID-19
concentration is in the province” if no aggressive testing is conducted like what was done
in Mandaue, Lapu-Lapu and Cebu cities last May. DOH reported a total of 861 active
COVID-19 cases in Cebu province with 33 new active cases on Sunday, bringing the
active cases tally to 351. The agency noted a 76-percent (3,585 cases) recovery rate out of
the total 4,740 cases in the province. Melquiades Feliciano, deputy chief implementer of
the COVID-19 response for the Visayas, on Monday said that despite the continuing rise
in the number of positive cases, they were confident the provincial government can
handle the situation. Feliciano, who is now in Western Visayas to oversee the region’s
fight against coronavirus, agreed, however, that the situation in Cebu province “has
become alarming”. (https://mb.com.ph/2020/09/08/covid-19-situation-in-cebu-province-
now-a-cause-of-concern-doh-7/)
NEGROS ORIENTAL, Philippines – The provincial government of Negros

Oriental reported on Wednesday, March 11, the province's first confirmed case of
COVID-19, the diseases caused by the novel coronavirus. The patient was from
20
Dumaguete City. Dr Liland Estacion, provincial health officer, said the confirmed case
was tagged as “Patient 39” by the Department of Health. The DOH announced earlier on
Wednesday 16 new cases. In a press conference Wednesday evening, Bimbo Miraflor,
provincial public information officer, said the specimen was taken from the patient on
March 9, and the results were made available on March 11. He said provincial authorities
had started the contact tracing to find the people who may have been exposed to the
patient. The police had been enlisted to contact the individuals. “The provincial
leadership is appealing to those who came in contact with the patient to feel free to
submit for a medical exam in case they manifested flu-like symptoms,” Miraflor said.He
said Governor Roel Degamo was urging the public not to panic, as the provincial
government was on top of the situation. The provincial government already has the flight
manifests from the airline, on which the patient traveled to Manila on February 28 and
returned to Dumaguete City on March 1. He also urged the public to follow the protocols
laid down by the Department of Health, and that the hospitals should make necessary
procedures for disinfection of their premises. (https://www.rappler.com/nation/negros-
oriental-reports-first-coronavirus-positive-case-march-11-2020)
According to Paul Quintos of University of the Philippines, the Philippine

government's COVID-19 response has been reactive, ad hoc and inadequate. While
quarantine and social distancing measures may have slowed down the spread of new
cases of SARS-CoV2 infections, the government has been slow to scale up the capacity
of the healthcare system to test, trace and treat COVID-19 patients as well as attend to the
non-COVID related health needs of the population. The gaps and failings in the
government's COVID-19 response cannot merely be attributed to poor leadership or the
lack of experience in dealing with a pandemic of this scale. From the onset, the
Philippine's pandemic response has been fundamentally constrained by the sorry state of
the public health system in the country. This weak public health system is the result of
deliberate policy choices, fiscal priorities and institutional design made over many years
up to the present. As the country and the rest of the world move slowly and cautiously
towards a "new normal," it is essential to remedy the fundamental ills of the Philippine
21
health system beyond the requisites of dealing with emergency situations such as the
COVID-19 pandemic. We need an inclusive, just and equitable health system that will
help us look forward to a "new and better normal" for all.
PUERTO PRINCESA CITY –– The local governments of Puerto Princesa City

and Palawan province welcomed the lifting of the general community quarantine (GCQ)
on May 16 by Malacañang, with certain measures remaining in force. Provincial
information officer Winston Arzaga said the lifting of GCQ would bring a “negative and
positive” impact in the province, particularly in its economy. “This is very good for our
province because we can gradually reopen our economy, people can go back to work,” he
said. However, Arzaga reminded the public that the COVID-19 threat remains present
everywhere, and everyone should observe all health protocols. Palaweños on social
media expressed that going back to “normal” would be riskier due to a lack of testing
centers .Arzaga assured the Palawan residents that the provincial government was
implementing effective health protocols to address and prevent the possible entry of the
coronavirus disease. Mass testing will be implemented soon after the establishment of the
four testing centers in Palawan located in Barangay Irawan in Puerto Princesa City, El
Nido, Brooke’s Point, and Calamian Group of Islands. nter-municipal travel may be
allowed pending guidelines from the Department of Transportation and fare regulation
from the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board due to reduced capacity
in observance of strict physical distancing protocol. (Miranda, R. 2020)
Through a partnership with the Barangay Local Government Unit of Libertad,

