International J ournal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJ CTT) volume 11 number 3 May 2014

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page 118

Combined Approach for Image Segmentation
Shradha Dakhare, Harshal Chowhan, Manoj B.Chandak
Department of computer science & Engineering, Nagpur University
W.C.E.M. Dongargaon, R.C.O.E.M Nagpur, India

Abstract Many image segmentation techniques have been
developed over the past two decades for segmenting the images,
which help for object recognition, occlusion boundary
estimation within motion or stereo systems, image compression,
image editing.
In this, there is a combined approach for segmenting the
image. By using histogram equalization to the input image, from
which it gives contrast enhancement output image .After that by
applying median filtering ,which will remove noise from contrast
output image . At last I applied fuzzy c-mean clustering
algorithm to denoising output image, which give segmented
output image. In this way it produce better segmented image
with less computation time.

Keywords Histogram equalization, Median filter, Fuzzy C-
Means.
I. INTRODUCTION
Image segmentation refers to the major step in image
Processing in which the inputs are images and, outputs are the
attributes extracted from those images. The goal of
segmentation is typically to locate certain objects of interest
which may be depicted in the image. For example, in a vision
guided car assembly system, the robot needs to pick up the
appropriate components from the bin .For this segmentation
followed by recognition is required. Its application area varies
from the detection of cancerous cells to the identification of an
airport from remote sensing data, etc. In all this area, the
quality of final output depends largely on the quality of
segmented output. Segmentation is the process of partitioning
an image into non-intersecting regions such that each region is
homogeneous and the union of no two adjacent regions is
homogeneous. Formally, it can be defined as follows:
If F be the set of all pixels and P() be a uniformity
(homogeneity)predicate defined on groups of connected pixels,
then segmentation is a partitioning of the set F into a set of
connected subsets or regions(S1, S2, , Sn) such that
n
U Si = F with Si Sj =null , ij
i=1
The uniformity predicate P(Si) = true for all regions (Si) and
P(Si U Sj) = false when Si is adjacent to Sj.

Segmentation divides image into its constituent Regions or
objects. The level to which segmentation is carried out
depends upon the problem being solved i.e. segmentation
should stop when the objects of interest in an application have
been isolated.
Quantitative studies have been performed based on
populations of biological Images. Such studies extremely
require methods for segmentation, feature extraction, and
classification. A first step in many analysis pipelines is
segmentation, which can occur at several levels (e.g.,
separating nuclei, cells, tissues). This task has been an active
field of research in image processing over the last 30 years,
and various methods have been proposed and analyzed
depending on the modality, quality, and resolution of the
Microscopy images to analyze [2].

This paper is organized as follows: histogram equalization
is used to increases the contrast enhancement of an image by
increasing the dynamic range of intensity given to pixels with
the most probable intensity values. Median Filter which is
used for smoothing. Fuzzy C-means which is an overlapping
clustering algorithm. In this paper we are combining these
techniques for getting better quality segmented output.
II. HISTOGRAM EQUALIZATION
Histogram equalization is a kind of contrast enhancement
that stretches the histogram so that all values occur (more or
less) an equal number of times. This method usually increases
the global contrast of many images, especially when the
usable data of the image is represented by close contrast
values. Through this adjustment, the intensities can be better
distributed on the histogram. This allows for areas of lower
local contrast to gain a higher contrast. . The method is useful
in images with backgrounds and foregrounds that are both
bright or both dark. In particular, the method can lead to better
views of bone structure in x-ray images, and to better detail in
photographs that are over or under-exposed. A key advantage
of the method is that it is a fairly straightforward technique
and an invertible operator. The transformation is scaled such
that the least intense value in the original image is mapped to
a zero intensity value in the equalized image. As well, the
most intense value in the original image is mapped to an
intensity value that is equal to the maximum intensity value
determined by the bit depth of the image. This produces
results that have a dynamic range that is slightly larger than
produced by the histogram equalization algorithm described in
Gonzalez and Woods (2008). The algorithm has been tested to
verify that performing further equalization on an already
equalized image produces an output that is identical to the
input. As well, it has been tested to verify that the histogram
equalization of an input image with a constant probability
distribution function produces an output image that is identical
to the input. The Mat Lab script used to run these tests is
provided in the Tests.mfile [3] original image on the left and
the equalized image on the right. The histograms of the two
images are shown below
International J ournal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJ CTT) volume 11 number 3 May 2014

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page 119


Fig. 1 Histograms of two images.
Fig. 1 this is an image taken at night at a fireworks display.
Most pixels have a very low intensity. When the contrast of
the dark pixels is increased using histogram equalization, the
noise become very noticeable. However, this does a good job
of bringing out details in the background. The trees and clouds
near the bottom of the image are not visible in the original
image.

