G.R. No.

94115 August 21, 1992

RODOLFO E. AGUINALDO, petitioner,

Victor I. Padilla for petitioner.

Doroteo B. Laguna and Manuel T. Molina for private respondent.

NOCON, J.:

In this petition for certiorari and prohibition with preliminary mandatory injunction and/or restraining order, petitioner
Rodolfo E. Aguinaldo assails the decision of respondent Secretary of Local Government dated March 19,1990 in
Adm. Case No. P-10437-89 dismissing him as Governor of Cagayan on the ground that the power of the Secretary
of Local Government to dismiss local government official under Section 14, Article I, Chapter 3 and Sections 60 to
67, Chapter 4 of Batas Pambansa Blg. 337, otherwise known as the Local Government Code, was repealed by the
effectivity of the 1987 Constitution.

The pertinent facts are as follows: Petitioner was the duly elected Governor of the province of Cagayan, having
been elected to said position during the local elections held on January 17, 1988, to serve a term of four (4) years
therefrom. He took his oath sometimes around March 1988.

Shortly after December 1989 coup d'etat was crushed, respondent Secretary of Local Government sent a telegram
and a letter, both dated December 4, 1989, to petitioner requiring him to show cause why should not be suspended
or remove from office for disloyalty to the Republic, within forty-eight (48) hours from receipt thereof.

On December 7, 1989, a sworn complaint for disloyalty to the Republic and culpable violation of the Constitution
was filed by Veronico Agatep, Manuel Mamba and Orlino Agatep, respectively the mayors of the municipalities of
Gattaran, Tuao and Lasam, all in Cagayan, against petitioner for acts the latter committed during the coup.
Petitioner was required to file a verified answer to the complaint.

On January 5, 1990, the Department of Local Government received a letter from petitioner dated December 29,
1989 in reply to respondent Secretary's December 4, 1989 letter requiring him to explain why should not be
suspended or removed from office for disloyalty. In his letter, petitioner denied being privy to the planning of the
coup or actively participating in its execution, though he admitted that he was sympathetic to the cause of the rebel
soldiers. 1

Respondent Secretary considered petitioner's reply letter as his answer to the complaint of Mayor Veronico Agatep
and others. 2 On the basis thereof, respondent Secretary suspended petitioner from office for sixty (60) days from
notice, pending the outcome of the formal investigation into the charges against him.

During the hearing conducted on the charges against petitioner, complainants presented testimonial and
documentary evidence to prove the charges. Petitioner neither presented evidence nor even cross-examined the
complainant's witnesses, choosing instead to move that respondent Secretary inhibit himself from deciding the case,
which motion was denied.

Thereafter, respondent Secretary rendered the questioned decision finding petitioner guilty as charged and ordering
his removal from office. Installed as Governor of Cagayan in the process was respondent Melvin Vargas, who was
then the Vice-Governor of Cagayan.
Petitioner relies on three grounds for the allowance of the petition, namely: (1) that the power of respondent
Secretary to suspend or remove local government official under Section 60, Chapter IV of B.P. Blg. 337 was
repealed by the 1987 Constitution; (2) that since respondent Secretary no longer has power to suspend or remove
petitioner, the former could not appoint respondent Melvin Vargas as Governor of Cagayan; and (3) the alleged act
of disloyalty committed by petitioner should be proved by proof beyond reasonable doubt, and not be a mere
preponderance of evidence, because it is an act punishable as rebellion under the Revised Penal Code.

While this case was pending before this Court, petitioner filed his certificate of candidacy for the position of
Governor of Cagayan for the May 11, 1992 elections. Three separate petitions for his disqualification were then filed
against him, all based on the ground that he had been removed from office by virtue of the March 19, 1990
resolution of respondent Secretary. The commission on Elections granted the petitions by way of a resolution dated
May 9, 1992. On the same day, acting upon a "Motion to Clarify" filed by petitioner, the Commission ruled that
inasmuch as the resolutions of the Commission becomes final and executory only after five (5) days from
promulgation, petitioner may still be voted upon as a candidate for governor pending the final outcome of the
disqualification cases with his Court.

