CE 327 RConcrete Module 1

MODULE I : Concrete and Reinforced Concrete – An Introduction
Course No. : CE - 514

Course Title : Reinforced Concrete Design
Course Description : This course is concerned with the design, applications and code
specifications used in structural reinforced concrete members subjected to flexure
(beams, girders, joists, lintels, girts, etc.), tension and compression members (columns),
combined stressed members (beams-columns), beam column connections using the
Elastic Limit Method, also known as the Alternate Stress Design (ASD) or Working
Stress Design (WSD) and the Plastic Limit Method (PLM) or the Ultimate Strength
Design (USD). Applications and specifications as applied to buildings, bridges, and
other reinforced concrete structures are also given emphasis. A thorough knowledge and
proficiency in Structural Theory is imperative.
Total Learning Time: 4 Units (3 hours lecture, 3 hours computational laboratory per week)
Pre-requisites : Theory I and Theory II
Overview:
Concrete is a composite material composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded together

with a fluid cement (cement paste) that hardens (cures) over time. In the past lime-based cement
binders were often used, such as lime putty, but sometimes with other hydraulic cements, such as
a calcium aluminate cement or with Portland cement to form Portland cement concrete (named
for its visual resemblance to Portland stone). Many other non-cementitious types of
concrete exist with other methods of binding aggregate together, including asphalt concrete with
a bitumen binder, which is frequently used for road surfaces, and polymer concretes that use
polymers as a binder.
When aggregate is mixed with dry Portland cement and water, the mixture forms a
fluid slurry that is easily poured and molded into shape. The cement reacts with the water and
other ingredients to form a hard matrix that binds the materials together into a durable stone-like
material that has many uses. Often, additives (such as pozzolans or superplasticizers) are
included in the mixture to improve the physical properties of the wet mix or the finished
material. Most concrete is poured with reinforcing materials (such as rebar) embedded to
provide tensile strength, yielding reinforced concrete.
Concrete is characterized by the type of aggregate or cement used, by the specific
qualities it manifests, or by the methods used to produce it. In ordinary structural concrete, the
character of the concrete is largely determined by a water-to-cement ratio. The lower the water
content, all else being equal, the stronger the concrete. The mixture must have just enough water
to ensure that each aggregate particle is completely surrounded by the cement paste, that the
spaces between the aggregate are filled, and that the concrete is liquid enough to be poured and
spread effectively. Another durability factor is the amount of cement in relation to the aggregate
(expressed as a three-part ratio—cement to fine aggregate to coarse aggregate). Where especially
strong concrete is needed, there will be relatively less aggregate.
Reinforced Concrete (RC) is a composite building material consisting of structural
concrete reinforced with a reinforcing material like steel. The most common reinforcement used
is steel, due to its complimentary properties and it is called steel reinforced cement concrete or
simply Reinforced Cement Concrete.
Steel bars embedded in concrete are called as ‘reinforcing bars or reinforcement’. You
can read what makes steel suitable for reinforced concrete here. Reinforcing bars are available in
two major grades, mild steel and high yield strength steel. Steel fabric made from cold drawn
steel wires welded to form a mesh are also used as reinforcement in RC. Fiber reinforced
concrete are also popular in construction industry.
Learning Outcomes:
After completing this module, the students should be able to:
1. Identify the constituent materials of reinforced concrete and understand
their behavior.
2. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Concrete as a Structural
Materials.
3. Explain the mechanical properties of Reinforced Concrete
4. Estimate the loads that may be applied to a structure during its life.
Indicative Content: Concrete and Reinforced Concrete, Advantages and Disadvantages of

Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Material, Compatibility of Concrete and Steel,
Mechanical Properties of Reinforced Concrete, Loads, Selection of Design Loads
Pre-Assessment: Answer the following questions:

1. In your own understanding, what is Concrete and Reinforced Concrete?
2. Discuss the compatibility of concrete and steel?
3. Determine the maximum shear and moment of the beam loaded as shown:
Figure:
M = 120KN-M
40 KN/M
A 1m B 3m C 1m D 1m E
Discussion:
Concrete – is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock or other aggregates held together in
a rocklike mass with paste of cement and water.
Reinforced Concrete – is a combination of concrete and steel wherein the steel

reinforcement provides the tensile strength lacking in the concrete.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Concrete as a Structural Materials:
A. Advantages:
1. Considerable compressive strength
2. Great resistance to the action of fire and water
3. Very rigid
4. Low-maintenance material
5. Long service life
6. Economical material available for footings, basement walls, piers and similar
applications.
7. Cast into all extraordinary variety of shapes
8. Inexpensive local materials
9. Lower grade of skilled labor is required.
B. Disadvantages
1. Low tensile strength
2. Forms to hold the casting of concrete, its cost run from one-thirds of the total cost
of a reinforced concrete structure, average values about 50% of the total cost.
3. Bigger sizes for long span beams.
4. Low strength heavy members
5. Product quality control
LOAD APPLIED:
Dead Load – Loads of constant magnitude that remain in one position. They consist of
the structural frame’s own weight and other loads that are permanently attached to the frame.
Live Load – loads that may change in position and magnitude.
a. Snow and ice
b. Rain
c. Traffic loads for bridges
d. Impact loads
e. Lateral loads (e.1. wind loads, e.2. earthquake loads)
Compatibility of Concrete and Steel

