Se C tIO n 5.

4 Factoring Trinomials 361

5.4 exerCISe Set

practice exercises 41. x 4 - 5x 2 - 6
In Exercises 1–30, factor each trinomial, or state that the trinomial 42. x 4 - 4x 2 - 5
is prime. Check each factorization using FOIL multiplication. 43. (x + 1)2 + 6(x + 1) + 5 (Let u = x + 1.)
1. x 2 + 5x + 6 44. (x + 1)2 + 8(x + 1) + 7 (Let u = x + 1.)
2
2. x + 10x + 9
In Exercises 45–68, use the method of your choice to factor
3. x 2 + 8x + 12 each trinomial, or state that the trinomial is prime. Check each
4. x 2 + 8x + 15 factorization using FOIL multiplication.
5. x 2 + 9x + 20 45. 3x 2 + 8x + 5
2
6. x + 11x + 24 46. 2x 2 + 9x + 7
7. y 2 + 10y + 16 47. 5x 2 + 56x + 11
2
8. y + 9y + 18 48. 5x 2 - 16x + 3
9. x 2 - 8x + 15 49. 3y 2 + 22y - 16
2
10. x - 5x + 6 50. 5y 2 + 33y - 14
11. y 2 - 12y + 20 51. 4y 2 + 9y + 2
2
12. y - 25y + 24 52. 8y 2 + 10y + 3
13. a 2 + 5a - 14 53. 10x 2 + 19x + 6
2
14. a + a - 12 54. 6x 2 + 19x + 15
15. x 2 + x - 30 55. 8x 2 - 18x + 9
2
16. x + 14x - 32 56. 4x 2 - 27x + 18
17. x 2 - 3x - 28 57. 6y 2 - 23y + 15
2
18. x - 4x - 21 58. 16y 2 - 6y - 27
19. y 2 - 5y - 36 59. 6y 2 + 14y + 3
2
20. y - 3y - 40 60. 4y 2 + 22y - 5
21. x 2 - x + 7 61. 3x 2 + 4xy + y 2
2
22. x + 3x + 8 62. 2x 2 + 3xy + y 2
23. x 2 - 9xy + 14y 2 63. 6x 2 - 7xy - 5y 2
2 2
24. x - 8xy + 15y 64. 6x 2 - 5xy - 6y 2
25. x 2 - xy - 30y 2 65. 15x 2 - 31xy + 10y 2
2 2
26. x - 3xy - 18y 66. 15x 2 + 11xy - 14y 2
27. x 2 + xy + y 2 67. 3a 2 - ab - 14b2
2 2
28. x - xy + y 68. 15a 2 - ab - 6b2
29. a 2 - 18ab + 80b2 In Exercises 69–82, factor completely.
30. a 2 - 18ab + 45b2 69. 15x 3 - 25x 2 + 10x
In Exercises 31–38, factor completely. 70. 10x 3 + 24x 2 + 14x
31. 3x 2 + 3x - 18 71. 24x 4 + 10x 3 - 4x 2
2
32. 4x - 4x - 8 72. 15x 4 - 39x 3 + 18x 2
33. 2x 3 - 14x 2 + 24x 73. 15y 5 - 2y 4 - y 3
3 2
34. 2x + 6x + 4x 74. 10y 5 - 17y 4 + 3y 3
35. 3y 3 - 15y 2 + 18y 75. 24x 2 + 3xy - 27y 2
3 2
36. 4y + 12y - 72y 76. 12x 2 + 10xy - 8y 2
37. 2x 4 - 26x 3 - 96x 2 77. 6a 2 b - 2ab - 60b
4 3 2
38. 3x + 54x + 135x 78. 8a 2 b + 34ab - 84b

In Exercises 39–44, factor by introducing an appropriate 79. 12x 2 y - 34xy 2 + 14y 3

substitution. 80. 12x 2 y - 46xy 2 + 14y 3
39. x 6 - x 3 - 6 81. 13x 3 y 3 + 39x 3 y 2 - 52x 3 y
6 3
40. x + x - 6 82. 4x 3 y 5 + 24x 2 y 5 - 64xy 5
362 Ch a p te r 5 Polynomials, Polynomial Functions, and Factoring

In Exercises 83–92, factor by introducing an appropriate c. Factor the expression for f(t) and write the function
substitution. in completely factored form.
83. 2x 4 - x 2 - 3 d. Use the factored form of the function to find f(1) and
84. 5x 4 + 2x 2 - 3 f(2).
6
85. 2x + 11x + 15 3 106. The function V(x) = 3x 3 - 2x 2 - 8x describes the
volume, V(x), in cubic inches, of the box shown whose
86. 2x 6 + 13x 3 + 15
height is x inches.
87. 2y 10 + 7y 5 + 3
88. 5y 10 + 29y 5 - 42
89. 5(x + 1)2 + 12(x + 1) + 7 (Let u = x + 1.)

