10985C ENU Companion

O F F I C I A L M I C R O S O F T L E A R N I N G P R O D U C T
10985C
Introduction to SQL Databases
ii Introduction to SQL Databases
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Product Number: 10985C
Part Number (if applicable):

Released: 11/2017
Introduction to Databases 1-1
Module 1
Introduction to Databases
Contents:
Lesson 1: Introduction to Relational Databases 2
Lesson 2: Other Types of Databases and Storage 5
Lesson 3: Data Analysis 7
Lesson 4: Database Languages in SQL Server 9
Module Review and Takeaways 12
Lab Review Questions and Answers 13

1-2 Introduction to SQL Databases
Lesson 1
Introduction to Relational Databases
Contents:
Question and Answers 3
Demonstration: Exploring a Relational Database 3
Question and Answers

Question: Which of the following describes the purpose of a foreign key?
( ) To ensure that values in a column are unique.
( ) To reduce data redundancy.
( ) To check that the values added to a column are valid by referencing a different column, usually a
column in a different table.
Answer:
( ) To ensure that values in a column are unique.
( ) To reduce data redundancy.
(√) To check that the values added to a column are valid by referencing a different column,
usually a column in a different table.
Demonstration: Exploring a Relational Database

Demonstration Steps
1. Start the 10985C-MIA-DC and 10985C-MIA-SQL virtual machines, and then log on to 10985C-MIA-
SQL as ADVENTUREWORKS\Student with the password Pa55w.rd.
2. In the D:\Demofiles\Mod01 folder, right-click Setup.cmd, and then click Run as administrator.
3. In the User Account Control dialog box, click Yes, and wait for setup to complete.
4. Open Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio, and then connect to the MIA-SQL instance of the
database engine by using Windows Authentication.
5. In Object Explorer, expand Databases, expand AdventureWorks2016, right-click Database

Diagrams, and then click New Database Diagram.
6. If the Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio dialog box appears asking if you wish to create
support objects for database diagramming, click Yes.
7. In the Add Table dialog box, press and hold down the CTRL key, click Customer (Sales), click
SalesOrderDetail (Sales), click SalesOrderHeader (Sales), click ShipMethod (Purchasing), click
Add, and then click Close.
8. Review the tables and note the following points:
a. The SalesOrderHeader (Sales) table contains the SalesOrderID, which is the primary key
column.
b. The SalesOrderDetail (Sales) table also contains a SalesOrderID column.
9. In the SalesOrderDetail (Sales) table, right-click the SalesOrderID column, and then click
Properties.
10. In the Properties window, click the Description field, and then click the ellipsis button (…).
11. In the Description Property dialog box, note that the column is a primary key column, and that
there is a foreign key that references the SalesOrderID column in the SalesOrderHeader column,
and then click Cancel.
12. Click the line between the Customer (Sales) table and the SalesOrderHeader (Sales) table. This line
represents a foreign key relationship.
13. In the Properties window, click Description, and then click the ellipsis button (…).
14. In the Description Property dialog box, note that the foreign key references the CustomerID
column in the Customer (Sales) table, and then click Cancel.
15. Close the database diagram window, and do not save any changes. Close SQL Server Management
Studio.
Lesson 2
Other Types of Databases and Storage
Contents:

Match the types of database to the correct description. Indicate your answer by writing the category
number to the right of each item.
Items
1 Highly structured databases that store data in related tables.
2 A broad category of different types of databases that are often used to store semi-
structured and unstructured data, or highly complex data.
3 Analytical databases that contain aggregated data stored in cubes.
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3
Relational NoSQL OLAP

Databases Databases Databases
Answer:
Relational NoSQL OLAP

Databases Databases Databases
Highly A broad Analytical

structured category of databases
databases different that contain
that store types of aggregated
data in databases data stored
related that are often in cubes.
tables. used to store
semi-
structured
and
unstructured
data, or
highly
complex
data.
Lesson 3
Data Analysis
Contents:

Question: Data Quality Services is a tool for analyzing data to gain insights.
( ) True
( ) False
Answer:
( ) True
(√) False
Lesson 4
Database Languages in SQL Server
Contents:
Demonstration: Querying a SQL Server Database 10

