CELLULAR GENERATION

TECHNOLOGIES

TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted by
J.MANISHA
(15891A0481.)

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

VIGNAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE

Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad,
Programmes Accredited by NBA
Vignan Hills, Deshmukhi Vill., Pochampally Mdl., Yadadri Bhuvanagiri Dist.
A.Y. 2018

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VIGNAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad,
Programmes Accredited by NBA
Vignan Hills, Deshmukhi Vill., Pochampally Mdl., Yadadri Bhuvanagiri Dist.

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that j.manisha, 15891A0481. Submitted the Technical Seminar

Report titled “ cellular generation technologies.” in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in the

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering to Vignan Institute

of Technology and Science.

Mr.G.Venu Dr.N.Dinesh Kumar

Tech. Sem Coordinator Head of the Department

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of the task
would be great but incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible with
their constant guidance and encouragement crowns all the efforts with the success.

I would like to express our heart-felt gratitude to our parents without whom, I would
not have been privileged to achieve and fulfill our dreams. Iprofoundly thank Dr. N.
DINESH KUMAR, Head of the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
who has been the source of inspiration and laid a great support to our work.

I would like to thank our technical seminar coordinator Mr.G.Venu, Assistant

Professor, Department of ECEfor his technical guidance, constant encouragement and
support in completing the seminar

j.manisha
15891A0481.

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ABSTRACT

Mobile communication systems revolutionized the way people communicate. Evolution of

wireless access technologies is about to reach its fourth generation (4G) and the 5G mobile
networks will focus on the development of the user terminals where the terminals will have
access to different wireless technologies at the same time and will combine different flows
from different technologies. Looking past, wireless access technologies have followed
different evolutionary paths aimed at unified target related to performance and efficiency in
high mobile environment. The first generation (1G) has fulfilled the basic mobile voice, while
the second generation (2G) has introduced capacity and coverage. This is followed by the
third generation (3G), which has quest for data at higher speeds to open the gates for truly
“mobile broadband” experience, which was further realized by the fourth generation
(4G).The Fourth generation (4G) provides access to wide range of telecommunication
services, including advanced mobile services, supported by mobile and fixed networks,
which are increasingly packet based, along with a support for low to high mobility
applications and wide range of data rates, in accordance with service demands in multiuser
environment. Fifth generation should be more intelligent technology that interconnects the
entire world. This article provides a high level overview of the Long Term Evolution (LTE) and
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)-the leading technologies for
next-generation mobile broadband.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO LABEL PAGE.NO

1. Abstract 04

2. CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 06

3. CHAPTER-2 CHALLENGES IN NEXT GENERATION NETWORK 12

4. CHAPTER -3 APPLICATIONS OF NEXT GENERATION

FUTURE PROSPECTIVE OF 5G 13

5. CHAPTER -4 FUTURE PROSPECTIVE OF 5G COMMUNICATION 16

6. CHAPTER -5 CONCLUSION 18

7. References 19

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 CHAPTER -1

INTRODUCTION:
The cellular wireless generation (G) generally refers to a change in the fundamental nature
of the service, non-backwards compatible transmission technology, and new frequency
bands. New generations have appeared in every ten years, since the first move from 1981-
An analog (1G) to analog (2G) network. After that there was (3G) multimedia support,
spread spectrum transmission and 2011 all –IP Switched networks (4G) comes. The last few
years have witnessed a phenomenal growth in the wireless industry, both in terms of mobile
technology and its subscribers. There has been a clear shift from fixed to mobile cellular
telephony, especially since the turn of the century. By the end of 2010, there were over four
times more mobile cellular subscriptions than fixed telephone lines. Both the mobile
network operators and vendors have felt the importance of efficient networks with equally
efficient design. This resulted in Network Planning and optimization related services coming
in to sharp focus [1]. Next generation mobile networks, commonly referred to as 4G, and
are envisaged as a multitude of heterogeneous systems interacting through a horizontal IP-
centric architecture [2]. The 5G core is to be a Re-configurable, Multi-Technology Core. The
core could be a convergence of new technologies such as Nanotechnology, Cloud
Computing and Cognitive Radio, and based on All IP Platform.These new technologies
and the above mentioned requirements pose the several challenges toward 5G
development [3]. Mobile Cellular Network evolution has been categorized in to
‘generations’ as: 1G,2G,3G,4G.