Palo Leyte and San Isidro, Tacloban, FundLife initiated a COVID-19 Educational
Session Response for children from 10 to 18 years old started last Monday, August 3
2020. This pilot initiative aims to provide play-based learning sessions to children and
youth in quarantine due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Working under strict health and
safety protocols and under guidance of the LGU’s, FundLife has agreed to deliver 25
educational sessions that will reach 90 children (50% girls) from three different
communities. Many children have been without access to learning since March 14th, and
22
these sessions, in addition to sharing key COVID-19 health information are also intended
to provide much needed access to learning for children and youths. These communities
were included in recently conducted survey about the impact of COVID-19 pandemic.
Children and adolescents in these areas expressed the negative psychological and
emotional effects of the pandemic. FundLife youth mentors and coaches designed
sessions that target to strengthen the awareness of children and young adolescents on
hygiene, sanitation, and nutrition with special focus on responsiveness to the COVID-19
pandemic. Through football and carefully planned play activities children would be given
a safe platform to learn while playing. Together with the coaches, youth mentors and
other community leaders, they will create a peer group who can provide emotional and
psychological support for children and young adolescents affected by the quarantine and
the pandemic. Children will be divided into two batches. Each batch of children can
participate in a two-hour session twice a week.
(https://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/fundlife-youth-mentors-resume-covid-19-
learning-sessions-children-palo-and)
Socio-economic wise, the Philippines, like any other country that has been hit by
the pandemic has suffered enormously. Due to almost a standstill of economic activities
and taxpayer relief efforts because of the lockdowns, the government’s projected revenue
collection is much lower compared to previous years. The DOF has projected that
revenue collections will be 17 percent of GDP – lower than the collection in 2019. While
disbursements for 2020 have been projected to be around 21.7 percent of GDP, 10
percent higher than the disbursements in 2019. Such disbursements include COVID-19
initiatives that are continuously being implemented and delivered by various government
agencies. Thus, the deficit for 2020 is projected to be around 8.1 percent of GDP or
PHP1.56 trillion (US$31.5 billion). This is a very challenging economic forecast for the
Philippines and something that Filipinos, in general, have to be mindful of. Domestic
consumption, which is the primary engine of the Philippine economy has been sternly
affected by the pandemic. Sectors such as tourism, services, trade, retail, real estate, and
manufacturing are experiencing difficulties. Around 7.3 million Filipinos have
23
temporarily or permanently lost their jobs due to business closures because of the
pandemic. The Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) has estimated that around
10 million workers may lose their jobs this year because of the pandemic. There’s also a
huge loss on remittances given that thousands of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) that
have been temporarily or permanently retrenched in their host countries and are returning
to the Philippines. These are just some of the serious socio-economic impacts of the
pandemic that are noticeable and if not mitigated and addressed could deepen further the
inequities across socio-economic classes, affecting the most vulnerable sectors of society
like women, children, the elderly, poor households, informal workers/labourers, ethnic
minorities/indigenous groups and communities, and those in post-conflict regions like the
Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM).
(https://theaseanpost.com/article/covid-19-impacts-philippines)
Foreign Studies
This prospective study aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on
mental health and to investigate the ability of pre-outbreak SOC levels to predict changes
in psychopathological symptoms. Methods: This study assessed psychopathological
symptoms and SOC before and after the COVID-19 outbreak as well as post-outbreak
COVID-19-related traumatic distress in a German-speaking sample (n =1,591). Bivariate
latent change score (BLCS) modeling was used to analyze pre- to post-outbreak changes
in psychopathological symptoms and the ability of SOC to predict symptom changes.
Results: Overall, there was no change in psychopathological symptoms. However, on an
individual-respondent level, 10% experienced a clinically significant increase in
psychopathological symptoms and 15% met cut-off criteria for COVID-19-related
traumatic distress. Using BLCS modeling, we identified a high-stress group experiencing
an increase in psychopathological symptoms and a decrease in SOC and a low-stress
group showing the reversed pattern. Changes in SOC and psychopathological symptoms
were predicted by pre-outbreak SOC and psychopathological symptom levels.
24
Conclusions: Although mental health was stable in most respondents, a small group of
respondents characterized by low levels of SOC experienced increased
psychopathological symptoms from pre- to post-outbreak. Thus, SOC training might be a
promising approach to enhance the resistance to stressors. (Schäfer S, K, Sopp M, R,
Schanz C, G, Staginnus M, Göritz A, S, Michael T. (2020).
The study aims to conduct a timely assessment of the effects of the COVID-19
pandemic on the mental health of college students. Methods: We conducted interview
surveys with 195 students at a large public university in the United States to understand
the effects of the pandemic on their mental health and well-being. The data were
analyzed through quantitative and qualitative methods. Student mental health in higher
education has been an increasing concern. The COVID-19 pandemic situation has
brought this vulnerable population into renewed focus. Results: Of the 195 students, 138
(71%) indicated increased stress and anxiety due to the COVID-19 outbreak. Multiple
stressors were identified that contributed to the increased levels of stress, anxiety, and
depressive thoughts among students. These included fear and worry about their own
health and of their loved ones (177/195, 91% reported negative impacts of the pandemic),
difficulty in concentrating (173/195, 89%), disruptions to sleeping patterns (168/195,
86%), decreased social interactions due to physical distancing (167/195, 86%), and
increased concerns on academic performance (159/195, 82%). To cope with stress and
anxiety, participants have sought support from others and helped themselves by adopting
either negative or positive coping mechanisms. Conclusions: Due to the long-lasting
pandemic situation and onerous measures such as lockdown and stay-at-home orders, the
COVID-19 pandemic brings negative impacts on higher education. The findings of our
study highlight the urgent need to develop interventions and preventive strategies to
address the mental health of college students. (Son C, Hegde S, Smith A, Wang X,
Sasangohar F. (2020).
According to the study of Das, Dr. Kishore Kumar and Patnaik, Shalini, 2020, the
present pandemic situation has adverse deep impact on Indian business. Domestically, the
25
impact of the corona virus pandemic COVID-19 could lead to slowdown in domestic
demand. This will result in erosion of purchasing power due to job losses or pay cuts and
slow-down effect of deferred demand will have a longer lasting impact on different
sectors, especially where demand is discretionary in nature. India’s real GDP depleted to
its bottom in over six years during 4Q 2019-20. India’s growth for next year 2020-21 is
forecasted in between of 5.3% to 5.7%. The COVID-19, or coronavirus, pandemic has
revealed many weaknesses in the global system. Despite our accumulated experience in
crisis management, this virus has been able to isolate us all in our homes. COVID-19 has
caused severe disruption for the Indian economy. The current corona virus pandemic
could lead to a four per cent permanent loss to real Indian gross domestic product
(GDP) .It is estimated for India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate to 1.9 per
cent for 2020-21. This will be the lowest after India recorded growth rate at 1.1 per cent
in 1991-92.The COVID 19 has disrupted major sectors, it’s clearly evident that various
sectors tourism & aviation, telecom, auto sector, transportation are most impacted sectors
that are facing negative repercussion of the present disaster . In the given situation, with
all the retail sectors shutting down their business the livelihood of the workers are at
optimum risk. The Government of many countries has given support to the employers to
pay salaries to their employees. The present study is undertaken to study the impact of
COVID-19 in various sectors considering the data which are secondary in nature,
different appropriate statistical tools and techniques are applied for analysis and
conclusion. On the basis of finding recommendations are suggested to overcome these
adverse situations.
The aim of this paper is to show empirical data from recent studies on the effect
of the pandemic and reflect on possible interventions based on technological tools. The
recent Covid-19 pandemic has had significant psychological and social effects on the
population. Research has highlighted the impact on psychological well-being of the most
exposed groups, including children, college students, and health workers, who are more
likely to develop post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, and other symptoms
of distress. The social distance and the security measures have affected the relationship
26
among people and their perception of empathy toward others. From this perspective,
telepsychology and technological devices assume important roles to decrease the negative
effects of the pandemic. These tools present benefits that could improve psychological
treatment of patients online, such as the possibility to meet from home or from the
workplace, saving money and time and maintaining the relationship between therapists
and patients. (Saladino Valeria, Algeri Davide, Auriemma Vincenzo (2020).
This study analyzes the effects of COVID-19 confinement on the autonomous

learning performance of students in higher education. Using a field experiment with 458
students from three different subjects at Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Spain), we
study the differences in assessments by dividing students into two groups. The first group
(control) corresponds to academic years 2017/2018 and 2018/2019. The second group
(experimental) corresponds to students from 2019/2020, which is the group of students
that had their face-to-face activities interrupted because of the confinement. The results
show that there is a significant positive effect of the COVID-19 confinement on students’
performance. This effect is also significant in activities that did not change their format
when performed after the confinement. We find that this effect is significant both in
subjects that increased the number of assessment activities and subjects that did not
change the student workload. Additionally, an analysis of students’ learning strategies
before confinement shows that students did not study on a continuous basis. Based on
these results, we conclude that COVID-19 confinement changed students’ learning
strategies to a more continuous habit, improving their efficiency. For these reasons, better
scores in students’ assessment are expected due to COVID-19 confinement that can be
explained by an improvement in their learning performance. (T. Gonzalez, M.A., et al,
2020)
This study aimed to identify negative impacts of COVID-19 on occupations of

Vietnamese people during the first national lockdown, including the quality and quantity
of jobs as well as adverse problems at work due to COVID-19. Methods: A cross-
sectional study using web-based platforms was conducted during the first time of social
27
isolation in Vietnam at the beginning of April 2020. We utilized a respondent-driven

sampling technique to select 1423 respondents from 63 cities and provinces over
Vietnam. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to define sub-domains of perceived
impacts of COVID-19 on occupations. Findings: Approximately two-thirds of
respondents reported decreases in their income (61.6%), and 28.2% reported that their
income deficit was 40% and above. The percentage of female individuals having
decreased revenue due to COVID-19 was higher than that of male respondents (65.2%
and 54.7%, respectively). “Worry that colleagues exposed to COVID-19 patients” and
“Being alienated because employment-related to COVID-19” accounted for the highest
score in each factor. Compared to healthcare workers, being self-
employed/unemployed/retired were less likely to suffer from “Increased workload and
conflicts due to COVID-19” and “Disclosure and discrimination related to COVID-19
work exposure.” Conclusion: Our study revealed a drastic reduction in both the quality
and quantity of working, as well as the increased fear and stigmatization of exposure to
COVID-19 at workplaces. Health protection and economic support are immediate targets
that should be focused on when implementing policies and regulations. (Dang, A.K. et
al., 2020)
Early results from a study by two Indiana University Bloomington professors on

