OLONGAPO WESLEY SCHOOL, INC.

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

SCHOOL YEAR 2021-2022

UNIT LEARNING MODULE IN

MATHEMATICS 9
MODULE 3.1: PARALLELOGRAMS, TRAPEZOIDS AND
KITES
WEEKS 1-3

Name of Student: _______________________________________

Grade & Section: _______________________________________
Contact Number: _______________________________________
Date of Distribution: _______________________________________
Date of Submission: _______________________________________
 UNIT LEARNING MODULE 3.1
MATHEMATICS 9 | PARALLELOGRAMS, TRAPEZOIDS AND KITES
| WEEKS 1-3

I. CONTENT STANDARD:

The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of parallelograms

and triangle similarity.

II. PERFORMANCE STANDARD:

The learner is able to investigate, analyze, and solve problems involving

parallelograms and triangle similarity through appropriate and accurate
representation.

III. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES:

The learner:

• Determines the conditions that make a quadrilateral a parallelogram

[M9GE-IIIa-2];
• Uses properties to find measures of angles, sides and other quantities
involving parallelograms [M9GE-IIIb-1];
• Proves the Midline Theorem [M9GE-IIId-1];
• Proves theorems on the different kinds of parallelogram (rectangle,
rhombus, square) [M9GE-IIIc-1];
• Proves theorems on trapezoids and kites [M9GE-IIId-2]; and
• Solves problems involving parallelograms, trapezoids and kites
[M9GE-IIIe-1].

Mathematics 9 | Page 1
In case there are parts of this module that makes you feel confused, you may reach
out to me through the following means:

• Gmail – [email protected]
• Contact No. – +63 977 385 7516

Reference(s):

• Orines, F. (2018). Quadrilaterals. Next Century Mathematics Second Edition.

301-350. Quezon City, Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Mathematics 9 | Page 2
 CHAPTER 1
PARALLELOGRAMS, TRAPEZOIDS AND
KITES

Activity 3.1.1: Review of Quadrilaterals

Identify whether the following polygons are quadrilateral or not. If the polygon
is a quadrilateral, identify what type of quadrilateral it is.

____________________ ____________________ ____________________

____________________ ____________________ ____________________

____________________ ____________________ ____________________

Formative Questions:
1. How can you identify whether a polygon is a quadrilateral or not?
___________________________________________________________________
2. In your own words, what is a quadrilateral?
___________________________________________________________________

Mathematics 9 | Page 3
 Map of Conceptual Change: B&A Chart
Read the questions on the first column and write your answers on the second
column. Leave the third column blank. At the end of this module, we will come back to
this Map of Conceptual Change to answer the third column.
Focus Questions Before After
In what real-life
situations would it be
necessary to determine
the theorems or
concepts involving
quadrilaterals?

Lesson 3.1.1:
Parallelograms and Their Properties

A quadrilateral is described as a four-sided polygon. The sides of a

quadrilaterals are segments, and the endpoints of which are referred to as vertices. In
a quadrilateral, pair of sides are described according to their positions.

Example:
1. In quadrilateral ABCD or □ABCD, the pairs of consecutive sides are AB ̅̅̅̅,
̅̅̅̅ and BC
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
BC and CD, CD and DA ̅̅̅̅, and DA
̅̅̅̅ and AB
̅̅̅̅. The pairs of opposite sides are AD
̅̅̅̅ and
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
BC, and AB and DC. The segments AC and BD are the diagonals of the
quadrilateral. To draw a diagonal of a quadrilateral, simply connect two
opposite vertices.

Mathematics 9 | Page 4
 Pairs of angles are also described according to their positions. In □ABCD, ∠ABC
and ∠BCD, ∠BCD and ∠CDA, ∠CDA and ∠DAB, and ∠DAB and ∠ABC are pairs
of consecutive angles. The pairs ∠ABC and ∠CDA, and ∠BCD and ∠DAB are
described as opposite angles.

Activity 3.1.2: Consecutive vs. Opposite

Name the following quadrilaterals, their pairs of consecutive sides and angles,
their pairs of opposite sides and angles, and their diagonals.
1. Name:
Diagonals:
Pairs of Consecutive Sides:

Pairs of Opposite Sides:

Pairs of Consecutive Angles:

Pairs of Opposite Angles:

2. Name:
Diagonals:
Pairs of Consecutive Sides:

Pairs of Opposite Sides:

Pairs of Consecutive Angles:

Pairs of Opposite Angles:

Mathematics 9 | Page 5
 3. Name:
Diagonals:
Pairs of Consecutive Sides:

Pairs of Opposite Sides:

Pairs of Consecutive Angles:

Pairs of Opposite Angles:

Lesson 3.1.2:
Basic Theorems on Parallelograms

Theorem 79
A diagonal of a parallelogram form two congruent triangles.