90. 3(x + 1)2 - 5(x + 1) + 2 (Let u = x + 1.)

91. 2(x - 3)2 - 5(x - 3) - 7 x
2
92. 3(x - 2) - 5(x - 2) - 2

practice pLUS
In Exercises 93–100, factor completely. a. Find and interpret V(4).
2
93. x - 0.5x + 0.06
b. Factor the expression for V(x) and write the function
94. x 2 + 0.3x - 0.04
in completely factored form.
23 2
95. x - + x c. Use the factored form of the function to find V(4)
49 7 and V(5).
26 1 107. Find the area of the large rectangle shown below in two
96. x - + x
25 5 ways.
97. acx 2 - bcx + adx - bd
1
98. acx 2 - bcx - adx + bd x
99. - 4x 5 y 2 + 7x 4 y 3 - 3x 3 y 4
100. - 5x 4 y 3 + 7x 3 y 4 - 2x 2 y 5
x
101. If (fg)(x) = 3x 2 - 22x + 39, find f and g.
x+2

102. If (fg)(x) = 4x 2 - x - 5, find f and g.

1
1
In Exercises 103–104, a large rectangle formed by a number
x+1
of smaller rectangles is shown. Factor the sum of the areas of
the smaller rectangles to determine the dimensions of the large a. Find the sum of the areas of the six smaller rectangles
rectangle. and squares.
103. 104.
b. Express the area of the large rectangle as the product
x2 x2 x x2 x x x x of its length and width.
c. Explain how the figure serves as a geometric model for
x x 1 x 1 1 1 1 the factorization of the sum that you wrote in part (a).
x x 1
x x 1 108. If x represents a positive integer, factor x 3 + 3x 2 + 2x to
show that the trinomial represents the product of three
consecutive integers.
application exercises
105. A diver jumps directly upward from a board that is
32 feet high. The function Writing in Mathematics
2
f(t) = - 16t + 16t + 32 109. Explain how to factor x 2 + 8x + 15.
describes the diver’s height above the water, f(t), in feet, 110. Give two helpful suggestions for factoring x 2 - 5x + 6.
after t seconds. 111. In factoring x 2 + bx + c, describe how the last term in
a. Find and interpret f(1). each binomial factor is related to b and to c.
112. Describe the first thing that you should try doing when
b. Find and interpret f(2). factoring a polynomial.
 SeC tIO n 5.5 Factoring Special Forms 371

COnCept and VOCabULary CheCk

Fill in each blank so that the resulting statement is true.
1. The formula for factoring the difference of two squares is A2 - B 2 = ______________.

2. A formula for factoring a perfect square trinomial is A2 + 2AB + B 2 = ______________.

3. A formula for factoring a perfect square trinomial is A2 - 2AB + B 2 = ______________.

4. The formula for factoring the sum of two cubes is A3 + B 3 = ______________.

5. The formula for factoring the difference of two cubes is A3 - B 3 = _________________.

6. 16x 2 - 49 = ( ______________ + 7) ( ______________ - 7)

7. a 2 - (b + 3)2 = [a + ______________ ][a - ______________ ]

8. x 2 - 14x + 49 = (x ______________ )2

9. 16x 2 + 40xy + 25y 2 = ( ______________ + 5y)2

10. x 3 + 27 = (x ______________ )(x 2 ______________ + 9)

11. x 3 - 1000 = (x ______________)(x 2 + 10x ______________)