the COVID-19 pandemic's impact show a substantial number of mental health issues and
instances of psychological aggression within relationships while people have had to
shelter at home. In examining which groups of people are having the hardest time, the
data indicate that the LGBTQ+ community is experiencing a particularly high rate of
stress and depression, Peterson said. Preliminary survey data from participants shows that
since the start of the pandemic: 50 percent experienced depressive symptoms in the
moderate-to-severe range within the past month. 50 percent of individuals who live with
their intimate partner report that they have experienced some psychological aggression
(yelling, insults, threats) from their partner. 32 percent experienced anxiety symptoms in
the moderate-to-severe range within the past month. 31 percent reported that their alcohol
use has increased during the pandemic as compared to before. 27 percent reported peri-
28
traumatic reactions (reactions that occur during or immediately after a trauma)

specifically associated with COVID-19 at a level that is highly predictive of a diagnosis
of post-traumatic stress disorder 30 days later. 14 percent of individuals who live with
their partner reported that they have experienced sexual aggression (sexual coercion or
assault) by the partner. 2 percent of individuals who live with their partner reported that
they had experienced physical aggression by their partner. They distributed the survey on
April 20 on a variety of platforms, including Reddit, the Kinsey Institute's website and
the IU School of Education's social media accounts. The survey asks questions about
conflict, such yelling (insults), physical abuse (pushing, hitting), sexual abuse, mental
health (anxiety, depression), early signs of trauma (fear for life) and alcohol use (quantity
and frequency). (Peterson, Z., (2020).
The purpose of this study was to assess the psychological and lifestyle impact of
the pandemic on Australian adolescents, using an online survey, administered during and
after the peak of the outbreak (June-July 2020). Method: Self-report surveys were
administered online to a sample of 760 Australian adolescents aged 12-18 years old.
Surveys assessed worry about contracting COVID-19, behavioral change in response to
the pandemic, impact on education, peer and family relationships, lifestyle factors
including exercise, technology use and sleep, as well as mental health outcomes including
psychological distress, loneliness, health anxiety and wellbeing. Results: Overall, young
people expressed significant concern and worry about contracting the virus, and most
(>85%) engaged in behaviors to reduce the risk of transmission. Three quarters of the
sample reported a worsening of their mental health since the pandemic began, with
negative impacts reported by most respondents on learning, friendships and family
relationships. More than 40% of young people reported a decrease in exercise and 70%
reported an increase in technology use since the outbreak. There were high levels of
uncertainty about the future reported by respondents, and their scores on validated
measures indicated higher levels of sleep disturbance, psychological distress and health
anxiety, and lower levels of wellbeing, relative to normative samples. Reponses on the
Kessler Psychological Distress Scale indicated that 48.3% of the sample were
29
experiencing distress consistent with a probable mental illness, which is much higher
than pre-pandemic prevalence rates. Effects on mental health were worse among those
who reported a previous diagnosis of depression and/or anxiety relative to those without a
history of depression and/or anxiety. Conclusion: These results indicate high levels of
disruption and psychological distress experienced by adolescents during the current
COVID-19 pandemic. Adolescents are already vulnerable to the onset of mental illness at
this developmental stage, and the current research underscores the need to find rapid and
accessible ways to support adolescent mental health during times of crisis. There is a
need for longitudinal research to evaluate the enduring effects of the pandemic on
adolescents. (Sophie Li, Joanne Beames, Jill Newby, Kate Maston, Helen Christensen,
Aliza Werner-Seidler, 2020).
As a result of the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak

caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in
the Chinese city of Wuhan, a situation of socio-economic crisis and profound
psychological distress rapidly occurred worldwide. Various psychological problems and
important consequences in terms of mental health including stress, anxiety, depression,
frustration, uncertainty during COVID-19 outbreak emerged progressively. This work
aimed to comprehensively review the current literature about the impact of COVID-19
infection on the mental health in the general population. The psychological impact of
quarantine related to COVID-19 infection has been additionally documented together
with the most relevant psychological reactions in the general population related to
COVID-19 outbreak. The role of risk and protective factors against the potential to
develop psychiatric disorders in vulnerable individuals has been addressed as well. The
main implications of the present findings have been discussed. (G Serafini, B Parmigiani,
A Amerio, A Aguglia, L Sher, M Amore, 2020).
The aim of this study is to present early evidence for the impacts of coronavirus
disease 2019 (COVID-19) on international trade. Accordingly, we investigate trade
among 186 countries in the first quarter of 2020. The disease burden of COVID-19 is
30
measured in terms of the number of cases and deaths. Our findings can be summarized as
follows. First, the COVID-19 burden in exporting countries, but in not importing
countries, has a significantly negative effect on trade. Second, this negative impact of
exporters’ COVID-19 burden is seen in exports from developing countries but not from
developed countries. Third, the COVID-19 burden in an exporter’s neighboring countries
has a positive effect on its exports. Fourth, importers’ COVID-19 burden has positive
effects on trade in the agricultural industry, whereas exporters’ COVID-19 burden has
negative effects, particularly in the textile, footwear, and plastic industries. (Kazunobu
Hayakawa, Hiroshi Mukunoki, 2020).
Local Studies
In the study by Jose Tria (2020). The present COVID-19 pandemic has brought
extraordinary challenges and has affected the educational sectors, and no one knows
when it will end. Every country is presently implementing plans and procedures on how
to contain the virus, and the infections are still continually rising. In the educational
context, to sustain and provide quality education despite lockdown and community
quarantine, the new normal should be taken into consideration in the planning and
implementation of the “new normal educational policy”. This article presents
opportunities for responding issues, problems and trends that are currently arising and
will arise in the future due to COVID-19 pandemic through the lens of education in the
Philippines - the new educational norm.
This study aims to reveal the sentiment of the Filipinos in the effect of extreme
community quarantine caused by COVID-19 Pandemic particularly Luzon. It aims to
gather the tweets of Twitter users in the Philippines in Luzon areas. This research also
analyzes the effect of extreme community quarantine and other effects of the Pandemic to
personal lifestyle based on the tweets of the users. Natural Language Processing is one of
the methodologies to determine the sentiment of users from extracted tweets. Opinions
are treated as data for analyzation. The sentiment reveals that most of the Filipinos
encountered several problems concerning extreme community quarantine. The general
31
sentiment shows that one basic needs are affected regarding the food supply and support
from the government. It is concluded that most of the twitter users in Luzon have
negative sentiment over COVID-19, while some users are speaking about the positive
effects, it was miscredited to the coronavirus instead of crediting to the decision such as
community quarantine, lockdown and social distancing. It is concluded that negative
sentiments increase over time, and it is expected that negative sentiments among twitter
users increases. It is recommended that intervention should be done based on the
requirement of the Filipinos who encounter problem in the food shortage and everyone
should support to flatten the curve in order for the operations and life back to normal.
(Pastor, C. 2020)
The study examined the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms and identified the
factors contributing to psychological impact in the Philippines. methods:A total of 1879
completed online surveys were gathered from March 28-April 12, 2020. Collected data
included socio-demographics, health status, contact history, COVID-19 knowledge and
concerns, precautionary measures, information needs, the Depression, Anxiety and Stress
Scales (DASS-21) and the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) ratings. results: The
IES-R mean score was 19.57 (SD=13.12) while the DASS-21 mean score was 25.94
(SD=20.59). In total, 16.3% of respondents rated the psychological impact of the
outbreak as moderate-to-severe; 16.9% reported moderate-to-severe depressive
symptoms; 28.8% had moderate-to-severe anxiety levels; and 13.4% had moderate-to-
severe stress levels. Female gender; youth age; single status; students; specific symptoms;
recent imposed quarantine; prolonged home-stay; and reports of poor health status,
unnecessary worry, concerns for family members, and discrimination were significantly
associated with greater psychological impact of the pandemic and higher levels of stress,
anxiety and depression (p<0.05). Adequate health information, having grown-up
children, perception of good health status and confidence in doctors' abilities were
significantly associated with lesser psychological impact of the pandemic and lower
levels of stress, anxiety and depression (p<0.05). limitations: An English online survey
was used. conclusion: During the early phase of the pandemic in the Philippines, one-
32
fourth of respondents reported moderate-to-severe anxiety and one-sixth reported

