Tomasi Chap 1

BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS
Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS
Definition
Its fundamental purpose is to transfer information
from one place to another.
Term:
Electronic Communication System
Definition
The transmission, reception, and processing
of information between two or more locations using
electronic circuits.
Term:
Electronic Communication
Electronic Communications Time Line
American Scientist and professor Joseph

Henry transmitted the first practical electrical
signal.
Year : 1830
Samuel Finley Breese Morse invented the telegraph.
Year : 1837
Alexander Bain invented the facsimile.
Year : 1843
Johann Phillip Reis completed the first nonworking

telephone.
Year : 1861
James Clerk Maxwell released his paper “Dynamic

Theory of the Electromagnetic Field”, which concluded
that light electricity, and magnetism were related.
Year : 1864
Dr. Mahlon Loomis became the first person to

communicate wireless through the Earth’s atmosphere.
Year : 1865
First transatlantic telegraph cable was installed.
Year : 1866
Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson

Invented the telephone.
Year : 1876
Thomas Alva Edison invents the phonograph.
Year : 1877
Heinrich Hertz discovers electromagnetic waves.
Year : 1880
Heinrich Hertz discovers radio waves. Marchese

Guglielmo Marconi demonstrates wireless radio wave
propagation.
Year : 1887
Heinrich Hertz detects and produces radio waves.

Heinrich Hertz conclusively proved Maxwell’s prediction
that electricity can travel in waves through the Earth’s
atmosphere.
Year : 1888
Marchese Guglielmo Marconi builds his first radio

equipment, a device that rings a bell from 30 ft. away.
Year : 1894
Marchese Guglielmo Marconi discovered ground

wave propagation.
Year : 1895
Marchese Guglielmo Marconi established the first

radio link between England and France.
Year : 1898
American Scientist Reginald A. Fessenden the

world’s first radio broadcast using continous waves.
Year : 1900
Marchese Guglielmo Marconi transmits telegraphic radio

messages from Cornwall, to Newfoundland. Reginald A. Fessenden
transmits the World’s first radio broadcast using continuous waves. First
successful transatlantic transmission of radio signal.
Year : 1901
Valdemar Poulsen patents an arc transmission that

generates continuous wave transmission 100-kHz signal that
is receivable 150 miles away.
Year : 1903
First radio transmission of music at Graz, Austria.
Year : 1904
Marchese Guglielmo Marconi invents the

directional radio antenna.
Year : 1905
Reginald A. Fessenden invents amplitude modulation

(AM). First radio program of voice and music broadcasted in the
United States by Reginald Fessenden. Lee DeFrorest invents triode
(three-electrode) vacuum tube.
Year : 1906
Reginald Fessenden invents a high- frequency

Electric generator that produces radio waves with a
frequency of 100 kHz.
Year : 1907
General Electric develops a 100-kHz, 2-kW

alternator for radio communications.
Year : 1908
The Radio Act of 1910 is the first concurrence of

government regulation of radio technology and services.
Year : 1910
The Radio Act of 1912 in the United States brought order

to the radio bands by requiring station and operators licenses
and assigning blocks of the frequency spectrum to the existing
users.
Year : 1912
The cascade-tuning radio receiver and the

heterodyne receiver are introduced.
Year : 1913
Major Edwin Armstrong develops the

superheterodyne radio receiver.
Year : 1914
Vacuum-tube radio transmitters introduced.
Year : 1915
Shortwave radio is developed.
Year : 1919
Radio Station KDKA broadcasts the first regular

licensed radio transmission out of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Year : 1920
Radio Corporation of America (RCA) begins operating Radio

Central on Long Island. The American Radio League establishes contact
via shortwave radio with Paul Godley in Scotland, proving that shortwave
radio can be used for long distance communications.
Year : 1921
Vladimir Zworykin invents and demonstrates

television.
Year : 1923
A temporary five- member Federal Radio

Commission agency was created in the United States.
Year : 1927
Radio station WRNY in New York City begins

broadcasting television shows.
Year : 1928
Major Edwin Armstrong patents wide- band

frequency modulation (FM).
Year : 1931
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

created to regulate telephone, radio, and television
broadcasting.
Year : 1934
Commercial FM radio broadcasting begins with

monophonic transmission.
Year : 1935
Alec H. Reeves invents binary coded pulse-code

modulation. (PCM)
Year : 1937
National Broadcasting Company (NBC)

demonstrates television broadcasting. First use of two-way
radio communications using walkie-talkies.
Year : 1939
Columbia University Radio Club opens the first

regularly scheduled FM radio station.
Year : 1941
Television is born. FM moved from its original home

of 42 MHz to 50 MHz to 88 MHz to 108 MHz to make room.
Year : 1945
The American Telephone and Telegraph Company

