Geometry CH 8

Right Triangles
and Trigonometry
8A Trigonometric Ratios
8-1 Similarity in Right Triangles
Lab Explore Trigonometric Ratios
8-2 Trigonometric Ratios
8-3 Solving Right Triangles
8B Applying Trigonometric
Ratios
8-4 Angles of Elevation and
Depression
Lab Indirect Measurement Using
Trigonometry
8-5 Law of Sines and Law of Cosines
8-6 Vectors
Ext Trigonometry and the Unit Circle
Written in Stone
Plimpton 322, a 4000-year-old
Babylonian tablet, lists columns
of numbers based on Pythagorean
triples and trigonometric ratios.
KEYWORD: MG7 ChProj
514 Chapter 8
Vocabulary
Match each term on the left with a definition on the right.
1. altitude A. a comparison of two numbers by division
2. proportion B. a segment from a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side
of a triangle
3. ratio
C. an equation stating that two ratios are equal
4. right triangle
D. a perpendicular segment from the vertex of a triangle to a
line containing the base
E. a triangle that contains a right angle
Identify Similar Figures

Determine if the two triangles are similar.
5. � 6. �
��
�
� �
�
��
�
� ��
� � �
Special Right Triangles
Find the value of x. Give the answer in simplest radical form.
7. � 8. � ��
� 9. � 10. �
��
� � ��
� �
� ��
� � �
��
� �
Solve Multi-Step Equations

Solve each equation.
11. 3(x - 1) = 12 12. -2(y + 5) = -1
13. 6 = 8(x - 3) 14. 2 = -1(z + 4)
Solve Proportions
Solve each proportion.
4 =_ 6 5 =_
x m =_8 y 9
15. _
y 16. _ 17. _ 18. _ = _
y
18 8 32 9 12 4
Rounding and Estimation

Round each decimal to the indicated place value.
19. 13.118; hundredth 20. 37.91; tenth
21. 15.992; tenth 22. 173.05; whole number
Right Triangles and Trigonometry 515

Key
Vocabulary/Vocabulario
Previously, you angle of depression ángulo de depresión
• identified similar polygons
and proved that triangles are angle of elevation ángulo de elevación
similar. cosine coseno
• used ratios and proportions.
geometric mean media geométrica
• solved real-world problems
using similarity. sine seno
tangent tangente
trigonometric ratio razón trigonométrica
vector vector
You will study

• similarity of right triangles. Vocabulary Connections
• how to use ratios and To become familiar with some of the
proportions to find missing vocabulary terms in the chapter, consider
side lengths in right triangles. the following. You may refer to the chapter,
• how to use trigonometric the glossary, or a dictionary if you like.
ratios to solve real-world
problems. 1. The term angle of elevation includes the
word elevation. What does elevate mean
in everyday usage? What do you think an
angle of elevation might be?
2. What is a depression? What do you think
the term angle of depression means?
3. A vector is sometimes defined as “a
You can use the skills directed line segment.” How can you use
learned in this chapter this definition to understand this term?
• in your future math classes, 4. The word trigonometric comes from
especially Trigonometry. the Greek word trigonon, which means
• in other classes, such “triangle,” and the suffix metric, which
as Physics and Physical means “measurement.” Based on
Education. this, how do you think you might use
• outside of school to measure a trigonometric ratio ?
distances, to estimate heights,
or to plan a course for hiking
or kayaking.
516 Chapter 8
Reading Strategy: Read to Understand
As you read a lesson, read with a purpose. Lessons are about one or two specific
objectives. These objectives are at the top of the first page of every lesson.
Reading with the objectives in mind can help you understand the lesson.
Identify the
objectives of
Identify similar polygons. the lesson.
Lesson 7-2 Ratios in Similar Polygons

Figures that are similar (∼) have the same shape but
not necessarily the same size.
Read through the
lesson to find where
� � � � � � � � the objectives are
explained.
△1 is similar to △1 is not similar to
△2 (△1 ∼ △2). △3 (△1 ≁ △3).
List any questions,

• Can two polygons be both similar and congruent?
problems, or
• In Example 1, the triangles are not oriented the trouble spots you
same. How can you tell which angles are congruent may have.
and which sides are corresponding?
• Similarity is represented by the symbol ∼. Write down any

Congruence is represented by the symbol ≅. new vocabulary
or symbols.
• Similar: same shape but not necessarily the same size
Try This
Use Lesson 8-1 to complete each of the following.
1. What are the objectives of the lesson?
2. Identify any new vocabulary, formulas, and symbols.
3. Identify any examples that you need clarified.
4. Make a list of questions you need answered during class.
Right Triangles and Trigonometry 517

8-1 Similarity in
Right Triangles
Objectives Why learn this?
Use geometric mean to You can use similarity relationships in right
find segment lengths in triangles to find the height of Big Tex.
right triangles.
Apply similarity
Big Tex debuted as the official symbol of the
relationships in right
State Fair of Texas in 1952. This 6000-pound
triangles to solve
problems. cowboy wears size 70 boots and a 75-gallon hat.
In this lesson, you will learn how to use right
Vocabulary triangle relationships to find Big Tex’s height.
Twisted Texas/Wesley Treat

geometric mean
In a right triangle, an altitude drawn from the
vertex of the right angle to the hypotenuse
forms two right triangles.
Theorem 8-1-1
The altitude to the hypotenuse of a right triangle forms

two triangles that are similar to each other and to the
original triangle.
ABC ∼ ACD ∼ CBD

PROOF Theorem 8-1-1

−−
Given: ABC is a right triangle with altitude CD.
Prove: ABC ∼ ACD ∼ CBD

Proof: The right angles in ABC, ACD, and CBD are all congruent. By the
Reflexive Property of Congruence, ∠A ∠A. Therefore ABC ∼ ACD by
the AA Similarity Theorem. Similarly, ∠B ∠B, so ABC ∼ CBD. By the
Transitive Property of Similarity, ABC ∼ ACD ∼ CBD.
EXAMPLE 1 Identifying Similar Right Triangles

Write a similarity statement comparing the three triangles. ,
*
Sketch the three right triangles with the angles of
the triangles in corresponding positions. / -
, -
,
/ - / * - *
By Theorem 8-1-1, RST ∼ SPT ∼ RPS.

1. Write a similarity statement
comparing the three triangles.

518 Chapter 8 Right Triangles and Trigonometry
ge07se_c08_0518_0523.indd 518 5/11/06 4:34:54 PM

Consider the proportion __ax = __bx . In this case, the means of the proportion are
the same number, and that number is the geometric mean of the extremes.
The geometric mean of two positive numbers is the positive square root of
their product. So the geometric mean of a and b is the positive number x such
that x = √ab
, or x 2 = ab.
EXAMPLE 2 Finding Geometric Means

Find the geometric mean of each pair of numbers. If necessary, give the
answer in simplest radical form.
A 4 and 9
Let x be the geometric mean.
x 2 = (4)(9) = 36 Def. of geometric mean
x=6 Find the positive square root.
B 6 and 15
√ 
x = 90 = 3 10 √ Find the positive square root.
Find the geometric mean of each pair of numbers. If necessary,

give the answer in simplest radical form.
2a. 2 and 8 2b. 10 and 30 2c. 8 and 9
You can use Theorem 8-1-1 to write proportions comparing the side lengths
of the triangles formed by the altitude to the hypotenuse of a right triangle.
All the relationships in red involve geometric means.
�
� �
�
�
� � �
�
�
� �
�
� �
� �
� � � � � �
�
b
_ y h _ _ _c = _b = _a _c = _b = _a
a=h= x a h x b y h
Corollaries Geometric Means
COROLLARY EXAMPLE DIAGRAM

8-1-2 The length of the altitude
to the hypotenuse of a right
triangle is the geometric
h 2 = xy
mean of the lengths of �
the two segments of the
�
hypotenuse. �
�
�
8-1-3 The length of a leg of a right
triangle is the geometric �
mean of the lengths of the a 2 = xc
hypotenuse and the segment b 2 = yc
of the hypotenuse adjacent
to that leg.
8-1 Similarity in Right Triangles 519

EXAMPLE 3 Finding Side Lengths in Right Triangles â
Ó
Find x, y, and z. Ý
x = (2)(10) = 20
2
x is the geometric mean of 2 and 10.
Once you’ve found = 2 √
x = √20 5 Find the positive square root.
the unknown side Þ
lengths, you can use y 2 = (12)(10) = 120 y is the geometric mean of 12 and 10.
£ä
the Pythagorean = 2 √
y = √120 30 Find the positive square root.
Theorem to check
your answers. z = (12)(2) = 24
2
z is the geometric mean of 12 and 2.
= 2 √
z = √24 6 Find the positive square root.
Õ Î
3. Find u, v, and w.
Û
Ü
EXAMPLE 4 Measurement Application

To estimate the height of Big Tex at the State Fair
of Texas, Michael steps away from the statue
until his line of sight to the top of the statue and
his line of sight to the bottom of the statue form
a 90° angle. His eyes are 5 ft above the ground,
and he is standing 15 ft 3 in. from Big Tex. How
tall is Big Tex to the nearest foot?
£xÊvÌÊÎÊ°
Let x be the height of Big Tex above eye level.
15 ft 3 in. = 15.25 ft Convert 3 in. to 0.25 ft.
xÊvÌ
(15.25)2 = 5x 15.25 is the geometric
mean of 5 and x. ÌÊ`À>ÜÊÌÊÃV>i
x = 46.5125 ≈ 47 Solve for x and round.
Big Tex is about 47 + 5, or 52 ft tall.
4. A surveyor positions himself so

that his line of sight to the top of
a cliff and his line of sight to the
bottom form a right angle as shown.
What is the height of the cliff to the ÓnÊvÌ
nearest foot?
x°xÊvÌ
THINK AND DISCUSS

1. Explain how to find the geometric mean of 7 and 21.
2. GET ORGANIZED Copy and complete ÌÌÕ`iÊÌ
the graphic organizer. Label the right Þ«ÌiÕÃi
triangle and draw the altitude to the iiÌÀV
hypotenuse. In each box, write a i>ÃÊ
proportion in which the given ,}ÌÊ/À>}iÃ
segment is a geometric mean.
i}Ê£ i}ÊÓ
ge07se_c08_0518_0523.indd 520 5/11/06 4:35:15 PM

8-1
Exercises KEYWORD: MG7 8-1
KEYWORD: MG7 Parent
GUIDED PRACTICE
1. Vocabulary In the proportion __28 = __
8
32
, which number is the geometric mean of
the other two numbers?
SEE EXAMPLE 1 Write a similarity statement comparing the three triangles in each diagram.
p. 518 2. � 3. � 4. �
�
�
� � � �
�
� �
SEE EXAMPLE 2 Find the geometric mean of each pair of numbers. If necessary, give the answer in
p. 519 simplest radical form.
5. 2 and 50 6. 4 and 16 7. _ 1 and 8
2
8. 9 and 12 9. 16 and 25 10. 7 and 11
SEE EXAMPLE 3 Find x, y, and z.

p. 520 11. � � 12. 13.
� � � ��
� ��
��
��
�
� �
� ��
SEE EXAMPLE 4 14. Measurement To estimate the length of the

p. 520 USS Constitution in Boston harbor, a student
locates points T and U as shown. What is RS � �
to the nearest tenth?
� ��
�
��
PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING

Independent Practice Write a similarity statement comparing the three triangles in each diagram.
For See
Exercises Example 15. � �
�
16. � � 17. �
�
15–17 1
18–23 2 � �
24–26 3 � �
�
27 4
Find the geometric mean of each pair of numbers. If necessary, give the answer
Extra Practice in simplest radical form.
Skills Practice p. S18
Application Practice p. S35
18. 5 and 45 19. 3 and 15 20. 5 and 8
1 and 80
21. _ 22. 1.5 and 12 2 and _
23. _ 27
4 3 40
Find x, y, and z.
24. � 25. 26.
��
� � � � ��
�
�
��
��
�

27. Measurement To estimate the height of the Taipei 101
tower, Andrew stands so that his lines of sight to the top
and bottom of the tower form a 90° angle. What is the height
of the tower to the nearest foot?
91 ft 3 in.
28. The geometric mean of two numbers is 8. One of the
numbers is 2. Find the other number.
29. The geometric mean of two numbers is 2 √ 5.
One of the numbers is 6. Find the other number. 5 ft
ge07sec08l01003a
Use the diagram to complete each equation. �
x =_ z ? u x+y _ v
30. _
z 31. _
u=x
_ 32. _ v = ? � �
? �
y z
33. _ = _
2
x 34. (?) = y(x + y) 35. u 2 = (x + y)(?)
? �
Give each answer in simplest radical form. �
36. AD = 12, and CD = 8. Find BD.

37. AC = 16, and CD = 5. Find BC.
38. AD = CD = √
2 . Find BD. �
5 , and AC = √
39. BC = √ 10 . Find CD. � �
40. Finance An investment returns 3% one year and 10% the next year. The average
rate of return is the geometric mean of the two annual rates. What is the average rate
of return for this investment to the nearest tenth of a percent?
41. /////ERROR ANALYSIS///// Two students were asked to find EF.
Which solution is incorrect? Explain the error. �
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42. The altitude to the hypotenuse of a right triangle divides the hypotenuse into
segments that are 2 cm long and 5 cm long. Find the length of the altitude
to the nearest tenth of a centimeter.
43. Critical Thinking Use the figure to show how �
�
Corollary 8-1-3 can be used to derive the Pythagorean
� �
Theorem. (Hint: Use the corollary to write expressions
for a 2 and b 2. Then add the expressions.)
�
44. This problem will prepare you for the Multi-Step Test Prep on page 542.
Before installing a utility pole, a crew must first � � �
dig a hole and install the anchor for the guy wire
̶̶̶ ̶̶
that supports the pole. In the diagram, SW ⊥ RT,
̶̶̶ ̶̶̶
RW ⊥ WT, RS = 4 ft, and ST = 3 ft.
̶̶̶
a. Find the depth of the anchor SW to the
�
nearest inch.
̶̶̶
b. Find the length of the rod RW to the nearest inch.

45. Write About It Suppose the rectangle and �
�
square have the same area. Explain why s must
be the geometric mean of a and b. �
46. Write About It Explain why the geometric mean

of two perfect squares must be a whole number.
47. Lee is building a skateboard ramp based on the plan �

shown. Which is closest to the length of the ramp
from point X to point Y?
4.9 feet 8.5 feet
5.7 feet 9.4 feet �
��
48. What is the area of △ABC? �

18 square meters 39 square meters
36 square meters 78 square meters
�
��
̶̶
49. Which expression represents the length of RS? � �
�
√y
+1 y2 �
√y y(y + 1)
� �
CHALLENGE AND EXTEND

50. Algebra An 8-inch-long altitude of a right triangle divides the hypotenuse into
two segments. One segment is 4 times as long as the other. What are the lengths of
the segments of the hypotenuse?
51. Use similarity in right triangles to find x, y, and z.
��
� ��
��
52. Prove the following. If the altitude �
to the hypotenuse of a right triangle
bisects the hypotenuse, then the � �
triangle is a 45°-45°-90° right triangle.
�
53. Multi-Step Find AC and AB to the ��
�
nearest hundredth.
� �
� �
�
��
SPIRAL REVIEW
Find the x-intercept and y-intercept for each equation. (Previous course)
54. 3y + 4 = 6x 55. x + 4 = 2y 56. 3y - 15 = 15x
The leg lengths of a 30°-60°-90° triangle are given. Find the length of the
hypotenuse. (Lesson 5-8)

57. 3 and √27 58. 7 and 7 √ 3 59. 2 and 2 √
3
For rhombus ABCD, find each measure, given that m∠DEC = 30y°, � �
m∠EDC = (8y + 15)°, AB = 2x + 8, and BC = 4x. (Lesson 6-4)
�
60. m∠EDC 61. m∠EDA 62. AB
� �

8-2
Explore Trigonometric
Ratios
In a right triangle, the ratio of two side lengths is known as a
trigonometric ratio.
Use with Lesson 8-2
KEYWORD: MG7 Lab8
Activity
1 Construct three points and label them A, B, and C.
 with common
 and AC
Construct rays AB
endpoint A. Move C so that ∠A is an acute angle.
2 Construct point D on AC. Construct a line

through D perpendicular to AB . Label the
intersection of the perpendicular line and
 as E.
AB
3 Measure ∠A. Measure DE, AE, and AD, the side

lengths of △AED.
DE , _
4 Calculate the ratios _ AE , and _
DE .
AD AD AE
Try This
1. Drag D along AC. What happens to the measure of ∠A as D
moves? What postulate or theorem guarantees that the
different triangles formed are similar to each other?
2. As you move D, what happens to the values of the three ratios
you calculated? Use the properties of similar triangles to
explain this result.
3. Move C. What happens to the measure of ∠A? With a new value
for m∠A, note the values of the three ratios. What happens to
the ratios if you drag D?
4. Move C until ___DE
AD
= ___
AE
AD
. What is the value of ___
DE
AE
? What is the
measure of ∠A? Use the properties of special right triangles
to justify this result.