moderate-to-severe depression and psychological impact. The factors identified can be
used to devise effective psychological support strategies. (Tee, M.,Tee, C.,Anlacan
,J.,Aligam K.,Reyes P.,Kuruchittham V.,Ho R.2020)
In the study of Lau, L., Hung, N., et al. (2020), the presence of COVID-19 in low-
and middle-income countries (LMICs) is raising important concerns about effective
pandemic response and preparedness in the context of fragile health systems and the
pervasiveness of misinformation. The objective of this study was to gain an
understanding of how COVID-19 was perceived by households experiencing extreme
poverty in the Philippines. This study was conducted in partnership with International
Care Ministries (ICM), a Philippine-based non-governmental organization (NGO) that
runs a poverty-alleviation program called Transform targeted towards extreme low-
income households. We integrated knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) questions
into ICM’s cross-sectional program monitoring and evaluation systems from February 20
through March 13, 2020. Frequencies and proportions were calculated to describe the
respondents’ responses, and the Kruskal-Wallis test and binomial logistic regression were
undertaken to determine the socio-demographic characteristics associated with COVID-
19 KAPs. The presence of the COVID-19 pandemic in low- and middle-income countries
(LMICs) is raising important concerns about the preparedness of health systems within
these countries to address the disease as it continues to spread. With health care facilities
that were already overburdened before the pandemic, it is becoming increasingly clear
that adopting the measures employed by high-income countries in LMICs may not be
feasible.
According to the study of Bayangos, M. et.al, 2020, over 25 percent of

respondents feel that their household is at risk of contracting COVID-19, and for those
who do not feel at risk almost 70 percent of respondents cite their adherence to
preventive measures. Encouragingly, respondents report extremely high levels of
compliance with mask-wearing (98 percent), and increases in handwashing since
33
February (80 percent). 62 percent of respondent’s report staying home most days (4-6
days) or every day in the past week from when they were surveyed, and more than 20
percent did not stay home any days. Men were much less likely to stay home than women
were, while poorer and wealthier respondents are similarly likely to have stayed home all
day in the past week from when they were surveyed. The coronavirus is not the only
health concern that Filipinos are facing: almost 30 percent of respondent’s report that
they or someone in their household have developed mental health symptoms since the
quarantine began. As the World Health Organization warns that worldwide the pandemic
“has the seeds of a major mental health crisis as well, if action is not taken,” the survey’s
acute finding sheds light on these burgeoning impacts in the Philippines. The survey
reveals a picture of acute economic impact. While 67 percent of respondents worked at
least one hour during February 2020, only 40 percent worked at all in the prior week
from the survey. Of those still working, over 50 percent of respondents reported
decreased earnings. Of the respondents that continued working in the week prior, most
(62 percent) were able to do so by working from home—not a realistic possibility for
many sectors such as retail or manufacturing. While women were more likely to report
being able to work from home or use flexible working arrangements, women were also
more likely than men to spend fewer hours working than they did prior to the start of the
pandemic. 70 percent of respondents indicate having to deplete savings to pay for food
since February 2020, and this is a common trend across the country. Similarly, 70 percent
of respondents say they have had difficulty buying typical amounts of food because
household income has dropped. In turn, 26 percent of respondents say they have had to
limit portion sizes at meal times, more than 20 percent have had to reduce the number of
meals eaten in a day, and more than 35 percent have reduced the kinds of food eaten in a
day more than once in the past week.
This study aimed to assess fear of COVID-19 among nurses in a community

setting. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional design using self-report
questionnaires. Findings: Results revealed that nurses display moderate to high fear of
COVID-19 and that the female gender is correlated to fear of the virus. Moreover, the
34
nurses’ fear influences their psychological distress and organizational and professional
turnover intentions. Conclusion: Fear of COVID-19 is universal among nurses. There is a
need to assess the factors associated with the fear to better address the nurses’
psychological well-being and to avoid turnover intentions. (de Los Santos, Janet Alexis &
Labrague, Leodoro, 2020).
This paper explores the potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the
welfare of households in a remittance-dependent country, which is likely to be severely
exposed to external shocks. The Philippines is a sensible case to study for several
reasons. In this paper, we use a household-level dataset which was collected in in the
Philippines before the COVID-19 outbreak. The pandemic is expected to substantially
reduce the amount of remittances that migrants from developing countries can send
home. The World Bank estimates that global remittances will decline sharply by about
20% in 2020, the sharpest in recent history, and that remittances to low and middle-
income countries are projected to fall by 19.7%.Footnote1 Many migrants may lose their
jobs or be forced to accept lower wages due to lockdowns or oil price crashes in their
destination countries; they may not be able to send remittances due to stringent
movement restrictions and exclusion of money transfer service providers from the list of
“essential services” (World Bank, 2020b). Furthermore, many intended migrants who had
been preparing for their departure in the near future will be forced to change their
livelihood plans for the coming years. In 2019, 80% of the world’s total remittances
flowed to low-and-middle-income countries (World Bank, 2020c); therefore, the negative
impacts of the COVID-19 outbreak may be more serious in developing countries whose
citizens heavily depend on remittances from migrant family members. (Murakami, E.,
Shimizutani, S. & Yamada, E., 2020).
In this research brief, our analysis aims to put in context the latest official data on
the continuing epidemic by comparing the characteristics of the known cases with the
general population of the Philippines. In doing this, we answer such basic questions as,
what are the ages most affected by this disease, which sex is more vulnerable? We first
35
present the age and sex profile, (also known and the population pyramid) of the
Philippines population projected to 2020 from the 2015 census (Figure 1). The estimated
population of the Philippines in 2020 is 109 million. The bulk of the population is
concentrated in the younger groups (0 to 29), with the median age at 26 years. This
means that half of the 109 million Filipinos are aged below 26. By sex, the number of
men is also about equal to the number of women from age 0 to 64 while there are more
women than men from age 65 onward. On the other hand, Figure 2 clearly shows the age
and sex distribution of the 636 known COVID-19 positive cases on 25 March 2020.
Compared with the total Philippine population, COVID 19-positive cases have an entirely
different configuration and is consistent with what has been reported in other countries.
Although the DOH warns that the lack of nationwide testing may skew the data
somewhat to the more severe cases, the age-sex distribution of local COVID-19 positive
cases fits the profile of other countries with the bulk of infections found among those in
the older age groups. In the Philippine COVID-19 tracker there are no reported cases
below age 10-14 (the youngest diagnosed case is a 13-year old male). The majority of the
cases are in the age group 50 and above. Compared with the relative share of the 50 and
older age group in the Philippines population, COVID-19 positive cases are
disproportionately found in the older ages of 50 and higher. Furthermore, there is a highly
imbalanced sex ratio among COVID-19 positive cases with a higher proportion of men
starting at age group 30-34 and persisting to the oldest age group. Thus, compared to the
total population, COVID-19 positive cases are older and have a higher proportion of men.
Likewise, of the 38 recorded deaths among the 636 COVID-19 positive cases, an
overwhelming majority (89 %) are in the age group 55 and over. Figure 2 clearly shows
that not only are there more cases among the older ages, the deaths are also concentrated
in these age groups. There is also more male than female deaths. (University of The
Philippines Population Institute, 2020)
This research was made to assess the mental health and psychological wellness
during the community quarantine of the 500 selected students The outcomes of the
present study will be beneficial and valuable to the following: To the students. The result
36
of this study will provide necessary pieces of information of the mental health of the
student which could be a great help to the respondents in understanding themselves. It
can also help them to be more aware about mental and psychological health through the
help of the recommendation of the researchers; To the Parents. The results of this study
will be beneficial to the parents having children who have the same age bracket as the
respondents. The recommendations will help them in dealing with the problems with
their children's mental health issues which is not easy to know. To the School. The results
of this study can help the school as well as the guidance counselors to know what the
main problem of the students is and immediately formulate actions to avoid possible
negative effects that can harm the well-being of the students under their supervision. To
the Philippine Mental Health Association, Inc. The results of this study will strengthen
their promotion of mental health and the prevention of mental health disorders. Lastly,
this will also be beneficial to future researchers to draw pertinent results to their studies.
The researchers used a set of a survey questionnaire in gathering pertinent data. The
questionnaires were disseminated via an online Google form survey sent to the
respondents. After all the data needed were gathered, the frequencies of answers in each
question were tallied and their percentage was obtained. Through these, the researchers
obtained well conclusions and suitable recommendations. (Bautista, Alvin Gino &
Bautista, M & Manuel, Elizabeth., 2020).
In the study of Aileen L. Camba And Abraham C. Camba Jr. (2020) their paper
examines the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the Philippine stock exchange, peso-
dollar rate and retail price of diesel using robust least squares regression and vector
autoregression (VAR). The robust least squares regression using MM-estimation method
concluded that COVID-19 daily infection has negative and statistically significant effect
on the Philippine stock exchange index, pesodollar exchange rate and retail pump price of
diesel. This is consistent with the results of correlation diagnostics. As for the VAR
model, the lag values of the independent variable disclose significance in explaining the
Philippine stock exchange index, peso-dollar exchange rate and retail pump price of
diesel. Moreover, in the short run, the impulse response function confirmed relative effect
37
of COVID-19 daily infections and the variance decomposition divulge that COVID-19
daily infections have accounted for only minor portion in explaining fluctuations of the
Philippine stock exchange index, peso-dollar exchange and retail pump price of diesel. In
the long term, the influence levels off. The Granger causality test suggests that COVID-
19 daily infections cause changes in the Philippine stock exchange index and peso-dollar
exchange rate in the short run. However, COVID-19 infection has no causal link with
retail pump price of diesel.
According to Mobo, F. (2020), the coronavirus has a positive implication to some

