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VOCABULARY & GRAMMAR PRACTICE

Unit 8: Exercise 1

Put the words in the correct categories to complete the table.

Rabbit salmon bee parrot shark crocodile frog bear

Whale snake eagle penguin lizard seahorse butterfly ant,

Mammals Reptiles (animals that lay Amphibians (animals that

eggs and use the sun to live both on land and in
keep their blood warm) water)

Fish Birds Insects

Unit 8: Exercise 2

Look at the plant and animal characteristics. Which are the odd ones out? Choose
the incorrect answers.

1. Trees have

o Branches
o claws
o leaves.

2. Bears have

o Antlers
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o Fur
o Teeth.
3. Eagles have

o Beaks
o Humps
o Wings .

4. Eleohents have

o Feathers
o Thick skins
o Trunks.

5. Salmon have

o Scales
o Tails
o Trunks.

6. Crocodiles have

o Fins
o Scales
o Teeth.

7. Rhinos have

o Bones
o Fur
o Horns.

Unit 8: Exercise 3

Complete the text. Use the words and phrases in the box.

Common conservation endangered species habitat population

Rare risk wildlife

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I believe that people have a responsibility to take care of _____________

wildlife . The best
way to do this is to protect the places where they live – their natural
_______________
habitat . That’s why I decided to take part in a local __________________
conservation

project to protect the plants and animals in a forest near my town. The forest is
home to several __________________
endangered species – types of animals and plants which may soon
not exist because there are so few of them. For example, there are some very
___________________
rare birds, which are only found in a few small areas now – there
are probably fewer than 500 of them left in the wild. Fifty years ago, there were lots
of them everywhere – they were a lot more __________________
common . Anyway, thanks
to our conservation project, the bird __________________
population is slowly going up
again. The birds are still at __________________
risk , but hopefully we’ll be able to save
them.

Unit 8: Exercise 4

Match the words and phrases with the definitions.

climate change global warming green issues greenhouse gases

pollution the environment the greenhouse effect the ozone layer

1. The general name for the natural world: the air, water and land in or on which
people, animals and plants live: _______________________
the environment

2. Connected to the protection of the environment: _______________________

green issues

3. Connected to the protection of the environment: _______________________

4. The layer of air high above the Earth that protects it from the sun’s rays:
_______________________
the ozone layer

5. Changes in the world’s weather due to air pollution:

climate change
_______________________
6. Damage to water, air or land due to human behaviour:
_______________________
pollution
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7. When heat from the Earth can’t escape into space, and so the Earth gets
hotter and hotter: _______________________
the global warming

8. Gases like carbon dioxide (CO2) which stop heat from the Earth escaping into
space: _______________________
the greenhouse gases

Unit 8: Exercise 5

Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.

1. Is it too late to cause/produce/save our planet? I don’t think so.

2. I think we should do more to damage/destroy/protect the environment.
3. Power stations don’t just damage/produce/survive electricity; they also cause
pollution.
4. A lot of people believe that pollution causes/goes/saves global warming, but
some people think the Earth is getting hotter by itself.
5. The population fell to below 100 animals, but a group of conservationists
worked very hard and the number is now declining/dying/increasing – it’s
going up again.
6. I think it’s wrong to cut down rainforests and destroy/go/recover animals’
natural habitats.
7. When we cut down rainforests, etc., we make it impossible for the animals
and plants that live there to protect/save/survive .
8. Don’t break the branches on that tree! It’s alive and you’re
causing/damaging/recovering it!
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Unit 8: Exercise 6

Read the sentences. How is the speaker using the modal verbs in bold? Match the
correct descriptions with the sentences. Use the descriptions in the box.

To talk about a future possibility

To talk about a lack of ability to do something in the present and past

To talk about a possibility in the present

To talk about an ability to do something in the present and past

1. Crocodiles can swim fast over short distances.

____________________________________________________________
2. Some species of crocodile might not exist in a few years’ time.
____________________________________________________________
3. Crocodiles can’t breathe underwater.
____________________________________________________________
4. Crocodiles may survive in other habitats, not just freshwater areas.
____________________________________________________________
5. The number of endangered crocodiles could increase as a result of
conservation efforts.
____________________________________________________________
6. If people understood crocodiles better and were less afraid of them, this could
help their survival.
_________________________________________________________

Unit 8: Exercise 7

Complete the conversation using can, could, may or might.