12. True or false: x 2 - 10 is the difference of two perfect squares. ______________

13. True or false: x 2 + 8x + 16 is a perfect square trinomial. ______________

14. True or false: x 2 - 5x + 25 is a perfect square trinomial. ______________

15. True or false: x 6 + 1000y 3 is the sum of two cubes. ______________

16. True or false: x 3 - 100 is the difference of two cubes. ______________

5.5 exerCISe Set

practice exercises 19. x 2n - 25
In Exercises 1–22, factor each difference of two squares. Assume 20. x 2n - 36
that any variable exponents represent whole numbers. 21. 1 - a 2n
2
1. x - 4 22. 4 - b2n
2. x 2 - 16
In Exercises 23–48, factor completely, or state that the polynomial
3. 9x 2 - 25 is prime.
4. 4x 2 - 9 23. 2x 3 - 8x
2
5. 9 - 25y 24. 2x 3 - 72x
6. 16 - 49y 2 25. 50 - 2y 2
2 2
7. 36x - 49y 26. 72 - 2y 2
8. 64x 2 - 25y 2 27. 8x 2 - 8y 2
2 2
9. x y - 1 28. 6x 2 - 6y 2
10. x 2 y 2 - 100 29. 2x 3 y - 18xy
4 6
11. 9x - 25y 30. 2x 3 y - 32xy
12. 25x 4 - 9y 6 31. a 3 b2 - 49ac 2
14 4
13. x - y 32. 4a 3 c 2 - 16ax 2 y 2
14. x 4 - y 10 33. 5y - 5x 2 y 7
2 2
15. (x - 3) - y 34. 2y - 2x 6 y 3
16. (x - 6)2 - y 2 35. 8x 2 + 8y 2
2 2
17. a - (b - 2) 36. 6x 2 + 6y 2
18. a 2 - (b - 3)2 37. x 2 + 25y 2
372 Ch a p te r 5 Polynomials, Polynomial Functions, and Factoring

38. x 2 + 36y 2 80. 27y 3 + 1

4
39. x - 16 81. 125x 3 - 8
40. x 4 - 1 82. 27x 3 - 8
4
41. 81x - 1 83. x 3 y 3 + 27
42. 1 - 81x 4 84. x 3 y 3 + 64
5 4
43. 2x - 2xy 85. 64x - x 4
44. 3x 5 - 3xy 4 86. 216x - x 4
3 2
45. x + 3x - 4x - 12 87. x 6 + 27y 3
46. x 3 + 3x 2 - 9x - 27 88. x 6 + 8y 3
3 2
47. x - 7x - x + 7 89. 125x 6 - 64y 6
48. x 3 - 6x 2 - x + 6 90. 125x 6 - y 6
In Exercises 49–64, factor any perfect square trinomials, or 91. x9 + 1
state that the polynomial is prime. 92. x9 - 1
2
49. x + 4x + 4 93. (x - y)3 - y 3
50. x 2 + 2x + 1 94. x 3 + (x + y)3
2
51. x - 10x + 25
52. x 2 - 14x + 49 practice pLUS
4
53. x - 4x + 4 2 In Exercises 95–104, factor completely.
4 2
54. x - 6x + 9 95. 0.04x 2 + 0.12x + 0.09
2
55. 9y + 6y + 1
96. 0.09x 2 - 0.12x + 0.04
56. 4y 2 + 4y + 1
x
57. 64y 2 - 16y + 1 97. 8x 4 -
8
58. 25y 2 - 10y + 1 x
98. 27x 4 +
59. x 2 - 12xy + 36y 2 27
99. x 6 - 9x 3 + 8
60. x 2 + 16xy + 64y 2
100. x 6 + 9x 3 + 8
61. x 2 - 8xy + 64y 2
101. x 8 - 15x 4 - 16
62. x 2 - 9xy + 81y 2
102. x 8 + 15x 4 - 16
63. 9x 2 + 48xy + 64y 2
103. x 5 - x 3 - 8x 2 + 8
64. 16x 2 - 40xy + 25y 2
104. x 5 - x 3 + 27x 2 - 27
In Exercises 65–74, factor by grouping to obtain the difference
105. The figure shows four purple rectangles that fit together
of two squares.
to form a large square.
65. x 2 - 6x + 9 - y 2
A+B
66. x 2 - 12x + 36 - y 2 B
A
67. x 2 + 20x + 100 - x 4
68. x 2 + 16x + 64 - x 4
69. 9x 2 - 30x + 25 - 36y 2 A
2 2
A+B
70. 25x - 20x + 4 - 81y
71. x 4 - x 2 - 2x - 1
B
72. x 4 - x 2 - 6x - 9
73. z 2 - x 2 + 4xy - 4y 2 a. Express the area of the large square in terms of one
2 2
74. z - x + 10xy - 25y 2 of its sides, A + B.
b. Write an expression for the area of each of the four
In Exercises 75–94, factor using the formula for the sum or rectangles that form the large square.
difference of two cubes.
c. Use the sum of the areas from part (b) to write a
75. x 3 + 64 second expression for the area of the large square.
76. x 3 + 1
77. x 3 - 27 d. Set the expression from part (c) equal to the
78. x 3 - 1000 expression from part (a). What factoring technique
3 have you established?
79. 8y + 1
 SeC tIO n 5.5 Factoring Special Forms 373

application exercises If so, this means that the polynomial on the left side has been
factored correctly. If not, factor the polynomial correctly and
In Exercises 106–109, find the formula for the area of the
then use your graphing utility to verify the factorization.
shaded blue region and express it in factored form.
106. 107. 116. 9x 2 - 4 = (3x + 2)(3x - 2)

