2020 5th International Electrical Engineering Conference (IEEC 2020)

Feb, 2020 at IEP Centre, Karachi, Pakistan

A Comprehensive Study: 5G Wireless Networks and Emerging Technologies

Sadiq Ur Rehman1, Afzal Hussain2, Faizan Hussain2, and Muhammad Adeel Mannan2
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology (FEST), Hamdard University
2
Department of Computing, Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology (FEST), Hamdard University
Karachi, 74600, Pakistan
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], and
[email protected]

Abstract: Fifth generation networks are the area in which a lot of researchers are spending their time to enhance its
performance as per dynamic change in wireless communication. The essential utilization of such a technique (5G) is
used to have higher data rates containing minimum latency. The data rate of 5G technology is usually gigabits per
second (Gbps). With respect to other technologies like 3G, 4G, LTE, and other networks, 5G networks provide better
capacity for the base station along with above the average Quality of Service (QoS). With the advancement in
technology and rise in the usages and demand of multimedia data, 5G networks are the most suitable option to achieve
the best QoS, improved capacity and overcoming the latest issue of cellular networks. Since many base stations and
devices are in connection with each other in 5G,

Keywords: 5G; Base Station (BS); QoS; data rate, Radio Access Network (RAN)

I. INTRODUCTION 2.5G and 3G use both types of switching technology.

These technologies use two types of spectrum license
At the beginning of wireless mobile communication, and unlicensed spectrums. [2]
it starts with the voice communication system only, i.e.
the first generation (1G). With the significant
advancement in wireless communication systems, there
was a steady improvement in the wireless mobile
communication which in result provide the second (2G),
third (3G) and fourth-generation (4G) wireless networks
respectively. Due to excessive use of multimedia and
internet utilizing applications along with the use of
voice features, some new technologies need to be
introduced by focusing increment in capacity, better
data rate, minimum latency and exceptional QoS. 5G
networks are the one which provides the
above-mentioned features that are highly required by
future networks. Some of the essential requirements of
5G systems are data rate, latency, energy utilization and Fig. 1. Evolution of Wireless Technologies [2]
cost [1]. Utilization of energy is always a challenging
aspect of designing and operation of all wireless
communication systems and the same goes for 5G A. 1st Generation (1G)
networks. It was introduced in the 1980s and based on various
different standards such as Nordic Mobile Telephone
II. EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS (NMT), Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) and
TECHNOLOGIES Total Access Communication System (TACS) [2]. 1G
used for transmitting voice signals with the data rate of
Wireless communication technologies have been 2.4kbps and uses frequency modulation technique. A lot
evolving from time to time to fulfill the demand of of disadvantages have been monitored in this generation
wireless network users such as high data rate, high in which improper hands-off, no security and capacity
throughput, minimum delay and best quality as well as issues are the main. Since in this analog technique data
to provide the network accessibility everywhere and for security is not reliable. Voice call data could be stolen
everyone. In this section, we take the overview of easily by hacking a user’s password [3].
wireless technologies from 1st generation to 5th
generation. As the generation of technologies growing B. 2nd Generation (2G)
from 1G to 5G their efficiency also increasing in terms 1990 is the era of 2G. It introduced digital technology
of utilization power, mobility, range spectrum sharing. in mobile phones. The first system of 2G was GSM for
Some of the old version of the wireless technology that voice communication, Short Message Service (SMS)
includes 1st generation networks and 2nd generation and email. Its data rate is higher than 1G up to 64Kbps.
networks use circuit switching. Packet switching was It saved battery time by using low power radio signals.
introduced from 4th generation and onwards. However, 2.5G is an enhanced version of 2.5G. It used the