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First generation(Analog):

First-generation mobile systems used analog transmission for speech services. In

1979, the first cellular system in the world became operational by Nippon Telephone
and Telegraph (NTT) in Tokyo, Japan. Two years later, the cellular epoch reached
Europe. In the United States, the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) was
launched in 1982. The two most popular analogue systems were Nordic Mobile
Telephones (NMT) and Total Access Communication Systems (TACS). The system
was allocated a 40-MHz bandwidth within the 800 to 900 MHz frequency range by
the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for AMPS. In fact, the smallest
reuse factor that would fulfill the 18db signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) using 120-
degree directional antennas was found to be 7. Hence, a 7-cell reuse pattern was
adopted for AMPS. Transmissions from thebase stations to mobiles occur over the
forward channel using frequencies between 869-894MHz.The reverse channel is used
for transmissions from mobiles to base station, using frequencies between 824-849
MHz AMPS and TACS use the frequency modulation (FM) technique for radio
transmission. Traffic is multiplexed onto an FDMA (frequency division multiple
access) system [3, 5].

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Second Generation (Digital)

Second-generation (2G) mobile systems were introduced in the end of 1980s. Compared to
first-generation systems, second-generation (2G) systems use digital multiple access
technology, such as TDMA (time division multiple access) and CDMA (code division
multiple access). Consequently, compared with first-generation systems, higher spectrum
efficiency, better data services, and more advanced roaming were offered by 2G systems. In
the United States, there were three lines of development in second-generation digital cellular
systems. The first digital system, introduced in 1991, was the IS-54 (North America TDMA
Digital Cellular), of which a new version supporting additional services (IS-136) was
introduced in 1996.Meanwhile, IS-95 (CDMA One) was deployed in 1993 [3]. 2G
communication is generally associated with global system for mobile (GSM) services; 2.5G
is usually identified as being fueled by general packet radio service(GPRS) along with GSM
[6].

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Third Generation (WCDMA in UMTS,
CDMA2000 & TD-SCDMA):

3G uses Wide Brand Wireless Network with which clarity is increased. 3G

telecommunication networks support services that provide an information transfer rate of at
least 2Mbps.In EDGE, high-volume movement of data was possible, but still the packet
transfer on the air-interface behaves like a circuit switches call. Thus part of this packet
connection efficiency is lost in the circuit switch environment. Moreover, the standards for
developing the networks were different for different parts of the world. Hence, it was decided
to have a network which provides services independent of the technology platform and whose
network design standards are same globally. Thus, 3G was born [7]. 3G is not one standard; it
is a family of standards which can all work together. An organization called 3rd Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP) has continued the work by defining a mobile system that fulfills
the IMT-2000 standard. In Europe, it was called UMTS (Universal Terrestrial Mobile
System), which is ETSI-driven. IMT2000 is the ITU-T name for the third generation system,
while cdma2000 is the name of the American 3G variant. WCDMA is the air-interface
technology for the UMTS. The main components includes BS (Base Station) or nod B, RNC
(Radio Network Controller), apart from WMSC (Wideband CDMA Mobile Switching
Centre) and SGSN/GGSN. 3G networks enable network operators to offer users a wider
range of more advanced services while achieving greater network capacity through improved
spectral efficiency. The first commercial 3G network was launched by NTT Do Co Mo in
Japan branded FOMA, based on W-CDMA technology on October 1, 2001 [8].