117. x 2 + 4x + 4 = (x + 4)2
4 x
3 5x
3 118. 9x 2 + 12x + 4 = (3x + 2)2
4

x
119. 25 - (x 2 + 4x + 4) = (x + 7)(x - 3)
5x
120. (2x + 3)2 - 9 = 4x(x + 3)
108. 109. 121. (x - 3)2 + 8(x - 3) + 16 = (x - 1)2
2 2 3 3
2 2 3 3 122. x 3 - 1 = (x - 1)(x 2 - x + 1)
3x 7x
123. (x + 1)3 + 1 = (x + 1)(x 2 + x + 1)
2 2 3 3
2 2 3 3
124. Use the  TABLE  feature of a graphing utility to verify
3x 7x any two of your factorizations in Exercises 67–68 or
77–78.

In Exercises 110–111, find the formula for the volume of the Critical thinking exercises
region outside the smaller rectangular solid and inside the larger
Make Sense? In Exercises 125–128, determine whether each
rectangular solid. Then express the volume in factored form.
statement “makes sense” or “does not make sense” and explain
110. your reasoning.

125. Although I can factor the difference of squares and

a b perfect square trinomials using trial and error associated
b with FOIL, recognizing these special forms shortens the
4a process.
a
126. Although x 3 + 2x 2 - 5x - 6 can be factored as
111. (x + 1)(x + 3)(x - 2), I have not yet learned techniques
to obtain this factorization.
127. I factored 4x 2 - 100 completely and obtained
a b (2x + 10)(2x - 10).
b 128. You told me that the area of a square is represented
3a by 9x 2 + 12x + 4 square inches, so I factored and
a
concluded that the length of one side must be 3x + 2
inches.
Writing in Mathematics
In Exercises 129–132, determine whether each statement is true
112. Explain how to factor the difference of two squares.
or false. If the statement is false, make the necessary change(s)
Provide an example with your explanation.
to produce a true statement.
129. 9x 2 + 15x + 25 = (3x + 5)2
113. What is a perfect square trinomial and how is it factored?
130. x 3 - 27 = (x - 3)(x 2 + 6x + 9)
114. Explain how to factor x 2 - y 2 + 8x - 16. Should the
expression be grouped into two groups of two terms? If 131. x 3 - 64 = (x - 4)3
not, why not, and what sort of grouping should be used? 132. 4x 2 - 121 = (2x - 11)2
3
115. Explain how to factor x + 1. In Exercises 133–136, factor each polynomial completely.
Assume that any variable exponents represent whole numbers.
technology exercises
133. y3 + x + x3 + y
In Exercises 116–123, use a graphing utility to graph the
134. 36x 2n - y 2n
function on each side of the equation in the same viewing
rectangle. Use end behavior to show a complete picture of the 135. x 3n + y 12n
polynomial function on the left side. Do the graphs coincide? 136. 4x 2n + 20x n y m + 25y 2m
378 Ch a p te r 5 Polynomials, Polynomial Functions, and Factoring

COnCept and VOCabULary CheCk

Here is a list of the factoring techniques that we have discussed.
a. Factoring out the GCF b. Factoring out the negative of the GCF

c. Factoring by grouping d. Factoring trinomials by trial and error or grouping

e. Factoring the difference of two squares

A2 - B 2 = (A + B)(A - B)
f. Factoring perfect square trinomials

A2 + 2AB + B 2 = (A + B)2
A2 - 2AB + B 2 = (A - B)2
g. Factoring the sum of two cubes

A3 + B 3 = (A + B)(A2 - AB + B 2)
h. Factoring the difference of two cubes

A3 - B 3 = (A - B)(A2 + AB + B 2)
Fill in each blank by writing the letter of the technique (a through h) for factoring the polynomial.
1. - 4x 2 + 20x ______________ 2. 9x 2 - 16 ______________