Question: Which one of the following correctly represents the structure of a SQL Server Transact-SQL
SELECT statement?
( ) SELECT <table>
FROM <column list>
WHERE <filter that limits the rows returned>
( ) SELECT <column list>

FROM <table>
( ) SELECT <rows>
FROM <table>
Answer:
( ) SELECT <table>
FROM <column list>
(√) SELECT <column list>
FROM <table>
( ) SELECT <rows>
FROM <table>
Demonstration: Querying a SQL Server Database

Demonstration Steps
1. Open SQL Server Management Studio, and then connect to the MIA-SQL instance of the database
engine by using Windows Authentication.
2. On the File menu, point to Open, click File, browse to D:\Demofiles\Mod01, click
TransactSQLQueries.sql, and then click Open.
3. Select the code under the comment Return all rows from all columns in the
Sales.SalesOrderHeader table, and then click Execute.
4. Review the result set, noting the columns that the query returns and, in the bottom right-hand corner
of the results set, the number of rows the query returned.
5. Select the code under the comment Return all rows from the SalesOrderID and OrderDate
columns from the Sales.SalesOrderHeader table, and then click Execute.
6. Review the result set, noting the columns and the number of rows the query returned.
7. Select the code under the comment Return only rows from the SalesOrderID, OrderDate, and
SalesPersonID columns for which the SalespersonID = 282, and then click Execute.
8. Review the result set, noting the columns and the number of rows the query returned. Note that the
number of rows returned is much lower than for the previous two queries.
9. Select the code under the comment Return only rows from the SalesOrderID, OrderDate, and
SalesPersonID columns for which the SalespersonID > 282, and then click Execute.
10. Review the result set, noting the columns and the number of rows the query returned. Note that the
number of rows returned has increased again.
11. Select the code under the comment Return only rows from the SalesOrderID and OrderDate
columns for which the SalespersonID = 282 and the orderdate is from the year 2013, and then
click Execute.
12. Review the result set, noting the columns and the number of rows the query returned. This query
returned the lowest number of rows because it contained the most restrictive filters.
13. Close the TransactSQLQueries.sql query window and do not save any changes. Close SQL Server
Management Studio.
Module Review and Takeaways

Review Question(s)
Question: What types of databases and RDBMSs are in use in your work place? Do you have any
experience of working directly with them?
Answer: Answers will vary because students’ experiences are likely to be different.
Lab Review Questions and Answers

Lab: Exploring and Querying SQL Server Databases
Lab Review
Question: Why did the number of rows returned by the queries that you wrote in the lab vary?
Answer: The number of rows varied because the WHERE clause in the queries acts as a filter that
limits the rows that the query returns. The WHERE clause in each statement uses different
conditions, therefore different numbers of rows are returned.
Data Modeling 2-1
Module 2
Data Modeling
Contents:
Lesson 1: Data Modeling 2
Lesson 2: ANSI-SPARC Database Model 4
Lesson 3: Entity Relationship Modeling 6

Lesson 1
Data Modeling
Contents:
Data Modeling 2-3

Question: True or false? You can use entity-relationship modeling to show the way the elements in the
database are interconnected.
( ) True
( ) False
Answer:
(√) True
( ) False
Lesson 2
ANSI-SPARC Database Model
Contents:
Data Modeling 2-5

Question: Where is the physical representation of the data modeled?
( ) External level
( ) Conceptual level
( ) Internal level
Answer:
( ) External level
( ) Conceptual level
(√) Internal level

Lesson 3
Entity Relationship Modeling
Contents:
Resources 7
Data Modeling 2-7

Question: True or false? You can remove one or more attributes from a multi-attribute candidate key
without detriment.
( ) True
( ) False
Answer:
( ) True
(√) False
Resources
Notations
Additional Reading: Case*Method TM, Entity-Relationship Modelling by Richard Barker

(Addison Wesley).

Best Practice
Always listen to your customers. You will need to extract their requirements because they might not be
able to fully describe what they need.
Approach data modeling in a logical manner. Do not try to add detail too early in the process, before you
fully understand what is required in general.
Review Question(s)
Question: How would you approach data modeling?
Answer:
By understanding the requirements of the business.