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Fourth Generation (All-IP)

The first successful field trial for 4G was conducted in Tokyo, Japan on June 23rd, 2005.
NTT Do Co Mo was successful in achieving 1Gbps real time packet transmission in the
downlink at a moving speed of about 20km/h. To use 4G services, multimode user terminals
should be able to select the target wireless systems. In current GSM systems, base stations
periodically broadcast signaling messages for service subscription to mobile stations.
However, this process becomes complicated in 4G heterogeneous systems because of the
differences in wireless technologies and access protocols. To provide wireless services at
anytime and anywhere, terminal mobility is a must in 4G infrastructure. Terminal mobility
allows mobile clients to roam across geographic boundaries of wireless networks. There are
two main issues in terminal mobility: location management and handoff management. With
location management, the system tracks and locates a mobile terminal for possible
connection. Location management involves handling all the information about the roaming
terminals, such as original and current located cells, authentication information etc. On the
other hand, handoff management maintains ongoing communications when the terminal
roams. Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is a standardized IP-based mobility protocol for IPv6 wireless
systems. In this design, each terminal has an IPv6 home address. Whenever the terminal
moves outside the local network, the home address becomes invalid, and the terminal obtains
a new IPv6 address (called a care-of address) in the visited network [9]. The design and
optimization of upcoming radio access techniques and a further evolution of the existing
system, the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) had laid down the foundations of
the future Long Term Evolution (LTE) advanced standards-the 3GPP candidate for 4G [10].
The target values of peak spectrum efficiency for LTE Advanced systems were set to
30bps/Hz and 15 Bps/Hz in downlink and uplink transmission respectively. Apart from the
multiple access schemes, enhanced multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel
transmission techniques and extensive coordination among multiple cell sites called
coordinated multipoint (CoMP) transmission/reception were accepted as the key techniques
for LTE [11].

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FIFTH
GENERATION(WiMAX,WWWW,RAT)

The 5G (Fifth Generation Mobile and Wireless Networks) can be a complete wireless
communication without limitation, which bring us perfect real world wireless – World Wide
Wireless Web (WWWW). 5G denotes the next major phase of mobile telecommunications
standards beyond the 4G/IMT-Advanced standards. At present, 5G is not a term officially
used for any particular specification or in any official document yet made public by
telecommunication companies or standardization bodies such as 3GPP, WiMaxForum, or
ITU-R. Each new release will further enhance system performance and add new capabilities
with new application areas. Some of the additional applications, benefiting from mobile
connectivity are home automation, smart transportation, security, and e-books [2]. IEEE
802.16 is a series of Wireless Broadband standards authorized by the Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). It has been commercialized under the name “WiMAX”
(from "Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access") by the WiMAX Forum industry
alliance. IEEE 802.16 standardizes the air interface and related functions associated with
wireless local loop [12]. 5G mobile technology has changed the means to use cell phones
within very high bandwidth. User never experienced ever before such a high value
technology. The 5G technologies include all type of advanced features which make 5G
mobile technology most powerful and in huge demand in near future. For children rocking
fun Bluetooth technology and Pico nets has become available in market. Users can also hook
their 5G technology cell phones with their Laptop to get broadband internet access. 5G
technology includes camera, MP3 recording, video player, large phone memory, dialing
speed, audio player and much more one can never imagine [13]. In fifth generation, Network
Architecture consists of a user terminal (which has a crucial role in the new architecture) and
a number of independent, autonomous radio access technologies (RAT) [14]. 5G mobile
system is all-IP based model for wireless and mobile networks interoperability. Within each
of the terminals, each of the radio access technologies is seen as the I Plink to the
outsideInternet world [15]. Comparative account of all generations (1G-5G) has been
depicted in Table 1 [16].