8-2 Trigonometric
Ratios
Objectives Who uses this?
Find the sine, cosine, Contractors use trigonometric ratios
and tangent of an acute to build ramps that meet legal
angle.
requirements.
Use trigonometric ratios
to find side lengths
According to the Americans with
in right triangles and
to solve real-world Disabilities Act (ADA), the maximum
problems. slope allowed for a wheelchair ramp
is __
1
12
, which is an angle of about 4.8°.
Vocabulary Properties of right triangles help builders
trigonometric ratio construct ramps that meet this requirement.
sine
cosine By the AA Similarity Postulate, a right triangle �
tangent with a given acute angle is similar to every
other right triangle with that same acute � ��
� �
angle measure. So △ABC ∼ △DEF ∼△XYZ, �
and ___
BC
= ___
EF
= ___
YZ
. These are trigonometric ��
AC DF XZ � �
ratios. A trigonometric ratio is a ratio of
two sides of a right triangle. ��
� �
Trigonometric Ratios
DEFINITION SYMBOLS DIAGRAM

The sine of an angle is the ratio
sin A = __
opposite leg
=_
a
of the length of the leg opposite hypotenuse c
the angle to the length of the
hypotenuse. sin B = __ _
opposite leg
=
b
hypotenuse c
�
cos A = __ = _
In trigonometry, the The cosine of an angle is adjacent leg b
letter of the vertex c � �
the ratio of the length of the hypotenuse
of the angle is often
used to represent
leg adjacent to the angle to the
length of the hypotenuse. cos B = __ _
adjacent leg
=
a � �
hypotenuse c �
the measure of that
angle. For example,
the sine of ∠A is The tangent of an angle is the
tan A = __
opposite leg
=_
a
written as sin A. ratio of the length of the leg adjacent leg b
opposite the angle to the length
of the leg adjacent to the angle. tan B = __ _
opposite leg
=
b
adjacent leg a
EXAMPLE 1 Finding Trigonometric Ratios

Write each trigonometric ratio as a fraction and as �
��
a decimal rounded to the nearest hundredth. �
A sin R � ��
�
12 ≈ 0.92 opp. leg
sin R = _ The sine of an ∠ is _.
13 hyp.
8-2 Trigonometric Ratios 525

Write each trigonometric ratio as a fraction and as ,
a decimal rounded to the nearest hundredth. £Î
x
B cos R - £Ó
/
5 ≈ 0.38 adj. leg
cos R = _ The cosine of an ∠ is _.
13 hyp.
C tan S
5 ≈ 0.42 opp. leg
tan S = _ The tangent of an ∠ is _.
12 adj. leg
Write each trigonometric ratio as a

Ó{

fraction and as a decimal rounded to Ç
the nearest hundredth. Óx

1a. cos A 1b. tan B 1c. sin B
EXAMPLE 2 Finding Trigonometric Ratios in Special Right Triangles

Use a special right triangle to write sin 60° as a fraction.
ÓÃ ÎäÂ
в
ÃÊÊȖÎÊ
Ê Draw and label a 30°-60°-90° .
ÈäÂ
Ã
s √3 √
3 opp. leg
sin 60° = _ = _ The sine of an ∠ is _.
2s 2 hyp.
2. Use a special right triangle to write tan 45° as a fraction.
EXAMPLE 3 Calculating Trigonometric Ratios

Use your calculator to find each trigonometric ratio. Round to the nearest
hundredth.
A cos 76° B sin 8° C tan 82°
Be sure your
calculator is in
degree mode, not
radian mode.
cos 76° ≈ 0.24 sin 8° ≈ 0.14 tan 82° ≈ 7.12
Use your calculator to find each trigonometric ratio.

Round to the nearest hundredth.
3a. tan 11° 3b. sin 62° 3c. cos 30°
The hypotenuse is always the longest side of a right triangle. So the denominator
of a sine or cosine ratio is always greater than the numerator. Therefore the sine
and cosine of an acute angle are always positive numbers less than 1. Since the
tangent of an acute angle is the ratio of the lengths of the legs, it can have any
value greater than 0.
ge07se_c08_0525_0532.indd 526 5/11/06 4:54:32 PM

EXAMPLE 4 Using Trigonometric Ratios to Find Lengths
Find each length. Round to the nearest hundredth.
A AB �
̶̶
AB is adjacent to the given angle, ∠A.
You are given BC, which is opposite ∠A. ��
Since the adjacent and opposite legs
are involved, use a tangent ratio. ��
� �
opp. leg BC
tan A = _ = _ Write a trigonometric ratio.
adj. leg AB
6.1
tan 41° = _ Substitute the given values.
AB
AB = _ 6.1
Multiply both sides by AB and divide by tan 41°.
tan 41°
AB ≈ 7.02 in. Simplify the expression.
B MP
̶̶̶
MP is opposite the given angle, ∠N. � �
You are given NP, which is the hypotenuse. ��
Do not round until Since the opposite side and hypotenuse ��
the final step of �
are involved, use a sine ratio.
your answer. Use
the values of the opp. leg MP
sin N = _ = _ Write a trigonometric ratio.
trigonometric ratios hyp. NP
provided by your MP
calculator. sin 20° = _ Substitute the given values.
8.7
8.7(sin 20°) = MP Multiply both sides by 8.7.
MP ≈ 2.98 cm Simplify the expression.
C YZ � ��
��
YZ is the hypotenuse. You are given XZ,
which is adjacent to the given angle, ∠Z.
Since the adjacent side and hypotenuse
are involved, use a cosine ratio. �
adj. leg XZ
cos Z = _ = _ Write a trigonometric ratio.
hyp. YZ
12.6
cos 38° = _ Substitute the given values.
YZ
YZ = _ 12.6
Multiply both sides by YZ and divide by cos 38°.
cos 38°
YZ ≈ 15.99 cm Simplify the expression.

4a. DF 4b. ST �
�
��
��
� ��
��
4c. BC 4d. JL
� �
��
��
� � � �
��

EXAMPLE 5 Problem Solving Application
A contractor is building a wheelchair ramp
for a doorway that is 1.2 ft above the ground.
To meet ADA guidelines, the ramp will
make an angle of 4.8° with the ground.
To the nearest hundredth of a foot, what is A
the horizontal distance covered by the ramp? C
B
1 Understand the Problem
Make a sketch. The answer is BC. �

��
�
2 Make a Plan ge07sec08l02002a
��
̶̶ AB
BC is the leg adjacent to ∠C. You are given AB, which is the leg opposite ∠C.
Since the opposite and adjacent legs are involved, write an equation using
the tangent ratio.
3 Solve
tan C = _AB Write a trigonometric ratio.
BC
1.2
tan 4.8° = _ Substitute the given values.
BC
BC = _ 1.2 Multiply both sides by BC and divide by tan 4.8°.
tan 4.8°
BC ≈ 14.2904 ft Simplify the expression.
4 Look Back
The problem asks for BC rounded to the nearest hundredth, so round the
length to 14.29. The ramp covers a horizontal distance of 14.29 ft.
5. Find AC, the length of the ramp in Example 5, to the nearest

hundredth of a foot.
THINK AND DISCUSS

1. Tell how you could use a sine ratio to find AB. �
2. Tell how you could use a cosine ratio to find AB.
3. GET ORGANIZED Copy and complete the �
graphic organizer. In each cell, write the ��
meaning of each abbreviation and draw a � ��
diagram for each.
��
�
��
��
��
� �
� �
� ��
��
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8-2
KEYWORD: MG7 Parent
GUIDED PRACTICE
Vocabulary Apply the vocabulary from this lesson to answer each question.
1. In JKL, ∠K is a right angle. Write the sine of ∠J as a ratio of side lengths.
2. In MNP, ∠M is a right angle. Write the tangent of ∠N as a ratio of side lengths.
SEE EXAMPLE 1 Write each trigonometric ratio as a fraction and as a decimal rounded to

p. 525 the nearest hundredth.
3. sin C 4. tan A 5. cos A x {
6. cos C 7. tan C 8. sin A

Î

SEE EXAMPLE 2 Use a special right triangle to write each trigonometric ratio as a fraction.
p. 526 9. cos 60° 10. tan 30° 11. sin 45°
SEE EXAMPLE 3 Use your calculator to find each trigonometric ratio. Round to the nearest
p. 526 hundredth.
12. tan 67° 13. sin 23° 14. sin 49°
15. cos 88° 16. cos 12° 17. tan 9°
SEE EXAMPLE 4 Find each length. Round to the nearest hundredth.

p. 527 18. BC
19. QR * 20. KL

{Ê°
xäÂ
n°£Ê Ó°xÊV È£Â
ÓÎÂ

+ ,
SEE EXAMPLE 5 21. Architecture A pediment has a pitch 8

of 15°, as shown. If the width of the £xc
p. 528
pediment, WZ, is 56 ft, what is XY to 7 <
9
the nearest inch?

Independent Practice Write each trigonometric ratio as a fraction and as a £Ç
For See
decimal rounded to the nearest hundredth.
Exercises Example
22–27 1 22. cos D 23. tan D 24. tan F £x n
28–30 2 25. cos F 26. sin F 27. sin D

31–36 3
37–42 4 Use a special right triangle to write each trigonometric ratio as a fraction.
43 5
28. tan 60° 29. sin 30° 30. cos 45°
Extra Practice
Skills Practice p. S18 Use your calculator to find each trigonometric ratio. Round to the nearest hundredth.
Application Practice p. S35 31. tan 51° 32. sin 80° 33. cos 77°
34. tan 14° 35. sin 55° 36. cos 48°
ge07se_c08_0525_0532.indd 529 5/11/06 4:55:40 PM

37. PQ 38. AC 39. GH
�
� �
��
��
��
��
� � ��
� � � �
40. XZ 41. KL � 42. EF
� � �
��
��
��
� �
�
43. Sports A jump ramp for waterskiing

makes an angle of 15° with the surface
of the water. The ramp rises 1.58 m
above the surface. What is the
length of the ramp to the nearest ��
hundredth of a meter?
��
Use special right triangles to complete each statement.

44. An angle that measures ? has a tangent of 1.
̶̶̶̶
45. For a 45° angle, the ? and ? ratios are equal.
̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶
46. The sine of a ? angle is 0.5.
̶̶̶̶
47. The cosine of a 30° angle is equal to the sine of a ? angle.
̶̶̶̶
48. Safety According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA),
a ladder that is placed against a wall should make a 75.5° angle with the ground
for optimal safety. To the nearest tenth of a foot, what is the maximum height that
a 10-ft ladder can safely reach?
Find the indicated length in each rectangle. Round to the nearest tenth.
49. BC � � 50. SU � �
��
��
� �
��
51. Critical Thinking For what angle measures is the tangent ratio less than 1?
greater than 1? Explain.
̶̶
A utility worker is installing a 25-foot pole AB at �
̶̶ ̶̶
the foot of a hill. Two guy wires, AC and AD, will help
keep the pole vertical.
̶̶
a. To the nearest inch, how long should AC be?
̶̶
b. AD is perpendicular to the hill, which makes an angle �
of 28° with a horizontal line. To the nearest inch, � ��
how long should this guy wire be? �

53. Find the sine of the smaller acute angle in a triangle with side lengths of 3, 4,
and 5 inches.
History 54. Find the tangent of the greater acute angle in a triangle with side lengths of 7, 24,
and 25 centimeters.
55. History The Great Pyramid of Cheops in Giza, Egypt, was completed around
2566 B.C.E. Its original height was 482 ft. Each face of the pyramid forms a 52° angle
with the ground. To the nearest foot, how long is the base of the pyramid?
56. Measurement Follow these steps to calculate trigonometric ratios.
The Pyramid of Cheops
consists of more than a. Use a centimeter ruler to find AB, BC, and AC. �
2,000,000 blocks of
stone with an average b. Use your measurements from part a to find
weight of 2.5 tons each. the sine, cosine, and tangent of ∠A.
c. Use a protractor to find m∠A. � �
d. Use a calculator to find the sine, cosine, and
tangent of ∠A.
e. How do the values in part d compare to the ones you found in part b?
57. Algebra Recall from Algebra I that an identity is an equation that is true
for all values of the variables. �
a. Show that the identity tan A = _ sin A is true when m∠A = 30°. �
cos A �
b. Write tan A, sin A, and cos A in terms of a, b, and c. � � �
sin A .
c. Use your results from part b to prove the identity tan A = _
cos A
2
Verify that (sin A) + (cos A)2 = 1 for each angle measure.
58. m∠A = 45° 59. m∠ A = 30° 60. m∠A = 60°
2
61. Multi-Step The equation (sin A) + (cos A)2 = 1 is known as a
Pythagorean Identity. �
�
a. Write sin A and cos A in terms of a, b, and c. �
b. Use your results from part a to prove the identity � � �
(sin A)2 + (cos A)2 = 1.
c. Write About It Why do you think this identity is called a Pythagorean identity?
Find the perimeter and area of each triangle. Round to the nearest hundredth.
62. 63.
��
��
64. 65.
��
��
��
��
66. Critical Thinking Draw △ABC with ∠C a right angle. Write sin A and cos B in
terms of the side lengths of the triangle. What do you notice? How are ∠A and ∠B
related? Make a conjecture based on your observations.
67. Write About It Explain how the tangent of an acute angle changes as the angle
measure increases.

68. Which expression can be used to find AB? �
7.1(sin 25°) 7.1(sin 65°) ��
��
(
7.1 cos 25°) 7.1(tan 65°) ��
� �
69. A steel cable supports an electrical tower as shown.
The cable makes a 65° angle with the ground.
The base of the cable is 17 ft from the tower.
What is the height of the tower to the nearest foot?
8 feet 36 feet
15 feet 40 feet
��
70. Which of the following has the same value as sin M? ��
�
sin N cos N
tan M cos M
� �

Algebra Find the value of x. Then find AB, BC, and AC. Round each to the nearest unit.
71. � 72. �
��
��
� �
��
��
� �
��
73. Multi-Step Prove the identity (tan A)2 + 1 = _ 1 .

(cos A)2
74. A regular pentagon with 1 in. sides is inscribed in a circle.
Find the radius of the circle rounded to the nearest hundredth.
��
Each of the three trigonometric ratios has a reciprocal ratio,
as defined below. These ratios are cosecant (csc), secant (sec),
�
and cotangent (cot).
csc A = _ 1 sec A = _ 1 cot A = _ 1
sin A cos A tan A � �
Find each trigonometric ratio to the nearest hundredth.