3. 125x 3 - 1 ______________ 4. x 2 + 7x + xy + 7y ______________

5. x 2 - 4x - 5 ______________ 6. x 2 + 4x + 4 ______________

7. 3x 6 + 6x ______________ 8. x 9 + 1 ______________

5.6 exerCISe Set

practice exercises 19. 2x 5 + 54x 2
In Exercises 1–68, factor completely, or state that the 20. 3x 5 + 24x 2
polynomial is prime. 21. 3x 4 y - 48y 5
3
1. x - 16x 22. 32x 4 y - 2y 5
3
2. x - x 23. 12x 3 + 36x 2 y + 27xy 2
2
3. 3x + 18x + 27 24. 18x 3 + 48x 2 y + 32xy 2
2
4. 8x + 40x + 50 25. x 2 - 12x + 36 - 49y 2
3
5. 81x - 3 26. x 2 - 10x + 25 - 36y 2
3
6. 24x - 3 27. 4x 2 + 25y 2
2 2
7. x y - 16y + 32 - 2x 28. 16x 2 + 49y 2
2 2
8. 12x y - 27y - 4x + 9 29. 12x 3 y - 12xy 3
2
9. 4a b - 2ab - 30b 30. 9x 2 y 2 - 36y 2
2
10. 32y - 48y + 18 31. 6bx 2 + 6by 2
2 2
11. ay - 4a - 4y + 16 32. 6x 2 - 66
2 2
12. ax - 16a - 2x + 32 33. x 4 - xy 3 + x 3 y - y 4
5 2
13. 11x - 11xy 34. x 3 - xy 2 + x 2 y - y 3
9
14. 4x - 400x 35. x 2 - 4a 2 + 12x + 36
5
15. 4x - 64x 36. x 2 - 49a 2 + 14x + 49
5
16. 7x - 7x 37. 5x 3 + x 6 - 14
3 2
17. x - 4x - 9x + 36 38. 6x 3 + x 6 - 16
3 2
18. x - 5x - 4x + 20 39. 4x - 14 + 2x 3 - 7x 2
 Se C t IO n 5.6 A General Factoring Strategy 379

40. 3x 3 + 8x + 9x 2 + 24 application exercises

41. 54x 3 - 16y 3 In Exercises 81–86,
3 3
42. 54x - 250y a. Write an expression for the area of the shaded blue region.
43. x 2 + 10x - y 2 + 25 b. Write the expression in factored form.
44. x 2 + 6x - y 2 + 9 81. y
45. x 8 - y 8
46. x 8 - 1
47. x 3 y - 16xy 3
48. x 3 y - 100xy 3 x+y
4
49. x + 8x
50. x + 27x 4
51. 16y 2 - 4y - 2
x
52. 32y 2 + 4y - 6
82. x
53. 14y 3 + 7y 2 - 10y
54. 5y 3 - 45y 2 + 70y x x
55. 27x 2 + 36xy + 12y 2 x x
2
56. 125x + 50xy + 5y 2 y y
3 2
y
57. 12x + 3xy
y
58. 3x 4 + 27x 2
59. x 6 y 6 - x 3 y 3
83. y
60. x 3 - 2x 2 - x + 2
x
61. (x + 5)(x - 3) + (x + 5)(x - 7)
62. (x + 4)(x - 9) + (x + 4)(2x - 3) x
63. a 2(x - y) + 4(y - x) x
64. b2(x - 3) + c 2(3 - x)
x
65. (c + d)4 - 1

84.
66. (c + d)4 - 16
x+y

67. p 3 - pq 2 + p 2 q - q 3
x y x x y
68. p 3 - pq 2 - p 2 q + q 3
85.

practice pLUS x x
In Exercises 69–80, factor completely.
69. x 4 - 5x 2 y 2 + 4y 4
70. x 4 - 10x 2 y 2 + 9y 4 86.
x x
71. (x + y)2 + 6(x + y) + 9
72. (x - y)2 - 8(x - y) + 16
73. (x - y)4 - 4(x - y)2 x x
74. (x + y)4 - 100(x + y)2
75. 2x 2 - 7xy 2 + 3y 4
76. 3x 2 + 5xy 2 + 2y 4
Writing in Mathematics
77. x 3 - y 3 - x + y
87. Describe a strategy that can be used to factor polynomials.
78. x 3 + y 3 + x 2 - y 2
79. x 6 y 3 + x 3 - 8x 3 y 3 - 8 88. Describe some of the difficulties in factoring polynomials.
What suggestions can you offer to overcome these
80. x 6 y 3 - x 3 + x 3 y 3 - 1 difficulties?
400 cha pt e r 5 Polynomials, Polynomial Functions, and Factoring