(AT&T) inaugurated the first mobile telephone system for
the public called MTS (Mobile Telephone System).
Year : 1946
John Von Neumann created the first store program

electronic digital computer. Bell Telephone Laboratories unveiled
the transistor, a joint venture of scientist William Shockley, John
Bardeen and Walter Brattain.
Year : 1948
First transcontinental microwave system began

operation.
Year : 1951
Sony Corporation offers a miniature transistor radio,

one of the first mass produced consumer AM/FM radios.
Year : 1952
RCA and MBC broadcast first color television

transmission.
Year : 1953
The number of radio stations in the world exceeds

the number of newspapers printed daily.
Year : 1954
Texas Instruments becomes the first company to

commercially produce silicon transistors.
Year : 1954
Russia launches the world’s first satellite. (Sputnik)
Year : 1957
Kilby and Noyce develop first integrated circuits.

NASA launched the United States first satellite.
Year : 1958
FCC approves FM stereo broadcasting, which spurs

the development of FM. Citizens band (CB) radio first used.
Year : 1961
U.S. radio stations begin broadcasting stereophonic

sound.
Year : 1962
T1 (transmission 1) digital carrier systems introduced.
Year : 1963
First commercial communications satellite

launched.
Year : 1965
High-definition television (HDTV) introduced in

Japan.
Year : 1970
First commercial use of optical fiber cables.
Year : 1977
Cellular telephone networks introduced in the

United States.
Year : 1983
HDTV standards implemented in the United States.
Year : 1999
Digital Television (DTV) transmission began in the