� �
75. csc Y 76. sec Z 77. cot Y �
SPIRAL REVIEW
Find three ordered pairs that satisfy each function. (Previous course)
78. f(x) = 3x - 6 79. f(x) = -0.5x + 10 80. f(x) = x 2 - 4x + 2
Identify the property that justifies each statement. (Lesson 2-5)

̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
81. AB ≅ CD, and CD ≅ DE. So AB ≅ DE.
̶̶ ̶̶
82. AB ≅ AB
83. If ∠JKM ≅ ∠MLK, then ∠MLK ≅ ∠JKM.
Find the geometric mean of each pair of numbers. (Lesson 8-1)

84. 3 and 27 85. 6 and 24 86. 8 and 32

Inverse Functions
Algebra In Algebra, you learned that a function is a relation in which each element of
the domain is paired with exactly one element of the range. If you switch the
domain and range of a one-to-one function, you create an inverse function.
See Skills Bank
page S62
The function y = sin -1 x is the inverse of the function y = sin x.
��
��
��
��
If you know the value of a trigonometric ratio, you can use the inverse trigonometric
function to find the angle measure. You can do this either with a calculator or by looking
at the graph of the function. ��
��
��
� ��
��
� � ��
��
��
��
� �
� ��
Example
Use the graphs above to find the value of x for 1 = sin x. Then write this expression
using an inverse trigonometric function.
1 = sin x Look at the graph of y = sin x. Find where the graph intersects
the line y = 1 and read the corresponding x-coordinate.
x = 90°
90° = sin -1(1) Switch the x- and y-values.
Try This
Use the graphs above to find the value of x for each of the following. Then write each
expression using an inverse trigonometric function.
1. 0 = sin x 2. _1 = cos x 3. 1 = tan x
2
4. 0 = cos x 5. 0 = tan x 1 = sin x
6. _
2
Connecting Geometry to Algebra 533

8-3 Solving
Right Triangles
Objective Why learn this?
Use trigonometric ratios You can convert the percent grade
to find angle measures of a road to an angle measure by
in right triangles and
solving a right triangle.
to solve real-world
problems.
San Francisco, California, is famous for
its steep streets. The steepness of a road
is often expressed as a percent grade.
Filbert Street, the steepest street in
San Francisco, has a 31.5% grade. This
means the road rises 31.5 ft over a
horizontal distance of 100 ft, which is
equivalent to a 17.5° angle. You can use
trigonometric ratios to change a percent
grade to an angle measure.
EXAMPLE 1 Identifying Angles from Trigonometric Ratios

�
Use the trigonometric ratio cos A = 0.6 to determine
��
which angle of the triangle is ∠A. ��
adj. leg
cos A = _ Cosine is the ratio of the adjacent �
hyp. leg to the hypotenuse. ��
3.6 = 0.6
cos ∠1 = _ The leg adjacent to ∠1 is 3.6. The hypotenuse is 6.
6
4.8 = 0.8
cos ∠2 = _ The leg adjacent to ∠2 is 4.8. The hypotenuse is 6.
6
Since cos A = cos ∠1, ∠1 is ∠A.
Use the given trigonometric ratio to

� ��
determine which angle of the triangle ��
is ∠A.
�
1a. sin A = _8 1b. tan A = 1.875 ��
17
In Lesson 8-2, you learned that sin 30° = 0.5. Conversely, if you know that the
sine of an acute angle is 0.5, you can conclude that the angle measures 30°.
This is written as sin -1(0.5) = 30°.
If you know the sine, cosine, or tangent of an acute angle measure, you can use
the inverse trigonometric functions to find the measure of the angle.
The expression sin -1 x
is read “the inverse Inverse Trigonometric Functions
sine of x.” It does
not mean ____ 1
sin x
. You If sin A = x, then sin -1 x = m∠A.
can think of sin -1 x If cos A = x, then cos -1 x = m∠A.
as “the angle whose
sine is x.” If tan A = x, then tan -1 x = m∠A.

EXAMPLE 2 Calculating Angle Measures from Trigonometric Ratios
Use your calculator to find each angle measure to the nearest degree.
A cos -1(0.5) B sin -1(0.45) C tan -1(3.2)
When using your
calculator to find
the value of an
inverse trigonometric
expression, you may
need to press the cos -1(0.5) = 60° sin -1(0.45) ≈ 27° tan -1(3.2) ≈ 73°
[arc], [inv], or
[2nd] key.
Use your calculator to find each angle measure to the
nearest degree.
2a. tan -1(0.75) 2b. cos -1(0.05) 2c. sin -1(0.67)
Using given measures to find the unknown angle measures or side lengths of
a triangle is known as solving a triangle. To solve a right triangle, you need to
know two side lengths or one side length and an acute angle measure.
�
EXAMPLE 3 Solving Right Triangles
Find the unknown measures. Round lengths to the nearest �
hundredth and angle measures to the nearest degree.
� �
��
Method 1: Method 2:
By the Pythagorean Theorem,
AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2.
m∠A = tan -1 _( )
5 ≈ 34°
7.5
Since the acute angles of a right
= (7.5)2 + 5 2 = 81.25 triangle are complementary,
m∠C ≈ 90° - 34° ≈ 56°.
 ≈ 9.01.
So AC = √81.25
( )
m∠A = tan -1 _ 5 ≈ 34°
7.5
sin A = _5 , so AC = _
AC
5 .
sin A
Since the acute angles of a right 5
triangle are complementary, AC ≈ __ ≈ 9.01
m∠C ≈ 90° - 34° ≈ 56°.
⎡
⎣ ( )
sin ⎢tan -1 _5 ⎤
⎥
7.5 ⎦
3. Find the unknown measures. Round ��

� �
lengths to the nearest hundredth and
angle measures to the nearest degree. ��
�
Solving Right Triangles
Rounding can really make a difference! To find AC, �

I used the Pythagorean Theorem and got 15.62.
( )
Then I did it a different way. I used m∠A = tan -1 __
10
12
to ��
find m∠A = 39.8056°, which I rounded to 40°.
� �
sin 40° = ___
10
AC
, so AC = _____
10
sin 40°
≈ 15.56. ��
The difference in the two answers reminded me not

Kendell Waters to round values until the last step.
Marshall High School
8- 3 Solving Right Triangles 535

EXAMPLE 4 Solving a Right Triangle in the Coordinate Plane
The coordinates of the vertices of △JKL are J(-1, 2), K(-1, -3), and
L(3, -3). Find the side lengths to the nearest hundredth and the angle
measures to the nearest degree.
Step 1 Find the side lengths. �
Plot points J, K, and L. �

�
JK = 5 KL = 4
�
By the Distance Formula,
��
JL = √⎡⎣
3 - (-1)⎤⎦ 2 + (-3 - 2)2 .
= √
4 2 + (-5)2 � �
= √16
  ≈ 6.40
+ 25 = √41
Step 2 Find the angle measures.
̶̶ ̶̶
m∠K = 90° JK and KL are ⊥.
m∠J = tan -1 _ ()
4 ≈ 39°
5
̶̶ ̶̶
KL is opp. ∠J, and JK is adj. to ∠J.
m∠L ≈ 90° - 39° ≈ 51° The acute  of a rt. △ are comp.
4. The coordinates of the vertices of △RST are R(-3, 5),

S(4, 5), and T(4, -2). Find the side lengths to the nearest
hundredth and the angle measures to the nearest degree.
EXAMPLE 5 Travel Application

San Francisco’s Lombard
Street is known as one of
“the crookedest streets in
the world.” The road’s
eight switchbacks were built
in the 1920s to make the
steep hill passable by cars.
If the hill has a percent
grade of 84%, what angle
does the hill make with a
horizontal line? Round to
the nearest degree.
84% = _ 84 Change the percent grade to a fraction.

100
An 84% grade means the hill rises 84 ft for
every 100 ft of horizontal distance.
�
Draw a right triangle to represent the hill.
�� ∠A is the angle the hill makes with a
horizontal line.
� �
��
m∠A = tan -1 _
100 ( )
84 ≈ 40°
5. Baldwin St. in Dunedin, New Zealand, is the steepest street

in the world. It has a grade of 38%. To the nearest degree,
what angle does Baldwin St. make with a horizontal line?

THINK AND DISCUSS
�
1. Describe the steps you would use to solve △RST.
��
2. Given that cos Z = 0.35, write an equivalent
statement using an inverse trigonometric function.
� �
3. GET ORGANIZED Copy and complete the graphic ��
organizer. In each box, write a trigonometric ratio �
for ∠A. Then write an equivalent statement using
an inverse trigonometric function. � �
��
� �
��
��
��
��
8-3
KEYWORD: MG7 Parent
GUIDED PRACTICE
SEE EXAMPLE 1 Use the given trigonometric ratio to determine which angle ��
p. 534 of the triangle is ∠A. �
1. sin A = _4 1
2. tan A = 1_ 3. cos A = 0.6 ��
5 3 �
��
4. cos A = 0.8 5. tan A = 0.75 6. sin A = 0.6
SEE EXAMPLE 2 Use your calculator to find each angle measure to the nearest degree.
p. 535
7. tan -1(2.1) ()
1
8. cos -1 _
3 ()
5
9. cos -1 _
6
10. sin -1(0.5) 11. sin -1(0.61) 12. tan -1(0.09)
SEE EXAMPLE 3 Multi-Step Find the unknown measures. Round lengths to the nearest hundredth
p. 535 and angle measures to the nearest degree.
13. � 14. � � 15. �
��
��
��
��
� �
� ��
�
SEE EXAMPLE 4 Multi-Step For each triangle, find the side lengths to the nearest hundredth and
p. 536 the angle measures to the nearest degree.
16. D(4, 1), E(4, -2), F(-2, -2) 17. R(3, 3), S(-2, 3), T(-2, -3)
18. X(4, -6), Y(-3, 1), Z(-3, -6) 19. A(-1, 1), B(1, 1), C(1, 5)

SEE EXAMPLE 5 20. Cycling A hill in the Tour de France
p. 536 bike race has a grade of 8%.
To the nearest degree, what is the
angle that this hill makes with a
horizontal line?

Independent Practice Use the given trigonometric ratio to determine which angle
��
For See of the triangle is ∠A.
Exercises Example � �
21. tan A = _ 5 22. tan A = 2.4 12
23. sin A = _
21–26 1 ��
12 13
27–32 2
24. sin A = _ 5 12
25. cos A = _ 26. cos A = _5
33–35 3 13 13 13
36–37 4
38 5 Use your calculator to find each angle measure to the nearest degree.
27. sin -1(0.31) 28. tan -1(1) 29. cos -1(0.8)
Extra Practice
30. cos -1(0.72) 31. tan -1(1.55) 32. sin -1 _( )
9
17
Multi-Step Find the unknown measures. Round lengths to the nearest hundredth
and angle measures to the nearest degree.
33. �� 34. � ��
�
�� 35. �
� ��
��
��
�
��
� � �
�
Multi-Step For each triangle, find the side lengths to the nearest hundredth and
the angle measures to the nearest degree.
36. A(2, 0), B(2, -5), C(1, -5) 37. M(3, 2), N(3, -2), P(-1, -2)
38. Building For maximum accessibility, a wheelchair ramp should have a slope
between __
1
16
and __
1
20
. What is the range of angle measures that a ramp should make
with a horizontal line? Round to the nearest degree.
Complete each statement. If necessary, round angle measures to the nearest degree.
Round other values to the nearest hundredth.
39. tan ? ≈ 3.5 40. sin ? ≈ _ 2 41. ? 42° ≈ 0.74
̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶ 3 ̶̶̶̶
42. cos -1( ? ) ≈ 12° 43. sin -1( ? ) ≈ 69° 44. ? 60° = _ 1
̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶ 2
45. Critical Thinking Use trigonometric ratios to explain why the diagonal of
a square forms a 45° angle with each of the sides.
46. Estimation You can use trigonometry to find �
angle measures when a protractor is not available.
a. Estimate the measure of ∠P.
b. Use a centimeter ruler to find RQ and PQ.
c. Use your measurements from part b and an inverse
� �
trigonometric function to find m∠P to the nearest degree.
d. How does your result in part c compare to your estimate in part a?

An electric company wants to install a vertical utility pole
at the base of a hill that has an 8% grade.
a. To the nearest degree, what angle does the hill make
with a horizontal line?
b. What is the measure of the angle between the pole and
the hill? Round to the nearest degree.
c. A utility worker installs a 31-foot guy wire from the top of
the pole to the hill. Given that the guy wire is perpendicular
to the hill, find the height of the pole to the nearest inch.
The side lengths of a right triangle are given below. Find the measures of the acute
angles in the triangle. Round to the nearest degree.
48. 3, 4, 5 49. 5, 12, 13 50. 8, 15, 17
Fitness 51. What if…? A right triangle has leg lengths of 28 and 45 inches. Suppose the length
of the longer leg doubles. What happens to the measure of the acute angle opposite
that leg?
52. Fitness As part of off-season training, the Houston Texans football team must
sprint up a ramp with a 28% grade. To the nearest degree, what angle does this ramp
make with a horizontal line?
53. The coordinates of the vertices of a triangle are A(-1, 0), B(6, 1), and C(0, 3).
a. Use the Distance Formula to find AB, BC, and AC.
b. Use the Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem to show that ABC is a right
triangle. Identify the right angle.
Running on a treadmill c. Find the measures of the acute angles of ABC. Round to the nearest degree.
is slightly easier than
running outdoors,
Find the indicated measure in each rectangle. Round to the nearest degree.
since you don’t have
to overcome wind 54. m∠BDC 55. m∠STV
resistance. Set the ÇÊvÌ - /
treadmill to a 1% grade
ÓÊvÌ Î°ÓÊ
to match the intensity
of an outdoor run.
6 1
{°xÊ
Find the indicated measure in each rhombus. Round to the nearest degree.
56. m∠DGF 57. m∠LKN
{°{ÊV
{°nÊ° Ê°

Ó°{ÊV

58. Critical Thinking Without using a calculator, compare the values of

tan 60° and tan 70°. Explain your reasoning.
The measure of an acute angle formed by a line with Þ

ÞÊÊÝÊÊL
slope m and the x-axis can be found by using the
expression tan -1(m). Find the measure of the acute

angle that each line makes with the x-axis. Round to ä Ý
the nearest degree. £
2x + 1 ȜÊÊÊÌ>Ê£Ê
59. y = 3x + 5 60. y = _ 61. 5y = 4x + 3

3
ge07se_c08_0534_0541.indd 539 5/11/06 5:17:56 PM

62. /////ERROR ANALYSIS///// A student was asked to find
m∠C. Explain the error in the student’s solution. �
� �
��
��
��
� �
��
63. Write About It A student claims that you must know

the three side lengths of a right triangle before you can
use trigonometric ratios to find the measures of the
acute angles. Do you agree? Why or why not?
̶̶
64. DC is an altitude of right △ABC. Use trigonometric � �
ratios to find the missing lengths in the figure.
�
Then use these lengths to verify the three relationships �
in the Geometric Mean Corollaries from Lesson 8-1. ��
�
65. Which expression can be used to find m∠A? �

tan -1(0.75) cos -1(0.8) � �
sin -1
()3
_
5
tan -1
() 4
_
3 �
�
�
66. Which expression is NOT equivalent to cos 60°?

1
_ _sin 60°
2 tan 60°
sin 30° 1
cos -1 _
2 ()
67. To the nearest degree, what is the measure
of the acute angle formed by Jefferson St. 2.7 mi
Jefferson St.
and Madison St.?
Main St.
27° 59° M
ad 1.4 mi
iso
31° 63° nS
t.
68. Gridded Response A highway exit ramp
has a slope of __
3
20
. To the nearest degree,
find the angle that the ramp makes with
a horizontal line. ge07se_c08l03007a
AB

Find each angle measure. Round to the nearest degree.
69. m∠J 70. m∠A
� �
��
��
��
� � ��
�
Simply each expression.

71. cos -1(cos 34°) 72. tan⎡⎣tan -1(1.5)⎤⎦ 73. sin(sin -1 x)
74. A ramp has a 6% grade. The ramp is 40 ft long. Find the vertical distance
that the ramp rises. Round your answer to the nearest hundredth.