Corollary 79.1
In a parallelogram, any two opposite angles are congruent.

Theorem 80
In a parallelogram, any two consecutive angles are supplementary.

Theorem 81
In a parallelogram, any two opposite sides are congruent.

Theorem 82
The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

Mathematics 9 | Page 6
Examples:
1. If a parallelogram ABCD, with BD ̅̅̅̅ as diagonal, is cut along the diagonal, two
triangles are formed, namely, △DAB and △BCD. Furthermore, if one triangle is
put on top of the other, it will be observed that the two triangles are congruent.

2. If EFGH is a parallelogram;

By Corollary 79.1, m∠E = m∠G and m∠F = m∠H.

Since EFGH is a quadrilateral,
m∠E + m∠G + m∠F + m∠H = 360° The sum of measures of the interior
angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.
m∠E + m∠E + m∠F + m∠F = 360° Apply substitution.
2m∠E + 2m∠F = 360° Add similar terms.
2(m∠E + m∠F) = 360° Factor common term 2.
2(m∠E + m∠F) 360°
= Divide both sides by 2.
2 2
m∠E + m∠F = 180° Simplify.
This means that ∠E and ∠F are supplementary.

Mathematics 9 | Page 7
 ̅̅̅̅, and (c) m∠N.
3. KLMN is a parallelogram. Find (a) m∠K, (b) mLM

a. ∠K and ∠M are opposite angles. By Corollary 79.1, they are congruent.

m∠K = m∠M
7a + 4 = 6a + 11 Apply substitution.
7a – 6a = 11 – 4 Apply transposition to group
common terms.
a=7 Simplify.
Therefore,
m∠K = (7a + 4)°
m∠K = [7(7) + 4]° Apply substitution.
m∠K = 53° Simplify.
̅̅̅̅ and KN
b. LM ̅̅̅̅ are opposite sides. By Theorem 81, they are congruent.
̅̅̅̅ = mKN
mLM ̅̅̅̅
5x – 8 = 4x – 1 Apply substitution.
5x – 4x = -1 + 8 Apply transposition.
x=7 Simplify.
Therefore,
mLM̅̅̅̅ = (5x – 8) cm
mLM̅̅̅̅ = [5(7) – 8] cm Apply substitution.
mLM̅̅̅̅ = 27 cm Simplify.
c. ∠K and ∠N are consecutive angles. By Theorem 80, they are
supplementary.
m∠K + m∠N = 180°
53° + m∠N = 180° Apply substitution.
m∠N = 180° - 53° Apply transposition.
m∠N = 127° Simplify.

Mathematics 9 | Page 8
 ̅̅̅̅ and FH
4. EFGH is a parallelogram, with diagonals EG ̅̅̅̅ intersecting at O. Find (a)
̅̅̅̅ and (b) mHO
mEO ̅̅̅̅.

a. By Theorem 82, ̅̅̅̅ FH bisects each other at O. Hence, ̅̅̅̅

EG and ̅̅̅̅ EG is divided
̅̅̅̅
into two parts: EO and GO. ̅̅̅̅
mEO̅̅̅̅ = mGO
̅̅̅̅
x + 2 = 2x – 3 Apply substitution.
x – 2x = -3 – 2 Apply transposition.
-x = -5 Simplify.
-(-x) = -(-5) Multiply both sides by -1.
x=5 Simplify.
Therefore,
mEO̅̅̅̅ = (x + 2) cm
mEO̅̅̅̅ = (5 + 2) cm Apply substitution.
̅̅̅̅
mEO = 7 cm Simplify.
̅̅̅̅
b. By Theorem 82, EG and FH bisects each other at O. Hence, ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅ FH is divided
into two parts: FO ̅̅̅̅ and HO
̅̅̅̅.
mFO̅̅̅̅ = mHO
̅̅̅̅
3a – 4 = 2a + 1 Apply substitution.
3a – 2a = 1 + 4 Apply transposition.
a=5 Simplify.
Therefore,
̅̅̅̅ = (3a – 4) cm
mFO
̅̅̅̅ = [3(5) – 4] cm
mFO Apply substitution.
̅̅̅̅ = 11 cm
mFO Simplify.