Filipinos in our humanity, it awakens our consciousness of what are the significant things
in our lives that should be given focus for us to live longer. COVID-19 is a historical
thing because it affects not only in one place but also worldwide. Many lessons were
being learned and people came to realized that having the right discipline and attitude
towards living could save lives and makes humanity live longer. It also healed our mother
earth as per reports of the international scientist, the skies primarily in the cities has gone
clearer due to lockdown wherein vehicles were forbidden to travel and be on the streets.
A certain great part of our ozone layer has been healed. People became aware of the
nature and how important it is if we know how to take care of it to have a beautiful world.
Friendly living became contagious that everybody else is cooperative in the implemented
New Rules as the New Normal is now adaptable to all. Families were being reunited and
most disputes were being resolve. Giving and sharing is everywhere as some do not have
anything to put on their tables. This is the time wherein the society’s status does not
matter anymore, no rich can buy anything they wanted since stores were all lockdown, no
poor is ever poorer because whatever goods they were given were just the same as that of
the middle class. Workers temporarily cannot come to their workplace and most do not
have income to sustain their financial needs, but the government took action by giving
financial aid to all. To sum it all, COVID-19 has a negative impact and that is, it caused
thousands of people to die but its positive impact is greater since it rejuvenates our
Mother Earth, it clears and widens the consciousness of humanity to give importance to
the Life that we have and the Mother Earth that we live in.
38
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents a brief description of the general method of research to be

employed in this study. The information includes the research design, research locate,
respondents of the study, research instruments, research produce and the data analysis
procedure.
Research Design
The descriptive method of investigation will be used in this study. It is the most
appropriate procedure that fits into the objectives, data collection method and procedure
on the data presentation to answer the questions such as what, how and to what extent of
39
the topic and try to describe present condition, events or system based on impressions
effect on the respondents.
Descriptive research is conclusive in nature, as opposed to exploratory. This

means that descriptive research gathers quantifiable information that can be used for
statistical inference on your target audience through data analysis. As a consequence
this type of research takes the form of closed-ended questions, which limits its ability to
provide unique insights. However, used properly it can help an organization better
define and measure the significance of something about a group of respondents and the
population they represent. (Fluid Surveys Team, Chapter 8, 2014)
Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study will be the Fifty (50) residents of Barangay
Muguing in the municipality of Banga Aklan. This study will be conducted in the
academic year 2020-2021.
Sampling Technique
The researcher will be utilizing the purposive sampling technique in this study. In
the purposive sampling the subjects are selected because they are easily accessible. This
is one of the weakest sampling procedures. An example might be surveying students in
one’s class. Generalization to a population can seldom be made with this procedure.
“Researchers often need to select a purposive sample or face the possibility that they will
be unable to do the study. Although a sample randomly drawn from a population is more
desirable, it usually is better to do a study with a purposive sample than to do no study at
all– assuming, of course, that the sample suits the purpose of the study” (Gall, Borg, &
Gall, 2016, p. 228).
40
Data Gathering Instrument

The researcher used a self-structured questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of
three (3) parts. First part deals with the profile of the respondents. The second part
contains negative effects of Covid-19 to the resident of Barangay Muguing Banga, Aklan.
The third part pertains to the degree of the negative effects of Covid-19 Pandemic to the
residents of barangay Muguing in the municipality of Banga, Aklan. And the third part
contains significant relationship between the profile of respondents and the degree of the
negative effects of the Covid-19 pandemic.
Data Gathering Procedure

In accomplishing the research instrument, the researcher sought letter of approval
to the dean of the College of Criminal Justice Education. The researcher will give a letter
of consent to the respondents. And then the researcher explained to the respondents that
they should be objective with their responses. The questionnaires are personally
distributed for easy retrieval. The tabulation of data was followed. The obtained data are
subjected to appropriate statistics such as frequency and percentage counts and weighted
mean.
Statistical Treatment of Data

The following statistical tools will be applied in this study:
Problem number 1 and 2 will use simple percentage and frequency distribution.
The formula:
f
P= x 100 %
n
Where:
P = percentage
41
F = frequency of respondents
N = no. of respondents
Problem number 3 and 4, weighted mean will be used:
The formula:
x́=
∑ WX
∑n
Where: X = weighted mean
W = weight of response
X = no. of respondents
∑ = summation
Scale Range Verbal Interpretation
3 2.5-3.0 Very High Degree
2 1.5-2.4 High Degree
1 1.0-1.4 Low Degree
Chapter 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the data gathered by the researcher, statistically treated,
analyzed and interpreted so that conclusions and recommendations can be posted.
I. Profile of Respondents
Table 1.1
Age of Respondents
42
Age Frequency Percentage

