Peer Reviewed

Title:
Discourse and Context in Language Teaching: A Guide for Language Teachers by Marianne
Celce-Murcia and Elite Olshtain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, viii+279 pp.

Journal Issue:
Issues in Applied Linguistics, 11(2)
Author:
Ikeda, Elissa, University of California, Los Angeles

Publication Date:
2000

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Discourse and Context in Language Teaching: A Guide for
Language Teachers by Marianne Celce-Murcia and Elite Olshtain
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, viii+279 pp.

Reviewed by Elissa Ikeda

University of California, Los Angeles

This new book by Marianne Celce-Murcia and Elite Olshtain offers valu-
able information and pedagogical suggestions for any language teacher or trainer
of teachers. The focus is on the role of discourse in language teaching: how to
prepare learners for communicative interaction (written and spoken) by exposure
to authentic language use and a focus on "the social and cultural environment
within which communicative language processing and interaction take place" (p.

190). I recommend the book to novice and experienced teachers who wonder how
to incorporate research in cipplied linguistics into their language classroom. At the
same time, I think it should yield even better results in a methods class where
group discussion can allow for even greater absorption of and interaction with the
material.
Underlying the text is the philosophy that language must be taught at the

discourse level in order to produce learners who can communicate effectively in

the target language. As with many others who espouse a communicative teaching
approach, Celce-Murcia and Olshtain appeal to the model of communicative com-
petence put forth by Canale and Swain (Canale 1983; Canale & Swain, 1980). The
authors argue that language must be taught in relation to discourse and pragmatic
considerations. As an example of this, the authors cite the following: At sentence
level, in which an analysis does not distinguish between word order choices for
separable phrasal verbs, the sentences Edward gave up his reward and Edward
gave his reward up are equivalent. Analysis at the discourse level, however, dem-
onstrates that the word order choice hinges on the deSired emphasis and newness
of the direct object in the context in which it appears (p. 56).

Another issue of central importance is the schema for language knowledge

and discourse processing promoted in the book. The authors emphasize that effec-
tive interpretation and production of written and spoken discourse involve a com-
bination of both top-down and bottom-up processing. As a result, diagrams and
examples in each chapter relate both types of processing to the specific types of
knowledge or processing skills being discussed, as well as to each other. In the
production of spoken discourse, for instance, speakers draw on their knowledge of
phonology, syntax, and vocabulary (bottom-up processing) as well as knowledge
of the participants and sociocultural rules of appropriacy (top-down processing).
Indeed, the book's content and organization are built on the assumption that effec-

Issues in Applied Linguistics ISSN 1050-4273

2000, Regents of the University of California Vol. 1 1 No. 2, 277-279
278 Reviews

live language users rely on a combination of knowledge components and process-

ing skills.

The book is divided into four sections. In the first section, the authors pro-

vide background to discourse analysis and pragmatics. While the second section
focuses on language knowledge (phonology, grammar, and vocabulary), the third
section is devoted to the four language processing skills (listening, reading, writ-

ing, and speaking). Each of the chapters in thesetwo sections describes problems
that language learners often face as a result of discourse-level language phenom-
ena. In addition, there are valuable suggestions for how these problematic areas
can be addressed in the language classroom. The reader will be happy to find that
these recommendations cover a range of age and proficiency levels.
One of the questions that came to my mind as I read the book was how to
incorporate so many teaching suggestions into a manageable course design. The
final section, entitled "Implementation," offers a helpful answer. The section in-
cludes a chapter on curriculum design and materials development that provides a
framework for developing a discourse-based curriculum integrated with traditional
approaches to curriculum design (product-based, content-based, strategy-based,
and process-based). The authors specify that while these approaches may be inte-

grated, a discourse-based curriculum will necessarily include "a focus on authen-

tic texts and interactional communicative events in language use" (p. 190). Al-
though designing a curriculum still looms as a daunting task, this chapter provides

a way to develop the discussion in previous chapters into a well-designed curricu-

lum.
The other chapters in the final section discuss the importance of and insight-
ful proposals for a discourse approach to both assessment and training for teachers
and learners. The assessment chapter is guestauthored by Elana Shohamy, and
includes reference to specific discourse research enlightening to both testers and
teachers. Shohamy describes an alternative discourse-based assessment bat-

tery that was used with great success with immigrant children studying Hebrew in

Israel (p. 212). In the training chapter, the authors discuss the importance of train-
ing teachers (a) to be aware of discourse analysis, (b) to provide discourse-sensi-
tive feedback and correction, and (c) to reflect on the discourse that they use in

their own teaching. Moreover, there are innovative ideas for training learners to
analyze discourse in order to further their own learning.
Coming to this text with no background in discourse analysis, I found the
book's readability to be its greatest virtue. Detailed explanations and clear ex-
amples drawn from authentic language as well as actual teaching experience con-
tribute to the accessibility of the reading. Moreover, the glossary at the end of the'
book includes a comprehensive review of technical terms ranging from syntax to
politeness principle. These features work together to make the field of discourse
analysis accessible to language teachers and teacher trainers with little or no prior
background in the field. For readers approaching the text in a discussion group or
methods class, the challenging questions and suggested activities included at the
 Issues in Applied Linguistics, Vol 11, No. 2 279

end of each chapter allow for hands-on interaction with the material.
The book is especially well suited for teachers of English (EFL/ESL/EAL),
and indeed almost all of the examples are based on English discourse and research
related to English learning. This means, however, that teachers of other languages
will have to do their own homework on problematic features that appear at the
discourse level of the languages they teach. Still, the principles and suggestions
elaborated in the handbook are relevant to many language situations. In the UCLA
graduate seminar in which I encountered the text, two of the participants in the
seminar were currently teaching different levels of Japanese at UCLA, while an-
other was teaching beginning Chinese to heritage learners. These students were
able to apply a discourse-based approach to the teaching of Japanese personal
reference terms, to backchannels in Japanese discourse, and to the assessment of
Chinese language learners. Thus, teachers of languages other than English should
be prepared to put in some extra effort to apply the book's suggestions to their own
situations.
Overall, however, the textbook promises to be worthwhile reading for all

teachers interested in a communicative language teaching approach, and I believe

that all readers should gain from the insight and experience that Marianne Celce-
Murcia and Elite Olshtain bring to discourse-based language teaching. For this

reason, I highly recommend the book.

REFERENCES

Canale, M. (1983). From communicative competence to communicative language

pedagogy. In J. Richards & R. Schmidt (Eds.), Language and communication (pp. 2-

27). London: Longman.

Canale, M., & Swain M. (1980). Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to

second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics, 1. 1-48.