75. Critical Thinking Explain why the expression sin -1(1.5) does not make sense.
76. If you are given the lengths of two sides of
△ABC and the measure of the included angle, �
you can use the formula __12 bc sin A to find the � �
area of the triangle. Derive this formula. (Hint:
̶̶ � �
Draw an altitude from B to AC. Use trigonometric �
ratios to find the length of this altitude.)
SPIRAL REVIEW
The graph shows the amount of rainfall in a ��
city for the first five months of the year.
Determine whether each statement is true �
��
or false. (Previous course) �
�
77. It rained more in April than it did in January,
�
February, and March combined.
�
78. The average monthly rainfall for this five- �
month period was approximately 3.5 inches. �
��
��
��
��
��
�
79. The rainfall amount increased at a constant
rate each month over the five-month period. ��
Use the diagram to find each value, given that � ��

△ABC ≅ △DEF. (Lesson 4-3) ��
��
80. x 81. y 82. DF �
��
Use your calculator to find each trigonometric ratio. �
Round to the nearest hundredth. (Lesson 8-2) ��
� �
83. sin 63° 84. cos 27° 85. tan 64° ��
��
Using Technology
Use a spreadsheet to complete the following.
��
1. In cells A2 and B2, enter values for the leg lengths of a right triangle.
2. In cell C2, write a formula to calculate c, the length of the hypotenuse.
3. Write a formula to calculate the measure of ∠A in cell D2. Be sure to use the
Degrees function so that the answer is given in degrees. Format the value to
include no decimal places.
4. Write a formula to calculate the measure of ∠B in cell E2. Again, be sure to
use the Degrees function and format the value to include no decimal places.
5. Use your spreadsheet to check your answers for Exercises 48–50.

SECTION 8A
Trigonometric Ratios
It’s Electrifying! Utility workers
install and repair the utility poles and
wires that carry electricity from
generating stations to consumers. As
shown in the figure, a crew of workers
̶̶
plans to install a vertical utility pole AC
̶̶
and a supporting guy wire AB that is
perpendicular to the ground.
1. The utility pole is 30 ft tall. The crew finds

that DC = 6 ft. What is the distance DB from �
the pole to the anchor point of the guy wire?
2. How long is the guy wire? Round to the
nearest inch.
3. In the figure, ∠ABD is called the line angle. In
order to choose the correct weight of the cable
for the guy wire, the crew needs to know the
measure of the line angle. Find m∠ABD to the
nearest degree.
�
4. To the nearest degree, what is the measure of �
the angle formed by the pole and the guy wire? �
5. What is the percent grade of the hill on which
the crew is working?

SECTION 8A
Quiz for Lessons 8-1 Through 8-3
8-1 Similarity in Right Triangles
Find the geometric mean of each pair of numbers. If necessary, give the answer in
simplest radical form.
1. 5 and 12 2. 2.75 and 44 3. _ 15
5 and _
2 8
Find x, y, and z.
4. 5. � 6. ��
� � � ��
� � �
� �
� �
��
�
��
7. A land developer needs to know the distance

��
across a pond on a piece of property. �
What is AB to the nearest tenth of a meter?
�
8-2 Trigonometric Ratios
Use a special right triangle to write each trigonometric ratio as a fraction.
8. tan 45° 9. sin 30° 10. cos 30°
Use your calculator to find each trigonometric ratio. Round to the nearest
hundredth.
11. sin 16° 12. cos 79° 13. tan 27°

14. QR 15. AB 16. LM
� � �
��
��
��
� �
��
� � � �
8-3 Solving Right Triangles

Find the unknown measures. Round lengths to the nearest hundredth and angle
17. � 18. � � 19. � �
��
��
��
� � �
20. The wheelchair ramp at the entrance of the Mission Bay Library has
a slope of __
1
18
. What angle does the ramp make with the sidewalk?
Round to the nearest degree.
Ready to Go On? 543

8-4 Angles of Elevation
and Depression
Objective Who uses this?
Solve problems involving Pilots and air traffic controllers
angles of elevation and use angles of depression to
angles of depression.
calculate distances.
Vocabulary
angle of elevation An angle of elevation is the angle formed
angle of depression by a horizontal line and a line of sight to a
point above the line. In the diagram, ∠1 is
the angle of elevation from the tower T to
the plane P.
An angle of depression is the angle formed

by a horizontal line and a line of sight to a
point below the line. ∠2 is the angle of
depression from the plane to the tower.
P
2
Angle of depression
T 1
Angle of elevation
Since horizontal lines are parallel, ∠1 ≅ ∠2 by the Alternate Interior Angles

Theorem. Therefore the angle of elevation from one point is congruent
to the angle of depression from the other point.
EXAMPLE 1 Classifyingge07se_c08l04002a
Angles of Elevation and Depression
AB
Classify each angle as an angle of
elevation or angle of depression.
3
4
A ∠3
5
∠3 is formed by a horizontal
line and a line of sight to a
point below the line. It is
an angle of depression.
B ∠4 6
∠4 is formed by a horizontal
line and a line of sight to a
point above the line. It is an
angle of elevation.
Use the diagram above to classify each angle as an angle of

elevation or angle of depression.
1a. ∠5 1b. ∠6
ge07se_c08l04006a
AB
EXAMPLE 2 Finding Distance by Using Angle of Elevation
An air traffic controller at an airport sights a plane at an angle of
elevation of 41°. The pilot reports that the plane’s altitude is 4000 ft.
What is the horizontal distance between the plane and the airport?
Round to the nearest foot.
Draw a sketch to represent the given information. Let A represent the
airport and let P represent the plane. Let x be the horizontal distance
between the plane and the airport.
�
��
��
�
�
4000
tan 41° = _ x You are given the side opposite ∠A, and x is the side
adjacent to ∠A. So write a tangent ratio.
x=_4000 Multiply both sides by x and divide both sides by tan 41°.
tan 41°
x ≈ 4601 ft Simplify the expression.
2. What if…? Suppose the plane is at an altitude of 3500 ft

and the angle of elevation from the airport to the plane is 29°.
What is the horizontal distance between the plane and the
airport? Round to the nearest foot.
EXAMPLE 3 Finding Distance by Using Angle of Depression

A forest ranger in a 90-foot observation tower sees a fire. The angle of
depression to the fire is 7°. What is the horizontal distance between
the tower and the fire? Round to the nearest foot.
Draw a sketch to represent the given information. Let T represent the top
of the tower and let F represent the fire. Let x be the horizontal distance
between the tower and the fire.
The angle of � ��
depression may not
be one of the angles ��
in the triangle you
are solving. It may be � � �
the complement of
one of the angles in By the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem, m∠F = 7°.
the triangle. 90
tan 7° = _x Write a tangent ratio.
x=_ 90
Multiply both sides by x and
tan 7°
divide both sides by tan 7°.
x ≈ 733 ft Simplify the expression.
3. What if…? Suppose the ranger sees another fire and the
angle of depression to the fire is 3°. What is the horizontal
distance to this fire? Round to the nearest foot.
8- 4 Angles of Elevation and Depression 545

EXAMPLE 4 Aviation Application
A pilot flying at an altitude of 2.7 km sights two control towers directly
in front of her. The angle of depression to the base of one tower is 37°.
The angle of depression to the base of the other tower is 58°. What is the
distance between the two towers? Round to the nearest tenth of a kilometer.
Step 1 Draw a sketch. Let P represent the plane and let A and B
represent the two towers. Let x be the distance between the towers.
� �
��
��
Always make a ��
sketch to help you
correctly place the
given angle measure. ��
� � � �
�
�
Step 2 Find y.
By the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem, m∠CAP = 58°.
In △APC, tan 58° = _2.7 .
y
So y = _ 2.7 ≈ 1.6871 km.
tan 58°
Step 3 Find z.
By the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem, m∠CBP = 37°.
In △BPC, tan 37° = _2.7 .
z
So z = _ 2.7 ≈ 3.5830 km.
tan 37°
Step 4 Find x.
x=z-y
x ≈ 3.5830 - 1.6871 ≈ 1.9 km
So the two towers are about 1.9 km apart.
4. A pilot flying at an altitude of 12,000 ft sights two airports

directly in front of him. The angle of depression to one airport
is 78°, and the angle of depression to the second airport is 19°.
What is the distance between the two airports? Round to the
nearest foot.
THINK AND DISCUSS

1. Explain what happens to the angle of elevation from your eye to the
top of a skyscraper as you walk toward the skyscraper.
2. GET ORGANIZED Copy and complete the graphic organizer below.
In each box, write a definition or make a sketch.
��
��

8-4
KEYWORD: MG7 Parent
GUIDED PRACTICE
1. An angle of ? is measured from a horizontal line to a point above that line.
̶̶̶̶
(elevation or depression)
2. An angle of ? is measured from a horizontal line to a point below that line.
̶̶̶̶
(elevation or depression)
SEE EXAMPLE 1 Classify each angle as an angle of

p. 544 elevation or angle of depression.
4
3. ∠1
4. ∠2 3
2
5. ∠3
1
6. ∠4
SEE EXAMPLE 2 7. Measurement When the angle of elevation to ge07sec08l04007a

p. 545 the sun is 37°, a flagpole casts a shadow that is
24.2 ft long. What is the height of the flagpole to
the nearest foot?
��
��
SEE EXAMPLE 3 8. Aviation The pilot of a traffic helicopter sights an accident at an angle of
p. 545 depression of 18°. The helicopter’s altitude is 1560 ft. What is the horizontal
distance from the helicopter to the accident? Round to the nearest foot.
SEE EXAMPLE 4 9. Surveying From the top of a canyon, the angle of

p. 546 depression to the far side of the river is 58°, and the ��
angle of depression to the near side of the river is 74°.
��
The depth of the canyon is 191 m. What is the width ��
of the river at the bottom of the canyon? Round to
the nearest tenth of a meter.

Independent Practice Classify each angle as an angle of elevation or angle of depression.
For See
Exercises Example 10. ∠1
4
10–13 1 11. ∠2
14 2 3
12. ∠3 1
15 3
16 4 13. ∠4 2
Extra Practice
14. Geology To measure the height of a rock formation, a surveyor places her transit
100 m from its base and focuses the transit on the top of the formation. The angle of
elevation isge07se_c08l04008a
67°. The transit is 1.5 m above the ground. What is the height of the rock
formation? AB
Round to the nearest meter.

15. Forestry A forest ranger in a 120 ft observation tower sees a fire. The angle of
depression to the fire is 3.5°. What is the horizontal distance between the tower and
the fire? Round to the nearest foot.
Space Shuttle
16. Space Shuttle Marion is observing the launch of a space
shuttle from the command center. When she first sees the
shuttle, the angle of elevation to it is 16°. Later, the angle
of elevation is 74°. If the command center is 1 mi from the
launch pad, how far did the shuttle travel while Marion was
watching? Round to the nearest tenth of a mile.
Tell whether each statement is true or false. If false, explain why.

17. The angle of elevation from your eye to the top of a tree
increases as you walk toward the tree.
During its launch, a 16º
74º
space shuttle accelerates 18. If you stand at street level, the angle of elevation to a building’s
to more than 27,359 tenth-story window is greater than the angle of elevation to one 1 mi
km/h in just over 8 of its ninth-story windows.
minutes. So the shuttle ge07sec08l04003_A
travels 3219 km/h faster 19. As you watch a plane fly above you, the angle of elevation to the plane gets
each minute. closer to 0° as the plane approaches the point directly overhead.
20. An angle of depression can never be more than 90°.
Use the diagram for Exercises 21 and 22.

21. Which angles are not angles of elevation or angles � �
of depression?
�
�
22. The angle of depression from the helicopter to
the car is 30°. Find m∠1, m∠2, m∠3, and m∠4.
23. Critical Thinking Describe a situation in which the
angle of depression to an object is decreasing.
24. An observer in a hot-air balloon sights a building that is
50 m from the balloon’s launch point. The balloon has
��
risen 165 m. What is the angle of depression from the
balloon to the building? Round to the nearest degree.
25. Multi-Step A surveyor finds that the angle of elevation ��
to the top of a 1000 ft tower is 67°.
a. To the nearest foot, how far is the surveyor from the base of the tower?
b. How far back would the surveyor have to move so that the angle of
elevation to the top of the tower is 55°? Round to the nearest foot.
26. Write About It Two students are using shadows to calculate the height of a pole.
One says that it will be easier if they wait until the angle of elevation to the sun is
exactly 45°. Explain why the student made this suggestion.
The pilot of a rescue helicopter is flying over the ocean at an altitude of 1250 ft.
The pilot sees a life raft at an angle of depression of 31°.
a. What is the horizontal distance from the helicopter to the life raft, rounded
to the nearest foot?
b. The helicopter travels at 150 ft/s. To the nearest second, how long will it
take until the helicopter is directly over the raft?

28. Mai is flying a plane at an altitude of 1600 ft.
She sights a stadium at an angle of depression
��
of 35°. What is Mai’s approximate horizontal
��
distance from the stadium?
676 feet 1450 feet
1120 feet 2285 feet
29. Jeff finds that an office building casts a shadow that is 93 ft long when the angle of
elevation to the sun is 60°. What is the height of the building?
54 feet 81 feet 107 feet 161 feet
30. Short Response Jim is rafting down a river that runs through a canyon. He sees
a trail marker ahead at the top of the canyon and estimates the angle of elevation
from the raft to the marker as 45°. Draw a sketch to represent the situation. Explain
what happens to the angle of elevation as Jim moves closer to the marker.

31. Susan and Jorge stand 38 m apart. From Susan’s position,
the angle of elevation to the top of Big Ben is 65°. From ��
Jorge’s position, the angle of elevation to the top of Big Ben ��
is 49.5°. To the nearest meter, how tall is Big Ben? ��
32. A plane is flying at a constant altitude of 14,000 ft and a constant speed of 500 mi/h.
The angle of depression from the plane to a lake is 6°. To the nearest minute, how
much time will pass before the plane is directly over the lake?
33. A skyscraper stands between two school buildings. The two schools are 10 mi apart.
From school A, the angle of elevation to the top of the skyscraper is 5°. From school B,
the angle of elevation is 2°. What is the height of the skyscraper to the nearest foot?
34. Katie and Kim are attending a theater performance. Katie’s seat is at floor level.
She looks down at an angle of 18° to see the orchestra pit. Kim’s seat is in the balcony
directly above Katie. Kim looks down at an angle of 42° to see the pit. The horizontal
distance from Katie’s seat to the pit is 46 ft. What is the vertical distance between
Katie’s seat and Kim’s seat? Round to the nearest inch.
SPIRAL REVIEW
35. Emma and her mother jog along a mile-long circular path in opposite directions.
They begin at the same place and time. Emma jogs at a pace of 4 mi/h, and her
mother runs at 6 mi/h. In how many minutes will they meet? (Previous course)
36. Greg bought a shirt that was discounted 30%. He used a coupon for an additional
15% discount. What was the original price of the shirt if Greg paid $17.85?
(Previous course)
Tell which special parallelograms have each given property. (Lesson 6-5)
37. The diagonals are perpendicular. 38. The diagonals are congruent.
39. The diagonals bisect each other. 40. Opposite angles are congruent.
Find each length. (Lesson 8-1) �

� �
41. x 42. y 43. z
� �

8-4
Indirect Measurement
Using Trigonometry
A clinometer is a surveying tool that is
used to measure angles of elevation and
angles of depression. In this lab, you
Use with Lesson 8-4 will make a simple clinometer and use
it to find indirect measurements.
Choose a tall object, such as a flagpole
or tree, whose height you will measure.
Activity
1 Follow these instructions to make a clinometer.
a. Tie a washer or paper clip to the end of
a 6-inch string.
b. Tape the string’s other end to the midpoint
of the straight edge of a protractor.
c. Tape a straw along the straight edge of
the protractor.
2 Stand back from the object you want to

measure. Use a tape measure to measure
and record the distance from your feet to
the base of the object. Also measure the
height of your eyes above the ground.
3 Hold the clinometer steady and look through

the straw to sight the top of the object you are
measuring. When the string stops moving,
pinch it against the protractor and record
the acute angle measure.
Try This
1. How is the angle reading from the clinometer related to the angle of elevation
from your eye to the top of the object you are measuring?
2. Draw and label a diagram showing the object and the measurements you made.
Then use trigonometric ratios to find the height of the object.
3. Repeat the activity, measuring the angle of elevation to the object from a
different distance. How does your result compare to the previous one?
4. Describe possible measurement errors that can be made in the activity.
5. Explain why this method of indirect measurement is useful in real-world
situations.