To successfully model data so that the result meets the requirements of the business, you first
need to understand the requirements. This means talking to the relevant people and extracting
the requirements from them. Remember that they may not be totally certain in their own minds
about what they need.
This is a fundamental skill of a business analyst.
Real-world Issues and Scenarios

One of the issues you may encounter might involve changes made to the requirements. These are usually
driven by business needs or by an incomplete understanding of the requirements at the start of data
modeling. By their nature, changes are frustrating and challenging, but they are a part of the process and,
as such, need to be handled and planned for.
Tools
There are several ER modeling tools that can be used for the type of modeling discussed in this module.
However, for simple models, Microsoft Visio® is sufficiently powerful.
Common Issues and Troubleshooting Tips

Common Issue Troubleshooting Tip
Changes to requirements. Plan for and handle changes to

requirements.
Data Modeling 2-9

Lab: Identify Components in Entity Relationship Modeling
Lab Review
Question: How do you identify entities?
Answer:
Entities can be identified as nouns in the data brief.
Entities represent real-world objects about which information is required to be stored. An entity
can represent a physical object, such as a person, place, or a thing; or it could represent a virtual
object, such as an event.
Question: What is a relationship?
Answer:
Relationships exist between entities in a data model. They represent how one entity is related to
another at the level of their respective attributes.
In a conceptual model, a relationship can exist between two entities. It is a named, meaningful
link between entities. It represents how the attributes in one entity are related to those in the
other, and can be thought of as a verb phrase that links the two entities to form a sentence. For
example:
 STUDENT attends COURSE PRESENTATION.
 COMPANY sponsors STUDENT.
 COURSE PRESENTATION is one presentation of COURSE TYPE.
Normalization 3-1
Module 3
Normalization
Contents:
Lesson 1: Fundamentals of Normalization 2
Lesson 2: Normal Form 5
Lesson 3: Denormalization 8

Lesson 1
Fundamentals of Normalization
Contents:
Demonstration: Identifying Candidate Keys 3
Normalization 3-3

Question: What type of key can you use when you cannot identify an appropriate primary key from the
existing columns for a table?
( ) Composite primary key
( ) Surrogate key
( ) Candidate key
Answer:
( ) Composite primary key
(√) Surrogate key
( ) Candidate key
Demonstration: Identifying Candidate Keys

Demonstration Steps
1. Start the 10985C-MIA-DC and 10985C-MIA-SQL virtual machines, and then log on to 10985C-
MIA-SQL as ADVENTUREWORKS\Student with the password Pa55w.rd.
4. Open Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio, and then connect to the MIA-SQL instance of
the database engine by using Windows Authentication.
5. On the File menu, point to Open, and then click File.
6. In the Open File dialog box, navigate to the D:\Demofiles\Mod03 folder, click Candidate Keys.sql,
and then click Open.
7. Under the comment View the columns in the Production.Product table and identify the total
number of rows, select the Transact-SQL statement, and then click Execute.
8. Review the results, and in the results pane, in the bottom right corner, note the number of rows that
the query returned.
9. Under the comment Assess ProductID as a candidate key, select the Transact-SQL statement, and
then click Execute.
10. Review the results, and in the results pane, in the bottom right corner, note that the number of rows
that the query returned is the same as for the query in step 7. This means that ProductID is a
candidate key because it contains a unique value for each of the rows in the table.
11. Under the comment Assess Name as a candidate key, select the Transact-SQL statement, and then
click Execute.
that the query returned is the same as for the query in step 7. This means that Name is a candidate
key because it contains a unique value for each of the rows in the table.
13. Under the comment Assess ProductNumber as a candidate key, select the Transact-SQL statement,
and then click Execute.
that the query returned is the same as for the query in step 7. This means that ProductNumber is a
candidate key because it contains a unique value for each of the rows in the table.
15. Under the comment Assess Color as a candidate key, select the Transact-SQL statement, and then
click Execute.
that the query returned is less than the number of rows that the query in step 7 returned. This means
that Color is not a candidate key because it does not contain a unique value for each of the rows in
the table.
17. Close SQL Server Management Studio without saving changes.