United States.
Year : 1999
Definition
Are time-varying voltages or currents that
are continuously changing such as sine and cosine
waves.
Term:
analog signals
Definition
Is sometimes referred to as a power loss.
Term:
Attenuation
Definition
Is sometimes referred to as a ____________ , If
Pout = Pin, the absolute power gain is 1, and the dB
power gain is 0 dB.
Term:
Unity Power Gain
Definition
Are voltages or currents that change in
discrete steps or levels.
Term:
digital signals
Definition
In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas
A. Watson were the first to successfully transfer
human conversation over a crude metallic- wire
communications systems using this device.
Term:
Telephone
Definition
The first commercial radio broadcasting
station in 1920 that broadcasted amplitude
modulated signals in Pittsburgh.
Term:
KDKA
Definition
Is a logarithmic unit that can be used to
measure ratio.
Term:
Decibel (dB)
Definition
Is a unit of measurement used to indicate
the ratio of a power level with respect to a fixed
reference level (1mW).
Term:
dBm
Definition
One-tenth of a decibel.
Term:
Bel
Definition
A collection of one or more electronic
devices or circuits that converts the original source
information to a form more suitable for transmission
over a particular transmission medium.
Term:
Transmitter
Definition
Provides a means of transporting signals
between a transmitter and a receiver.
Term:
Transmission Medium
Definition
A collection of electronic devices and
circuits that accepts the transmitted signals fro the
transmission medium and then converts those
signals back to their original form.
Term:
Receiver
Definition
Is any unwanted electrical signals that
interfere with the information signal.
Term:
System Noise
Definition
Because it is often impractical to propagate
information signals over standard transmission media, it is
often necessary to modulate the source information onto
a higher-frequency analog signal called a ______.
Term:
Carrier
Definition
The process of changing one or more
properties of the analog carrier in proportion with
the information signal.
Term:
Modulation
Definition
A system in which energy is transmitted and
received in analog form (a continuously varying
signals such as a sine wave).
Term:
Analog Communication System
Definition
A true digital system where digital pulses
(discrete levels such as +5V and ground) are
transferred between two or more points in a
communications system.
Term:
Digital Transmission
Definition
The transmittal of digitally modulated
analog carriers between two or more points in a
communications system.
Term:
Digital radio
Definition
A modulation technique where the
information signal is analog and the amplitude (V)
of the carrier is varied proportional to the
information signal.
Term:
Amplitude Modulation ( AM )
Definition
information signal is analog and the frequency (f)
information signal.
Term:
Frequency Modulation ( FM )
Definition
information signal is analog and the phase ( ) of
the carrier is varied proportional to the information
signal.
Term:
Phase Modulation
Definition
information signal is digital and that amplitude (V)
information signal.
Term:
Amplitude Shift Keying ( ASK )
Definition
information signal is digital and the frequency (f) of
the carrier is varied proportional to the information
signal.
Term:
Frequency Shift Keying ( FSK )
Definition
information signal is digital and the phase ( ) of the
carrier is varied proportional to the information
signal.
Term:
Phase Shift Keying ( PSK )
Definition
A modulation technique where both the
amplitude and the phase of the carrier are varied
proportional to the information signal.
Term:
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation ( QAM )
Definition
Modulation is performed in a transmitter by
a circuit called ________.
Term:
Modulator
Definition
The reverse process of modulation and
converts the modulated carrier back to the original
information
Term:
Demodulation
Definition
Demodulation is performed in a receiver by
a circuit called _______.
Term:
Demodulator
Definition
2 Reasons why modulation is necessary in
electronic communications :
Term:
1. It is extremely difficult to radiate low-frequency signals
from an antenna in the form of electromagnetic energy.
2. Information signals often occupy the same frequency
band and, if signals from two or more sources are
transmitted at the same time, they would interfere with
each other.
Definition
A specific band of frequencies allocated a
particular service.
Term:
Channel
Definition
Process of converting a frequency or band
of frequencies to another location in the total
frequency spectrum.
Term:
Frequency Translation
Definition
The purpose of an electronic
communications system is to communicate
information between two or more locations
commonly called _____________ .
Term:
Stations
Definition
The number of times a periodic motion,
such as a sine wave of voltage or current, occurs in
a given period of time.
Term:
Frequency
Definition
Each complete alternation of the
waveform.
Term:
Cycle
Definition
Is an international agency in control of
allocating frequencies and services within the
overall frequency spectrum.
Term:
International Telecommunications Union ( ITU )
Definition
In the United States, assigns frequencies and
communications services for free-space radio
propagation.
Term:
Federal Communications Commission ( FCC )
Definition
Are signals in the 30Hz to 300Hz range and
include ac power distribution signals (60Hz) and low
frequency telemetry signals.
Term:
Extremely Low Frequencies ( ELF )
Definition
Are signals in the 300Hz to 3000Hz range and
include frequencies generally associated with
human speech.
Term:
Voice Frequencies ( VF )
Definition
Are signals in the 3kHz to 30kHz range which
include the upper end of the human hearing
range.
Term:
Very Low Frequencies ( VLF )
Definition
Are signals in the 30kHz to 300kHz range and
are used primarily for marine and aeronautical
navigation.
Term:
Low Frequencies ( LF )
Definition
Are signals in the 300kHz to 3MHz range and
are used primarily for commercial AM radio
broadcasting (535kHz-1605kHz).
Term:
Medium Frequencies ( MF )
Definition
Are signals in the 3MHz to 30MHz range and
are often referred to as short waves. Used for most
two-way radio communications.
Term:
High Frequencies ( HF )
Definition
Are signals in the 30MHz to 300MHz range and
are used for mobile radio, marine and aeronautical
communications, commercial FM broadcasting (88 to
108MHz) and commercial TV broadcasting of Ch 2 to 13
(54MHz to 216MHz).
Term:
Very High Frequencies ( VHF )
Definition
Are signals in the 300MHz to 3GHz range and are
used by commercial television broadcasting of channels
14 to 83, land mobile communications services, cellular
telephones, certain radar and navigation systems, and
microwave and satellite radio systems.
Term:
Ultrahigh Frequencies ( UHF )
Definition
Are signals in the 3GHz to 30GHz range and
include the majority of the frequencies used for
microwave and satellite radio communications
systems.
Term:
Super High Frequencies ( SHF )
Definition
Are signals in the 30GHz to 300GHz range
and are seldom used for radio communications
except in very sophisticated, expensive, and
specialized applications.
Term:
Extremely High Frequencies ( EHF )
Definition
Are signals in the 0.3THz to 300THz range and
are not generally referred to as radio waves. Used
in heat seeking guidance systems, electronic
photography, and astronomy.
Term:
Infrared
Definition
Includes electromagnetic frequencies that
fall within the visible range of humans (0.3PHz to
3PHz).
Term:
Visible Light
Definition
Used for optical fiber systems.
Term:
Light-wave Communications
Definition
The length that one cycle of an
electromagnetic wave occupies in space (i.e., the
distance between similar points in a repetitive
wave).
Term:
Wavelength
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVELENGTH SPECTRUM

