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    L1Importance of Irrigation and Drainage

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    This document provides an overview of an irrigation and drainage engineering course at the Islamic University of Gaza. [1] It describes the importance of irrigation, different irrigation systems and techniques, and historical irrigation developments. [2] It also discusses the need for irrigation in Gaza due to low and seasonal rainfall, and high evaporation rates. [3] Students are assigned a report analyzing meteorological station data to compare rainfall in northern and southern Gaza.

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    L1Importance of Irrigation and Drainage

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    105 views18 pages
    This document provides an overview of an irrigation and drainage engineering course at the Islamic University of Gaza. [1] It describes the importance of irrigation, different irrigation systems and techniques, and historical irrigation developments. [2] It also discusses the need for irrigation in Gaza due to low and seasonal rainfall, and high evaporation rates. [3] Students are assigned a report analyzing meteorological station data to compare rainfall in northern and southern Gaza.

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    This document provides an overview of an irrigation and drainage engineering course at the Islamic University of Gaza. [1] It describes the importance of irrigation, different irrigation systems and techniques, and historical irrigation developments. [2] It also discusses the need for irrigation in Gaza due to low and seasonal rainfall, and high evaporation rates. [3] Students are assigned a report analyzing meteorological station data to compare rainfall in northern and southern Gaza.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    105 views18 pages

    L1Importance of Irrigation and Drainage

    Uploaded by

    mimahmoud
    This document provides an overview of an irrigation and drainage engineering course at the Islamic University of Gaza. [1] It describes the importance of irrigation, different irrigation systems and techniques, and historical irrigation developments. [2] It also discusses the need for irrigation in Gaza due to low and seasonal rainfall, and high evaporation rates. [3] Students are assigned a report analyzing meteorological station data to compare rainfall in northern and southern Gaza.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 18

    The Islamic University of Gaza- Civil Engineering Department

    Irrigation and Drainage- ECIV 5327

    Lecture 1: Importance of Irrigation and Drainage

    Prepared by
    Husam Al-Najar


    Irrigation and Drainage- course
    description

    Irrigation water sources and methods of storage, water and soil relationship,
    Water flow through the soil, the quantity and quality of water used in irrigation
    systems, surface and underground irrigation, drainage, wells and its use for
    irrigation, water measurements, laws and legislation for irrigation.


    Course Outline
    1. Introduction 7. Pipeline Hydraulics and pumping units
    Importance of irrigation Basic relationships
    Types of irrigation systems Friction loss
    2. Irrigation Water Measurement Types of pumps
    Velocity of flow Pump characteristics
    Flow measurement Pump selection-Power units
    3. Soil-Water Relationships 8. Irri. & Drainage Systems planning & Design
    Soil properties Types of systems
    Water in soils System components
    Infiltration System performance
    Soil water measurement Hydraulics of laterals
    4. Irrigation Water Requirements 9. Laws and Legislative for Irrigation
    Evapo-transpiration
    Efficiencies and System capacity Final Exam
    Midterm Exam
    5. Irrigation Modeling and Scheduling Homework and Assignments: 10%
    Principles
    CropWat model Midterm Exam: 30%
    6. Irrigation Water Sources
    Ground water and wells
    Final Exam: 60%
    Reuse of treated wastewater effluent
    Water quality for irrigation purposes.
    Introduction
    Importance of Irrigation
    Definition the supply of water to crops and landscaping plants by
    artificial means
    world-wide: 544 million acres
    (17% of land 1/3 of food production)

    Purpose

    Raise a crop where nothing would grow otherwise (e.g., desert


    areas)
    Grow a more profitable crop (e.g., alfalfa vs. wheat)
    Increase the yield and/or quality of a given crop (e.g., fruit)
    Increase the aesthetic value ( ) of a landscape (e.g., turf,
    ornamentals)


    Reasons for yield/quality increase
    Reduced water stress
    Better germination and stands
    Higher plant populations
    More efficient use of fertilizer
    Improved varieties
    Leaching of salts
    Frost protection
    Plant/soil cooling
    Chemical application
    Wind erosion control
    Waste disposal


    Arid to semiarid sites: calcareous soils general
    characteristics
    (e.g. Mediterranean region, India, N. China...)

    little weathering of minerals


    low development of soils
    low organic matter (N) content
    low leaching
    accumulation of salts
    inhibited root growth because of drought and salt
    risk of erosion (wind, water)


    nutritional status/nutrient deficiencies

    water deficiency
    inhabit root growth inhibited nutrient acquisition
    poor water use efficiency because of nutrient deficiency
    P-deficiency (fixation)
    Fe-, Zn- (Mn-, Cu-) deficiency
    B-deficiency
    toxicity (salt, boron)


    drought stress

    Soil water content (SWC)


    Saline sites: irrigation and secondary salinization
    (cotton, Sudan)


    Historical Perspective

    Nile River Basin (Egypt) - 6000 B.C.

    Tigris-Euphrates River Basin (Iraq, Iran, Syria) - 4000 B.C.

    Yellow River Basin (China) - 3000 B.C.

    Indus River Basin (India) - 2500 B.C.

    Maya and Inca civilizations (Mexico, South America) - 500 B.C.

    Salt River Basin (Arizona) - 100 B.C.

    Western U. S. - 1800s


    Irrigation Techniques


    Types of Irrigation Systems

    1. Sprinkler: pressurized irrigation through devices called sprinklers


    (water is discharged into the air and infiltrates near where it lands).
    Used on agricultural and horticultural crops, turf, landscape plants


    2. Surface Irrigation: Irrigation water flows across the field to the point
    of infiltration. primarily used on agricultural crops and orchards


    3. Micro (drip, trickle): frequent, slow application of irrigation water
    using pressurized systems. Used in landscape and nursery applications,
    and on high-value agricultural and horticultural crops.


    Why do we need to irrigate in the Gaza Strip?

    Rainfall in Gaza Strip

    The average annual rainfall varies from 470 mm/year in the North to 242
    mm/year in the South.
    Rainfall occurs only in the winter months (October - March).
    Half of the Rainfall occurs during December to January.
    The number of rainy days along Gaza strip is 41 days.


    Number of Rainy Days According to the Quantity in (mm) for Nine Weather
    Stations in Gaza strip for the Year 2004 (MOT, 2004)

    25

    R a in y D a y s >
    20
    5m m
    Number of Days

    15 10m m
    20m m

    10 30m m
    40m m
    5 50m m

    Rafah
    Khanyuonis
    Elmoghraqa

    D.Balah
    GAZA

    B.Hanoun

    Elshatia

    Elnusierat
    B.Lahia

    S t a tio n s L o c a t io n


    The Monthly Average Variation of the Evaporation Rate in Gaza Strip
    (mm/month), (Mortaja, 1998).

    Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun


    Average 2.05 2.85 3.95 4.7 5.4 6.7
    Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
    7.25 6.35 6.45 4.6 3.4 2.15


    Assignment No. 1

    Write a brief report (not more that 2 Pages. 14 Times New Roman, 1.5 spacing) about
    Gaza Strip Metrological stations showing the following:
    Location
    What types of measurements (Rainfall, temperature, Evaporation, Humidity,
    Wind Speed and direction, Sunshine hours and Sunshine Intensity.etc.)
    Compare one year- rainfall data from metrological station in the north and the
    other in the south of Gaza Strip.

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