18-25 12 24
26-30 9 18
31-35 10 20
36-40 8 16
41-above 11 22
Total 50 100%
Table 1.1 reflects the age of the respondents who are part of this study entitled
“Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic to the Residents of Barangay Muguing in the
Municipality of Banga.” There are 12 or 24 percent respondent who are between 18 to 25
years old; followed by 11 or 22 percent who are 41 years old and above; then 10 or 20
percent have age between 31 to 35 years old; 9 or 18 percent respondents have age
between 26 to 30 years old; and 8 or 16 percent have age between 36 to 40 years old.
Above table also shows that most of the respondents have age between 18 to 25
years old. This indicates that most of the residents are very young and had time to
respond or answer the questionnaires.
Table 1.2
Sex of Respondents
Sex Frequency Percentage
Male 28 56
Female 22 44
Total 50 100%
43
Presented in table 1.2 is the sex of the respondents. Male respondents are 28 or 56
percent; while female respondents are 22 or 44 percent.
Majority of the respondents in barangay Muguing who participated in this study

are males. This imply that males are not too busy during Covid-19 lockdown in the
municipality of Banga.
Table 1.3
Civil Status of Respondents
Sex Frequency Percentage
Single 25 50
Married 23 46
Widow/er 2 4
Total 50 100%
Table 1.3 presents the civil status of the respondents. Twenty-five (25) or 5o
percent of the respondents are single; 23 or 46 percent are married, while only 2 or 4
percent are widow or widower. Most of the respondents are single, followed by
respondents who are married.
Above findings imply that most of the respondents are not yet ready to raise a
family; also above findings validate the findings in table 1.1 where most of the
respondents are between 18 to 25 years of age.
Table 1.4
Educational Attainment of Respondents
44
Educational Attainment Frequency Percentage
Elementary 4 8
High School 25 50
College 21 42
Total 50 100%
Table 1.4 features the educational attainment of the residents at barangay

Muguing in the municipality of Banga. High school graduates are 25 or 50 percent;
college graduates are 21 or 42 percent; and only 4 or 8 percent are elementary graduates.
Most of the respondents in this study are high school graduates. Above findings
can be inferred in the findings of tables 1.1 and 1.3 where most of the respondents are
young and single. It can be moted that only 4 are elementary graduates which indicate
that majority of the respondents are educated and have high hopes of becoming
professionals.
Table 1.5
Occupation of Respondents
Occupation Frequency Percentage

Unemployed 27 54
Businessman 3 6
Teacher 1 2
Barangay Secretary 1 2
Barangay Asst. Secretary 1 2
Service Crew 3 6
Sales Woman 1 2
45
Butcher 5 10
Housekeeping 1 2
Bagger 1 2
Tricycle Driver 2 4
Painter 1 2
Hospital Food Server 1 2
Overseas Worker 2 4
Total 50 100%
Table 1.5 shows the occupation of the respondents of Barangay Muguing in the
municipality of Banga, Aklan. it can be noted that majority of the respondents are
unemployed with 27 or 54 percent respondents; followed by 5 or 10 percent butchers;
then 3 or 6 percent; then 3 or 6 percent service crew. There are 2 or 4 percent tricycle
drivers and overseas worker; while 1 or 2 percent have work like teacher, barangay
secretary, barangay assistant secretary, sales woman, housekeeper, bagger, painter and
s=hospital food server.
Majority of the respondents are unemployed
Part II. Negative Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic to the Residents of Barangay

Muguing in the Municipality of Banga.
Table 2
Negative Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic
Negative Effects Frequency of Percentage
Response
1. Loss of job 32 17.8
2. Health complication/ illness 22 12.2
3. Loss of source of income 33 18.3
4. There is a violence and/or conflict within the family 3 2.0
5. Unable to meet/see family and friends 35 19.4
6. Developed mental health issue like anxiety and depression 19 10.6
7. Fatigue due to stress 9 5.0
8. Develop a bad drinking or smoking habits 19 10.6
46
9. Economy has been stopped. 7 3.9

10. Developed obesity 1 0.2
Total Multiple Response 180 100%
Reflected in Table 2 are the negative effects of Covid-19 pandemic to residents of

Barangay Muguing in the municipality of Banga, Aklan. Negative effects with least
response are developed obesity with only 1 or 0.2 percent response; violence/conflict
within the family having 3 or 2 percent response; and economy has stopped, with 7 or 3.9
percent response. Above findings imply that respondents are less afraid of the above-
mentioned negative effects which means that they are prepared to face such kind of
problems. Furthermore, negative effects with the greatest number of responses are unable
to meet and see family and friends, having 35 or 19.4 percent responses; loss of source of
income with 33 or 8.3 percent response; and loss of job, with 32 or 17.8 percent
responses. All of the above negative effects are fearful. Loss of job is worst because
everything in the family is affected, the food, the bills, medicine and most is the
education of the children. The remaining negative effects are fatigue due to stress, 9 or 5
percent responses; developed bad drinking/smoking habits; developed depression, mental
health issues and anxiety, both having 19 or 10.6 percent responses and health
complications/illness, having 22 or 12.2 percent responses.
Above table also shows a total multiple response of 180 which is only 36 percent
of supposedly the total of 500 responses if only all the 50 respondents check all the
negative responses. This also indicates that most of the respondents have not check all the
effects that are listed.
Part III. Degree of Negative Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic to the Residents of

Barangay Muguing in the Municipality of Banga.
Table 3
Degree of Negative Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic
Degree of Negative Effects
47
Negative Effects VHD HD LD Total Weighted VI

(3) (2) (1) Respondents Mean
1. Loss of job 25 19 6 50 2.4 VHD

2. Health complication/ illness 28 20 2 50 2.5 VHD
3. Loss of source of income 26 17 7 50 2.4 VHD
4. There is a violence and/or conflict 11 20 29 50 2.0 HD
within the family
5. Unable to meet/see family and 20 12 18 50 2.0 HD
friends
6. Developed mental health issue 10 14 26 50 1.7 HD
like anxiety and depression
7. Fatigue due to stress 15 22 13 50 2.0 HD
8. Develop a bad drinking or 25 16 9 50 2.3 HD
smoking habits
9. Economy has been stopped. 31 17 22 50 2.5 VHD
10. Developed obesity 5 25 20 50 1.7 HD
Overall Weighted Mean 2.2 HD
Shown in Table 3 is the degree of negative effects of covid-19 pandemic to the

residents of barangay Muguing in the Municipality of Banga. Verbally interpreted as high
degree are: there is a violence or conflict within the family; unable to meet family and
friends; and fatigue due to stress. All effects having 2.00 weighted mean; developed
mental health issues like anxiety or depression; developed obesity, both with 1.7
weighted mean respectively. With 2.3 weighted mean is the negative effects which is
developed a bad drinking habit or smoking habits.
Furthermore, health implication/illness with 2.5 weighted mean; economy has

been stopped, with same 2.5 weighted mean; loss of job and loss of income, having 2.4
weighted mean respectively. The table also shows an overall weighted mean of 2.20,
verbally interpreted as high degree.
Findings of the above table imply that residents in barangay Muging really
believed that Covid-19 Pandemic affects their lives especially on the economic and social
issues. The fact that for them, economy has stopped, loss of their income and loss of job
48
are the most effects that’s are negative having 2.4 and 2.5 weighted mean which are
verbally rated as very high degree.
Chapter 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter summarizes the findings and analyses of the study. After conclusions
were derived, recommendations were made and presented in this chapter.
Summary of Findings
This study aims to determine the effects of COVID-19 Pandemic to the residents
of barangay Muguing in the municipality of Banga. Specifically, this seeks answer to the
following questions: what is the profile of the respondents in terms of age, sex, civil
status, educational attainment and occupation; what are the negative effects of COVID-19
pandemic to the residents of barangay Muguing in the municipality of Banga; and what is
the degree of the negative effects of COVID-19 pandemic to the residents of barangay
Muguing in the municipality of Banga.
49
This study is focused on determining the effects of Covid-19 Pandemic to the