1
framework of the 2G system and merged General III. CHALLENGES IN-MIGRATION FROM
Packet Radio Services (GPRS) with 2G technology to 4G TO 5G
increase the data rate up to 144 Kbps. It uses circuit 5G has been a hot research topic in the last few years.
switching as well as packet switching. As the whole system is deployed on 3G and 4G so, it's
not an easy task to migrate from 4G to 5G. Huge
C. 3rd Generation (3G) manpower is required to deploy this system as billions
It was introduced at the end of 2000. It has various of devices are using 4G technology right now. Some of
best features to accommodate the increasing the significant challenges in-migration from 4G to 5G
requirement of wireless communication systems and are as follow;
provides data rates up to 2Mbps. It allows IP based
internet on mobile access. This generation brought A. Multi-mode user terminals
remarkable changes in wireless communication by There are multi-mode terminals used in 4G, so there
maintaining QoS. There are several technologies that is a need to design a system consists of the single user
can be found in 3G these technologies are, namely terminal to get rid of size limitations, power utilization,
Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems, Code and cost and also to operate wireless networks of
Division Multiple Access and Wideband Code Division different types by using the approach of software radio.
Multiple Access [2]. Long Term Evolution (LTE) and
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access B. Selection of wireless systems among others
(WiMAX) is considered to be the technology that will In wireless communication, every system has its own
be a future of radio network with improving data rate, pros and cons. The selection of the wireless system is
capacity network coverage and cost [4-7]. very much dependent on the QoS requirement from the
customer. This is the choice of appropriate technology
D. 4rth Generation (4G) at the required place at a specific time.
4G networks are IP based communication systems
launched in the last few years. As sometimes high data C. Security
rate with minimum latency is the requirement of the Security is an essential part of any network. A
system. So, it facilitates users by providing mechanism should be designed which provides a
transformation of voice, data, and multimedia lightweight mechanism and should be adaptive and
everywhere and every time on high data rates and with reconfigurable.
minimum latency. 4G introduced the latest applications
in the world of the wireless network; among these D. Billing
applications, some examples are Multimedia Messaging Consumer billing is also a big challenge. It is
Service (MMS), video chat, Mobile TV, etc. [4-6]. challenging to handle account information of consumers
of many service providers.
E. 5th Generation (5G)
5G is known as the network technology for the E. Attacks on Application Level
future. Due to the increasing number of users, it has New software applications can be deployed to
been deploying commercially and replacing 4G systems support the 5G network, but it can have bugs or security
to 5G systems. 4G systems have not the ability to deal threats.
with the massive amount of data and not defined a
different strategy for indoor and outdoor uses. Channel F. Jamming and spoofing
interference may also make the system unreliable. Spoofing is the term used for a fake GPS signal and
While 5G has introduces to support spectrum utilization, the receiver treats these signals as the real signal.
provide ubiquitous computing and minimize the latency Attackers take advantage by using this technique and
up to zero [8]. 5G networks offer higher capacity as jamming occurs due to the transmission of signals from
compared to earlier generations but it faces many the transmitter at the same frequency shifts a GPS signal.
challenges such as higher capacity, lower delay, and The consumer should use the data which is encrypted.
high data rate, low cost and best quality of service for [9]. Some other challenges are to provide a high data
all users. Different standards of IEEE have introduced rate with optimization of energy, Scalable and flexible
and they are accommodating in the deployment of 5G. network with low latency. Handling interference among
802.11 an, 802.11 ac, 802.11 ads and 802.11 of our channels, functional impact on economic growth and
recently introduced standards which are different from many more. Table 3 represents the details regarding 5G
each other on the basis of bandwidth, frequency, technologies.
modulation techniques, range, data rate and many more.
Table 1 shows the brief details regarding the evolution
of wireless technology and table 2 represents the
technical comparison of 802.11 standards.

2
 Table 1. Evolution of Wireless Technology
Generation
Protocol Protocol MIMO Frequency Standard Core Tech.
and Time Bandwidth Switch
Family RAT Techniques Band Tech. N/W Mediums
Period
AMPS
IS-95, NMT Analog
1G 1980 TIA-EIA 95, FDMA FSK and FM 30KHz 800MHz TACS/ Cellular
CDMA One JTACS Technology
Circuit PSTN
PSTN
CDMA,
1992-
2G CDMA One TDMA, GMSK 200KHz 850/900/ GSM Digital
1997
FDMA 1800/1900 Cellular
3GPP Release CDMA, Packet/ MHz Technology
2.5G 1998 GMSK 200KHz GPRS
97 TDMA Circuit
CDMA2000 WCDMA,
PSTN/
3GPP TDMA,
Packet
2000- 3GPP Release TDSCDMA Packet/
3G QPSK UMTS N/W CDMA
2001 4IMT-2000 CDMA, Circuit 800/850/900
1.25MHz to 2000,
Release 99 EV-DO Rev /1800/1900/
5MHz UMTS,
(R99) A and B 2100 MHz
EDGE
QPSK HSPA: Packet
2002- 3GPP Release
3.5G EV-DO (HSDPA) HSDPA N/W and
2007 5 and 6
DL: 16QAM HSUPA Internet
UL:
SU-MIMO
3GPP Release UL:
(4x4)
2011- 10 and 11 SC-FDMA 1.4MHz to 1.8GHz to WiMax,
4G DL: LTE-A
2015 IMT-Advance DL: 20MHz 3.5GHz LTE Wi-Fi
MU-MIMO
d OFDMA Packet
(8x8)
FDD and TDD Internet
Advanced
MIMO
2016 3GPP release BDMA 1.8, 2.6 GHz
Massive
5G to 14, 15, and 16 NOMA 60GHz and expected NR? WWWW
MIMO
ahead ITU/IMT-202 Multi-RAT 30-300GHz
FBMC
FQAM

Table 2. Technical Comparison of 802.11 standards

Single Stream,
Technical Modulation Channel World-Wide
Nominal Data EIRP Range
Specification Scheme Bandwidth Availability
Rate
802.11an OFDM 20.4MHz Up to 150Mbps 22-36 dBm 12-70m indoor 
Up to 4333 Mbps
802.11ac OFDM 20, 40, 80MHz 22-29 dBm 12-35m indoor 
– 867 Mbps
OFDM, Low
power single 60m indoor, and
802.11ad 2GHz 4.6 Gbps 1-10 dBm 
carrier, single outdoor 100m
carrier
<100m indoor
802.11af OFDM 5, 10, 20, 40 MHz 54Mbps 16-20 dBm 
<outdoor 5Km