5.2 In Exercises 15–27, multiply the polynomials. 50. (x + 5)2 + 10(x + 5) + 24

15. (4x 2 yz 5)(- 3x 4 yz 2) 51. 5x 6 + 17x 3 + 6
1 5.5 In Exercises 52–55, factor each difference of two squares.
16. 6x 3 a x 5 - 4x 2 - 2 b
3
52. 4x 2 - 25
17. 7xy 2(3x 4 y 2 - 5xy - 1)
53. 1 - 81x 2 y 2
18. (2x + 5)(3x 2 + 7x - 4)
54. x 8 - y 6
19. (x 2 + x - 1)(x 2 + 3x + 2)
55. (x - 1)2 - y 2
20. (4x - 1)(3x - 5)
In Exercises 56–60, factor any perfect square trinomials, or state
21. (3xy - 2)(5xy + 4) that the polynomial is prime.
22. (3x + 7y)2 56. x 2 + 16x + 64
2 2
23. (x - 5y) 57. 9x 2 - 6x + 1
24. (2x + 7y)(2x - 7y) 58. 25x 2 + 20xy + 4y 2
2 2
25. (3xy - 4x)(3xy + 4x) 59. 49x 2 + 7x + 1
26. [(x + 3) + 5y][(x + 3) - 5y] 60. 25x 2 - 40xy + 16y 2
2
27. (x + y + 4) In Exercises 61–62, factor by grouping to obtain the difference
28. Let f(x) = x - 3 and g(x) = 2x + 5. Find (fg)(x) and of two squares.
(fg)(-4). 61. x 2 + 18x + 81 - y 2
29. Let f(x) = x 2 - 7x + 2. Find each of the following and 62. z 2 - 25x 2 + 10x - 1
simplify: In Exercises 63–65, factor using the formula for the sum or
a. f(a - 1) difference of two cubes.
b. f(a + h) - f(a). 63. 64x 3 + 27
64. 125x 3 - 8
5.3 In Exercises 30–33, factor the greatest common factor
65. x 3 y 3 + 1
from each polynomial.
30. 16x 3 + 24x 2 5.6 In Exercises 66–90, factor completely, or state that the
2 polynomial is prime.
31. 2x - 36x
66. 15x 2 + 3x
32. 21x 2 y 2 - 14xy 2 + 7xy
67. 12x 4 - 3x 2
33. 18x 3 y 2 - 27x 2 y
68. 20x 4 - 24x 3 + 28x 2 - 12x
In Exercises 34–35, factor out a common factor with a negative
69. x 3 - 15x 2 + 26x
coefficient.
70. - 2y 4 + 24y 3 - 54y 2
34. - 12x 2 + 8x - 48
71. 9x 2 - 30x + 25
35. - x 2 - 11x + 14
72. 5x 2 - 45
In Exercises 36–38, factor by grouping.
73. 2x 3 - x 2 - 18x + 9
36. x 3 - x 2 - 2x + 2
74. 6x 2 - 23xy + 7y 2
37. xy - 3x - 5y + 15
75. 2y 3 + 12y 2 + 18y
38. 5ax - 15ay + 2bx - 6by
76. x 2 + 6x + 9 - 4a 2
5.4 In Exercises 39–47, factor each trinomial completely, or 77. 8x 3 - 27
state that the trinomial is prime. 78. x 5 - x
2
39. x + 8x + 15 79. x 4 - 6x 2 + 9
2
40. x + 16x - 80 80. x 2 + xy + y 2
2 2
41. x + 16xy - 17y 81. 4a 3 + 32
3 2
42. 3x - 36x + 33x 82. x 4 - 81
2
43. 3x + 22x + 7 83. ax + 3bx - ay - 3by
44. 6x 2 - 13x + 6 84. 27x 3 - 125y 3
2 2
45. 5x - 6xy - 8y 85. 10x 3 y + 22x 2 y - 24xy
3 2
46. 6x + 5x - 4x 86. 6x 6 + 13x 3 - 5
2
47. 2x + 11x + 15 87. 2x + 10 + x 2 y + 5xy
In Exercises 48–51, factor by introducing an appropriate substitution. 88. y 3 + 2y 2 - 25y - 50
48. x 6 + x 3 - 30 89. a 8 - 1
49. x 4 - 10x 2 - 39 90. 9(x - 4) + y 2(4 - x)
390 cha pt e r 5 Polynomials, Polynomial Functions, and Factoring

concept anD VocaBuLarY check

Fill in each blank so that the resulting statement is true.
1. An equation that can be written in the standard form ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a  0, is called a/an ______________ equation.

2. The zero-product principle states that if AB = 0, then ______________.

3. The solutions of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 correspond to the ______________ for the graph of y = ax 2 + bx + c.

4. The equation 5x 2 = 20x can be written in standard form by ______________ on both sides.

5. The equation x 2 + 4 = 8x - 12 can be written in standard form by ______________ and ______________ on both sides.

6. The result of setting two polynomials equal to each other is called a/an ______________ equation. The equation is in standard
form if one side is ______________ and the polynomial on the other side is in standard form, or in ______________ powers of the
variable. The degree of the equation is the ______________ degree of any term in the equation.
7. A triangle with one angle measuring 90° is called a/an ______________ triangle. The side opposite the 90° angle is called the
______________. The other sides are called ______________.
8. The Pythagorean Theorem states that in any ______________ triangle, the sum of the squares of the lengths of the
______________ equals ____________________________.