residents of barangay Muguing in the municipality of Banga. This study was conducted
in the academic year 2020-2021. The respondents of this study were the residents of
Barangay Muguing Banga, Aklan which were consisting of fifty (50) respondents in all.
This research is measurable in approach.
Findings revealed that majority of the respondents are 18 to 25 years old, males,
single, high school graduates and unemployed. On the negative effects of Covid-19
pandemic to residents of Barangay Muguing in the municipality of Banga, Aklan, the
highest response that the residents answered is the negative effects where they are unable
to meet their family and friends followed by the loss of source of income. It also shows a
total multiple response of 180 which is only 36 percent of supposedly the total of 500
responses if only all the 50 respondents check all the negative responses. This also
indicates that most of the respondents have not check all the effects that are listed. On the
other hand, the result of the degree of negative effects of Covid-19 pandemic to residents
of Barangay Muging in the municipality of Banga, Aklan, imply that residents in
barangay Muging really believed that Covid-19 Pandemic affects their lives especially on
the economic and social issues. The fact that for them, economy has stopped, loss of their
income and loss of job are the most effects that’s are negative having 2.4 and 2.5
weighted mean which are verbally rated as very high degree.
Conclusions
Based on the above findings of the study, the researcher concludes that the
residents are facing a hardship on the health complications, loss of job, loss of income and
the bag down of our economy. All of these effects are also experienced by the whole
world which is true and it is happening in our reality. Therefore, they believed that Covid-
19 Pandemic affects their lives especially on the economic and social issues. The fact that
for them, economy has stopped, loss of their income and loss of job are the most effects
that’s are negative having 2.4 and 2.5 weighted mean which are verbally rated as very
high degree.
50
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions, the researcher has drawn
recommendations:
1. The residents of Barangay Muguing should excerpt extra effort in finding a

job like doing small busines or selling foods, clothes etc. and/or do online jobs
like typing or stocks to be able to have a source of income despite the
pandemic and help rebuild our economy. They also should take an extra
careful of their health like taking vitamins and follow health protocol to avoid
illness and the contraction of the virus.
2. The Barangay Officials of Barangay Muguing should conduct a seminar or a
livelihood project to help the residents come up with their own business to
help them regain their source of income. They should also remind people to
stay in their houses and avoid other people to help stop possible transmission
of the virus.
3. The Local Government Officials should coordinate with the barangay in
implementing the health protocol to the residents. They should also conduct a
nationwide webinar on how to get a job.
4. The Inter Agency Task Force should coordinate with the local government
unit in helping to stop the spread of the corona virus to enable a safe and
healthy environment to the residents in order to rebuild the economy and help
making new jobs available to the people.
51
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Appendix A
LETTER TO THE RESPONDENTS
Sir/Ma’am:
Greetings!
The undersigned is conducting a research study entitled: “EFFECTS OF COVID-19

PANDEMIC TO THE RESIDENTS OF BARANGAY MUGING IN THE
MUNICIPALITY OF BANGA”, as partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
of Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice Education at the Northwestern Visayan
Colleges for the Academic Year 2020-2021.
In view of the above, the researcher would like to ask your help by supplying the needed
data pertaining to my study. Rest assured that all the data will be kept confidential and
will be used for research purposes only.
Your favorable action in this request will be highly appreciated.

58
Thank you so much.
Very truly yours,
Sgd. IRA SHANE U. MIRAFLORES

Researcher
Noted by:
Sgd.Ms. MA. JUSTINE JOY I. ANDRADE

Adviser
Appendix B
QUESTIONNAIRES
Part I. Profile of the Respondents
Direction: Please check the box that corresponds to your answer.

Age:
( ) 18 – 25 years old
( ) 25 – 30 years old
( ) 31 – 35 years old
( ) 36 – 40 years old
( ) 41 years old and above
Sex:
59
( ) Female ( ) Male
Civil Status
( ) Single ( ) Married ( ) Widowed/er ( ) Separated
Educational Attainment
( ) Elementary Graduate
( ) High School Graduate
( ) College Graduate
Occupation (Please Specify:)________________________________________
Part II. Negative effects of Covid-19 Pandemic to the residents of barangay Muging in
the municipality of Banga, Aklan
Direction: Please put a check (/) mark on the boxes provided that suits your answer.
Negative Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic Check

1. Loss of job
2. Health complication/ illness
3. Lost of source of income
4. There is a violence and/or conflict within the family

5. Unable to meet/see family and friends
6. Developed mental health issue like anxiety and depression
7. Fatigue due to stress
8. Develop a bad drinking or smoking habits
9. Economy has been stopped.
60
10. Developed obesity
Part III. Degree of the negative effects of Covid-19 Pandemic to the residents of
barangay Muguing in the municipality of Banga, Aklan
Direction: Please put a check (/) mark on the boxes provided that suits your answer.
Very High Low

High Degree Degree
Effects
Degree
1. Loss of job
2. Health complication/ illness

3. Lost of source of income
4. There is a violence and/or conflict within the
family
5. Unable to meet/see family and friends
6. Developed mental health issue like anxiety and
depression
7. Fatigue due to stress
8. Develop a bad drinking or smoking habits
9. Economy has been stopped.
61
10. Developed obesity
Appendix C
CURRICULUM VITAE
T h e r e s e a r c h e r I r a S h a n e U . M i
years old student of Northwestern Visayan Colleges
3rd Year BS. Criminology. She was born in Manila
July 18, 1995. Her mother is Desiree U. Miraflores,
48 years old and her father is Ramon Q. Miraflores,
49 years. She has 1 brother and she is the eldest
among the two of them. She finished her Elementary
education in the year of 2005-2006 at Banga
Elementary Shool. She took her high school education
in Bacan National High School in the year of 2007-
2009 but unfortunately she stoped and grab the opportunity to study in Alternative
Learning School and finished in the year 2016-2017 and took the course of B.S.
Criminology in Northwestern Visayan Colleges in the year of 2018.
She attend some following seminars and trainings: Reserve Officer Training
Corps, First Aid training conducted the Philippine Red Cross last August 2018 at NVC
gymnasium and 3rd International Seminar Workshop in Forensic Crime Investigation
featuring ‘Pedagogy on Technology’ last October 2018 Agusto B. Legaspi Sport
Complex, Kalibo, Aklan.
62
EFFECTS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC TO THE RESIDENTS OF BARANGAY

MUGING IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF BANGA
A Thesis
Presented to
the Faculty of the College of Criminal Justice Education
Kalibo, Aklan
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements in the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Criminology
63
IRA SHANE U. MIRAFLORES

March 2021 ii
APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis entitled: “EFFECTS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC TO THE RESIDENTS
OF BARANGAY MUGING IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF BANGA” prepared and
submitted by IRA SHANE U. MIRAFLORES in partial fulfillment for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Criminology, has been examined and is recommended for
acceptance.
Ms. MA. JUSTINE JOY I. ANDRADE

Adviser
THESIS COMMITTEE
Approved by the committee on Final-Oral Examination with a grade of PASSED.
DR. DENNIS I. IBUTNANDE, Ph.D. Crim., DPA, CSP, CST

Chairman
DR. ANTONIA S. ESCALONA, Ed.D MS. MA. JUSTINE JOY I. ANDRADE

Member Adviser
64
Accepted and approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Criminology.
DR. DENNIS I. IBUTNANDE, Ph.D. Crim., DPA, CSP, CST