Mathematics 9 | Page 9
Activity 3.1.3: Basic Theorems
Identify the properties indicated in each parallelogram.
1. Name:
Diagonal 1:
Triangles formed by Diagonal 1:

Diagonal 2:

Triangles formed by Diagonal 2:

2.
Name:
Pairs of Supplementary Angles:

3.
m∠B =
m∠C =
m∠D =
̅̅̅̅ =
mAB
̅̅̅̅ =
mAD

4.
̅̅̅̅ =
mOD
̅̅̅̅ =
mOC
̅̅̅̅ =
mBD
̅̅̅̅ =
mAC

Mathematics 9 | Page 10
Lesson 3.1.3:
Conditions for a Quadrilateral to be a Parallelogram

Definition of a Parallelogram
If both pairs of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are parallel, then the
quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

Theorem 83
If both pairs of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are congruent, then the
quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

Theorem 84
If one pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are both congruent and
parallel, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

Theorem 85
If both pairs of opposite angles of a quadrilateral are congruent, then the
quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

Theorem 86
If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then the quadrilateral is
a parallelogram.

Mathematics 9 | Page 11
Examples:
1. Given: Quadrilateral ABCD with diagonal ̅̅̅̅
AC
∠1 ≅ ∠2, ∠3 ≅ ∠4

Prove: ABCD is a parallelogram

Proof:
Statement Reason
1. Quadrilateral ABCD with diagonal ̅̅̅̅
AC 1. Given
2. ∠1 ≅ ∠2 2. Given
3. ∠3 ≅ ∠4 3. Given
4. ̅̅̅̅
CD || ̅̅̅̅
AB 4. Converse of Alternate Interior
Angles Theorem* (1,2)
5. AD ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅ || CB 5. Converse of Alternate Interior
Angles Theorem (1,3)
6. ABCD is a parallelogram 6. Definition of a Parallelogram (4,5)
*Converse of Alternate Interior Angles Theorem. If two lines are cut by a transversal and the
alternate interior angles are congruent, then the lines are parallel.
*Alternate Interior Angles Theorem. When two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, the resulting
alternate interior angles are congruent.

2. Given: Quadrilateral ABCD with diagonal ̅̅̅̅

AC
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
AB ≅ CD, BC ≅ DA

Prove: ABCD is a parallelogram

Mathematics 9 | Page 12
 Proof:
Statement Reason
1. ̅̅̅̅
Quadrilateral ABCD with diagonal AC 1. Given
2. AB ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅ ≅ CD 2. Given
3. ̅̅̅̅ ≅ DA
BC ̅̅̅̅ 3. Given
4. ̅̅̅̅ ≅ AC
AC ̅̅̅̅ 4. Reflexive Property* (1)
5. △ABC ≅ △CDA 5. SSS Congruence Postulate*
(2,3,4)
6. ∠BCA ≅ ∠DAC 6. CPCTC* (5)
7. ̅̅̅̅
BC || ̅̅̅̅
DA 7. Converse of Alternate Interior
Angles Theorem (1,6)
8. ∠BAC ≅ ∠DCA 8. CPCTC (5)
AB || ̅̅̅̅
9. ̅̅̅̅ CD 9. Converse of Alternate Interior
Angles Theorem (1,8)
10. ABCD is a parallelogram 10. Definition of a Parallelogram (8,9)
*Reflexive Property. A number is always equal to itself. If a is a number, then. a = a.
*SSS (Side-Side-Side) Congruence Postulate. If all three sides of a triangle are congruent to
corresponding three sides of other triangle then the two triangles are congruent.
*CPCTC (Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles are Congruent). When two or more
triangles are congruent then their corresponding sides and angles are also congruent or equal in
measurements.

̅̅̅ || ED
3. Given: BF ̅̅̅̅, △ABF ≅ △CDE

Prove: BEDF is a parallelogram

Mathematics 9 | Page 13
 Proof:
Statement Reason
1. ̅̅̅ || ED
BF ̅̅̅̅ 1. Given
2. △ABF ≅ △CDE 2. Given
3. ̅̅̅ ≅ ED
BF ̅̅̅̅ 3. CPCTC (2)
4. BEDF is a parallelogram 4. Theorem 84. If one pair of
opposite sides of a quadrilateral
are both congruent and parallel,
then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram. (1,3)

4. Given: △ORQ ≅ △QPO, △ROP ≅ △PQR

Prove: OPQR is a parallelogram

Proof:
Statement Reason
1. △ORQ ≅ △QPO 1. Given
2. △ROP ≅ △PQR 2. Given
3. ∠R ≅ ∠P 3. CPCTC (1)
4. ∠O ≅ ∠Q 4. CPCTC (2)
5. OPQR is a parallelogram 5. Theorem 85. If both pairs of
opposite angles of a quadrilateral
are congruent, then the
quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

Mathematics 9 | Page 14
 Activity 3.1.4: Definition of a Parallelogram
Identify whether the following quadrilaterals are parallelogram or not.
1. 2.