Consequently, on May 13, 1992, petitioner filed a petition for certiorari with this Court, G.R. Nos. 105128-30,
entitled Rodolfo E. Aguinaldo v. Commission on Elections, et al., seeking to nullify the resolution of the Commission
ordering his disqualification. The Court, in a resolution dated May 14, 1992, issued a temporary restraining order
against the Commission to cease and desist from enforcing its May 9, 1992 resolution pending the outcome of the
disqualification case, thereby allowing the canvassing of the votes and returns in Cagayan to proceed. However, the
Commission was ordered not to proclaim a winner until this Court has decided the case.

On June 9, 1992, a resolution was issued in the aforementioned case granting petition and annulling the May 9,
1992 resolution of the Commission on the ground that the decision of respondent Secretary has not yet attained
finality and is still pending review with this Court. As petitioner won by a landslide margin in the elections, the
resolution paved the way for his eventual proclamation as Governor of Cagayan.

Under the environmental circumstances of the case, We find the petition meritorious.

Petitioner's re-election to the position of Governor of Cagayan has rendered the administration case pending before
Us moot and academic. It appears that after the canvassing of votes, petitioner garnered the most number of votes
among the candidates for governor of Cagayan province. As held by this Court in Aguinaldo v. Comelec et al.,
supra,:

. . . [T]he certified true xerox copy of the "CERTITICATE OF VOTES OF CANDIDATES", attached to
the "VERY URGENT MOTION FOR THE MODIFICATION OF THE RESOLUTION DATED MAY 14,
1992["] filed by petitioner shows that he received 170,382 votes while the other candidates for the
same position received the following total number of votes: (1) Patricio T. Antonio — 54,412, (2)
Paquito F. Castillo — 2,198; and (3) Florencio L. Vargas — 48,129.

xxx xxx xxx

Considering the fact narrated, the expiration of petitioner's term of office during which
the acts charged were allegedly committed, and his subsequent reelection, the
petitioner must be dismissed for the reason that the issue has become academic.
In Pascual v. Provincial Board of Nueva Ecija, L-11959, October 31, 1959, this Court
has ruled:

The weight of authority, however, seems to incline to the ruled

Offenses committed, or acts done, during a previous term are generally held not to furnish cause for
removal and this is especially true were the Constitution provides that the penalty in proceeding for
removal shall not extend beyond the removal from office, and disqualification from holding office for
a term for which the officer was elected or appointed. (6 C.J.S. p. 248, citing Rice v. State, 161 S.W.
2nd 4011; Montgomery v. Newell, 40 S.W. 23rd 418; People ex rel Bashaw v. Thompson, 130 P.
 2nd 237; Board of Com'rs Kingfisher County v. Shutler, 281 P. 222; State v. Blake, 280 P. 388; In re
Fedula, 147 A 67; State v. Wald, 43 S.W. 217)

The underlying theory is that each term is separate from other terms, and that the
reelection to office operates as a condonation of the officer's misconduct to the
extent of cutting off the right to remove him therefor. (43 Am. Jur. p. 45, citing Atty.
Gen. v. Kasty, 184 Ala. 121, 63 Sec. 599, 50 L.R.A. [NS] 553). As held in Comant v.
Bregan [ 1887] 6 N.Y.S.R. 332, cited in 17 A.L.R. 63 Sec. 559, 50 [NE] 553.

The Court should ever remove a public officer for acts done prior to his present term of office. To do
otherwise would be to deprive the people of their right to elect their officers. When a people have
elected a man to office, it must be assumed that they did this with knowledge of his life and
character, and that they disregarded or forgave his fault or misconduct, if he had been guilty of any.
It is not for the court, by reason of such fault or misconduct, to practically overrule the will of the
people. (Lizares v. Hechanova, et al., 17 SCRA 58, 59-60 [1966]) (See also Oliveros v. Villaluz, 57
SCRA 163 [1974]) 3

Clear then, the rule is that a public official can not be removed for administrative misconduct committed during a
prior term, since his re-election to office operates as a condonation of the officer's previous misconduct to the extent
of cutting off the right to remove him therefor. The foregoing rule, however, finds no application to criminal cases
pending against petitioner for acts he may have committed during the failed coup.

The other grounds raised by petitioner deserve scant consideration. Petitioner contends that the power of
respondent Secretary to suspend or remove local government officials as alter ego of the President, and as
embodied in B.P. Blg. 337 has been repealed by the 1987 Constitution and which is now vested in the courts.