Table 3. 5G Specification Table

 IV. FEATURES OF 5G TECHNOLOGY • Device-to-Device (D2D) communications
• Massive Machine Communications (MMC)
5G is the enhancement of earlier generation, so, it has Some of the most critical technologies that will be
more powerful features to provide a flexible and reliable essential in upcoming wireless standards are as follows,
network which can support the requirements of high
data rate, low latency, and no interference. It will A. Massive MIMOs
capture the market in the coming few years as it has This technology is the upgraded form of MIMO
remarkable features and you can access any global technology. In this technology, arrays of multiple
information from your handset at any time. Some of the antennas being used that utilize the same frequency,
features are list down in below: time slot, and server number terminals. A key goal is to
utilize all the assets of that MIMO system. We can
• It is expected that it is a complete wireless conclude the massive MIMO can be counted as a new
communication that has no limitations that’s why it era technology which provides a secure spectrum,
is known as “REAL wireless world”. energy efficiency, robustness etc. [16]
• It also provides multimedia features to provide the
facility of review newspapers watching T.V B. Interference management
programs anywhere and at any time. In radio/ cellular wireless communication systems,
• Due to the high data rate, it reduces the transmission channel or frequency reuses the critical concept for the
time as compared to earlier generations. efficient utilization of resources. Moreover, in such
• It also supports the concept of artificial intelligence technology, user throughput, and efficient traffic
(AI) by providing access to the internet everywhere capacity are also important aspects. With the concept of
for every object. It also offers wearable devices. densification and reuse, there has been an advancement
• IPV6 is used to assign unique IDs to every object. in a system in terms of load sharing in-between local
• Cognitive Radio is the latest technology that is access networks and microcells. However, due to the
deploying gradually. It allows radio technologies of dramatic change in network load and in density, there
different types for sharing the unused spectrum. exists a co-channel interference at the edges of cells.
This approach depends on Software Defined Radio Therefore, the cochannel interface is a serious threat to
(SDN). the new radio technologies. Hence efficient interference
• It also provides high uploading and downloading management schemes are a must for next-generation
speed and broadcasts its data in Gigabits. networks. There are two critical techniques for
interference management, and details can be seen in
If we analyze all the features of 5G deeply so, we can [17]
conclude that it has changed the world of
telecommunication by offering the latest features that C. Spectrum Sharing
were not available in earlier generations. It is a great When it comes to focusing on the upcoming
blessing for a human being. broadband system for mobile communication [18,19],
wider bandwidths and broad-spectrum are required to
V. 5 G NETWORK’S EMERGING monitor the performance of a system. The sharing
system of the spectrum is possible in two ways i.e.
TECHNOLOGIES
vertical sharing or horizontal spectrum sharing.
Components of the network which are using spectrum
Researchers have predicted by looking at the rapid
collectively work as a balancer [20]
growth in the technology that the time is near when the
traffic of mobile radio and wireless will get
exponentially increased. Billions of devices will be VI. 5G NETWORK’S ARCHITECTURAL
connected to the internet in order to share and access REPRESENTATION
data without the limitation of time and place. Due to the As per the research of [21], it has been examined that
exponential increase in the challenges of the connecting 5G has been based on intelligent architecture although
device like scalability, power utilization, spectrum the architecture of 5G is complex due to the RAN
utilization, cost and many more will get arises. In [15], (Radio Access Network) it is working effectively.
a technical aim is proposed that can target the current Moreover, 5G also comes with the virtual and flexible
running networks by providing the system that can RAN that also comes with new interfaces that create
significantly enhance the performance and QoS of the additional access to data points. 5G offers huge
network. For the 5G system, the following are the potential for consumers and industry, as well as the
essential technologies components [15]. hope that it will be much faster than existing
• Radio-links technologies. 5G is committed to high social and
• Multi-node transmission economic value, where mobile devices play an even
more important role in the lives of those who want to
• Multi-antenna transmissions,
connect. 5G-based architecture networks use a modern
• Network dimension
ecosystem of technology and business innovations. The
• Spectrum usage 5G architecture supports thousands of new consumer
2
 and business applications, including manufacturing, networks are expected to provide a data rate of 10-50
energy, medical care and automobiles. Therefore, basic Gbps with a bandwidth of 60 GHz. There are many
5G architecture has been illustrated below the other features of 5G networks among which the most
development of relevant knowledge and information for highlighted are the usage of IPv6 and integration with
the readers regarding the working of 5G. Cognitive Radio and Software Defined Radio/Networks.
A lot of work is still required in the domain of data
privacy and security, energy utilization, spectrum
management and utilization etc.

LTE
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