_____________________________ _____________________________
3. 4.

_____________________________ _____________________________
5.

_____________________________

Lesson 3.1.4:
Midline of a Triangle

The Midline Theorem

The segment that joins the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to
the third side and is one half of its measure.

Mathematics 9 | Page 15
Example:
1. Consider △ABC with G and E as midpoints of AB ̅̅̅̅ and ̅̅̅̅
CB, respectively. The
segment formed by joining the midpoints G and E is called the midline of the
triangle, and is parallel to the third side ̅̅̅̅
AC.

AB, E is the midpoint of ̅̅̅̅

Given: △ABC, G is the midpoint of ̅̅̅̅ CB
1
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
Prove: GE || AC, GE = mAC̅̅̅̅
2
Proof:
Statement Reason
1. G is the midpoint of AB ̅̅̅̅ 1. Given
2. E is the midpoint of CB ̅̅̅̅ 2. Given
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , there is a point N such
3. In a ray GE 3. In a ray, there is exactly one point
that ̅̅̅̅
GE ≅ ̅̅̅̅ EN. at a given distance from the
endpoint of the ray.
4. ̅̅
EB ̅̅̅
̅̅ ≅ EC 4. Definition of a midpoint* (1)
5. ∠1 ≅ ∠2 5. Vertical angles theorem* (4)
6. △EGB ≅ △ENC 6. SAS Congruence Postulate*
(3,4,5)
7. ∠3 ≅ ∠4 7. CPCTC (6)
AB || ̅̅̅̅
8. ̅̅̅̅ CN 8. Converse of Alternate Interior
Angles Theorem (7)
9. ̅̅̅̅
GB ≅ ̅̅̅̅
GA 9. Definition of a midpoint (2)
*Definition of a midpoint. A point on the middle of a line segment divides the segment into two
equal parts.
*Vertical angles theorem. Two opposite vertical angles formed when two lines intersect each other
are always equal (congruent) to each other.
*SAS (Side-Angle-Side) Congruence Postulate. If two sides and the included angle in one triangle
are congruent to two sides and the included angle in another triangle, then the two triangles are
congruent.

Mathematics 9 | Page 16
 Statement Reason
10. ̅̅̅̅
GB ≅ NC̅̅̅̅ 10. CPCTC (6)
̅̅̅̅ ≅ NC
11. GA ̅̅̅̅ 11. Transitive Property of Equality*
(9,10)
12. AGNC is a parallelogram 12. Theorem 84. If one pair of
opposite sides of a quadrilateral
are both congruent and parallel,
then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram. (8,11)
̅̅̅̅ = mGE
13. mGN ̅̅̅̅ + mEN
̅̅̅̅ 13. Segment Addition Postulate* (3)
̅̅̅̅ = mEN
14. mGE ̅̅̅̅ 14. If segments are congruent, then
they have equal measures. (3)
15. mGN̅̅̅̅ = mGE
̅̅̅̅ + mGE
̅̅̅̅ 15. Substitution (13,14)
16. mGN̅̅̅̅ = 2mGE
̅̅̅̅ 16. Addition property (15)
17. ̅̅̅̅
GN ≅ ̅̅̅̅
AC 17. In a parallelogram, any two
opposite sides are congruent. (12)
̅̅̅̅ = mAC
18. mGN ̅̅̅̅ 18. If segments are congruent, then
they have equal measures. (17)
19. 2mGE ̅̅̅̅ = mAC̅̅̅̅ 19. Substitution (18)
1
20. ̅̅̅̅
GE = mAC ̅̅̅̅ 20. Multiplication property (19)
2
*Transitive Property of Equality. For all real numbers x, y, and z, if x=y and y=z, then x=z.
*Segment Addition Postulate. For any segment, the measure of the whole is equal to the sum of
the measures of its non-overlapping parts.