Dean, College of Criminal Justice Education
Noted:
iii
ALLAN ANGELO L. QUIMPO
President
May 2021
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research would not have been possible without the support of many people.
Hard labor is made lighter by many hands that work together’. In the same way, this
researcher study had been done too lightly, because many minds have thought to
complete, offer valuable assistance without which this work would not have materialized.
The researcher wishes to express her gratitude, first and foremost to Almighty
God for guidance and blessing.
To Dr. Dennis I. Ibutnande, dean of College of Criminal Justice Education for

giving the researcher an opportunity to conduct this study.
To the member of the panel, Dr. Antonia S. Escalona during the oral examination
for her worthy comments, suggestion and recommendations made for the enrichment of
this study.
65
To her adviser Ms. Ma. Justine Joy I. Andrade, who has abundantly contributed
invaluable assistance, suggestions, contractive, criticisms, support and guidance, without
that knowledge and assistance this study, would not have been successful.
She wishes to express her love and gratitude to her family most especially to her
mother and to her father for this unselfish support and guidance that motivate the
researcher to pursue this research study through the duration of time.
IRA SHANE U. MIRAFLORES
iv
ABSTRACT
This study aims to determine the effects of covid nineteen Pandemic to the residents of
barangay Muguing in the municipality of Banga. Specifically, this seeks answer to the
following questions: what is the profile of the respondents in terms of age, sex, civil
status, educational attainment and occupation; what are the negative effects of covid
nineteen pandemic to the residents of barangay Muguing in the municipality of Banga;
and what is the degree of the negative effects of covid nineteen pandemic to the residents
of barangay Muguing in the municipality of Banga. This study is focused on determining
the effects of covid nineteen Pandemic to the residents of barangay Muguing in the
municipality of Banga. This study was conducted in the academic year twenty-twenty to
twenty-twenty-one. The respondents of this study were the residents of Barangay
Muguing Banga, Aklan which were consisting of fifty respondents in all. This research is
66
measurable in approach. Findings revealed that majority of the respondents are eighteen
to twenty-five years old, males, single, high school graduates and unemployed. On the
negative effects of covid nineteen pandemic to residents of Barangay Muguing in the
municipality of Banga, Aklan, the highest response that the residents answered is the
negative effects where they are unable to meet their family and friends followed by the
loss of source of income. It also shows a total multiple response of one-eighty which is
only thirty-six percent of supposedly the total of five hundred responses if only all the
fifty respondents check all the negative responses. This also indicates that most of the
respondents have not check all the effects that are listed. On the other hand, the result of
the degree of negative effects of covid nineteen pandemic to residents of Barangay
Muguing in the municipality of Banga, Aklan, imply that residents in barangay Muguing
really believed that covid nineteen Pandemic affects their lives especially on the
economic and social issues. The fact that for them, economy has stopped, loss of their
income and loss of job are the most effects that’s are negative which are verbally rated as
very high degree. It is recommended that the residents of Barangay Muguing should
excerpt extra effort in finding a job like doing small busines or selling foods, clothes etc.
and/or do online jobs like typing or stocks to be able to have a source of income despite
the pandemic and help rebuild our economy. They also should take an extra careful of
their health like taking vitamins and follow health protocol to avoid illness and the
contraction of the virus.

67
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE....................................................................................................................i
APPROVAL SHEET........................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...............................................................................................iii
ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................................vi
LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................................vii
LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................viii
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Introduction............................................................................................................1
Statement of the Problem.......................................................................................2
68
Theoretical Framework..........................................................................................3
Research Paradigm................................................................................................4
Scope and Limitation of the Study........................................................................5
Significance of the Study......................................................................................5
Definition of Terms...............................................................................................6
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Related Literature
Foreign Literature.....................................................................................9
Local Literature.......................................................................................16 vii
Related Studies
Foreign Studies........................................................................................23
Local Studies...........................................................................................30
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
Research Design.....................................................................................................38
Respondents of the Study..................................................................................... 38
Sampling Technique............................................................................................. 39
Data Gathering Instrument................................................................................... 39
Data Gathering Procedure.................................................................................... 30
Statistical Treatment of Data................................................................................ 40
Chapter 4
PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
Problem No. 1....................................................................................................41
Problem No. 2....................................................................................................45
Problem No. 3....................................................................................................46
69
Chapter 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings........................................................................................48
Conclusions.......................................................................................................49
Recommendations.............................................................................................49
REFERENCES.............................................................................................................51
APPENDICES..............................................................................................................57
Letters …………………..…………………………………………….....…...57
Questionnaires………………………………………………………….….....58
viii
Curriculum Vitae……………………………………………………..……....61
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1.1 Age of Respondents 41
1.3 Sex of Respondents 42
1.3 Civil Status of the Respondents 42
1.4 Educational Attainment 43
1.5 Occupation 44
2 Negative effects of COVID-19 pandemic to the residents of barangay
Muguing in the municipality of Banga 45
3 Degree of Negative effects of COVID-19 pandemic to the residents of

70
barangay Muguing in the municipality of Banga 46
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 Research Paradigm showing the Independent Variable

and Dependent Variable 4

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1

Northwestern Visayan Colleges

restrictions. Quarantining will be imposed in the Philippines barangays,

Therefore, the researcher would like to distinguish the effects of Covid-19

Statement of the Problem

This aimed to determine the effects of Covid-19 Pandemic to the residents of

Specifically, this sought answer to the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

WHEREAS, in response to the pronouncement of His Excellency, undersigned

WHEREAS, due to the escalating COVID-19 situation nationwide, there is a need

Section 2 Social Distancing. It shall be understood that “social distancing” shall

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Profile of the Negative

Scope and Limitation of the Study

Significance of the Study

Coronavirus (COVID-19). It is defined as illness caused by a novel coronavirus

In this study, Droplet refers to the same meaning as mentioned above.

Effects. a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause.

Epidemic. A significant and possibly sudden increase in the number of cases of a

In this study, Epidemic refers to a sudden increase in the number of a disease in

Negative Effects. is regularly recognized as a "stable, heritable trait tendency to

Viral shedding. It occurs when a virus replicates inside an organism and is

In this study, viral test is a measurement of the amount or concentration of a virus

BANGKOK, June 30, 2020 – Thailand’s economy is expected to be impacted

Residents of Barangay Bagong Silang in Caloocan city have been scrambling to

The Covid-19 pandemic made an impact to the economy of the Philippines.

CEBU CITY – The Department of Health in Central Visayas (DOH 7) on

NEGROS ORIENTAL, Philippines – The provincial government of Negros

According to Paul Quintos of University of the Philippines, the Philippine

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY –– The local governments of Puerto Princesa City

Through a partnership with the Barangay Local Government Unit of Libertad,

This study analyzes the effects of COVID-19 confinement on the autonomous

This study aimed to identify negative impacts of COVID-19 on occupations of

isolation in Vietnam at the beginning of April 2020. We utilized a respondent-driven

Early results from a study by two Indiana University Bloomington professors on

traumatic reactions (reactions that occur during or immediately after a trauma)

As a result of the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak

fourth of respondents reported moderate-to-severe anxiety and one-sixth reported

According to the study of Bayangos, M. et.al, 2020, over 25 percent of

This study aimed to assess fear of COVID-19 among nurses in a community

According to Mobo, F. (2020), the coronavirus has a positive implication to some

This chapter presents a brief description of the general method of research to be

Descriptive research is conclusive in nature, as opposed to exploratory. This

Respondents of the Study

Data Gathering Instrument

Data Gathering Procedure

Statistical Treatment of Data

Problem number 3 and 4, weighted mean will be used:

Scale Range Verbal Interpretation

3 2.5-3.0 Very High Degree

2 1.5-2.4 High Degree

1 1.0-1.4 Low Degree

Age Frequency Percentage

Sex Frequency Percentage

Majority of the respondents in barangay Muguing who participated in this study

Sex Frequency Percentage

Educational Attainment Frequency Percentage

Table 1.4 features the educational attainment of the residents at barangay

Occupation Frequency Percentage