Normalization 3-5
Lesson 2
Normal Form
Contents:
Demonstration: Normalizing to Third Normal Form 7

Match each description with the correct level of normal form. Indicate your answer by writing the
category number to the right of each item.
Items
1 Provide a primary key as a

unique identifier for rows, and
eliminate data groups that
repeat across columns.
2 Ensure that all non-key

columns are functionally
dependent on the whole of the
primary key.
3 Eliminate attributes that are

only transitively dependent on
the primary key.
First normal Second Third

form normal normal
form form
Normalization 3-7
Answer:
First Second Third

normal normal form normal form
form
Provide a Ensure that Eliminate

primary all non-key attributes
key as a columns are that are only
unique functionally transitively
identifier dependent dependent
for rows, on the whole on the
and of the primary key.
eliminate primary key.
data
groups
that repeat
across
columns.
Demonstration: Normalizing to Third Normal Form

Demonstration Steps
1. In the D:\Demofiles\Mod03 folder, double-click the Normalize Book Data.xlsx file.
2. On the Raw Data worksheet, review the data and note the following points:
a. The worksheet contains data about a collection of books.
b. There are multiple copies of the same book titles, and each copy might be a different pressing.
This information is stored in repeating data group columns called Copy 1, Copy 2, and Copy 3.
3. On the 1NF worksheet, note the changes that have been made to bring the table into first normal
form. These changes include:
a. Adding a composite primary key consisting of the Book Title, Copy Number, and Pressing
columns.
b. The repeating data group columns have been removed.

4. Note that the columns Year Published, Author, Author Date of Birth, and Author Age all contain
repeating data values. This is because these columns are not functionally dependent on the whole of
the primary key.
5. On the 2NF worksheet, note the changes that have been made to conform to second normal form.
The table has been decomposed into four tables: Book, Author, Copy, and Pressing. The columns in
each table depend on the whole of the primary key in their respective tables.
6. On the 3NF worksheet, note the change that has been made to ensure that the Author table
conforms to third normal form. The Author Age column has been removed because it was
transitively dependent on the primary key, through the Author Date of Birth non-key column. If
required, the age of each author can be calculated by using the date of birth value, so it not
necessary to store it.
Lesson 3
Denormalization
Contents:
Normalization 3-9

Question: True or false? A denormalized database and an unnormalized database are essentially the same
thing.
( ) True
( ) False
Answer:
( ) True
(√) False

Review Question(s)
Question: Can you think of a data set that you are familiar with, from your place of work or elsewhere,
that you could normalize? What steps would you take to normalize to third normal form?
Answer: Answers will vary because students will have access to different data sets, but the basic
process should be the same:
1. Eliminate repeating data groups and ensure that every row is uniquely identifiable.
2. Ensure that all attributes depend on the whole of the primary key.
3. Eliminate transitive dependencies.
Normalization 3-11

Lab: Normalizing Data
Lab Review
Question: In the suggested solution, the Orders table has a surrogate key as its primary key. Why do you
think this key was chosen instead of a composite candidate key, such as the OrderDate and Customer
columns?
Answer: There are two good reasons for this choice:

 The primary key in Orders is referenced from the OrderDetails table. Using the composite
candidate key would mean that these larger key values would have to be repeated multiple
times in the OrderDetails table, which is inefficient. Using the surrogate key instead means
that the OrderDetails table references the Orders table by using a much smaller key.
 It is logically possible for a customer to place more than one order in a day, so the
combination of OrderDate and Customer is not actually a valid candidate key. This is another
example of the importance of understanding the business processes in addition to the data.
Question: In the suggested solution, in the Customers table, are there any other columns that you could
break down even further? If so, why might you do this?
Answer: You could break down the following columns:

 Customer could be split into multiple columns, including Title, FirstName, MiddleName, and
LastName.
 Address could be split into multiple columns, including Number, Street, City, PostalCode,
State, and Country.
You might break down these columns if it made sense for business processes. For example,
updating a customer’s name if it is misspelt, or if they change their name because of marriage, is
easier and less vulnerable to error if you only need to update the last name, instead of the full
name. Alternatively, it might be important to be able to query customers based on a part of their
address, such as City or Postal Code. In this case, breaking down the address makes these types of
queries easier to write and will be more efficient.
Relationships 4-1
Module 4
Relationships
Contents:
Lesson 1: Introduction to Relationships 2
Lesson 2: Planning Referential Integrity 4

Lesson 1
Introduction to Relationships
Contents:
Relationships 4-3

Question: You are planning a database that tracks the courses that students attend at a college. Each
course can include up to 25 students, and students can enroll on multiple courses at the same time. You
have created an ERD that includes the entities Students and Courses. What type of relationship exists
between these entities?
( ) A one-to-many relationship.
( ) A one-to-one relationship.
( ) A many-to-many relationship.
( ) A super-type/sub-type relationship.
Answer:
( ) A one-to-many relationship.
( ) A one-to-one relationship.
(√) A many-to-many relationship.

