STS Lecture - 3

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND NATION-BUILDING
LECTURE 3
OVERVIEW OF THE TOPIC
¡ In this topic, the concept of nation-building and the contributions of science and
technology to this endeavor will be discussed
¡ We will look into how our local key sectors have benefitted from scientific and
technological advancements
¡ From a global view, the science and technology between developed and
developing countries will be described.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
¡ Science and technology (S&T) are interconnected and

interdependent.
¡ Science can be defined as the study of the nature and
the behavior of natural things
¡ Technology is the application of scientific knowledge
that results to the production of tools, machines, goods,
and services.
NATION BUILDING
¡ According to Stephenson (2005), nation-building is all about the process of

unifying people within a state so that that the state remains politically stable and
economically viable.
¡ Nation-building is intertwined with the processes of industrialization,
urbanization, and social mobilization (Mylonas, 2019).
NATION BUILDING
¡ Industrialization is the process by which an

agrarian-based economy is transformed from
one based on the manufacturing of goods
through factory system and industries.
¡ Urbanization is defined as the process
through which society is transformed from
one that is predominantly rural in economy to
one that is mainly urban
NATION BUILDING
¡ Social mobilization is an important

process that allows people and
communities to collectively think and act
upon their development.
GOALS OF NATION BUILDING
The following are the goals of nation-building:

¡ To make a country’s economy firm, viable, stable,
and prosperous
¡ Encourage a strong sense of national identity
¡ Create effective social institution
COMPONENTS OF NATION BUILDING
¡ Economic Development
Economic development has been defined as the process
whereby simple, low-income national economies are
transformed into modern industrial economies.
The application of both science and technology can aid
in the economic development of a nation. For example,
the used of modern-day technology aids in greater
production using smaller quantity of inputs (Caliskanaa,
2015).
¡ Social Development
Social development is about uplifting the well-being of
every individual in the society so they can reach their
full potential. The success of society is related to the
well-being of its citizen.
S&T have been the solutions to human needs and
have provided the engine to propel social
improvement.
¡ Political Development
Political development has been defined as an increase in
national political unity, political participation, and political
stability.
The integration of S&T in politics revolves in the provision of
science-based policies and regulations. Science-based
policies have been seen to have viable and sustainable
impacts to society.
¡ Institutional Development
Institutional development refers to the processes that
improve the capacity of a social institutions (e.g. health,
education, religion) to achieve its goals and objectives.
The delivery of services by social institutions have greatly
improved through S&T.
S&T AND SECTORAL DEVELOPMENT
Sector Contribution of S&T

Energy The use of new technologies such as solar panel, wind
turbines and generators have improved the way human
harnesses renewable energy.
Agriculture With the used of technologically produced farm machineries

such as tractors and harvesters, farmers can efficiently
produce more with less manpower, aiming increased yield
while using lesser inputs.

Fisheries Technological innovations offer an opportunity to improve
fisheries management practices. Technology also
empowers small-scale fishers generating information not
just on fisheries but on markets, which allows them to make
better business decisions.
Communication Science and Technology has greatly improved the sector of

communication. Modern communication has made instant
using emails, social medias, phones and videocalls.

Transportation With the use of modern technologies, people can now get to
more destinations more efficiently and quickly. For
example, the Japanese bullet trains can reach a speed of
320km/h.
Military Information technology, artificial intelligence and sensors

have the potential to vividly improve all aspects of future
military capabilities

Education Technological advancement has greatly changed the sector
of education. Digital simulations and models can help
teachers in explaining difficult concepts and can also help
students who are visual or tactile learners to better
understand a specific concept
Health The advances in digital healthcare technologies, such as

artificial intelligence, VR/AR, 3D-printing, robotics and
nanotechnology help transform unsustainable healthcare
systems into sustainable ones
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE IN S&T IN NATION BUILDING
¡ Without S&T, there is no modernization – every nation in the world relies on S&T
for their development.
¡ In a global perspective, moving on with the flow of modernity determines the

nation’s capability to sustain its people’s lives.
¡ Countries are being categorized today based on economy and the application of
science and technology. It can be analyzed from various reports that the countries
which have a strong base in science and technology are the ones that developed
faster.
¡ Developed countries - a sovereign state that has a developed economy and

advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations.
Ex. Japan, Norway, Australia
¡ Developing countries – is a nation characterized by less developed industrial
base and low human development index.
Ex. Thailand, Philippines, Peru
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING NATION
Basis for Comparison Developed Countries Developing Countries
Income Source Industrial Sector Service Sector
Agriculture Sector
Unemployment and Low High
poverty
Standard of Living High Low

Distribution of Income Equal Unequal
Access to facilities More access Less access
Factors of Production Effectively utilized Ineffectively utilized
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING NATION IN
TERMS OF S&T

Funds allocated for S&T High Fund Allocation Low Fund Allocation
Development
The top five R&D performers in relative terms (R&D expenditure as a proportion of
GDP) are:
1. Israel (4.3%)
2. Republic of Korea (4.2%)
3. Switzerland (3.4%),
4. Sweden (3.3%)
5. Japan (3.1%)
TERMS OF S&T

Mainstreaming of S&T Well-Mainstreamed Moderately
in National Development mainstreamed
In Japan for example, the acquisition, effective adaptation, and improvement of technologies
has served as the basis for the country’s rapid economic growth and international
competitiveness.
Israel has redirected its institutions and policies to poster S&T.

TERMS OF S&T

Number of scientists and High Low
engineers
TERMS OF S&T
Continent/Country Number of scientists and

engineers per million of population
Japan 3, 548
USA 2, 685
Europe 1, 632
Arab states 202
Asia (minus Japan) 99
Africa 53
TERMS OF S&T

Amount and High Low
sophistication of
Technology
For example, one common variable in modernization research used to be "number of

telephones per 1,000 people" - an indicator of how common technology is common or
being accessed by the society.
RECITATION
Based on your own understanding, how can S&T help speed up

the development of a nation?
END OF LECTURE

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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND NATION-BUILDING

¡ Science and technology (S&T) are interconnected and

¡ According to Stephenson (2005), nation-building is all about the process of

¡ Industrialization is the process by which an

¡ Social mobilization is an important

The following are the goals of nation-building:

Sector Contribution of S&T

Agriculture With the used of technologically produced farm machineries

Sector Contribution of S&T

Communication Science and Technology has greatly improved the sector of

Sector Contribution of S&T

Military Information technology, artificial intelligence and sensors

Sector Contribution of S&T

Health The advances in digital healthcare technologies, such as

¡ In a global perspective, moving on with the flow of modernity determines the

¡ Developed countries - a sovereign state that has a developed economy and

Standard of Living High Low

Basis for Comparison Developed Countries Developing Countries

Basis for Comparison Developed Countries Developing Countries

Israel has redirected its institutions and policies to poster S&T.

Basis for Comparison Developed Countries Developing Countries

Continent/Country Number of scientists and

Basis for Comparison Developed Countries Developing Countries

For example, one common variable in modernization research used to be "number of

Based on your own understanding, how can S&T help speed up

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