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 COMPARISION OF ALL GENERATIONS OF
MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES

Technology 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G

Feature
Start/ 1970 – 1980 1990 – 2004 2004-2010 Now Soon (probably
Deployment 2020)
Data 2kbps 64kbps 2Mbps 1 Gbps Higher than
Bandwidth 1Gbps
Technology Analog Cellular Digital Cellular CDMA 2000 Wi-Max LTE WWWW(coming
Technology Technology (1xRTT, EVDO) Wi-Fi soon)
UMTS, EDGE
Service Mobile Digital voice, Integrated high Dynamic Dynamic
Telephony SMS, Higher quality audio, Information Information
(Voice ) capacity video and data access, access, Wearable
packetized data Wearable devices with AI
devices Capabilities
Multiplexing FDMA TDMA, CDMA CDMA CDMA
CDMA
Switching Circuit Circuit, Packet Packet All Packet All Packet

Core Network PSTN PSTN Packet N/W Internet Internet

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 CHAPTER-2

CHALLENGES IN NEXT GENERATION

COMMUNICATION:

The challenge in the design of the terminals is connected to the management of trade between
the flexibility of how to use the spectrum and needed space and power to given platform.
New methods offer design dimensions that allow the system to adapt to the opportunities and
requirements of the terminals in a manner that shall maximize the spectral efficiency and also
maximize the battery power. As a result of growing level of acceptance of the wireless
technologies in different fields, challenges and types of wireless systems associated with
them are changing. In heterogeneous wireless networks the concept is "always best
connected" (always associated with the best quality), aimed at client terminals, and is
proposed in different researches [17]. In 4G business models, important issues are related to
privacy and security, creating industry standardsof excellence and meeting them in all facets
of the technology, dealing with handset limitations, improving poor use experience reported
by users for many different phones and importantly the lack of awareness of mobile data
services among people. 5G Wireless Access key challenges include avalanche of Traffic,
explosion of number of devices and diversity of requirements such as latency, reliability and
low cost and energy consumption. This multiplicity of requirements is in turn stretching the
limits of available technologies. Vision of Super Core is based on IP platform. All network
operators (GSM, CDMA, Wi-Max, Wire line) can be connected to one Super core with
massive capacity. This is realization of single network infrastructure. The concept of
supercore will eliminate all interconnecting charges and complexities, which right now
network operator is facing. It will also reduce number of network entities in end to end
connection, thus reducing latency considerably [18]. 5G network will not be only of more
speed but also capable of carry more data. This generation is expected to be rolled out around
2020. In 5G, network might solve the problem of frequency licensing and spectrum
managementissues. The 5G terminals might have software-defined radios. Also, it has
different modulation schemes and error-control schemes. It provides hundreds of channel
without streaming.

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 CHAPTER-3

APPLICATIONS OF NEXT
GENERATION NETWORK:

The next generation applications are set to evolve in a multiplatform environment. 4G

applications will be available across various wireless technologies like LTE, Wi-Fi, etc. and
also in devices like cell phones, laptops, e-readers, digital cameras, printers and so on. 4G
applications are very likely to be extended and improved versions of the existing 3G services,
but it is still unclear what the capacity of 4G will hold for the mobile world. Someof the
applications of next generation networks are [19-22]

Virtual Presence: This means that 4G and 5G provide user services at all times,
even if the user is off-site. Virtual navigation: 4G provides users with virtual navigation
through which a user can access a database of the streets, buildings etc. of large cities. This
requires high speed data transmission.

Tele-Medicine: 4G and 5G will support remote health monitoring of patients. A

user need not go to the hospital instead a user can get videoconference assistance for a doctor
at anytime and anywhere.

Tele-geoprocessingapplications: This is a combination of GIS

(Geographical Information System) and GPS (Global Positioning System) in which a user
can get the location by querying.

Crisis management: Natural disasters can cause breakdown in communication

systems. In today’s world it might take days or weeks to restore the system. But in 4G it is
expected to restore such crisis issues in a few hours.

Education: For people who are interested in lifelong education, 4G provides a good
opportunity. People anywhere in the world can continue their education through online in a
cost effective manner.