Definition
Radio transmitter classifications according
to bandwidth, modulation scheme, and type of
information.
Term:
Emission Classifications
• The first symbol is a letter that

designates the type of
modulation of the main
carrier.
• The second symbol is a
number that identifies the
type of emission.
• The third symbol is another
letter that describes the type
of information being
transmitted.
Definition
The two most significant limitations on the
performance of a communications system are
________and ________.
Term:
Noise and Bandwidth
Definition
The difference between the highest and
lowest frequencies contained in the information.
Term:
Bandwidth
Definition
The bandwidth of a communications
channel is the difference between the highest and
lowest frequencies that the channel will allow to
pass through it.
Term:
Passband
Definition
A highly theoretical study of the efficient use
of bandwidth to propagate information through
electronic communications systems.
Term:
Information Technology
Definition
The measure of how much information can
be propagated through a communications system
and is a function of bandwidth and transmission
time.
Term:
Information Capacity
Definition
The most basic digital symbol used to
represent information.
Term:
Binary Digit / Bit
Definition
The number of bits transmitted during one
second and is expressed in bits per second (bps).
Term:
Bit Rate
Definition
In 1928, R. Hartley of Bell Telephone
Laboratories developed a useful relationship
among bandwidth, transmission time, and
information capacity.
Term:
Hartley’s Law
IαBxt
Definition
In 1948, mathematician Claude E. Shannon
published a paper in the Bell System Technical Journal
relating the information capacity of a communications
channel to bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio.
Term:
Shannon limit for information capacity
or
Definition
Any undesirable electrical energy that falls
within the passband of the signal.
Term:
Electrical Noise
Definition
Noise present regardless of whether there is
a signal present or not.
Term:
Uncorrelated Noise
Definition
Noise that is generated outside the device
or circuit.
Term:
External Noise
Definition
Noise that is naturally occurring electrical
disturbances that originate within Earth’s
atmosphere.
Term:
Atmospheric Noise
Definition
Atmospheric noise is commonly called
____________ .
Term:
Static Electricity
Definition
Noise consists of electrical signals that
originate from outside Earth’s atmosphere and is
sometimes called deep-space noise.
Term:
Extraterrestrial Noise
Definition
Extraterrestrial noise is sometimes called
____________ .
Term:
Deep-Space Noise
Definition
Noise generated directly from the sun’s
heat.
Term:
Solar Noise
Definition
Noise sources that are continuously
distributed throughout the galaxies.
Term:
Cosmic Noise
Definition
Noise that is produced by mankind.
Term:
Man-made Noise
Definition
Electrical interference generated within a
device or circuit.
Term:
Internal Noise
Definition
Noise caused by the random arrival of
carriers (holes and electrons) at the output element
of an electronic device.
Term:
Shot Noise
Definition
Any modification to a stream of carriers as
they pass from the input to the output of a device
produces an irregular, random variations.
Term:
Transit-time Noise
Definition
Associated with the rapid and random
movement of electrons within a conductor due to
thermal agitation.
Term:
Thermal Noise
THERMAL AGITATION HAS SEVERAL NAMES, INCLUDING :
• Thermal Noise, because it is temperature dependent;