Activity 3.1.5: Midline Theorem

Solve for the value of x in the following.
1. 2.

Mathematics 9 | Page 17
 3. 4.

Lesson 3.1.5:
Special Parallelograms

A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which both pairs of opposite sides are

parallel. The three special parallelograms are rectangle, rhombus, and square.
1. A rectangle is a parallelogram with four right angles. Opposite sides of a
rectangle are congruent.
2. A rhombus is a parallelogram with four congruent sides. Opposite angles of a
rhombus are congruent.
3. A square is a combination of a rectangle and a rhombus. It is a parallelogram
with four right angles and four congruent sides.

Theorem 89
The diagonals of a rectangle are congruent.

Theorem 90
If a parallelogram has at least one right angle, then the parallelogram is a
rectangle.

Theorem 91
The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular.

Mathematics 9 | Page 18
 Theorem 92
Each diagonal of a rhombus bisects the opposite angles of the rhombus.

Theorem 93
If the diagonals of a parallelogram are perpendicular, then the
parallelogram is a rhombus.

Theorem 94
The diagonals of a square bisect the vertex angle.

Examples:
̅̅̅̅ and BD
1. Given: Rectangle ABCD with diagonals AC ̅̅̅̅.

̅̅̅̅ ≅ BD
Prove: AC ̅̅̅̅
Proof:
Statement Reason
̅̅̅̅
1. Rectangle ABCD with diagonals AC 1. Given
̅̅̅̅
and BD
AB ≅ ̅̅̅̅
2. ̅̅̅̅ DC 2. Definition of a rectangle (1)
3. ∠BAD and ∠CDA are right angles 3. Definition of a rectangle (1)
4. ∠BAD ≅ ∠CDA 4. Any two right angles are
congruent (3)
5. ̅̅̅̅
AD ≅ ̅̅̅̅
DA 5. Reflexive Property (1)
6. △BAD ≅ △CDA 6. SAS Congruence Postulate (2,4,5)
7. ̅̅̅̅
AC ≅ ̅̅̅̅
BD 7. CPCTC (6)

Mathematics 9 | Page 19
 ̅̅̅̅ = (5x – 3) cm, and mRT
2. Given: Rectangle RSTU, mUS ̅̅̅̅ = (2x + 6) cm

Find: mRT ̅̅̅̅

̅̅̅̅
US and ̅RT ̅̅̅ are the diagonals of RSTU. By Theorem 89, they are congruent.
̅̅̅̅ = mRT
mUS ̅̅̅̅
5x – 3 = 2x + 6 Apply substitution.
5x – 2x = 6 + 3 Apply transposition.
3x = 9 Simplify.
3x 9
= Divide both sides by 3.
3 3
x=3 Simplify.
Therefore,
̅̅̅̅ = (2x + 6) cm
mRT
̅̅̅̅ = [2(3) + 6] cm
mRT Apply substitution.
̅̅̅̅ = 12 cm
mRT Simplify.

3. Given: ABCD is a rhombus, m∠CAD = 35°

Find: (a) m∠BDA and (b) m∠BAC

̅̅̅̅ and BD
a. AC ̅̅̅̅ are the diagonals of ABCD. By Theorem 91, they are
perpendicular. Hence, m∠O = 90°.
m∠CAD + m∠BDA + m∠O = 180°
35° + m∠BDA + 90° = 180° Apply substitution.
m∠BDA = 180° – 90° – 35° Apply transposition.
m∠BDA = 55° Simplify.

Mathematics 9 | Page 20
 b. By Theorems 92 and 94, ∠BAC ≅ ∠CAD
m∠BAC = m∠CAD
m∠BAC = 35° Apply substitution.

Activity 3.1.6: Special Parallelograms

Identify the properties indicated in each parallelogram.

1.
̅̅̅̅ =
mAC
̅̅̅̅ =
mBD

2.
̅̅̅ =
mOJ
̅̅̅̅ =
mOL
̅̅̅̅ =
mOK
̅=
mIJ
̅̅̅ =
mLK
3.
m∠BAC =
m∠ABD =
m∠CBD =
m∠C =

Mathematics 9 | Page 21
 Lesson 3.1.6
Trapezoids

Definition of Trapezoid
A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides. The
parallel sides are called the bases of the trapezoid. The nonparallel sides are called
legs. The angles formed by a base and the legs are called base angles.

Definition of Isosceles Trapezoid

An isosceles trapezoid is a trapezoid with congruent legs.