( ) A super-type/sub-type relationship.
Lesson 2
Planning Referential Integrity
Contents:
Demonstration: Implementing Referential Integrity by Using a Foreign Key 5
Relationships 4-5

Question: A junior administrator reported that, when she deleted a row in a table in your organization’s
OLTP database, the action unexpectedly caused the deletion of more than 100 rows. You successfully
verify that the necessary foreign key constraints exist. What was the most likely cause of the unexpected
deletions?
( ) A foreign key constraint was configured with the ON DELETE SET NULL option.
( ) A foreign key constraint was configured with the ON DELETE SET DEFAULT option.
( ) A foreign key constraint was configured with the ON DELETE CASCADE option.
( ) A foreign key constraint was configured with the ON UPDATE CASCADE option.
Answer:
( ) A foreign key constraint was configured with the ON DELETE SET NULL option.
( ) A foreign key constraint was configured with the ON DELETE SET DEFAULT option.
(√) A foreign key constraint was configured with the ON DELETE CASCADE option.
( ) A foreign key constraint was configured with the ON UPDATE CASCADE option.
Demonstration: Implementing Referential Integrity by Using a Foreign Key

Demonstration Steps
2. In the D:\Demofiles\Mod04 folder, run Setup.cmd as Administrator.
3. In the User Account Control dialog box, click Yes.
4. Open Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio and then connect to the MIA-SQL instance of the
database engine by using Windows Authentication.
5. On the File menu, point to Open, click File, browse to D:\Demofiles\Mod04, click Referential
Integrity.sql, and then click Open.
6. In the query window, under the comment Create a database and change database context, select
the Transact-SQL statement and then click Execute.
7. In the query window, under the comment Create Customers table with a primary key constraint
and four rows, review the Transact-SQL statement, select the Transact-SQL statement, and then click
Execute.
8. In the query window, under the comment Create a table with a foreign key constraint, review the
Transact-SQL statement, select the Transact-SQL statement, and then click Execute.
9. In the query window, under the comment Test foreign key constraint by adding an order with a
valid CustomerID value, review the Transact-SQL statement, select the Transact-SQL statement, and
then click Execute.
10. Note that the statement completes successfully.
11. In the query window, under the comment Add an order with an invalid CustomerID value, review
the Transact-SQL statement, select the Transact-SQL statement, and then click Execute.
12. In the Results pane, review the message that states that the insert statement conflicted with the
foreign key constraint.
13. In the query window, under the comment Update a CustomerID value in Customers that has no
matching value in Orders, review the Transact-SQL statement, select the Transact-SQL statement,
14. Note that the statement completes successfully.

15. In the query window, under the comment Update a CustomerID value in Customers that has a
matching value in Orders, review the Transact-SQL statement, select the Transact-SQL statement,
16. In the Results pane, review the message that states that the update statement conflicted with the
constraint.
17. In the query window, under the comment Drop foreign key and add new foreign key that
specifies cascading referential integrity, review the Transact-SQL statement, select the Transact-
SQL statement, and then click Execute.
18. In the query window, under the comment Test cascading referential integrity, review the Transact-
SQL statement, select the Transact-SQL statement, and then click Execute.
19. In the Results pane, review the results, noting that the row in the Orders table was successfully
updated.

Relationships 4-7

Review Question(s)
Question: Think about the kinds of processes that exist in your organization. What entities can you
identify and what types of relationships exist between them? Think of three or four specific entities—what
constraints would you implement to enforce referential integrity, and would you use options such as
CASCADE or SET NULL?
Answer: Answers will vary, depending on students’ knowledge, opinions, and experience.