• Brownian Noise, after its discoverer;
• Johnson Noise, after the man who related Brownian
particle movement of electron movement;
• White Noise, because the random movement is at all
frequencies;
Definition
Johnson proved that thermal noise power is
proportional to the product of bandwidth and
temperature.
Term:
Noise Power
N = KTB
Definition
A form of internal noise that is correlated
(mutually related) to the signal and cannot be
present in a circuit unless there is a signal.
“ no signal, no noise! “
Term:
Correlated Noise
Definition
Occurs when unwanted harmonics of a
signal are produced through nonlinear
amplification (nonlinear mixing).
Term:
Harmonic Distortion
Definition
The generation of unwanted sum and
difference frequencies produced when two or
more signals mix in a nonlinear device.
Term:
Inter-modulation Distortion
Definition
The original signal and also called the
fundamental frequency.
Term:
First Harmonic
Definition
A frequency two times the original signal
frequency.
Term:
Second Harmonic
Definition
A frequency three times the original signal
frequency.
Term:
Third Harmonic
Definition
Another name for harmonic distortion.
Term:
Amplitude Distortion
Definition
Characterized by high-amplitude peaks of
short duration in the total noise spectrum.
Term:
Impulse Noise
Definition
A form of external noise and as the name
implies it means to disturb or detract form.
Term:
Interference
Definition
Noise produced when information signals
from one source produce frequencies that fall
outside their allocated bandwidth and interfere
with information signals from another source.
Term:
Electrical Interference
Definition
The ratio of the signal power level to the
noise power level.
Term:
Signal-to-Noise Power Ratio ( S/N )
Definition
Figures of merit used to indicate how much
the signal- to-noise ratio deteriorates as a signal
passes through a circuit or series of circuits
Term:
Noise Factor ( F ) and Noise Figure ( NF )
FORMULA OF NOISE FACTOR

FORMULA FOR NOISE FIGURE
NF ( dB ) = 10 log F
Definition
A convenient parameter often used rather than
noise figure in low noise, sophisticated VHF, UHF,
microwave, and satellite radio receivers. It indicates the
reduction in the signal-to-noise ratio a signal undergoes
as it propagates through a receiver.
Term:
Equivalent Noise Temperature ( Te )
Te = T ( F – 1 )

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BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS

Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi

Electronic Communications Time Line

American Scientist and professor Joseph

Electronic Communications Time Line

Samuel Finley Breese Morse invented the telegraph.

Electronic Communications Time Line

Alexander Bain invented the facsimile.

Electronic Communications Time Line

Johann Phillip Reis completed the first nonworking

Electronic Communications Time Line

James Clerk Maxwell released his paper “Dynamic

Electronic Communications Time Line

Dr. Mahlon Loomis became the first person to

Electronic Communications Time Line

First transatlantic telegraph cable was installed.

Electronic Communications Time Line

Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson

Electronic Communications Time Line

Thomas Alva Edison invents the phonograph.

Electronic Communications Time Line

Heinrich Hertz discovers electromagnetic waves.

Electronic Communications Time Line

Heinrich Hertz discovers radio waves. Marchese

Electronic Communications Time Line

Heinrich Hertz detects and produces radio waves.

Electronic Communications Time Line

Marchese Guglielmo Marconi builds his first radio

Electronic Communications Time Line

Marchese Guglielmo Marconi discovered ground

Electronic Communications Time Line

Marchese Guglielmo Marconi established the first

Electronic Communications Time Line

American Scientist Reginald A. Fessenden the

Electronic Communications Time Line

Marchese Guglielmo Marconi transmits telegraphic radio

Electronic Communications Time Line

Valdemar Poulsen patents an arc transmission that

Electronic Communications Time Line

First radio transmission of music at Graz, Austria.

Electronic Communications Time Line

Marchese Guglielmo Marconi invents the

Electronic Communications Time Line

Reginald A. Fessenden invents amplitude modulation

Electronic Communications Time Line

Reginald Fessenden invents a high- frequency

Electronic Communications Time Line

General Electric develops a 100-kHz, 2-kW

Electronic Communications Time Line

The Radio Act of 1910 is the first concurrence of

Electronic Communications Time Line

The Radio Act of 1912 in the United States brought order

Electronic Communications Time Line

The cascade-tuning radio receiver and the

Electronic Communications Time Line

Major Edwin Armstrong develops the

Electronic Communications Time Line

Vacuum-tube radio transmitters introduced.

Electronic Communications Time Line