8-5 Law of Sines and
Law of Cosines
Objective Who uses this?
Use the Law of Sines and Engineers can use the Law of Sines and the
the Law of Cosines to Law of Cosines to solve construction problems.
solve triangles.
Since its completion in 1370, engineers have

proposed many solutions for lessening the tilt
of the Leaning Tower of Pisa. The tower does
not form a right angle with the ground, so the
engineers have to work with triangles that are
not right triangles.
In this lesson, you will learn to solve any triangle.

To do so, you will need to calculate trigonometric
ratios for angle measures up to 180°.
You can use a calculator
to find these values.
EXAMPLE 1 Finding Trigonometric Ratios for Obtuse Angles

Use a calculator to find each trigonometric ratio. Round to the nearest
hundredth.
You will learn more A sin 135° B tan 98° C cos 108°
about trigonometric
ratios of angle
measures greater
than or equal to
90° in the Chapter
Extension.
sin 135° ≈ 0.71 tan 98° ≈ -7.12 cos 108° ≈ -0.31
Use a calculator to find each trigonometric ratio. Round to the

nearest hundredth.
1a. tan 175° 1b. cos 92° 1c. sin 160°
You can use the altitude of a triangle to find a relationship between the
triangle’s side lengths.
In △ABC, let h represent the length of the

̶̶
altitude from C to AB.
From the diagram, sin A = _ h , and sin B = _
h.
a �
b
By solving for h, you find that h = b sin A
� �
and h = a sin B. So b sin A = a sin B, �
sin A = _
and _ sin B .
a b � � �
You can use another altitude to show that
these ratios equal _ sin C .
c
8-5 Law of Sines and Law of Cosines 551

Theorem 8-5-1 The Law of Sines
For any △ABC with side lengths a, b, and c, �

� �
sin A
_ sin B
_ sin C
_
a = b = c .
� � �
You can use the Law of Sines to solve a triangle if you are given
• two angle measures and any side length (ASA or AAS) or
• two side lengths and a non-included angle measure (SSA).
EXAMPLE 2 Using the Law of Sines

Find each measure. Round lengths to the nearest
tenth and angle measures to the nearest degree.
A DF �
��
_sin D = _
sin E Law of Sines ��
EF DF
sin 105° = _
_ sin 32° ��
Substitute the given values.
18 DF
DF sin 105° = 18 sin 32° Cross Products Property
18 sin 32° ≈ 9.9 �
DF = _ Divide both sides by sin 105°.
In a proportion with sin 105°
three parts, you can
use any of the two B m∠S � �
parts together. sin S
sin T = _
_ Law of Sines �
RS RT �
sin 75° = _
_ sin S Substitute the given ��
7 5 values. �
5 sin 75°
sin S = _ Multiply both sides by 5.
7
m∠S ≈ sin -1 _ (
5 sin 75° ≈ 44°
7 ) Use the inverse sine function
to find m∠S.
Find each measure. Round lengths to the nearest tenth and angle
2a. NP � 2b. m∠L � ��
��
��
� �
2c. m∠X � 2d. AC � �

��
��
��
��
� � ��
��
�
The Law of Sines cannot be used to solve every triangle. If you know two side
lengths and the included angle measure or if you know all three side lengths,
you cannot use the Law of Sines. Instead, you can apply the Law of Cosines.

Theorem 8-5-2 The Law of Cosines
For any △ABC with side lengths a, b, and c: �

2 2 2
a = b + c - 2bc cos A � �
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 - 2ac cos B
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab cos C � � �
The angle referenced You will prove one case of the Law of Cosines in Exercise 57.
in the Law of
Cosines is across the
equal sign from its You can use the Law of Cosines to solve a triangle if you are given
corresponding side.
• two side lengths and the included angle measure (SAS) or
• three side lengths (SSS).
EXAMPLE 3 Using the Law of Cosines

Find each measure. Round lengths to the nearest tenth and angle measures
to the nearest degree.
�
A BC �
� ��
BC 2 = AB 2 + AC 2 - 2(AB)(AC)cos A Law of Cosines
= 14 2 + 9 2 - 2(14 )(9 )cos 62° Substitute the given
��
values.
BC 2 ≈ 158.6932 Simplify. �
BC ≈ 12.6 Find the square root
of both sides.
B m∠R �
�
ST 2 = RS 2 + RT 2 - 2(RS)(RT)cos R Law of �
Cosines �
9 = 4 + 7 -2(4 )(7 )cos R
2 2 2
Substitute the �
given values.
�
81 = 65 - 56 cos R Simplify.
16 = -56 cos R Subtract 65 from both sides.
16
cos R = -_ Solve for cos R.
56
m∠R = cos -1 -_
56 ( )
16 ≈ 107°
Use the inverse cosine
function to find m∠R.
Find each measure. Round lengths to the nearest tenth and angle
3a. DE � 3b. m∠K �
��
��
�
�
��
�
�
�
3c. YZ 3d. m∠R

��
� � �
��
��
� ��
�
�
�

EXAMPLE 4 Engineering Application
The Leaning Tower of Pisa is 56 m tall.
In 1999, the tower made a 100° angle with C
the ground. To stabilize the tower, an
engineer considered attaching a cable
from the top of the tower to a point that is
40 m from the base. How long would the
cable be, and what angle would it make 56 m
with the ground? Round the length to the
nearest tenth and the angle measure to 100º
the nearest degree. A 40 m B
Step 1 Find the length of the cable. ge07sec08l05002a

AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 - 2(AB)(BC)cos B Law of Cosines
= 40 2 + 56 2 - 2(40 )(56 )cos 100° Substitute the given values.
2
AC ≈ 5513.9438 Simplify.
AC ≈ 74.3 m Find the square root of both sides.
Step 2 Find the measure of the angle the cable would make
with the ground.
Do not round your
sin A = _
_ sin B Law of Sines
answer until the
final step of the
BC AC
computation. If a _ sin 100°
sin A ≈ _ Substitute the calculated value for AC.
problem has multiple 56 74.2559
steps, store the 56 sin 100°
sin A ≈ _ Multiply both sides by 56.
calculated answers 74.2559
to each part in your
calculator. m∠A ≈ sin -1 _ (74.2559 )
56 sin 100° ≈ 48°
Use the inverse sine function to
find m∠A.
4. What if…? Another engineer suggested using a cable

attached from the top of the tower to a point 31 m from the
base. How long would this cable be, and what angle would it
make with the ground? Round the length to the nearest tenth
and the angle measure to the nearest degree.
THINK AND DISCUSS

�
1. Tell what additional information, if any, is needed to
find BC using the Law of Sines. ��
2. GET ORGANIZED Copy and complete the graphic �

��
organizer. Tell which law you would use to solve each
given triangle and then draw an example. �
��

��
��
��
��
��
��

8-5
KEYWORD: MG7 Parent
GUIDED PRACTICE
SEE EXAMPLE 1 Use a calculator to find each trigonometric ratio. Round to the nearest hundredth.
p. 551 1. sin 100° 2. cos 167° 3. tan 92°
4. tan 141° 5. cos 133° 6. sin 150°
7. sin 147° 8. tan 164° 9. cos 156°
SEE EXAMPLE 2 Find each measure. Round lengths to the nearest tenth and angle measures to the
p. 552 nearest degree.
10. RT 11. m∠B 12. m∠F
�
� �
��
��
�
��
��
� � ��
��
�
SEE EXAMPLE 3 13. m∠Q 14. MN � 15. AB

� ��
p. 553 �
� � � ��
� � �
��
� �
��
�
SEE EXAMPLE 4 16. Carpentry A carpenter makes a triangular frame by joining three pieces of wood
p. 554 that are 20 cm, 24 cm, and 30 cm long. What are the measures of the angles of the
triangle? Round to the nearest degree.

Independent Practice Use a calculator to find each trigonometric ratio. Round to the nearest hundredth.
For See
Exercises Example 17. cos 95° 18. tan 178° 19. tan 118°
17–25 1 20. sin 132° 21. sin 98° 22. cos 124°
26–31 2
23. tan 139° 24. cos 145° 25. sin 128°
32–37 3
38 4
Find each measure. Round lengths to the nearest tenth and angle measures to the
Extra Practice nearest degree.
26. m∠C 27. PR 28. JL
��
� � � �
��
��
��
� � �
�
29. EF 30. m∠J 31. m∠X

� ��
�
��
��
��
� � � � �
��

nearest degree.
32. AB 33. m∠Z 34. m∠R
� � ��
�
��
��
��
��
� � � �
��
35. EF 36. LM 37. m∠G
� �
�
Surveying ��
� ��
��
��
� � ��
��
��
�
38. Surveying To find the distance across a lake,
��
a surveyor locates points A, B, and C as shown.
What is AB to the nearest tenth of a meter, and ��
� �
��
what is m∠B to the nearest degree?
Many modern surveys
are done with GPS
(Global Positioning Use the figure for Exercises 39–42. Round lengths to the nearest tenth and angle
System) technology. GPS measures to the nearest degree.
uses orbiting satellites 39. m∠A = 74°, m∠B = 22°, and b = 3.2 cm. Find a. �
as reference points from
which other locations 40. m∠C = 100°, a = 9.5 in., and b = 7.1 in. Find c.
� �
are established.
41. a = 2.2 m, b = 3.1 m, and c = 4 m. Find m∠B.
� � �
42. a = 10.3 cm, c = 8.4 cm, and m∠A = 45°. Find m∠C.
43. Critical Thinking Suppose you are given the three angle measures of a triangle.
Can you use the Law of Sines or the Law of Cosines to find the lengths of the sides?
Why or why not?
44. What if…? What does the Law of Cosines simplify
to when the given angle is a right angle?
45. Orienteering The map of a beginning 6 km
orienteering course is shown at right. Start 4k Second
m km checkpoint
To the nearest degree, at what angle should 3
First ?
a team turn in order to go from the first
checkpoint
checkpoint to the second checkpoint?
Multi-Step Find the perimeter of each triangle. Round to the nearest tenth.
46. 47. �� 48.
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ge07se_c08L05003a
49. The ambiguous case of the Law of Sines occurs whentopo map
you are given an acute angle
measure and when the side opposite this angle is shorter
Geometrythe
than other
2007 SEgiven side.
In this case, there are two possible triangles. Holt Rinehart Winston
Find two possible values for m∠C to the nearest Karen Minot �
degree. (Hint: The inverse sine function �
(415)883-6560
on your calculator gives you only acute ��
angle measures. Consider this angle ��
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and its supplement.) � � � �

Rescue teams at two heliports, A and B, receive word of a fire at F.
a. What is m∠AFB? �
b. To the nearest mile, what are the distances from each
heliport to the fire?
��
c. If a helicopter travels 150 mi/h, how much time is � �
��
saved by sending a helicopter from A rather than B?
Identify whether you would use the Law of Sines or Law of Cosines as the first step
when solving the given triangle.
51. �� 52. 53.
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54. The coordinates of the vertices of △RST are R(0, 3), S(3, 1), and T(-3, -1).
a. Find RS, ST, and RT.
b. Which angle of △RST is the largest? Why?
c. Find the measure of the largest angle in △RST to the nearest degree.
�
55. Art Jessika is creating a pattern for a piece
��
of stained glass. Find BC, AB, and m∠ABC.
� ��
Round lengths to the nearest hundredth
��
and angle measures to the nearest degree. �
��
�
56. /////ERROR ANALYSIS///// Two students were asked to
find x in △DEF. Which solution is incorrect? Explain the error. �
� �
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� � ��
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� ��
� ��
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57. Complete the proof of the Law of Cosines for the �

case when △ABC is an acute triangle.
Given: △ABC is acute with side lengths a, b, and c. � � �
Prove: a 2 = b 2 + c 2 - 2bc cos A
� �
� �
�
̶̶
Proof: Draw the altitude from C to AB. Let h be the length of this altitude.
̶̶
It divides AB into segments of lengths x and y. By the Pythagorean Theorem,
a 2 = a. ? , and b. ? = h 2 + x 2. Substitute y = c - x into the first equation
̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶
to get c. ? . Rearrange the terms to get a 2 = (h 2 + x 2) + c 2 - 2cx. Substitute the
̶̶̶̶ 2
expression for b to get d. ? . From the diagram, cos A = __bx . So x = e. ? .
̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶
Therefore a 2 = b 2 + c 2 - 2bc cos A by f. ? .
̶̶̶̶
58. Write About It Can you use the Law of Sines to solve �
�
△EFG? Explain why or why not. ��
� �
�

̶̶ �
59. Which of these is closest to the length of AB ?
��
5.5 centimeters 14.4 centimeters
7.5 centimeters 22.2 centimeters ��
� �
��
60. Which set of given information makes it possible
to find x using the Law of Sines? �
�
m∠T = 38°, RS = 8.1, ST = 15.3 �
RS = 4, m∠S = 40°, ST = 9 �
m∠R = 92°, m∠S = 34°, ST = 7
m∠R = 105°, m∠S = 44°, m∠T = 31°
61. A surveyor finds that the face of a pyramid

Y
makes a 135° angle with the ground. From a
point 100 m from the base of the pyramid,
the angle of elevation to the top is 25°.
̶̶ 25° 135°
How long is the face of the pyramid, XY ?
100 m X
48 meters 124 meters
81 meters 207 meters

62. Multi-Step Three circular disks are placed next 2 cm
to each other as shown. The disks have radii of 2 cm,
A
3 cm, and 4 cm. The centers of the disks form △ABC.
Find m∠ACB to the nearest degree. 3 cm B
63. Line ℓ passes through points (-1, 1) and (1, 3). C
Line m passes through points (-1, 1) and (3, 2).
Find the measure of the acute angle formed by ℓ 4 cm
and m to the nearest degree.
64. Navigation The port of Bonner is 5 mi due south of ge07se_
the port of Alston. A boat leaves the port of Alston at a
bearing of N 32° E and travels at a constant speed of 6 mi/h.
After 45 minutes, how far is the boat from the port of Bonner?
Round to the nearest tenth of a mile.
ge07se_c08l05006aa
AB
SPIRAL REVIEW
Write a rule for the nth term in each sequence. (Previous course)
65. 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, … 66. 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, … 67. 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, …
State the theorem or postulate that justifies

each statement. (Lesson 3-2) � �
�
�
68. ∠1 ≅ ∠8 69. ∠4 ≅ ∠5 � � �
�
70. m∠4 + m∠6 = 180° 71. ∠2 ≅ ∠7
Use the given trigonometric ratio to determine which

angle of the triangle is ∠A. (Lesson 8-3) � ��
��
72. cos A = _15 15
73. sin A = _ 74. tan A = 1.875 �
17 17 ��

8-6 Vectors
Objectives Who uses this?

Find the magnitude and By using vectors, a kayaker
direction of a vector. can take water currents into
Use vectors and vector account when planning a
addition to solve real- course. (See Example 5.)
world problems.
The speed and direction an
Vocabulary
object moves can be represented
vector
by a vector. A vector is a quantity
component form
magnitude that has both length and direction.
direction
You can think of a vector as a
equal vectors
directed line segment. The vector
parallel vectors
resultant vector below may be named AB  or v.
�
��
�
��
� ��
��
��
�
A vector can also be named using component form.
�
The component form 〈x, y〉 of a vector lists the
horizontal and vertical change from the initial point to � �
the terminal point. The component form of CD is 〈2, 3〉.
EXAMPLE 1 Writing Vectors in Component Form

Write each vector in component form.
A EF

The horizontal change from E to F is 4 units. �
The vertical change from E to F is -3 units.
So the component form of EF is 〈4, -3〉.
�
 with P(7, -5) and Q(4, 3)
B PQ
 = 〈x 2 - x 1, y 2 - y 1〉
PQ Subtract the coordinates of the initial point
from the coordinates of the terminal point.
 = 〈4 - 7, 3 - (-5)〉
PQ Substitute the coordinates of the given points.
 = 〈-3, 8〉
PQ Simplify.
Write each vector in component form.