Theorem 95
The base angles of an isosceles trapezoid are congruent.

Theorem 96
The diagonals of an isosceles are congruent.

Theorem 97
If the base angles of a trapezoid are congruent, then the trapezoid is
isosceles.

Examples:
1. Quadrilateral QRST is a trapezoid. ̅̅̅̅
QR and ̅̅̅
TS are its bases and ̅̅̅̅
QT and ̅̅̅
RS̅ are its
legs. ∠Q and ∠R are its base angles. ∠T and ∠S are also base angles.

Mathematics 9 | Page 22
 ̅̅̅̅ and KL
2. Trapezoid JKLM is an isosceles trapezoid. Its legs JM ̅̅̅ are congruent.

3. In an isosceles trapezoid ABCD, m∠A = (3x + 40)° and m∠D = (x + 60)°. Find
m∠B.

By Theorem 95, ∠A ≅ ∠D.

m∠A = m∠D
3x + 40 = x + 60 Apply substitution.
3x – x = 60 – 40 Apply transposition.
2x = 20 Simplify.
2x 20
= Divide both sides by 2.
2 2
x = 10 Simplify.
Therefore,
m∠A = (3x + 40)°
m∠A = [3(10) + 40]° Apply substitution.
m∠A = 70° Simplify.
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
AB is the transversal of the parallel lines BC and ̅̅̅̅
AD. Therefore, the interior
angles ∠A and ∠B are supplementary.
m∠A + m∠B = 180°
70° + m∠B = 180° Apply substitution.
m∠B = 180° – 70° Apply transposition.
m∠B = 110° Simplify.

Mathematics 9 | Page 23
 ̅̅̅̅ = (5x – 3) cm and mBD
4. In an isosceles trapezoid ABCD, mAC ̅̅̅̅ = (4x + 2) cm. Find
̅̅̅̅.
mAC

By Theorem 96, ̅̅̅̅ AC ≅ ̅̅̅̅

BD.
̅̅̅̅
mAC = mBD ̅̅̅̅
5x – 3 = 4x + 2 Apply substitution.
5x – 4x = 2 + 3 Apply transposition.
x=5 Simplify.
Therefore,
̅̅̅̅ = (5x – 3) cm
mAC
̅̅̅̅ = [5(5) – 3] cm
mAC Apply substitution.
̅̅̅̅ = 22 cm
mAC Simplify.

Activity 3.1.7: Trapezoids

Identify the properties indicated in each trapezoid.

1.
m∠B =
m∠C =
m∠D =

2.
̅̅̅̅ =
mAC
̅̅̅̅ =
mBD

Mathematics 9 | Page 24
 Lesson 3.1.7
Kites

Definition of Kite
A kite is a quadrilateral with two distinct pairs of adjacent congruent sides.

Theorem 101
If a quadrilateral is a kite, then its diagonals are perpendicular.

Theorem 102
If exactly one diagonal of a quadrilateral is the perpendicular bisector of the
other diagonal, then the quadrilateral is a kite.

Theorem 103
The area of a kite is half the product of the lengths of its diagonals.

Examples:
1. In kite ABCD, ̅̅̅̅ AD and ̅̅̅̅
AB ≅ ̅̅̅̅ BC ≅ ̅̅̅̅
DC. The two segments ̅̅̅̅
AC and ̅̅̅̅
BD are its
diagonals.

Mathematics 9 | Page 25
 2. Given: kite ABCD

1
(a) Prove: Area of kite ABCD = (mAC ̅̅̅̅)(mBD
̅̅̅̅), and
2
(b) Area of kite ABCD when mAC̅̅̅̅ = 2.5 cm and mBD ̅̅̅̅ = 4.5 cm
a. Proof:
Statement Reason
1. kite ABCD 1. Given
2. ̅̅̅̅
AC ⊥ ̅̅̅̅
BD 2. If a quadrilateral is a kite, then its
diagonals are perpendicular. (1)
3. Area of kite ABCD = 3. Area Addition Postulate* (1)
Area of △ABD + Area of △CBD
1
4. Area of △ABD = (mAE ̅̅̅̅)(mBD
̅̅̅̅) 4. Area Formula for Triangles (1)
2
1
5. ̅̅̅)(mBD
Area of △CBD = (mCE ̅̅̅̅) 5. Area Formula for Triangles (1)
2
6. Area of kite ABCD = 6. Substitution Property (3,4,5)
1
̅̅̅̅) + 1(mCE
̅̅̅̅)(mBD
(mAE ̅̅̅)(mBD
̅̅̅̅)
2 2
7. Area of kite ABCD = 7. Factoring (6)
1
̅̅̅̅)(mAE
(mBD ̅̅̅)
̅̅̅̅ + mCE
2
̅̅̅̅ = mAE
8. mAC ̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅ + mCE 8. Segment Addition Postulate (1)
1
9. Area of kite ABCD = (mBD ̅̅̅̅)
̅̅̅̅)(mAC 9. Substitution Property (7,8)
2
1
̅̅̅̅)(mBD
b. Area of kite ABCD = (mAC ̅̅̅̅)
2
1
Area of kite ABCD = (2.5 cm)(4.5 cm) Apply substitution.
2
Area of kite ABCD = 5.625 cm2 Simplify.