Lab: Planning and Implementing Referential Integrity
Lab Review
Question: Do you think that it was a good idea to implement the ON DELETE CASCADE and the ON
DELETE SET DEFAULT options in the final exercise in the lab? What problems might this potentially cause?
What might you have done instead to prevent these problems?
Answer: Cascading the delete to the CustomerDetails table removes all customer information for
the deleted customers, which means that it is more difficult to perform data analysis later on,
when it is based on customer demographics. Using the SET NULL option in Orders results in order
rows that are not associated with a specific customer, but instead have a default catch-all
CustomerID value. Removing the context for an order in this way can make it very difficult to
aggregate data in a meaningful manner, which again can reduce the usefulness of the data for
analytics.
One possible solution would be to use triggers to make copies of the data before deleting it from
the tables. This data could then be used for analytical purposes. If it is necessary to eliminate data
that identifies a customer, you could selectively save the non-identifying elements, such as the
city where the customer lives, or their age, and not save the identifying data, such as their name,
phone number, or street address.
Performance 5-1
Module 5
Performance
Contents:
Lesson 1: Indexing 2
Lesson 2: Query Performance 4
Lesson 3: Concurrency 6

Lesson 1
Indexing
Contents:
Demonstration: Testing Index Performance 3
Performance 5-3
Demonstration: Testing Index Performance

Demonstration Steps
1. In the virtual machine, on the taskbar, click Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio.
2. In the Connect to Server dialog box, in the Server name box, type MIA-SQL. In the Authentication
box, ensure Windows Authentication is selected, and then click Connect.
3. On the File menu, point to Open, click File, navigate to the D:\Demofiles\Mod05\Demo1.sql script
file, and then click Open.
4. To turn statistics on, highlight the code under Step 1 and click Execute.
5. To run a query with no indexes, highlight the code under Step 2 and click Execute.
6. To create indexes, highlight the code under Step 3 and click Execute.
7. To run a query with indexes, highlight the code under Step 4 and click Execute.
8. To drop the indexes, highlight the code under Step 5 and click Execute.
9. Close SQL Server Management Studio without saving any changes.

Lesson 2
Query Performance
Contents:
Demonstration: Nonsargable Queries 5
Performance 5-5

Question: True or false? The use of the * predicate in SELECT statements has an adverse effect on query
performance.
( ) True
( ) False
Answer:
(√) True
( ) False
Demonstration: Nonsargable Queries

Demonstration Steps
1. On the taskbar, click Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio.
2. In the Connect to Server dialog box, in the Server name box, type MIA-SQL. Ensure Windows
Authentication is selected in the Authentication box, and then click Connect.
3. On the File menu, point to Open, click File, navigate to the D:\Demofiles\Mod05\Demo2.sql script
file, and then click Open.
4. To turn statistics on, highlight the code under Step 1 and click Execute.
5. To run a query with no indexes, highlight the code under Step 2 and click Execute.
6. To create indexes, highlight the code under Step 3 and click Execute.
7. To run a query with indexes, highlight the code under Step 4 and click Execute.
8. To drop the indexes, highlight the code under Step 5 and click Execute.

Lesson 3
Concurrency
Contents:
Resources 7
Demonstration: Locking and Blocking 7
Performance 5-7

Question: True or false? Isolation levels affect the locks imposed when a transaction is modifying data.
( ) True
( ) False
Answer:
( ) True
(√) False
Resources
Transactions
Additional Reading: For more information, see the Isolation Level and Locking topics later
in this module.
Demonstration: Locking and Blocking

Demonstration Steps
1. On the taskbar, click Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio.
2. In the Connect to Server dialog box, in the Server name box, type MIA-SQL. Ensure Windows
Authentication is selected in the Authentication box, and then click Connect.
3. On the File menu, point to Open, click File, navigate to the D:\Demofiles\Mod05\Demo3A.sql
script file, and then click Open.
4. On the File menu, point to Open, click File, navigate to the D:\Demofiles\Mod05\Demo3B.sql
script file, and then click Open.
5. To start the first query, switch to the Demo3A tab, highlight the code under Step 1 and click
Execute.
6. Immediately switch to the Demo3B tab, highlight the code under Step 2 and click Execute.
7. Note that the query does not complete because it is being blocked.
8. Switch to the Demo3A tab and, on the toolbar, click Cancel Executing Query.
9. Wait until the cancellation has completed and switch to the Demo3B tab.
10. Notice that the query has now completed because the locks have been released.