1a. u
1b. the vector with initial point L(-1, 1) �
��
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and terminal point M(6, 2)
8-6 Vectors 559

The magnitude of a vector is its length. The magnitude of a vector is written
⎜AB
⎟ or ⎜ v⎟.
When a vector is used to represent speed in a given direction, the magnitude
of the vector equals the speed. For example, if a vector represents the course a
kayaker paddles, the magnitude of the vector is the kayaker’s speed.
EXAMPLE 2 Finding the Magnitude of a Vector

Draw the vector 〈4, -2〉 on a coordinate plane.
Find its magnitude to the nearest tenth.
�
�
Step 1 Draw the vector on a coordinate plane.
Use the origin as the initial point. Then (4, -2) �
is the terminal point. � �
��
Step 2 Find the magnitude. ��
Use the Distance Formula.
⎜〈4, -2〉⎟ = √

(4 - 0)2 + (-2 - 0)2 = √
20 ≈ 4.5
2. Draw the vector 〈-3, 1〉 on a coordinate plane.

Find its magnitude to the nearest tenth.
The direction of a vector is the angle that it makes �

with a horizontal line. This angle is measured
counterclockwise from the positive x-axis.
 is 60°.
The direction of AB ��
�
� �
��
The direction of a vector can also be given as
See Lesson 4-5, a bearing relative to the compass directions
page 252, to review � �
 has a bearing
north, south, east, and west. AB �
bearings.
of N 30° E.
EXAMPLE 3 Finding the Direction of a Vector

A wind velocity is given by the vector 〈2, 5〉.
Draw the vector on a coordinate plane.
Find the direction of the vector to the nearest degree.
Step 1 Draw the vector on a coordinate plane. � �
Use the origin as the initial point. ��
�
Step 2 Find the direction. �
Draw right triangle ABC as shown. ∠A is the
�
angle formed by the vector and the x-axis, and
� � �
()
5 . So m∠A = tan -1 _
5 ≈ 68°. �
tan A = _
2 2
3. The force exerted by a tugboat is given by the vector 〈7, 3〉.

Draw the vector on a coordinate plane. Find the direction
of the vector to the nearest degree.

Two vectors are equal vectors if they have the same
magnitude and the same direction. For example, u = v. �
�
�
� Equal vectors do not have to have the same initial point
and terminal point. �
� ��
Note that AB
 ≠ BA
 ��
��
��
�
��
since these vectors
do not have the Two vectors are parallel vectors if they have the same
��
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same direction. direction or if they have opposite directions. They may
have different magnitudes. For example, w  ǁ x. Equal
vectors are always parallel vectors. ��
� ��
�
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��
�
��
��
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�
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EXAMPLE 4 Identifying Equal and Parallel Vectors

Identify each of the following.
� �
A equal vectors �
�
AB 
 = GH Identify vectors with the same �
magnitude and direction.
� �
B parallel vectors �
AB  and CD
 ǁ GH  ǁ EF
 Identify vectors with the
same or opposite directions.
Identify each of the following. � �

4a. equal vectors �
�
4b. parallel vectors �
�
� �
The resultant vector is the vector that represents the sum of two given vectors.
To add two vectors geometrically, you can use the head-to-tail method or the
parallelogram method.
Vector Addition
METHOD EXAMPLE
Head-to-Tail Method
Place the initial point (tail) of the second vector
on the terminal point (head) of the first vector. �
� ��
The resultant is the vector that joins the initial � ��
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point of the first vector to the terminal point of
the second vector.
�
�
�
Parallelogram Method
Use the same initial point for both of the given
vectors. Create a parallelogram by adding a copy
of each vector at the terminal point (head) of the �
� ��
��
other vector. The resultant vector is a diagonal of
the parallelogram formed. �
��
�
�
�
8-6 Vectors 561

To add vectors numerically, add their components. If u
 = 〈x 1, y 1〉 and
v
 = 〈x 2, y 2〉, then u
+ v
 = 〈x 1 + x 2, y 1 + y 2〉.
EXAMPLE 5 Sports Application

A kayaker leaves shore at a bearing of N 55° E and paddles at a constant
speed of 3 mi/h. There is a 1 mi/h current moving due east. What are the
kayak’s actual speed and direction? Round the speed to the nearest tenth
and the direction to the nearest degree.
Step 1 Sketch vectors for the kayaker and the current.
� ��
� �
��
��
� � � �
� �
� �
Step 2 Write the vector for the kayaker in component form.
The kayaker’s vector has a magnitude of 3 mi/h and makes
Component form an angle of 35° with the x-axis.
gives the horizontal x , so x = 3 cos 35° ≈ 2.5.
and vertical change cos 35° = _
3
from the initial point y
to the terminal point sin 35° = _, so y = 3 sin 35° ≈ 1.7.
of the vector. 3
The kayaker’s vector is 〈2.5, 1.7〉.
Step 3 Write the vector for the current in component form.
Since the current moves 1 mi/h in the direction of the x-axis, it has
a horizontal component of 1 and a vertical component of 0. So its
vector is 〈1, 0〉.
Step 4 Find and sketch the resultant vector AB
.
Add the components of the kayaker’s vector and the current’s vector.
〈2.5, 1.7〉 + 〈1, 0〉 = 〈3.5, 1.7〉
The resultant vector in component form is 〈3.5, 1.7〉.
� ��
〈��〉
��
�
� �
��
�
Step 5 Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant vector.

The magnitude of the resultant vector is the kayak’s actual speed.
⎜〈3.5, 1.7〉⎟ = √

(3.5 - 0) 2 + (1.7 - 0)2 ≈ 3.9 mi/h
The angle measure formed by the resultant vector gives the kayak’s
actual direction.
1.7 , so A = tan -1 _
tan A = _
3.5 3.5 ( )
1.7 ≈ 26°, or N 64° E.
5. What if…? Suppose the kayaker in Example 5 instead

paddles at 4 mi/h at a bearing of N 20° E. What are the
kayak’s actual speed and direction? Round the speed to the
nearest tenth and the direction to the nearest degree.

THINK AND DISCUSS
1. Explain why the segment with endpoints (0, 0) and (1, 4) is not a vector.
2. Assume you are given a vector in component form. Other than the
Distance Formula, what theorem can you use to find the vector’s
magnitude?
3. Describe how to add two vectors numerically.
4. GET ORGANIZED Copy and complete ��
the graphic organizer.
��
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8-6
KEYWORD: MG7 Parent
GUIDED PRACTICE
1. ? vectors have the same magnitude and direction. (equal, parallel, or resultant)
̶̶̶̶
2. ? vectors have the same or opposite directions. (equal, parallel, or resultant)
̶̶̶̶
3. The ? of a vector indicates the vector’s size. (magnitude or direction)
̶̶̶̶
SEE EXAMPLE 1 Write each vector in component form. �
p. 559  with A(1, 2) and C(6, 5)
4. AC
5. the vector with initial point M(-4, 5) and terminal
point N(4, -3)
6. PQ
 �
SEE EXAMPLE 2 Draw each vector on a coordinate plane. Find its magnitude to the nearest tenth.
p. 560 7. 〈1, 4〉 8. 〈-3, -2〉 9. 〈5, -3〉
SEE EXAMPLE 3 Draw each vector on a coordinate plane. Find the direction of the vector to the
p. 560 nearest degree.
10. A river’s current is given by the vector 〈4, 6〉.
11. The velocity of a plane is given by the vector 〈5, 1〉.
12. The path of a hiker is given by the vector 〈6, 3〉.
SEE EXAMPLE 4 Identify each of the following. ��

p. 561 13. equal vectors in diagram 1 � � � �
� �
14. parallel vectors in diagram 1 �
�
15. equal vectors in diagram 2 � � � �
�
16. parallel vectors in diagram 2 � � �
8-6 Vectors 563

SEE EXAMPLE 5 17. Recreation To reach a campsite,
p. 562 a hiker first walks for 2 mi at a
N
bearing of N 40° E. Then he walks
3 mi due east. What are the 3 mi
Campsite
magnitude and direction of his
2 mi
hike from his starting point to the 40°
campsite? Round the distance to W E
the nearest tenth of a mile and the
S
direction to the nearest degree.

Independent Practice Write each vector in component form.
For See
Exercises Example  with J(-6, -7) and K(3, -5)
18. JK
18–20 1  with E(1.5, -3) and F(-2, 2.5)
19. EF ge07se_c08L06002a
��
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21–23 2 hiking map
20. w
24–26 3 Geometry 2007 SE
27–30 4 Holt Rinehart Winston
31 5 Karen
Draw each vector on a coordinate plane. Find its Minot to the nearest tenth.
magnitude
Extra Practice 21. 〈-2, 0〉 22. 〈1.5, 1.5〉 (415)883-6560
23. 〈2.5, -3.5〉
Application Practice p. S35 Draw each vector on a coordinate plane. Find the direction of the vector to the
nearest degree.
24. A boat’s velocity is given by the vector 〈4, 1.5〉.
25. The path of a submarine is given by the vector 〈3.5, 2.5〉.
26. The path of a projectile is given by the vector 〈2, 5〉.
Identify each of the following. ��

27. equal vectors in diagram 1 � � � �
� � �
28. parallel vectors in diagram 1 �
29. equal vectors in diagram 2 � � �

� �
30. parallel vectors in diagram 2 � � � � �
31. Aviation The pilot of a single-engine airplane ��

flies at a constant speed of 200 km/h at �
a bearing of N 25° E. There is a 40 km/h
crosswind blowing southeast (S 45° E). What ��
are the plane’s actual speed and direction?
��
Round the speed to the nearest tenth and
the direction to the nearest degree.
� �
�
Find each vector sum.
32. 〈1, 2〉 + 〈0, 6〉 33. 〈-3, 4〉 + 〈5, -2〉
34. 〈0, 1〉 + 〈7, 0〉 35. 〈8, 3〉 + 〈-2, -1〉
36. Critical Thinking Is vector addition commutative? That is, is u + v equal to
v + u ? Use the head-to-tail method of vector addition to explain why or why not.

A helicopter at H must fly at 50 mi/h in the direction N 45° E to reach the
site of a flood victim F. There is a 41 mi/h wind in the direction N 53° W.
The pilot needs to the know the velocity vector HX he should use so that
.
his resultant vector will be HF
a. What is m∠F ? (Hint: Consider a vertical line through F.)
�
b. Use the Law of Cosines to find the magnitude of HX  ��
to the nearest tenth. ��
��
c. Use the Law of Sines to find m∠FHX to the ��
nearest degree.
�
d. What is the direction of HX ?
Write each vector in component form. Round values to the nearest tenth.
38. magnitude 15, direction 42° 39. magnitude 7.2, direction 9°
40. magnitude 12.1, direction N 57° E 41. magnitude 5.8, direction N 22° E
42. Physics A classroom has a window near the ceiling,
and a long pole must be used to close it.
a. Carla holds the pole at a 45° angle to the floor
and applies 10 lb of force to the upper edge of the
window. Find the vertical component of the vector
representing the force on the window. Round to
the nearest tenth.
b. Taneka also applies 10 lb of force to close the
window, but she holds the pole at a 75° angle to
the floor. Find the vertical component of the force
vector in this case. Round to the nearest tenth.
c. Who will have an easier time closing the window,
Carla or Taneka? (Hint: Who applies more vertical force?)
43. Probability The numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 are written on slips of paper and
placed in a hat. Two different slips of paper are chosen at random to be
the x- and y-components of a vector.
a. What is the probability that the vector will be equal to 〈1, 2〉?
b. What is the probability that the vector will be parallel to 〈1, 2〉?
44. Estimation Use the vector 〈4, 6〉 to complete the following.
a. Draw the vector on a sheet of graph paper.
b. Estimate the vector’s direction to the nearest degree.
c. Use a protractor to measure the angle the vector makes with a horizontal line.
d. Use the vector’s components to calculate its direction.
e. How did your estimate in part b compare to your measurement in part c and
your calculation in part d?
Multi-Step Find the magnitude of each vector to the

nearest tenth and the direction of each vector to the
�
��
nearest degree. ��
�
�
�
45. u 46. v ��
�
47. w 48. z
�
��
8-6 Vectors 565

49. Football Write two vectors in component form to represent the pass pattern
that Jason is told to run. Find the resultant vector and show that Jason’s move
is equivalent to the vector.
FOXTROT © 1999 Bill Amend. Reprinted with permission of UNIVERSAL PRESS SYNDICATE.
All rights reserved.
For each given vector, find another vector that has the same magnitude but
a different direction. Then find a vector that has the same direction but a
different magnitude.
50. 〈-3, 6〉 51. 〈12, 5〉 52. 〈8, -11〉
Multi-Step Find the sum of each pair of vectors. Then find the magnitude and
direction of the resultant vector. Round the magnitude to the nearest tenth and the
direction to the nearest degree.
Math History 53. u = 〈1, 2〉, v = 〈2.5, -1〉 54. u = 〈-2, 7〉, v = 〈4.8, -3.1〉
55. u = 〈6, 0〉, v = 〈-2, 4〉 56. u = 〈-1.2, 8〉, v = 〈5.2, -2.1〉
57. Math History In 1827, the mathematician August Ferdinand Möbius published
a book in which he introduced directed line segments (what we now call vectors).
He showed how to perform scalar multiplication of vectors. For example, consider
a hiker who walks along a path given by the vector v. The path of another hiker who
walks twice as far in the same direction is given by the vector 2 v.
a. Write the component form of the vectors v and 2v.
August Ferdinand b. Find the magnitude of v and 2v. How do they compare?
Möbius is best known
for experimenting with c. Find the direction of v and 2 v. How do they compare? Ч
ÓÊÊÛÊ
the Möbius strip, a d. Given the component form of a vector, explain how to find
three-dimensional figure ÛЧ
Ê Ê
the components of the vector k v, where k is a constant.
that has only one side
e. Use scalar multiplication with k = -1 to write the negation
and one edge.
of a vector v in component form.
58. Critical Thinking A vector u points due west with a magnitude of u units.
Another vector v points due east with a magnitude of v units. Describe three
possible directions and magnitudes for the resultant vector.
59. Write About It Compare a line segment, a ray, and a vector.
ge07se_c08_0559_0567.indd 566 5/11/06 4:57:31 PM

60. Which vector is parallel to 〈2, 1〉?
�
��
u w ��
� ��
�
v z
��
� ��
61. The vector 〈7, 9〉 represents the velocity of a helicopter. �
��
��
What is the direction of this vector to the nearest degree?
38° 52° 128° 142°
62. A canoe sets out on a course given by the vector 〈5, 11〉. What is the length of the
canoe’s course to the nearest unit?
6 8 12 16
63. Gridded Response AB  has an initial point of (-3, 6) and a terminal point of
(-5, -2). Find the magnitude of AB to the nearest tenth.