Mathematics 9 | Page 26
 Activity 3.1.8: Kites
Find the area of the following kites.
1. 2.

3.

Written Work 3.1: Problem-Solving

Read and solve the following problems. Show your complete solution (if
necessary), and highlight your final answer. Write your solution and final answer on the
box provided.
1) Quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram

̅̅̅̅ = 2.5 cm, what is mAB

a) If mDC ̅̅̅̅?

Mathematics 9 | Page 27
 ̅̅̅̅ = 3 in., what is mDE
b) If mDB ̅̅̅̅?

c) If m∠DAB = 120°, what is m∠ADC?

2) Quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram

a) If mDA ̅̅̅̅ = (3x + 14) cm, what is mDA

̅̅̅̅ = (5x – 8) cm and mBC ̅̅̅̅?

b) If m∠D = (x + 22)° and m∠C = (3x + 40)°, what is m∠A and m∠B?

AB and ̅̅̅̅
3) D and E are the midpoints of ̅̅̅̅ BC, respectively.

Mathematics 9 | Page 28
 ̅̅̅̅?
̅̅̅̅ = 12 cm, what is mAC
a) If mDE

b) If mAB ̅̅̅̅ = 14 cm, and mDE

̅̅̅̅ = 12 cm, mBC ̅̅̅̅ = 9 cm, what is the perimeter of
△ABC?

̅̅̅̅ = (5x + 2) cm and mEG

4) CDEF is a rectangle. mCG ̅̅̅̅ = (3x + 20) cm. Find mFD
̅̅̅̅.

5) Quadrilateral ABCD is a rhombus. Its diagonals AC ̅̅̅̅ and BD

̅̅̅̅ intersect at E. If
̅̅̅ = (5x – 3) cm, find mAC
̅̅̅̅ = (3x + 3) cm and mCE
mAE ̅̅̅̅.

Mathematics 9 | Page 29
 ̅̅̅̅ = (2x + 6),
̅̅̅ = (4x – 12) cm and mHG
6) Quadrilateral EFGH is a square. If mEF
find its perimeter and area.

7) ABCD is an isosceles trapezoid with diagonals ̅̅̅̅ AC and ̅̅̅̅

BD. If
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
mAC = [5(x – 10) + 10] cm and mBD = 6(x – 10) cm, what is mAC?

8) Find the area of a kite with diagonals 8 cm and 12 cm.

Mathematics 9 | Page 30
9) State whether the given statement is true or false.
a) If two pairs of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are congruent, then the
quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

b) The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

c) The consecutive sides of a parallelogram are congruent.

d) The consecutive angles of a parallelogram are complementary.

e) If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then the

quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

f) Every square is a rhombus.

g) Every rhombus is a parallelogram.

h) Every rectangle is a parallelogram.

i) The diagonals of a square are perpendicular.

j) If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then the

quadrilateral is a rhombus.

Mathematics 9 | Page 31
k) If the diagonals of a quadrilateral are perpendicular, then the
quadrilateral is a rhombus.

l) The diagonals of a rectangle are congruent.

m) The diagonals of a rhombus bisect the vertex angles.

n) Some rectangles are rhombi.

o) Some rhombi are squares.

p) A square is a rectangle.

q) A rhombus is a square.

r) The diagonals of an isosceles trapezoid can never become

perpendicular to each other.

s) The opposite angles of an isosceles trapezoid are congruent.

t) Diagonals of trapezoid bisect each other.

Mathematics 9 | Page 32
 u) A kite may have a right angle.

v) Every quadrilateral is a kite.

w) The area of a kite is equal to the product of the length of its diagonals.

x) One of the diagonals of a kite is the perpendicular bisector of the other

diagonal.

y) A kite has two distinct pairs of congruent consecutive sides.