Concrete and steel work together excellently in reinforced concrete structures. The
advantages of each material seem to compensate for the disadvantages of the other. The two
materials bond together very well so there is no slippage between the two, and thus they will act
together as a unit resisting forces.
Compressive Strength
The compressive strength of concrete (fc’) is determined by testing to failure 28-day old
6” by 12” concrete cylinder at a specified rate of loading. For the 28-day period the cylinders are
usually kept under water or in room with constant temperature and 100% humidity. Although
concretes are available with 28-day ultimate strength from 2,500psi up to as high as 10,000 or
12,000 psi, most of the concretes used fall into the 3,000 to 7,000psi range. For ordinary
applications, 3,000 and 4,000 psi concretes are used. Concrete does not have a definite yield
strength; rather the curves run smoothly or to the point of rupture at strains of from 0.003 to
0.004. It will be assumed then that concrete ultimate strain (Σcu) is 0.003 for normal strength
concrete.
Tensile Strength
The tensile strength of concrete varies from about 10% to 15% of its compressive
strength. This strength, which is rather difficult to measure accurately, is determined by the so-
called split cylinder test. Although the tensile strength of concrete is normally neglected in
design calculations, it is nevertheless an important property that affects the sizes and extent of
the cracks that occur.
Three (3) Distinct Stages Before Collapse Occurs:

1. Un-cracked Stage – at small loads when the tensile stresses are less than the
modulus of rupture, the entire cross-section of the beam resists bending, with compression on
one side and tension on the other side.
2. Cracked Stage – as the loads increased after the modulus of rupture of the beam
is exceeded, cracks begin to develop in the bottom of the beam. Wherein the tensile stress in the
bottom of the beam equals the modulus of rupture – referred to as the cracking moment (Mcr).
As the load is further increased, these cracks quickly spread up to the vicinity of the neutral axis,
as it begins to move upward.
3. Ultimate Strength Stage – as the load increases the compressive stresses are
greater than one-half of the concrete’s 28-day strength, the tensile cracks move upward, as does
the neutral axis.
CRACKING MOMENT:
The stress in the concrete at any point a distance y from the centroid of the cross-section
can be determined from the flexure formula, to follow in which, it is the bending moment which
is equal to or less than the cracking moment of the section and Ig is the gross moment of inertia
of the cross section.
Mcr = cracking moment
fr = modulus of rupture
= 7.5 √fc’ in psi
= 0.62 √fc’ in MPa
When: fr > f: No cracks occur

f = bending stress = My/I
Bending Stresses: fc = My/I
fs = nMy/I
Philippine Standard Reinforcing Bars:
Philippine Standard Designation ASTM Designation
6mm Ø #2
10mm Ø #3
12mm Ø #4
16mm Ø #5
20mm Ø #6
25mm Ø #8
28mm Ø #9
32mm Ø # 10
36mm Ø # 11
Unit Weight of Concrete = 23.54 kN/m3 or 150 #/ft3
ASTM = American Society for Testing Materials
ACI = American Concrete Institute
Problem 1.
(a) Compute the bending stress in the extreme fibers of the beam for a bending moment
of 25ft-k. The concrete has an fc’ of 4,000psi and a modulus of rupture of 474psi. The beam has
12” x 18”, reinforced with 3 # 9 bars with effective covering of 3 inches.
(b) determine the cracking moment of the section.
Solution:
18”
3#9
3”
12”
As = 3(1in2) = 3in2
M = 25ft-k = 25,000lbs - ft
I = 1/12 (12) (18)3 = 5832 in4
y = 9in
a) f = My/I = 25,000 (9) (12)/5832 = 462.96 psi

b) Mcr = Igfr/y = (5832) 474/9 = 307,152.0 in-lb = 307,152/12(1000) = 25.60ft-k
Evaluation:
1. Give at least five advantages of reinforced concrete over other structural materials and
discuss each.
2. Give at least five disadvantages of reinforced concrete over other structural materials and
discuss each.
3. Explain the compressive strength and tensile strength of concrete.
4. Discuss dead load and live load and its impact on the structures.
5. Compute the bending stress in the extreme fibers of the beam for a bending moment of
28ft-k. The concrete has an fc’ of 4,000psi and a modulus of rupture of 475psi. The beam has
12” x 20”, reinforced with 4 # 8 bars with effective covering of 4 inches, and determine the
cracking moment of the section.
Additional Readings: Analysis and Design of Flexural Members: Rectangular Sections – Singly
Reinforced (WSD and USD Method)
References:
: Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines; National Structural Code
of the Philippines (NSCP C101, Vol. 1 Buildings and Other Vertical Structures),
7th Edition, 2016
: McCormac, Jack C.; (2005); Design of Reinforced Concrete; 7th Edition; John
Wiley & Sons, New York, USA
: Nilson, Arthur H. and Winter, George et al.; (2000); Design of Concrete
Structures; 13th Edition; McGraw-Hill, Inc.
: Gambhir,M.L.; (2010); Fundamentals of Reinforced Concrete Design
: Meyer, C., (1997); Design of Concrete Structures
: American Concrete Institute; ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for
Reinforced Concrete; Latest Edition
Prepared by:
Engr. Joel C. Villaruz, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor I

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MODULE I : Concrete and Reinforced Concrete – An Introduction

Course No. : CE - 514

Concrete is a composite material composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded together

Indicative Content: Concrete and Reinforced Concrete, Advantages and Disadvantages of

Pre-Assessment: Answer the following questions:

Reinforced Concrete – is a combination of concrete and steel wherein the steel

Compatibility of Concrete and Steel

Three (3) Distinct Stages Before Collapse Occurs:

When: fr > f: No cracks occur

a) f = My/I = 25,000 (9) (12)/5832 = 462.96 psi

Engr. Joel C. Villaruz, Ph.D.

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