Best Practice
Indexes, joins and the types of search that you perform have a huge effect on query performance so you
should consider index and query design carefully. Furthermore, most databases will have many concurrent
users—you should consider whether a database that performs optimally in a test environment with one
use, would perform optimally in a production environment.
Database Objects 6-1
Module 6
Database Objects
Contents:
Lesson 1: Tables 2
Lesson 2: Views 6
Lesson 3: Stored Procedures, Triggers, and Functions 8

Lesson 1
Tables
Contents:
Demonstration: Creating Databases and Tables 4

Place each item into the appropriate category. Indicate your answer by writing the category number to
the right of each item.
Items
1 Checks the values that are

added to a column and
prevents the insertion of
duplicate values.
2 Inserts a pre-configured value

into a column when an INSERT
statement does not provide a
value for that column.
3 Compares a value to a pre-

configured condition to assess
whether the value is valid.
Unique Default Check

constraint constraint constraint
Answer:
Unique Default Check

constraint constraint constraint
Checks the Inserts a Compares a

values that pre- value to a
are added configured pre-
to a column value into a configured
and column condition to
prevents when an assess
the INSERT whether the
insertion of statement value is
duplicate does not valid.
values. provide a
value for
that column.
Demonstration: Creating Databases and Tables

Demonstration Steps
3. On the File menu, point to Open, click File, browse to D:\Demofiles\Mod06, click Create
Tables.sql, and then click Open.
4. In the query window, under the comment Create a database and change database context, review
the Transact-SQL statement, select it, and then click Execute.
5. In the query window, under the comment Create schemas, review the Transact-SQL statement, select
it, and then click Execute.
6. In the query window, under the comment Create tables, review the Transact-SQL statement, select it,
7. In the query window, under the comment Add CHECK constraint to Sales.Order, review the
Transact-SQL statement, select it, and then click Execute.
8. In the query window, under the comment Test CHECK constraint, review the Transact-SQL
statement, select it, and then click Execute.
9. Review the results, and note that the insert fails because the order date is yesterday's date.
10. In the query window, under the comment Add DEFAULT constraint to
Person.CustomerDemographics, review the Transact-SQL statement, select it, and then click
Execute.
11. In the query window, under the comment Test DEFAULT constraint, review the Transact-SQL
12. Review the results, and note that the insert succeeds and the default value ‘Unknown’ is entered.
13. In the query window, under the comment Add UNIQUE constraint to Person.Employee, review the
Transact-SQL statement, select it, and then click Execute.
14. In the query window, under the comment Test UNIQUE constraint, review the Transact-SQL
15. Review the results, and note that the first insert succeeds, but the second fails because it contains the
duplicate SSN value ‘123’.

Lesson 2
Views
Contents:
Demonstration: Creating and Using Views 7

Question: True or false? To create an indexed view, you must include the WITH SCHEMABINDING option
in the view definition.
( ) True
( ) False
Answer:
(√) True
( ) False
Demonstration: Creating and Using Views

Demonstration Steps
4. On the File menu, point to Open, click File, browse to D:\Demofiles\Mod06, click Create Views.sql,
and then click Open.
5. Under the comment Create a view, review the Transact-SQL statements, select them, and then click
Execute.
6. Under the comment Query the view, review the Transact-SQL statements, select them, and then click
Execute.
7. Under the comment Query the view with a WHERE clause, review the Transact-SQL statements,
select them, and then click Execute.
8. Under the comment Create an index on the view, review the Transact-SQL statements, select them,
9. In Object Explorer, expand Databases, expand Demo, expand Views, and note the view that you
created in step 5.
10. Expand dbo.VW_CustomerOrders, expand Indexes, and note the index that you created in step 8.

Lesson 3
Stored Procedures, Triggers, and Functions
Contents:
Demonstration: Creating and Using a Stored Procedure 9

Question: You want to create a database object to encapsulate Transact-SQL statements in a database to
ensure consistency and make it easier for users to access data without having to write complex Transact-
SQL statements. The Transact-SQL in the database object that you create will reference multiple tables,
must accept input parameters, and will be referenced by users in the FROM clause of SELECT statements.
What type of database object should you create?
( ) An inline user-defined table-valued function.
( ) A stored procedure.
( ) A view.
( ) An indexed view.
( ) A multistatement user-defined table-valued function.
Answer:
( ) An inline user-defined table-valued function.