We do not agree. The power of respondent Secretary to remove local government officials is anchored on both the
Constitution and a statutory grant from the legislative branch. The constitutional basis is provided by Articles VII (17)
and X (4) of the 1987 Constitution which vest in the President the power of control over all executive departments,
bureaus and offices and the power of general supervision over local governments, and by the doctrine that the acts
of the department head are presumptively the acts of the President unless expressly rejected by him. 4 The statutory
grant found in B.P. Blg. 337 itself has constitutional roots, having been enacted by the then Batasan Pambansa
pursuant to Article XI of the 1973 Constitution, Section 2 of which specifically provided as follows —

Sec. 2. The National Assembly shall enact a local government code which may not thereafter be
amended except by a majority vote of all its Members, defining a more responsive and accountable
local government structure with an effective system of recall, allocating among the different local
government units their powers, responsibilities, and resources, and providing for the qualifications,
election and removal, term, salaries, power, functions, and duties of local government officials, and
all other matters relating to the organization and operation of the local units. However, any change in
the existing form of local government shall not take effect until ratified by a majority of the votes cast
in the plebiscite called for the purpose. 5

A similar provision is found in Section 3, Article X of the 1987 Constitution, which reads:

Sec. 3. The Congress shall enact a local government code which shall provided for a more
responsive and accountable local government structure instituted through a system of
decentralization with effective mechanisms of recall, initiative, and referendum, allocate among the
different local government units their powers, responsibilities, and resources, and provide for
the qualifications, election, appointment, and removal, term and salaries, powers and functions and
duties of local officials, and all other matters relating to the organization and operation of the local
units. 6

Inasmuch as the power and authority of the legislature to enact a local government code, which provides for the
manner of removal of local government officials, is found in the 1973 Constitution as well as in the 1987
Constitution, then it can not be said that BP Blg. 337 was repealed by the effective of the present Constitution.
Moreover, in Bagabuyo et al. vs. Davide, Jr., et al., 7 this court had the occasion to state that B.P. Blg. 337 remained
in force despite the effectivity of the present Constitution, until such time as the proposed Local Government Code
of 1991 is approved.

The power of respondent Secretary of the Department of Local Government to remove local elective government
officials is found in Secs. 60 and 61 of B.P. Blg. 337. 8

As to petitioner's argument of the want of authority of respondent Secretary to appoint respondent Melvin Vargas as Governor of Cagayan, We need but point to
Section 48 (1) of B.P. Blg 337 to show the fallacy of the same, to writ —

In case a permanent vacancy arises when a governor . . . refuses to assume office, fails to quality,
dies or is removed from office, voluntarily resigns, or is otherwise permanently incapacitated to
discharge the functions of his office, the vice-governor . . . shall assume the office for the unexpired
term of the former. 9

Equally without merit is petitioner's claim that before he could be suspended or removed from office, proof beyond
reasonable doubt is required inasmuch as he is charged with a penal offense of disloyalty to the Republic which is
defined and penalized under Article 137 of the Revised Penal Code. Petitioner is not being prosecuted criminally
under the provisions of the Revised Penal Code, but administratively with the end in view of removing petitioner as
the duly elected Governor of Cagayan Province for acts of disloyalty to the Republic where the quantum of proof
required is only substantial evidence. 10

WHEREFORE, petitioner is hereby GRANTED and the decision of public respondent Secretary of Local
Government dated March 19, 1990 in Adm. Case No. P-10437-89, dismissing petitioner as Governor of Cagayan, is
hereby REVERSED.

SO ORDERED.

Aguinaldo vs Santos
Date: August 21, 1992
Petitioner: Rodolfo Aguinaldo
Respondents: Hon. Luis Santos and Melvin Vargas