5.7 exerciSe Set

practice exercises 25. x(x - 3) = 18
In Exercises 1–36, use factoring to solve each quadratic 26. x(x - 4) = 21
equation. Check by substitution or by using a graphing utility 27. (x - 3)(x + 8) = - 30
and identifying x@intercepts.
28. (x - 1)(x + 4) = 14
1. x 2 + x - 12 = 0
29. x(x + 8) = 16(x - 1)
2. x 2 - 2x - 15 = 0
30. x(x + 9) = 4(2x + 5)
3. x 2 + 6x = 7
31. (x + 1)2 - 5(x + 2) = 3x + 7
4. x 2 - 4x = 45
32. (x + 1)2 = 2(x + 5)
5. 3x 2 + 10x - 8 = 0
33. x(8x + 1) = 3x 2 - 2x + 2
6. 2x 2 - 5x - 3 = 0
34. 2x(x + 3) = -5x - 15
7. 5x 2 = 8x - 3
x2 x
8. 7x 2 = 30x - 8 35. + + 1 = 0
18 2
9. 3x 2 = 2 - 5x
x2 5x
10. 5x 2 = 2 + 3x 36. - + 6 = 0
4 2
11. x 2 = 8x
12. x 2 = 4x In Exercises 37–46, use factoring to solve each polynomial
2 equation. Check by substitution or by using a graphing utility
13. 3x = 5x
and identifying x@intercepts.
14. 2x 2 = 5x
37. x 3 + 4x 2 - 25x - 100 = 0
15. x 2 + 4x + 4 = 0
38. x 3 - 2x 2 - x + 2 = 0
16. x 2 + 6x + 9 = 0
39. x 3 - x 2 = 25x - 25
17. x 2 = 14x - 49
40. x 3 + 2x 2 = 16x + 32
18. x 2 = 12x - 36
41. 3x 4 - 48x 2 = 0
19. 9x 2 = 30x - 25
20. 4x 2 = 12x - 9 42. 5x 4 - 20x 2 = 0

21. x 2 - 25 = 0 43. x 4 - 4x 3 + 4x 2 = 0

22. x 2 - 49 = 0 44. x 4 - 6x 3 + 9x 2 = 0
2
23. 9x = 100 45. 2x 3 + 16x 2 + 30x = 0
24. 4x 2 = 25 46. 3x 3 - 9x 2 - 30x = 0
414 Ch a p te r 6 Rational Expressions, Functions, and Equations

In Exercises 27–50, simplify each rational expression. If the In Exercises 51–72, multiply as indicated.
rational expression cannot be simplified, so state. x - 3 # 3x + 21 x - 2 # 2x + 6
x2 - 4 x 2 - 25 51. 52.
27. 28. x + 7 2x - 6 x + 3 5x - 10
x - 2 x - 5 x 2 - 49
x + 2 x + 1 53. 2
#x + 3
29. 30. x - 4x - 21 x
2 2
x - x - 6 x - 2x - 3 2
4x + 20 5x + 30 54.
x - 25 #x + 2
31. 32. x 2 - 3x - 10 x
x 2 + 5x x 2 + 6x 2 2
x - 9 # x + 5x + 6
4y - 20 6y - 42 55.
33. 34. x2 - x - 6 x2 + x - 6
y 2 - 25 y 2 - 49 x 2 - 1 # x 2 - 5x + 6
3x - 5 5x - 2 56.
35. 36. x 2 - 4 x 2 - 2x - 3
25 - 9x 2 4 - 25x 2 x 2 + 4x + 4 (x + 4)
3
y 2 - 49 y2 - 9 57. #
37. 38. x2 + 8x + 16 (x + 2)3
2 2
y - 14y + 49 y - 6y + 9 x2 - 2x + 1 # (x - 2)
3