( ) A stored procedure.
( ) A view.
( ) An indexed view.
(√) A multistatement user-defined table-valued function.
Demonstration: Creating and Using a Stored Procedure

Demonstration Steps
1. In the D:\Demofiles\Mod06 folder, right-click Setup.cmd, click Run as Administrator.
2. In the User Account Control dialog box, click Yes, and then wait for the script to complete.
4. On the File menu, point to Open, click File, browse to D:\Demofiles\Mod06, click Create Stored
Procedure.sql, and then click Open.
5. Under the comment Create the stored procedure, review the Transact-SQL statements, select them,
6. Under the comment Execute the stored procedure, review the Transact-SQL statement, select it,
7. Under the comment View the results, review the Transact-SQL statement, select it, and then click
Execute.
8. Review the results, noting that a row has been added to the Person.Customer table with the values
specified in the EXEC statement.


Review Question(s)
Question: Think of a table in a database that you are familiar with, perhaps a database in your place of
work. Imagine that you need to create a stored procedure to input new rows into the table. Which input
parameters would you need to include, and what data types would you assign to these parameters?
Answer: Answers will vary, depending on students’ opinions and experiences.


Lab: Using SQL Server
Lab Review
Question: The PRIMARY KEY column in the Sales.Orders table does not have the IDENTITY property set. If
the IDENTITY property were set for this column, how would you have to modify the USP_InsertOrders
stored procedure?
Answer: You would need to modify the procedure by removing the @OrderID input parameter
and the reference to the OrderID column in the INSERT statement.
Question: You created a stored procedure to insert new rows into the Sales.Orders table. What else would
you need to do to ensure that new orders are recorded in full, including details of the products in each
order, prices, and so on?
Answer: You would need to update the Sales.LineItems table with the appropriate details for
each order. You could extend the existing stored procedure to do this.

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Product Number: 10985C

Part Number (if applicable):

Lesson 2: Other Types of Databases and Storage 5

Lesson 3: Data Analysis 7

Lesson 4: Database Languages in SQL Server 9

Module Review and Takeaways 12

Lab Review Questions and Answers 13

Question and Answers

( ) To ensure that values in a column are unique.

( ) To reduce data redundancy.

( ) To ensure that values in a column are unique.

( ) To reduce data redundancy.

Demonstration: Exploring a Relational Database

5. In Object Explorer, expand Databases, expand AdventureWorks2016, right-click Database

8. Review the tables and note the following points:

b. The SalesOrderDetail (Sales) table also contains a SalesOrderID column.

Question and Answers

1 Highly structured databases that store data in related tables.

3 Analytical databases that contain aggregated data stored in cubes.

Category 1 Category 2 Category 3

Relational NoSQL OLAP

Category 1 Category 2 Category 3

Relational NoSQL OLAP

Highly A broad Analytical

Question and Answers

Question and Answers

( ) SELECT <column list>

Demonstration: Querying a SQL Server Database

Module Review and Takeaways

Lab Review Questions and Answers

Lesson 2: ANSI-SPARC Database Model 4

Lesson 3: Entity Relationship Modeling 6

Module Review and Takeaways 8

Lab Review Questions and Answers 9

Question and Answers

Question and Answers

(√) Internal level

Question and Answers

Additional Reading: Case*Method TM, Entity-Relationship Modelling by Richard Barker

Module Review and Takeaways

By understanding the requirements of the business.

Real-world Issues and Scenarios

Common Issues and Troubleshooting Tips

Changes to requirements. Plan for and handle changes to

Lab Review Questions and Answers

Entities can be identified as nouns in the data brief.

Question: What is a relationship?

Lesson 2: Normal Form 5

Lab Review Questions and Answers 10

Question and Answers

( ) Composite primary key

( ) Composite primary key

(√) Surrogate key

Demonstration: Identifying Candidate Keys

5. On the File menu, point to Open, and then click File.

17. Close SQL Server Management Studio without saving changes.

Question and Answers

1 Provide a primary key as a