Map of Conceptual Change: B&A Chart

Now that you are nearly done with this module, let us go back to Map of
Conceptual Change (page 4) at the start. Contemplate on your understanding of the
lessons and answer the same question. Write your answer on the third column.

Mathematics 9 | Page 33
 Performance Task 3.1: Mathematical Proof and Reasoning
Goal: Your group’s task is to prove one of the theorems on parallelograms,
trapezoids and kites by mathematical proof and reasoning.
Role: Each member of your group will need to collaborate and brainstorm
their knowledge and ideas to prove their selected theorem.
Audience: The target audience are your teacher and classmates.
Situation: You are a group of students who are tasked to prove one of the
theorems on parallelograms, trapezoids and kites using direct proof.
You are assigned to choose one theory on parallelograms. You are
required to provide a complete summary of your proof of the theorems.
This includes the premises and conclusions and their respective
reasons.
Product: Your group is tasked to present a report of your assignment, i.e.,
summary of proof of one of the theorems on parallelograms, trapezoids
and kites.
Theorems to Prove (select only one):
• Theorem 79
• Theorem 80
• Theorem 81
• Theorem 82
• Theorem 84
• Theorem 85
• Theorem 86
• Theorem 90
• Theorem 91
• Theorem 92
• Theorem 95
• Theorem 96
• Theorem 99
• Theorem 101

Mathematics 9 | Page 34
Standards for success:
Beginning Developing Accomplished Exemplary
Criteria
(1) (2) (3) (4)
The mathematical
The mathematical
reasoning is
reasoning is
mostly sound and
basically correct
the logical flow is
The mathematical and the logical The mathematical
mostly cohesive.
reasoning is either flow can be reasoning is sound
Logic and Reasoning However, there
absent or followed. and the logical
are some minor
seriously flawed. However, there flow is cohesive.
flaws or omissions
are some major
in the
flaws of
mathematical
omissions.
reasoning.
Terminology and Notation and Notation and
Use of Notation is
notation are terminology are terminology are
mathematical skillfully used.
incorrectly and used correctly used correctly
terminology and Terminology is
inconsistently with some major with only a few
notation used flawlessly.
used. errors. minor errors.
The steps in the The steps in the
The steps in the
The steps in the proof/ proof/
proof/
proof/ computation are computation are
Correctness computation are
computation are basically correct, mostly correct,
complete and
largely incorrect. but involve some but involve some
correct.
major flaws. minor flaws.
The proof/ The steps in the
computation ends proof/ The steps in the
abruptly, and it computation are proof/
The proof/
may not be clear mostly easy to computation are
computation is
Style and Clarity whether the writer follow, but may well-written, easy
disorganized and
knows how to contain to follow, and
confusing.
assemble the unnecessary detail approaches
parts of the or appear elegance.
argument. awkward.
The task report is The task report is
The task report is The task report is
completed and completed and
completed and completed and
Time efficiency submitted more submitted one
submitted on submitted ahead
than a week after week after the
time. of time.
the deadline. deadline.

Mathematics 9 | Page 35
 Self-Assessment: Yes-or-No Checklist
After reading and answering the lessons, activities, and other tasks in Chapter
1, reflect on the following questions.
I am able to identify quadrilaterals that are parallelograms. ( ) Yes ( ) No
I am able to determine the conditions that make a quadrilateral a
( ) Yes ( ) No
parallelogram.
I am able to use properties to find measures of angles, sides, and
( ) Yes ( ) No
other quantities involving parallelograms.
I am able to use properties to find measures of sides, midlines, and
( ) Yes ( ) No
other quantities involving triangles.
I am able to show proof and reasoning on one of the theories on
( ) Yes ( ) No
parallelograms.
I am able to prove theorems on the different kinds of parallelograms. ( ) Yes ( ) No
I am able to solve problems involving parallelograms. ( ) Yes ( ) No
I am able to prove theorems on trapezoids. ( ) Yes ( ) No
I am able to solve problems involving trapezoids. ( ) Yes ( ) No
I am able to prove theorems on kites. ( ) Yes ( ) No
I am able to solve problems involving kites. ( ) Yes ( ) No

Self-Assessment: Reflection and Values Integration

Write a reflection about your experiences while taking the entire module. Your
reflection should emphasize the following values.
1. Integrity
2. Accountability
3. Competence
4. Teamwork

Mathematics 9 | Page 36