x 2 + 7x - 18 x 2 - 4x - 5 58.
39. 40. x2 - 4x + 4 (x - 1)3
x 2 - 3x + 2 x 2 + 5x + 4 8y + 2 3 - y
3x + 7 59. #
41. y 2 - 9 4y 2 + y
3x + 10
6y + 2 1 - y
2x + 3 60. #
42. y 2 - 1 3y 2 + y
2x + 5
y3 - 8 y + 2
x 2 - x - 12 x 2 - 7x + 12 61. #
43. 44. y2 - 4 2y
16 - x 2 9 - x2
y 2 + 6y + 9
x + 3xy - 10y 2
2
x + 2xy - 3y 2
2
62. # 1
45. 46. y 3 + 27 y + 3
3x 2 - 7xy + 2y 2 2x 2 + 5xy - 3y 2
x2 + x + 1
#
x3 - 8 x3 - 1 63. (x - 3)
47. 48. x 2 - 5x + 6
x2 - 4 x2 - 1
(x + 1) # 2
x + 2
x 3 + 4x 2 - 3x - 12 64.
49. x + 7x + 6
x + 4
x 2 + xy 4x - 4y
x 3 - 2x 2 + x - 2 65. #
50. x2 - y2 x
x - 2
x 2 - y 2 x 2 + xy
66. #
x x + y
x 2 + 2xy + y 2 4x - 4y
67. #
x 2 - 2xy + y 2 3x + 3y
2x 2 - 3xy - 2y 2 3x 2 - 2xy - y 2
68. #
3x 2 - 4xy + y 2 x 2 + xy - 6y 2
4a 2 + 2ab + b2 # 4a 2 - b2
69.
2a + b 8a 3 - b3
3 3
27a - 8b # bc - b - 3c + 3
70.
b2 - b - 6 3ac - 2bc - 3a + 2b
10z 2 + 13z - 3 # 2z 2 - 3z - 2z + 3 # 15z 2 - 28z + 5
71.
3z 2 - 8z + 5 25z 2 - 10z + 1 4z 2 - 9
2z 2 - 2z - 12 # 4z 2 - 1 2
# 2z 2 - 13z - 7
72. 2 2
z - 49 2z + 5z + 2 2z - 7z + 3
In Exercises 73–90, divide as indicated.
x + 5 4x + 20 x + 1 3x + 3
73. , 74. ,
7 9 3 7
4 40 7 28
75. , 76. ,
y - 6 7y - 42 y - 5 3y - 15
x 2 - 2x x - 2 x2 - x x - 1
77. , 78. ,
15 5 15 5
 Se C tion 6.1 Rational Expressions and Functions: Multiplying and Dividing 415

y 2 - 25 y 2 + 10y + 25
79. ,
2y - 2 y 2 + 4y - 5
y2 + y y2 - 1
80. ,
y2 - 4 y 2 + 5y + 6
x 2 + 3x - 4
81. (x 2 - 16) ,
x2 + 4
x 2 - 25
82. (x 2 + 4x - 5) ,
x + 7
y 2 - 4y - 21 y 2 + 2y - 3
83. , 2
y 2 - 10y + 25 y - 6y + 5
y 2 + 4y - 21 y 2 + 14y + 48
84. , 2
y 2 + 3y - 28 y + 4y - 32
3
8x - 1 x - 1
85. 2
,
4x + 2x + 1 (x - 1)2
2 2
x - 9 x + 6x + 9
86. , 2
x 3 - 27 x + 3x + 9
x 2 - 4y 2 x 2 - 4xy + 4y 2
87. 2 2
,
x + 3xy + 2y x + y
xy - y 2 2x 2 + xy - 3y 2
88. ,
x 2 + 2x + 1 2x 2 + 5xy + 3y 2
4 8
x - y x - y4
2
89. ,
2
x + y 4
3x 2
3
(x - y) x - 2xy + y 2
2
90. ,
x3 - y3 x2 - y2

practice pluS
In Exercises 91–98, perform the indicated operation or operations.
x 3 - 4x 2 + x - 4 # 2x 3 + 2x 2 + x + 1
91.
2x 3 - 8x 2 + x - 4 x 4 - x 3 + x 2 - x
y 3 + y 2 + yz 2 + z 2 y3 + y + y2 z + z
92. #
y 3 + y + y 2 + 1 2y 2 + 2yz - yz 2 - z 3
ax - ay + 3x - 3y ab + 3b + ac + 3c
93. ,
x3 + y3 xy - x 2 - y 2

a 3 + b3 ab - a 2 - b2
94. ,
ac - ad - bc + bd ac - ad + bc - bd

a2b + b 2
# 2 a + 5a , 2 ab
2
95. 2
3a - 4a - 20 2a + 11a + 5 6a - 17a - 10

a 2 - 8a + 15 # 2a 2 + 3a 14a + 21
96. , 2
2a 3 - 10a 2 3a 3 - 27a a - 6a - 27
a - b b - a a - b
97. , ¢ , ≤
4c c c2
a - b b - a a - b
98. a , b ,
4c c c2