Artificial Intelligence: More applications combined with artificial intelligent

(AI) as human life will be surrounded by artificial sensors which could be communicating
with mobile phones.

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Travelling: Introducing the launch of new mobile phone apps; the use of Bluetooth &
NFC technology integrated smartphones in the passenger travel process. Technology is likely
to play a role in re-ordering these phases over the next decade, allowing, for example, people
to experience a destination virtually before transit, or to seek inspiration and share
information live, while they are travelling and experiencing a place.

Security: This layer also branches across all the layers of the 4G and 5G network
architecture which perform the function of authentication, authorization, encryption,
establishment and implementation of service policy agreement between the various vendors.

Economic growth: Economic growth is supported because these technology

changes allow consumers and businesses to benefit from high-value wireless data and content
services. This relationship had not yet been explicitly quantified yet.

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 CHAPTER-4

FUTURE PROSPECTIVE OF 5G
COMMUNICATION:
In the 5G system, each cell phone will have permanent "Home" IP address and "care of
address" which represents its actual location. When a computer on the Internet wants to
communicate with cell phone after that first, it sends a packet to the home address and
subsequently server on home address send a packet to the actual location through the tunnel.
Server also sends a packet to the computer to inform the correct address so that future packets
will send on that address [5]. Cloud computing is a technology that uses the internet and
central remote server to maintain data and applications. In 5G network this central remote
server will be our content provider. Cloud computing allows consumers and business to use
applications without installation and access their personal files at any computer with internet
access. The same concept is going to be used in Nano-core where the user tries to access his
private account from a global content provider through nanocore in form of cloud [23]. The
development of cloud computing provides operators with tremendous opportunities. The
advanced billing interfaces of 5G technology makess it more attractive and effective with the
following future perspectives [24].

• 5G technology provides subscriber supervision tools for fast action.

• The high quality services of 5G technology based on Policy to avoid error.

• 5G technology is providing large broadcasting of data in Gigabit which supports almost

65,000 connections.

• 5G technology offers transporter class gateway with unparalleled consistency.

• The traffic statistics by 5G technology makes it more accurate.

• Through remote management offered by 5G technology a user can get better and fast
solution.

• The remote diagnostics is also a great feature of 5G technology.

• The 5G technology is providing up to 25 Mbps connectivity speed.

• The 5G technology also support virtual private network.

• The new 5G technology will take all delivery service out of business prospect.

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• The uploading and downloading speed of 5G technology touching the peak.

• The 5G technology network offering enhanced and available connectivity just about the
world.

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 CHAPTER-5

CONCLUSION:

Mobile Wireless Communication Technology is going to be a new revolution in mobile

market. With the coming out of cell phone alike to personal data assistant (PDA) now our
whole office is in our finger tips or in our phone. 5G technology has a bright future because it
can handle best technologies and offer priceless handset to their customers.5G will promote
concept of Super Core, where all the network operators will be connected through one single
core and have one single infrastructure, regardless of their access technologies.4G and 5G
techniques provide efficient user services with lower battery consumption, lower outage
probability (better coverage), high bit rates in larger portions of the coverage area, cheaper or
no traffic fees due to low infrastructure deployment costs, or higher aggregate capacity for
many simultaneous users.

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REFERENCES:

[1] ITU (2009). Measuring the Information Society; The ICT Development Index [Online]
Available:http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/ publicati ons/idi/2009/material/IDI2009w5.pdf.

[2] http://www.scribd.com/doc/22050811/5g-Wireless-Architecture-v-1.

[3]http://share.pdfonline.com/c5524ffbc4a9415eb84e105fd5f34a/5GMobileTechnology1.htm

[4] http://www.globalreviewchannel.com/forum /3290-G-way.asp

[5] Kumaravel, K. (2011). Comparative Study of 3G and 4G in Mobile Technology.

International Journal of Computer Science 8(5): 256-263.

[6] “5G Mobile Phone Technology” from www.pediain.com

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