Student 1: Our teacher’s asked us to write an essay on the natural world for
homework. I’m not sure what to write about. I ________ write about so many
things.

Student 2: You __________ ask the teacher for help, you know.
Student 1: No, it’s alright. If I ask her, she ___________ think that I’m asking her for
the answer. I think I ____________ write about the destruction of the rainforests.
What about you?
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Student 2: Oh, I’m going to write about what we ____________ do to slow down
global warming. I’m going to write about how we _____________ be more ‘green’.
People _____________ not realise that even small changes might make a big
difference.
Student 1: Good idea. You ___________ talk about people recycling their rubbish.
Student 2: Yes, I ___________ do that. I’m not sure yet. I need to write a plan first.
Student 1: Me too!

Unit 8: Exercise 8

Match the examples in the box with the correct reasons for using the present
perfect.

I’ve felt very strongly about green issues since I was a child.

I’ve just bought a pet snake. Do you want to see it?

I’ve never seen a bear in the wild, but I’ve seen them in zoos.

That poor sparrow can’t fly because it’s broken its wing.

The squirrel population has now reached 500, so I hope it’ll reach our target of 750
soon.

We’ve already done the report for the conservation project.

1. IWe use the present perfect to talk about our progress through a list of jobs.
I’ve already done it often means ‘I don’t need to do it again’. I haven’t done it
yet often means ‘I still need to do it’.

________________________________________________________________

2. We use the present perfect to talk about news – things that the listener
probably doesn’t already know. I’ve just done it means ‘I did it very recently’.

________________________________________________________________
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3. We use the present perfect to show the past reason for a present situation
(often with can / can’t). We often use because to show this relationship.

________________________________________________________________

4. We use the present perfect to talk about the present results of a process that
is continuing now. We often use numbers to present these results, and
phrases like so far or up to now.

________________________________________________________________

5. We use the present perfect to talk about our experiences – things that have
happened in our lifetime. We usually ask questions with Have you ever …
? and we use never in negative sentences about experiences.

_______________________________________________________________

6. We use the present perfect to measure a period of time from a point in the
past (e.g. yesterday) to the present moment. We usually ask questions with
How long … ? and use for (e.g. for a week) or since (e.g. since yesterday) to
describe the period of time.

_______________________________________________________________

Unit 8: Exercise 9

Complete the sentences. Use the words in the box.

Already always ever just long never since so far yet

1. I’ve __________ been to a zoo and I don’t want to go. I think animals should
be free.
2. The hole in the ozone layer has ________ grown very big.
3. Have you ___________ seen a shark?
4. Average temperatures around the world have risen by about 2°C _________
as a result of global warming, and they’ll probably continue to rise.
5. Green issues have become a lot more popular ___________ the 1980s and
1990s.
6. I’ve _________ seen an eagle! It flew over that field a few minutes ago.
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7. Politicians keep saying they want to stop global warming, but they haven’t
done much about it ____________ .
8. How ______________ have scientists known about the hole in the ozone
layer?
9. I’ve ______________ loved plants and animals, ever since I can remember.

Unit 8: Exercise 10

Choose the correct verb forms to complete the interview.

A: How long are you being/have you been/were you a wildlife photographer?

B: Well, I’ve loved taking photos of animals since I’m/I’ve been/I was a child. I think I
take/I took/I’ve taken my first animal photo when I was about five years old. But
I’m/I’ve been/I was a professional photographer for about 20 years now.
A: In your career, you’ve won/ you win/ you won a lot of awards for your photos.
What’s the best award that you’ve won/ you win/ you won so far?
B: Wildlife Photographer of the Year . I’ve won/ I win/I won that five years ago, and
then again last year.
A: So you’re winning/ you’ve won/ you win that award twice, then?
B: Yes, that’s right, and I just hear/ I just heard/ I’ve just heard I might win it again
this year.