4 - Unit 1 - UTS

CHAPTER 4
PSYCHOLOGY’S DEFINITION OF THE SELF
• Originally a branch of philosophy then transformed into

a science.
• Characteristic behavior and traits of one person. This is
entirely unique to that person.
• It could also be defined by cognitive and affective.
• Earliest known description is the “I” as the knower and
the “Me” as the known person.
WILLIAM JAMES’ CONCEPT OF SELF:
THE ME-SELF AND THE I-SELF
• 2 categories of self:
• I-self refers to the self that knows who he or she is which is also called the thinking self
reflects the soul of a person or the mind which is also called the pure ego
• Me-self is the empirical self which refers to the person’s personal experiences and is
further divided into sub-categories:
• the material self – physical attributes and material possessions
• social self – who a person is and how he/she acts in social situations
• spiritual self – most intimate and important part of the self that includes a person’s purpose,
core values, conscience, and moral behaviour
• Introspection - the path to understanding the self
CARL ROGERS’ SELF CONCEPT:
CENTRAL TO ACHIEVING SELF ACTUALIZATION
• Self concept refers to the image of oneself.
• Self is flexible and changing perception of a personal identity, center
of experience.
• Self develops from interactions with significant people and
awareness of one’s characteristics and level of functioning.
• Humans are always striving for self-fulfillment or self-actualization.
• When needs of the self are denied, severe anxiety may arise.
SELF CONCEPT:
CENTRAL TO ACHIEVING SELF ACTUALIZATION
• Real self – consists of all the ideas, awareness of
what one is and what one can do.
• Ideal self – is the person’s conception of what
one should be or what one aspires to be, which
includes one’s goals and ambitions in life.
• Person is unhappy and dissatisfied when ideal self
is far from real self.
UNIFIED AND MULTIPLE SELF
• Sigmund Freud believed that the self is divided into the Id, Ego, and
Super Ego.
• For Freud, the self is unified by these three distinct components.
• For Kenneth Gergen, post modern theorist,
he believes that the self has multiple self.
• We tend to react to the situation we are
brought in, hence we adapt. For him, having
Only one self-concept maybe unhealthy.
MULTIPLE VERSUS UNIFIED SELF,
TRUE VERSUS FALSE SELF
• Donald Winnicott - the self is composed of true self and false self
• The function of false self is to hide and protect the true self
• Albert Bandura (2001) – humans through their agency are perceived as
proactive agents of experiences.
• Agency embodies: endowments, belief systems, self-regulatory,
capabilities, and distributed structures and functions through which
personal influence is exercised, rather than reside as a discrete entity.
BANDURA’S FEATURES OF HUMAN AGENCY:
• Intentionality refers to acts done intentionally. Intentions center on plans of action with the
anticipation of possible outcomes.
• Forethought enables the person to anticipate the likely consequences of prospective actions.
Through the exercise of forethought, people are guided in their actions in the anticipation of
future event.
• Reactiveness involves making choices and choosing appropriate course of action as well as
motivating and regulating them.
• Reflectiveness gives the person the ability to reflect upon and the adequacy of one’s thoughts
and actions.
• Efficacy beliefs are the foundation of human agency. Plays a role in
self-regulation, which is the ability on an individual to control his or
her behavior without having to rely on others for help.
• Self efficacy refers to the individuals belief that he or she is capable
to perform a task which influences whether he or she will think
pessimistically or optimistically and in in ways that are self-enhancing
or self-hindering.
SIGMUND FREUD'S CONSTRUCTION OF SELF AND
PERSONALITY
• Mind is composed of 3 structures through which personality is formed:
• ID –need to satisfy basic urges and desires. It’s the pleasure-seeking, impulsive, child-like, and
demands gratification
• EGO – operates on the reality principle and controls the ID. Can conform with existing societa
consideration.
• SUPER EGO – refers to the conscience and moral judge of one’s conduct. Strives for perfection
rather than pleasure.
• Ego strength – refers to the ego’s ability to resolve the conflict between the 3 structures. If
conflict is unresolved, personality problems may arise.
FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF
DEVELOPMENT
1. Oral stage –birth to 1st year, derives pleasure from oral activities like sucking and
biting. Overindulgence of oral needs may lead to oral incorporative personality
disorder (e.g overeating, smoking, & alcoholism,) while dissatisfaction may lead to
oral aggressive personality disorder (e.g sarcasm & tactlessness).
2. Anal stage – 2nd yr of life, derives pleasure from the elimination of body wastes.
Through toilet training, child learns the basic rules of society. Anal fixations can
lead to anal retentive personality disorder such as having obsession with
cleanliness or anal expulsion personality disorder such as clumsiness.
3. Phallic stage – ages3-6 year old, derives pleasure from examining, touching, fondling, or
displaying their genitals. Curious about the difference of man and woman. Sex curiosity remain
high during the elementary years and tend to asks questions on anatomical structure of sex,
and how babies are made. Fixations may lead to abnormal sex behaviors in later life.
4. Latency stage – 7 to 12 years old, sexual energy is repressed because children are
preoccupied with school.
5. Genital stage – starts from adolescence to adulthood, derives pleasure genital area and
individuals seek to satisfy their sexual drives from sexual relationships. Sexual problems may
result a consequence of inappropriate sex behaviours.
THE ROLE OF ERIK ERIKSON'S THEORY IN
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
• Adolescence is a period of identity development
• One must create a vision of the self that is authentic which is
anchored on the meaning of his or her goals for the future sense of
having hold of one’s destiny in an effort to reach goals that are
personally meaningful.
• Individuals go through 8 Psychosocial stages of development
1. Trust vs. mistrust (1st yr)– develop trusts if properly cared for
2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (up to 3rd yr)– assert independence of thought/confidence
3. Initiative vs. guilt (3-5 yrs) – develop sense of responsibility
4. Industry vs. inferiority (elem yrs) – develop knowledge/skills and are encouraged in their efforts
5. Identity formation vs. identity confusion (adolescenyrs) – finding self, roles & responsibilities
6. Intimacy vs. isolation (adulthood) – develop intimate relationships
7. Generativity vs. stagnation (middle adulthood) – desire to contribute
8. Integrity vs. despair. (old age) – self-reflection on life and important events in life
MATERIALS
• Donald Winnicott's true and false:

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A02Ucd6monY
• Psychosocial stages of development by Erik Erikson:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYCBdZLCDBQ
• Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual stages of development:
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvOoYX45G_0
• Carl Jung’s archetypes
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5XMqsz-eu5g
• Self Efficacy and Human agency by Albert Banduara
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HnACsrdGZAI
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=czijmgcnGAY&t=9s

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CHAPTER 4

PSYCHOLOGY’S DEFINITION OF THE SELF

• Originally a branch of philosophy then transformed into

• Donald Winnicott's true and false:

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