Recall that the angle of a vector’s direction is measured counterclockwise from the
positive x-axis. Find the direction of each vector to the nearest degree.
64. 〈-2, 3〉 65. 〈-4, 0〉 66. 〈-5, -3〉
67. Navigation The captain of a ship is planning to sail in an area where there is a
4 mi/h current moving due east. What speed and bearing should the captain
maintain so that the ship’s actual course (taking the current into account) is 10 mi/h
at a bearing of N 70° E? Round the speed to the nearest tenth and the direction to
the nearest degree.
68. Aaron hikes from his home to a park by walking 3 km at a bearing of N 30° E,
then 6 km due east, and then 4 km at a bearing of N 50° E. What are the magnitude
and direction of the vector that represents the straight path from Aaron’s home to
the park? Round the magnitude to the nearest tenth and the direction to the
nearest degree.
SPIRAL REVIEW
Solve each system of equations by graphing. (Previous course)
⎧x - y = -5 ⎧x - 2y = 0 ⎧x + y = 5
69. ⎨ 70. ⎨ 71. ⎨
⎩ y = 3x + 1 ⎩ 2y + x = 8 ⎩ 3y + 15 = 2x
Given that △JLM ∼ △NPS, the perimeter of △JLM is 12 cm, and the area of
△JLM is 6 cm 2, find each measure. (Lesson 7-5)
�
� ��
��
� � � �
72. the perimeter of △NPS 73. the area of △NPS
Find each measure. Round lengths to the nearest tenth �

and angle measures to the nearest degree. (Lesson 8-5)
��
74. BC 75. m∠B 76. m∠C
��
� �
�
8-6 Vectors 567

SECTION 8B
Applying Trigonometric Ratios

Help Is on the Way! Rescue helicopters
were first used in the 1950s during the
Korean War. The helicopters made it possible
to airlift wounded soldiers to medical
stations. Today, helicopters are used to
rescue injured hikers, flood victims, and
people who are stranded at sea.
1. The pilot of a helicopter is searching for an injured

hiker. While flying at an altitude of 1500 ft, the �
��
pilot sees smoke at an angle of depression of ��
��
14°. Assuming that the smoke is a distress signal
from the hiker, what is the helicopter’s horizontal �
distance to the hiker? Round to the nearest foot.
2. The pilot plans to fly due north at 100 mi/h from
the helicopter’s current position H to the location ��
of the smoke S. However there is a 30 mi/h wind
in the direction N 57° W. The pilot needs to know
 that he should use so that
the velocity vector HA
his resultant vector will be HS. Find m∠S and
then use the Law of Cosines to find the
magnitude of HA to the nearest mile per hour.
�
3. Use the Law of Sines to find the direction of HA


SECTION 8B
Quiz for Lessons 8-4 Through 8-6
8-4 Angles of Elevation and Depression
1. An observer in a blimp sights a football stadium at ��
an angle of depression of 34°. The blimp’s altitude
��
is 1600 ft. What is the horizontal distance from the
blimp to the stadium? Round to the nearest foot.
2. When the angle of elevation of the sun is 78°, a building

casts a shadow that is 6 m long. What is the height of
the building to the nearest tenth of a meter?
��
��
8-5 Law of Sines and Law of Cosines
nearest degree.
3. m∠A 4. GH �
5. XZ
�
� ��
� ��
�
��
��
�
�
�
6. UV 7. m∠F 8. QS
� � �
��
� � �
��
� ��
��
� �
8-6 Vectors
Draw each vector on a coordinate plane. Find its magnitude to the nearest tenth.
9. 〈3, 1〉 10. 〈-2, -4〉 11. 〈0, 5〉
Draw each vector on a coordinate plane. Find the direction of the vector to
the nearest degree.
12. A wind velocity is given by the vector 〈2, 1〉.
�
13. The current of a river is given by the vector 〈5, 3〉.
14. The force of a spring is given by the vector 〈4, 4〉. ��
��
15. To reach an island, a ship leaves port and sails for 6 km at a ��
�
��
bearing of N 32° E. It then sails due east for 8 km. What are
the magnitude and direction of the voyage directly from the � �
port to the island? Round the distance to the nearest tenth
of a kilometer and the direction to the nearest degree. �
Ready to Go On? 569

EXTENSION Trigonometry and
the Unit Circle
Objective
Rotations are used to extend the concept of trigonometric ratios to angle
Define trigonometric measures greater than or equal to 90°. Consider a ray with its endpoint at
ratios for angle measures the origin, pointing in the direction of the positive x-axis. Rotate the ray
greater than or equal counterclockwise around the origin. The acute angle formed by the ray and
to 90°. the nearest part of the positive or negative x-axis is called the reference angle .
The rotated ray is called the terminal side of that angle.
Vocabulary
� � �
reference angle
unit circle ��
��
��
� � �
��
Angle measure: 135° Angle measure: 345° Angle measure: 435°

Reference angle: 45° Reference angle: 15° Reference angle: 75°
EXAMPLE 1 Finding Reference Angles

Sketch each angle on the coordinate plane. Find the measure of
its reference angle.
A 102° B 236°
� �
��
� �
� �
Reference angle: Reference angle:

180° - 102° = 78° 236° - 180° = 56°
Sketch each angle on the coordinate plane. Find the measure

of its reference angle.
1a. 309° 1b. 410°
The unit circle is a circle with a radius of 1 unit,

centered at the origin. It can be used to find the �
trigonometric ratios of an angle. ��
�
� �
Consider the acute angle θ. Let P(x, y) be the point �
where the terminal side of θ intersects the unit circle. � � �
In trigonometry, the Draw a vertical line from P to the x-axis. Since cos θ = __1x
y
Greek letter theta, and sin θ = __1 , the coordinates of P can be written
θ, is often used to as (cos θ, sin θ). Thus if you know the coordinates
represent angle ��
of a point on the unit circle, you can find the
measures.
trigonometric ratios for the associated angle.

EXAMPLE 2 Finding Trigonometric Ratios
Find each trigonometric ratio.
A cos 150° �
Sketch the angle on the coordinate plane.
The reference angle is 30°. ��
��
√3 1 � �
cos 30° = _ sin 30° = _
2 2
Let P(x, y) be the point where the terminal side
of the angle intersects the unit circle. Since P is
in Quadrant II, its x-coordinate is negative,
 __
√3
and its y-coordinate is positive. So the coordinates of P are -___
2 2
,1 .( )
Be sure to use the √
3
correct sign when The cosine of 150° is the x-coordinate of P, so cos 150° = -___
2
.
assigning coordinates
to a point on the B tan 315° �
unit circle. Sketch the angle on the coordinate plane.
The reference angle is 45°.
��
√2 √2
cos 45° = _ sin 45° = _ � ��
2 2
��
Since P(x, y) is in Quadrant IV, its y-coordinate is
√2
negative. So the coordinates of P are ___
2

( √
, -___
2
2
. )
2 √
sin θ . So tan 315° = _ -___
sin 315° = _
Remember that tan θ = _ 2
= -1.
cos θ cos 315° √
2
___
2

2a. cos 240° 2b. sin 135°
EXTENSION
Exercises
Sketch each angle on the coordinate plane. Find the measure of its reference angle.
1. 125° 2. 216° 3. 359°

4. cos 225° 5. sin 120° 6. cos 300°
7. tan 135° 8. cos 420° 9. tan 315°
10. sin 90° 11. cos 180° 12. sin 270°
13. Critical Thinking Given that cos θ = 0.5, what are the possible values for θ
between 0° and 360°?
14. Write About It Explain how you can use the unit circle to find tan 180°.
15. Challenge If sin θ ≈ -0.891, what are two values of θ between 0° and 360°?
Chapter 8 Extension 571

For a complete
list of the
postulates and
theorems in
this chapter,
see p. S82.
Vocabulary
angle of depression . . . . . . . . . 544 equal vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 sine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
angle of elevation . . . . . . . . . . . 544 geometric mean . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 tangent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
component form . . . . . . . . . . . 559 magnitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560 trigonometric ratio . . . . . . . . . 525
cosine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 parallel vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560 resultant vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Complete the sentences below with vocabulary words from the list above.
1. The ? of a vector gives the horizontal and vertical change from the initial point
̶̶̶̶
to the terminal point.
2. Two vectors with the same magnitude and direction are called ? .
̶̶̶̶
3. If a and b are positive numbers, then √
ab is the? of a and b.
̶̶̶̶
4. A(n) ? is the angle formed by a horizontal line and a line of sight to a point
̶̶̶̶
above the horizontal line.
5. The sine, cosine, and tangent are all examples of a(n) ? .
̶̶̶̶
8-1 Similarity in Right Triangles (pp. 518–523)

EXAMPLES EXERCISES
■ Find the geometric mean of 5 and 30. 6. Write a similarity �
Let x be the geometric mean. statement comparing
the three triangles.
 = 5 √
x = √150 6 Find the positive square root. � �
�
Find the geometric mean of each pair of numbers.
■ Find x, y, and z. � If necessary, give the answer in simplest radical form.
� ��
�
� ��
1 and 100
� 7. _ 8. 3 and 17
4
� � Find x, y, and z.
(√33
)
2
= 3(3 + x)  is the geometric
√33
9. 10.
mean of 3 and 3 + x. �
33 = 9 + 3x � �
� �
24 = 3x � �
x=8 ��
�
y 2 = (3)(8) y is the geometric mean
11. � �
2
y = 24 of 3 and 8.
�
y = √24 = 2 √
6 �
��
��
z 2 = (8)(11) z is the geometric mean

2
z = 88 of 8 and 11.
z = √88 = 2 √22


8-2 Trigonometric Ratios (pp. 525–532)
EXAMPLES EXERCISES
Find each length. Round to the nearest Find each length. Round to the nearest hundredth.
hundredth. � 12. UV �
��
■ EF ��
�
EF � �
sin 75° = _ Since the opp. leg and � ��
8.1
hyp. are involved, 13. PR ��
EF = 8.1(sin 75°) use a sine ratio. � �
��
EF ≈ 7.82 cm
■ AB � �
��
�
��
14. XY 15. JL �
4.2
tan 34° = _ �
AB � ��
AB tan 34° = 4.2 Since the opp. and adj.
��
4.2 legs are involved, use
AB = _ a tangent ratio.
tan 34° �
��
�
AB ≈ 6.23 in. � �
8-3 Solving Right Triangles (pp. 534–541)

EXAMPLE EXERCISES
■ Find the unknown measures in △LMN. Find the unknown measures. Round lengths to
Round lengths to the nearest hundredth and the nearest hundredth and angle measures to the
angle measures to the nearest degree. nearest degree.
� 16. � �
��
��
��
�
� �
��
17. �
The acute angles of a right triangle are
complementary. So m∠N = 90° - 61° = 29°. ��
MN
sin L = _ Write a trig. ratio.
LN � �
8.5
sin 61° = _ Substitute the given 18. � 19. �
LN
values. ��
8.5 ≈ 9.72 ��
LN = _ Solve for LN. ��
sin 61° �
MN ��
tan L = _ Write a trig. ratio. � �
LM
8.5
tan 61° = _ Substitute the given
LM
values.
LM = _ 8.5 ≈ 4.71 Solve for LM.
tan 61°
Study Guide: Review 573

8-4 Angles of Elevation and Depression (pp. 544–549)
EXAMPLES EXERCISES
■ A pilot in a plane spots a forest fire on the Classify each angle as an angle of elevation or angle
ground at an angle of depression of 71°. of depression.
The plane’s altitude is 3000 ft. What is the
horizontal distance from the plane to the fire?
Round to the nearest foot.
tan 71° = _3000
XF � ��
XF = _ 3000
tan 71° �
��
XF ≈ 1033 ft
��
�
�
�
■ A diver is swimming at a depth of 63 ft

20. ∠1 21. ∠2
below sea level. He sees a buoy floating at
sea level at an angle of elevation of 47°. 22. When the angle of elevation to the sun is 82°,
How far must the diver swim so that he is a monument casts a shadow that is 5.1 ft long.
directly beneath the buoy? Round to the What is the height of the monument to the
nearest foot. nearest foot?
63 �
tan 47° = _ 23. A ranger in a lookout tower spots a fire in the
XD distance. The angle of depression to the fire is
XD = _ 63 �� 4°, and the lookout tower is 32 m tall. What is
tan 47° the horizontal distance to the fire? Round to the
�� nearest meter.
XD ≈ 59 ft � �
8-5 Law of Sines and Law of Cosines (pp. 551–558)

EXAMPLES EXERCISES
Find each measure. Round lengths to the Find each measure. Round lengths to the nearest
nearest tenth and angle measures to the tenth and angle measures to the nearest degree.
nearest degree. 24. m∠Z � � �
■ m∠B � ��
�
� �
�
��
�
_ sin C
sin B = _ Law of Sines �
AC AB
sin 88°
sin B = _ 25. MN �
��
_ Substitute the given values.
6 8 ��
6 sin 88°
sin B = _ Multiply both sides by 6.
8 ��
m∠B = sin -1 _( 8 )
6 sin 88° ≈ 49° �

Find each measure. Round lengths to the nearest Find each measure. Round lengths to the nearest
tenth and angle measures to the nearest degree. tenth and angle measures to the nearest degree.
■ HJ � 26. EF � �
��
��
� ��
��
Use the Law of Cosines. 27. m∠Q �
��
HJ 2 = GH 2 + GJ 2 - 2(GH)(GJ)cos G
=10 2 + 11 2 - 2(10 )(11 )cos 32° � ��
HJ 2 ≈ 34.4294 Simplify. �
HJ ≈ 5.9 Find the square root. �
8-6 Vectors (pp. 559–567)

EXAMPLES EXERCISES
■ Draw the vector 〈-1, 4〉 on a coordinate Write each vector in component form.
plane. Find its magnitude to the nearest tenth.  with A(5, 1) and B(-2, 3)
28. AB
�
⎜〈-1, 4〉⎟ = √(
-1) 2 + (4) 2
��  with M(-2, 4) and N(-1, -2)
29. MN

= √1 7 ≈ 4.1 � 30. RS
 �
�
��
■ The velocity of a jet is given by the vector �

〈4, 3〉. Draw the vector on a coordinate plane.
Find the direction of the vector to the
nearest degree. � Draw each vector on a coordinate plane.
� Find its magnitude to the nearest tenth.
3
_
In △PQR, tan P = , so
��
4 31. 〈-5, -3〉
m∠P = tan -1 _
4 ()
3 ≈ 37°. �
� 32. 〈-2, 0〉
� � �
33. 〈4, -4〉
■ Susan swims across a river at a bearing of
N 75° E at a speed of 0.5 mi/h. The river’s Draw each vector on a coordinate plane. Find the
current moves due east at 1 mi/h. Find direction of the vector to the nearest degree.
Susan’s actual speed to the nearest tenth and 34. The velocity of a helicopter is given by the
her direction to the nearest degree. vector 〈4, 5〉.
�� 35. The force applied by a tugboat is given by the
�
cos 15° = _x , so x ≈ 0.48. vector 〈7, 2〉.
�� 0.5
�� y
� � sin 15° = _ , so y ≈ 0.13. 36. A plane flies at a constant speed of 600 mi/h
�
0.5 at a bearing of N 55° E. There is a 50 mi/h
� ��
crosswind blowing due east. What are the
Susan’s vector is 〈0.48, 0.13〉. The current plane’s actual speed and direction? Round the
is 〈1, 0〉. Susan’s actual speed is the magnitude speed to the nearest tenth and the direction to
of the resultant vector, 〈1.48, 0.13〉. the nearest degree.
⎜〈1.48, 0.13〉⎟ = √(

1.48)2 + (0.13)2 ≈ 1.5 mi/h
Her direction is tan -1 _
1.48 ( )
0.13 ≈ 5°, or N 85° E.
Study Guide: Review 575

Find x, y, and z.
1. 2. 3. ��
� ��
��
� �
�
� �
� � ��
��
�
� �
�
Use a special right triangle to write each trigonometric ratio as a fraction.