Ponente: Nocon

Facts: Petitioner was the duly elected Governor of the province of Cagayan. Shortly after the December 1989 coup d'etat was
crushed, the Secretary of Local Government sent a telegram and a letter, to petitioner requiring him to show cause why he should
not be suspended or removed from office for disloyalty to the Republic, within forty-eight (48) hours from receipt thereof.
A sworn complaint for disloyalty to the Republic and culpable violation of the Constitution was filed by Veronico Agatep,
Manuel Mamba and Orlino Agatep, the mayors of the municipalities of Gattaran, Tuao and Lasam, all in Cagayan, against petitioner
for acts the latter committed during the coup.
In his letter, petitioner denied being privy to the planning of the coup or actively participating in its execution, though he
admitted that he was sympathetic to the cause of the rebel soldiers. The Secretary suspended petitioner from office for 60 days
from notice, pending the outcome of the formal investigation. During the hearing, petitioner did not present any evidence and
instead moved that the Secretary inhibit himself, which motion was denied. Later, the Secretary rendered a decision finding petition
guilty as charged and ordering his removal from office. The Vice Governor, Melvin Vargas was installed as Governor.
In this appeal, the power of the Secretary to suspend officials was repealed by the 1987 Constitution and that the act of
disloyalty committed by petitioner was not proven beyond reasonable doubt.
While the case was pending before the SC, petitioner filed his certificate of candidacy for the position of Governor of
Cagayan. Three petitions for disqualification were filed against him on the ground that he had been removed from office. The
Comelec granted the petition. Later, this was reversed on the ground that the decision of the Secretary has not yet attained finality
and is still pending review with the Court. As petitioner won by a landslide margin in the elections, the resolution paved the way for
his eventual proclamation as Governor of Cagayan.

Issue: WON the Secretary has the power to suspend or remove local government officials as alter ego of the President
Held: Yes

Ratio: Petitioner's re-election to the position of Governor of Cagayan has rendered the administrative case pending before Us moot
and academic. It appears that after the canvassing of votes, petitioner garnered the most number of votes among the candidates for
governor of Cagayan province. As held by this Court in Aguinaldo v. Comelec et al:
‘the reelection to office operates as a condonation of the officer's misconduct to the extent of cutting off the right to remove him therefor. The Court should never
remove a public officer for acts done prior to his present term of office. To do otherwise would be to deprive the people of their right to elect their officers. When the
people have elected a man to office, it must be assumed that they did this with knowledge of his life and character, and that they disregarded or forgave his fault or
misconduct, if he had been guilty of any. It is not for the court, by reason of such fault or misconduct, to practically overrule the will of the people.’
Clearly then, the rule is that a public official can not be removed for administrative misconduct committed during a prior
term, since his re-election to office operates as a condonation of the officer's previous misconduct to the extent of cutting off the
right to remove him therefor. The foregoing rule, however, finds no application to criminal cases pending against petitioner for acts
he may have committed during the failed coup.
The power of respondent Secretary to remove local government of officials is anchored on both the Constitution and a
statutory grant from the legislative branch. The constitutional basis is provided by Articles VII (17) and X (4) of the 1987 Constitution
which vest in the President the power of control over all executive departments, bureaus and offices and the power of general
supervision over local governments, and by the doctrine that the acts of the department head are presumptively the acts of the
President unless expressly rejected by him. 4 The statutory grant found in B.P. Blg. 337 itself has constitutional roots, having been
enacted by the then Batasan Pambansa pursuant to Article XI of the 1973 Constitution, Section 2. A similar provision is found in
Section 3, Article X of the 1987 Constitution.
Inasmuch as the power and authority of the legislature to enact a local government code, which provides for the manner of
removal of local government officials, is found in the 1973 Constitution as well as in the 1987 Constitution, then it can not be said
that BP337 was repealed by the effectivity of the present Constitution. Moreover, in Bagabuyo et al. vs. Davide, Jr., BP 337 remained
in force despite the effectivity of the Constitution, until such time as the proposed Local Government Code of 1991 is approved.
The power of he Secretary of the DILG to remove local elective government officials is found in Secs. 60 and 61 of BP 337.
As to petitioner's argument of the want of authority of the Secretary to appoint Melvin Vargas as Governor, We need but point to
Section 48 (1) of B.P. Blg. 337 to show the fallacy of the same. Equally without merit is petitioner's claim that before he could be
suspended or removed from office, proof beyond reasonable doubt is required inasmuch as he is charged with a penal offense of
disloyalty to the Republic which is defined and penalized under Article 137 of the RPC. Petitioner is not being prosecuted criminally
under the provisions of the RPC, but administratively with the end in view of removing petitioner as the duly elected Governor of
Cagayan Province for acts of disloyalty to the Republic where the quantum of proof required is only substantial evidence.