4. cos 60° 5. sin 45° 6. tan 60°

7. PR � 8. AB � � 9. FG � �
��
��
��
��
� �
�
�
10. Nate built a skateboard ramp that covers a horizontal distance of 10 ft. The ramp
rises a total of 3.5 ft. What angle does the ramp make with the ground? Round to
the nearest degree.
11. An observer at the top of a skyscraper sights a tour bus at an angle of depression
of 61°. The skyscraper is 910 ft tall. What is the horizontal distance from the base of
the skyscraper to the tour bus? Round to the nearest foot.
Find each measure. Round lengths to the nearest tenth and angle measures
12. m∠B � 13. RS � 14. m∠M �
��
��
� ��
� �
��
��
� � �
Draw each vector on a coordinate plane. Find its magnitude to the nearest tenth.
15. 〈1, 3〉 16. 〈-4, 1〉 17. 〈2, -3〉
Draw each vector on a coordinate plane. Find the direction of the vector
� ��
18. The velocity of a plane is given by the vector 〈3, 5〉.
19. A wind velocity is given by the vector 〈4, 1〉.
��
�
��
20. Kate is rowing across a river. She sets out at a bearing of N 40° E and ��
��
paddles at a constant rate of 3.5 mi/h. There is a 2 mi/h current moving � �

due east. What are Kate’s actual speed and direction? Round the speed
to the nearest tenth and the direction to the nearest degree. �

FOCUS ON SAT MATHEMATICS SUBJECT TESTS
The SAT Mathematics Subject Tests each consist of Though you can use a calculator on the
50 multiple-choice questions. You are not expected SAT Mathematics Subject Tests, it may be
to have studied every topic on the SAT Mathematics faster to answer some questions without
Subject Tests, so some questions may be unfamiliar. one. Remember to use test-taking
strategies before you press buttons!
You may want to time yourself as you take this practice
test. It should take you about 6 minutes to complete.
1. Let P be the acute angle formed by the line 4. A swimmer jumps into a river and starts
-x + 4y = 12 and the x-axis. What is the swimming directly across it at a constant
approximate measure of ∠P? velocity of 2 meters per second. The speed
of the current is 7 meters per second.
(A) 14°
Given the current, what is the actual speed
(B) 18° of the swimmer to the nearest tenth?
(C) 72° (A) 0.3 meters per second
(D) 76° (B) 1.7 meters per second
(E) 85° (C) 5.0 meters per second
(D) 7.3 meters per second
(E) 9.0 meters per second
2. In right triangle DEF, DE = 15, EF = 36, and
DF = 39. What is the cosine of ∠F?
(A) _5
12 5. What is the approximate measure of the vertex
angle of the isosceles triangle below?
12
(B) _
5
(C) _5
13 ��
12
(D) _
13
13 ��
(E) _
12
(A) 28.1°
(B) 56.1°
3. A triangle has angle measures of 19°, 61°, and (C) 62.0°
100°. What is the approximate length of the side
opposite the 100° angle if the side opposite the (D) 112.2°
61° angle is 8 centimeters long? (E) 123.9°
(A) 2.5 centimeters
(B) 3 centimeters
(C) 9 centimeters
(D) 12 centimeters
(E) 13 centimeters
College Entrance Exam Practice 577

Any Question Type: Estimate
Once you find the answer to a test problem, take a few moments to check
your answer by using estimation strategies. By doing so, you can verify that
your final answer is reasonable.
Gridded Response Find the geometric mean of 38 and 12 to the

nearest hundredth.
x ≈ 21.35 Find the positive square root.
Now use estimation to check that this answer is reasonable.
x 2 ≈ (40)(10) = 400 Round 38 to 40 and round 12 to 10.
x ≈ 20 Find the positive square root.
The estimate is close to the calculated answer, so 21.35 is a reasonable answer.
Multiple Choice Which of the following is equal to sin X ? �

� �
0.02 0.91
0.41 2.44
��
Use a trigonometric ratio to find the answer.
YZ opp. leg
sin X = _ The sine of an ∠ is _.
XZ hyp.
sin X = _9 ≈ 0.41 Substitute the given values and simplify. �

22
Now use estimation to check that this answer is reasonable.

10 ≈ 0.5
sin X ≈ _ Round 9 to 10 and round 22 to 20.
20
The estimate is close to the calculated answer, so B is a reasonable answer.

Item C
An extra minute spent checking your answers can
Multiple Choice In △QRS, what is the
result in a better test score. ̶̶
measure of SQ to the nearest tenth of a
centimeter?
��
Read each test item and answer the questions � �
that follow.
��
Item A
Gridded Response A cell phone tower casts a
�
shadow that is 121 ft long when the angle of
elevation to the sun is 48°. How tall is the cell 9.3 centimeters
phone tower? Round to the nearest foot.
10.5 centimeters
30.1 centimeters
1. A student estimated that the answer should
be slightly greater than 121 by comparing 61.7 centimeters
tan 48° and tan 45°. Explain why this
estimation strategy works.
5. A student calculated the answer as 30.1 cm.
2. Describe how to use the inverse tangent The student then used the diagram to
function to estimate whether an answer estimate that SQ is more than half of RQ.
of 134 ft makes sense. So the student decided that his answer
was reasonable. Is this estimation method
a good way to check your answer? Why or
why not?
Item B
6. Describe how to use estimation and the
 has an initial point of
Short Response BC
Pythagorean Theorem to check your answer
(-1, 0) and a terminal point of (4, 2). to this problem.
�
�
� �
� Item D
� � � � Multiple Choice The McCleods have a
variable interest rate on their mortgage.
The rate is 2.625% the first year and 4% the
 in component form.
a. Write BC following year. The average interest rate is
. Round to the
b. Find the magnitude of BC the geometric mean of these two rates. To the
nearest hundredth. nearest hundredth of a percent, what is the
average interest rate for their mortgage?
. Round to the
c. Find the direction of BC
nearest degree. 1.38% 3.89%
3.24% 10.50%
3. A student correctly found the magnitude of

 as √
BC 29 . The student then calculated the 7. Describe how to use estimation to show that
value of this radical as 6.39. Explain how to choices F and J are unreasonable.
use perfect squares to estimate the value
of √29 . Is 6.39 a reasonable answer? 8. To find the answer, a student uses the
equation x 2 = (2.625)(4). Which compatible
4. A student calculated the measure of the numbers should the student use to quickly
angle the vector forms with a horizontal line check the answer?
as 68°. Use estimation to explain why this
answer is not reasonable.
Test Tackler 579

KEYWORD: MG7 TestPrep
CUMULATIVE ASSESSMENT, CHAPTERS 1–8

Multiple Choice 6. △ABC has vertices A(-2, -2), B(-3, 2), and
̶̶ C(1, 3). Which translation produces an image
1. What is the length of UX to the nearest with vertices at the coordinates (-2, -2), (2, -1),
centimeter? and (-1, -6)?
� �� (x, y) → (x + 1, y - 4)
�
(x, y) → (x + 2, y - 8)
(x, y) → (x - 3, y - 5)
��
(x, y) → (x - 4, y + 1)
� �
7. △ABC is a right triangle in which m∠A = 30° and
3 centimeters m∠B = 60°. Which of the following are possible
7 centimeters lengths for the sides of this triangle?
9 centimeters AB = √
3 , AC = √
2 , and BC = 1
13 centimeters AB = 4, AC = 2, and BC = 2 √
3
AB = 6 √
3 , AC = 27, and BC = 3 √
3
2. △ABC is a right triangle. m∠A = 20°, m∠B = 90°,
AB = 8, AC = 4 √
3 , and BC = 4
AC = 8, and AB = 3. Which expression can be
used to find BC?
_ 3 8. Based on the figure below, which of the
8 tan 20° following similarity statements must be true?
tan 70°
_ 8 �
3 cos 70°
sin 20°
�
3. A slide at a park is 25 ft long, and the top of
the slide is 10 ft above the ground. What is the
approximate measure of the angle the slide
makes with the ground? � �
�
21.8° 66.4°
23.6° 68.2° △PQR ∼ △TSR
△PQR ∼ △RTQ
4. Which of the following vectors is equal to the △PQR ∼ △TSQ
vector with an initial point at (2, -1) and a
△PQR ∼ △TQP
terminal point at (-2, 4)?
〈-4, -5〉〈5, -4〉 9. ABCD is a rhombus with vertices A(1, 1) and
〈-4, 5〉〈5, 4〉 C(3, 4). Which of the following lines is parallel to
̶̶
diagonal BD?
5. Which statement is true by the Addition Property 2x - 3y = 12
of Equality? 2x + 3y = 12
If 3x + 6 = 9y, then x + 2 = 3y. 3x + 2y = 12
If t = 1 and s = t + 5, then s = 6. 3x - 4y = 12
If k + 1 = ℓ + 2, then 2k + 2 = 2ℓ + 4.
If a + 2 = 3b, then a + 5 = 3b + 3.

10. Which of the following is NOT equivalent Short Response
to sin 60°?
17. A building casts a shadow that is 85 ft long when
cos 30° (cos 60°)(tan 60°) the angle of elevation to the sun is 34°.
_√
3 tan 30°
_ a. What is the height of the building? Round to
2 sin 30° the nearest inch and show your work.
11. ABCDE is a convex pentagon. ∠A ≅ ∠B ≅ ∠C, b. What is the angle of elevation to the sun when
∠D ≅ ∠E, and m∠A = 2m∠D. What is the the shadow is 42 ft 6 in. long? Round to the
measure of ∠C? nearest tenth of a degree and show your work.
67.5° 154.2°
18. Use the figure to find each of the following.
135° 225°
Round to the nearest tenth of a centimeter and
show your work.
12. Which of the following sets of lengths can ̶̶
a. the length of DC
represent the side lengths of an obtuse triangle? ̶̶
b. the length of AB
4, 7.5, and 8.5
7, 12, and 13 �
9.5, 16.5, and 35 ��

36, 75, and 88 ��
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� �
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Be sure to correctly identify any pairs of
parallel lines before using the Alternate
Interior Angles Theorem or the Same-Side
Interior Angles Theorem. Extended Response
19. Tony and Paul are taking a vacation with their
13. What is the value of x? cousin, Greg. Tony and Paul live in the same
house. Paul will go directly to the vacation spot,
but Tony has to pick up Greg.
�
�� Tony travels 90 miles at a bearing of N 25° E
to get to his cousin’s house. He then travels
�� due east for 50 miles to get to the vacation spot.
Paul travels on one highway to get from his
house to the vacation spot.
��
For each of the following, explain in words
how you found your answer and round to the
�
nearest tenth.
a. Write the vectors in component form for the
22.5 90
route from Tony and Paul’s house to their
45 135 cousin’s house and the route from their cousin’s
house to the vacation spot.
b. What are the direction and magnitude of
Gridded Response Paul’s direct route from his house to the
14. Find the next item in the pattern below. vacation spot?
c. Tony and Paul leave the house at the same
1, 3, 7, 13, 21, …
time and arrive at the vacation spot at the
same time. If Tony traveled at an average
15. In △XYZ, ∠X and ∠Z are remote interior speed of 50 mi/h, what was Paul’s
angles of exterior ∠XYT. If m∠X = (x + 15)°, average speed?
m∠Z = (50 - 3x)°, and m∠XYT = (4x - 25)°,
what is the value of x?
16. In △ABC and △DEF, ∠A ≅ ∠F. If EF = 4.5, DF = 3,

̶̶
and AC = 1.5, what length for AB would let you
conclude that △ABC ∼ △FED?
Cumulative Assessment, Chapters 1–8 581

ILLINOIS
Chicago
The John Hancock Center

The 100-story John Hancock Center is one of the most distinctive features of the
Chicago skyline. With its combination of stores, offices, and 49 floors of apartments,
the John Hancock Center is the world’s tallest multifunctional skyscraper.
ge07se_c08psl001a Elevation of the Sun
Choose one or more strategies to solve each problem.
ABeckmann in Chicago, Illinois
1. The building’s observation deck is on the 94th floor, 1000 ft
Angle of
above street level. The deck is equipped with telescopes that
Elevation at
offer close-up views of the surrounding city. Using one of
Date Noon (°)
the telescopes, a visitor spots a ship on Lake Michigan.
The angle of depression to the ship is 10°. To the nearest foot, January 15 27
how far is the ship from the base of the building? February 15 34
March 15 46
For 2–4, use the table.
April 15 58
2. At noon on May 15, the shadow of the John Hancock Center, May 15 61
including its antenna, is 818.2 ft long. Find the height of
the building to the nearest foot. June 15 71
July 15 70
3. How long is the shadow of the building
at noon on October 15? Round to the August 15 62
nearest foot. September 15 51
4. On which of the dates shown is the October 15 39
building’s shadow the longest? November 15 29
What is the length of the shadow
to the nearest foot? December 15 25

Problem
Solving
Strategies
Draw a Diagram
Make a Model
Ernest Hemingway’s Birthplace Guess and Test
Work Backward
The Nobel Prize-winning author Ernest Hemingway (1899–1961) Find a Pattern
Make a Table
was born in Oak Park, Illinois. Visitors to Oak Park, a suburb of Solve a Simpler Problem
Chicago, can tour the home where Hemingway was born and spent Use Logical Reasoning
much of his childhood. Thanks to a recent restoration, the house Use a Venn Diagram
appears just as it did when Hemingway lived there. Make an Organized List
Choose one or more strategies to solve

each problem.
1. The blueprint shown below was used
during the restoration of the first floor
of Hemingway’s house. As part of the
restoration project, a narrow border of
wallpaper was placed along the edge of
the ceiling around the perimeter of the
dining room. Approximately how many
feet of wallpaper were needed?
2. During the restoration, the floor of the
parlor and living room was covered
with red carpet. Estimate the number of
square feet of carpet that were used.
3. Hemingway’s childhood bedroom is
located on the second floor of the house.
The bedroom has a perimeter of 40 ft,
and its length is 4 ft more than its width.
Assuming the blueprint for the second floor
uses the same scale as the blueprint below,
what are the dimensions of the bedroom
on the blueprint for the second floor?
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Problem Solving on Location 583

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Right Triangles

KEYWORD: MG7 ChProj

Identify Similar Figures

Solve Multi-Step Equations

Rounding and Estimation

Right Triangles and Trigonometry 515

trigonometric ratio razón trigonométrica

You will study

Lesson 7-2 Ratios in Similar Polygons

List any questions,

• Similarity is represented by the symbol ∼. Write down any

1. What are the objectives of the lesson?

2. Identify any new vocabulary, formulas, and symbols.

3. Identify any examples that you need clarified.

4. Make a list of questions you need answered during class.

Right Triangles and Trigonometry 517

Twisted Texas/Wesley Treat

The altitude to the hypotenuse of a right triangle forms

PROOF Theorem 8-1-1

EXAMPLE 1 Identifying Similar Right Triangles

By Theorem 8-1-1, RST ∼ SPT ∼ RPS.

518 Chapter 8 Right Triangles and Trigonometry

ge07se_c08_0518_0523.indd 518 5/11/06 4:34:54 PM

EXAMPLE 2 Finding Geometric Means

Find the geometric mean of each pair of numbers. If necessary,

Corollaries Geometric Means

COROLLARY EXAMPLE DIAGRAM

8-1 Similarity in Right Triangles 519

EXAMPLE 4 Measurement Application

Big Tex is about 47 + 5, or 52 ft tall.

4. A surveyor positions himself so

THINK AND DISCUSS

520 Chapter 8 Right Triangles and Trigonometry

ge07se_c08_0518_0523.indd 520 5/11/06 4:35:15 PM

KEYWORD: MG7 Parent

SEE EXAMPLE 3 Find x, y, and z.

SEE EXAMPLE 4 14. Measurement To estimate the length of the

PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING

8-1 Similarity in Right Triangles 521

Give each answer in simplest radical form. �

36. AD = 12, and CD = 8. Find BD.

522 Chapter 8 Right Triangles and Trigonometry

46. Write About It Explain why the geometric mean

47. Lee is building a skateboard ramp based on the plan �

48. What is the area of △ABC? �

CHALLENGE AND EXTEND

8-1 Similarity in Right Triangles 523

Use with Lesson 8-2

KEYWORD: MG7 Lab8

2 Construct point D on AC. Construct a line

3 Measure ∠A. Measure DE, AE, and AD, the side

524 Chapter 8 Right Triangles and Trigonometry

DEFINITION SYMBOLS DIAGRAM

EXAMPLE 1 Finding Trigonometric Ratios

8-2 Trigonometric Ratios 525

Write each trigonometric ratio as a

EXAMPLE 2 Finding Trigonometric Ratios in Special Right Triangles

2. Use a special right triangle to write tan 45° as a fraction.

EXAMPLE 3 Calculating Trigonometric Ratios

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Use the diagram to find each value, given that � ��

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