A. Histogram Equalization Method

Consider a discrete grayscale image {x} and let n
i
be the
number of occurrences of gray level i. The probability of an
occurrence of a pixel of level i in the image is


L being the total number of gray levels in the image, n being
the total number of pixels in the image, and being in
fact the image. Histogram for pixel value i, normalized to
[0,1].
The cumulative distribution function corresponding to p
x
as

Which is also the images accumulated normalized histogram?
We would like to create a transformation of the form y = T(x)
to produce a new image {y}, such that its CDF will be
linearized across the value range, i.e.


For some constant K. The properties of the CDF allow us to
perform such a transform it is defined as



Notice that the T maps the levels into the range [0, 1]. In order
to map the values back into their original range, the following
simple transformation needs to be applied on the result:



The above describes histogram equalization on a grayscale
image [4]. However it can also be used on color images by
applying the same method separately to the Red, Green and
Blue components of the RGB color values of the image.
However, applying the same method on the Red, Green, and
Blue components of an RGB image may yield dramatic
changes in the image's color balance since the relative
distributions of the color channels change as a result of
applying the algorithm. However, if the image is first
converted to another color space, Lab color space, or
HSL/HSV color space in particular, then the algorithm can be
applied to the luminance or value channel without resulting in
changes to the hue and saturation of the image [5]. There are
several histogram equalization methods in 3D space.
Trapanis and Venetsanopoulos applied histogram
equalization in 3D color space [6].
However, it results in whitening where the probability of
bright pixels is higher than that of dark ones [7]. Han et al.
proposed to use a new cdf defined by the is-luminance plane,
which results in uniform gray distribution [8]

III. MEDIAN FILTER

The median filter is a nonlinear digital filtering technique,
often used to remove noise. To reduce noise several non-linear
filters can be employed. One of the simplest techniques, the
median filter, provided good noise reduction without affecting
the borders of the objects on the image. The main idea of the
median filter is to run through the signal entry by entry,
replacing each entry with the median of neighboring entries.
The pattern of neighbors is called the "window", which slides,
entry by entry, over the entire signal. In the median filtering
operation, the pixel values in the neighborhood window are
ranked according to intensity, and the middle value (the
median) becomes the output value for the pixel under
evaluation.

123 125 126 130 140
Neighborhood values:
115, 119, 120, 123,
124, 125, 127, 150

122 124 126 127 135
118 120 150 125 134
119 115 119 123 133
Median Values : 124
111 116 110 120 130
Fig. 2 calculating the median value of a pixel neighborhood.
As can be seen, the central pixel value of 150 is rather
International J ournal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJ CTT) volume 11 number 3 May 2014

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page 120

unrepresentative of the surrounding pixels and is replaced
with the median value: 124. A 33 square neighborhood is
used here --- larger neighborhoods will produce more severe
smoothing.
Often though, at the same time as reducing the noise in a
signal, it is important to preserve the edges. Edges are of
critical importance to the visual appearance of images, for
example. For small to moderate levels of (Gaussian) noise, the
median filter is demonstrably better than Gaussian blur at
removing noise whilst preserving edges for a given, fixed
window size[9]. However, its performance is not that much
better than Gaussian blur for high levels of noise, whereas, for
speckle noise12(impulsive noise), it is particularly effective
[10]. Because of this, median filtering is very widely used in
digital image processing.



Fig. 3 Median filters to improve an image corrupted by defective pixels

IV. FUZZY C-MEANS CLUSTERING
The fuzzy segmentation methods, which can retain more
information from the original than hard segmentation methods
[11-12].
In hard clustering, data is divided into distinct clusters,
where each data element belongs to exactly one cluster. In
fuzzy clustering (also referred to as soft clustering), data
elements can belong to more than one cluster, and associated
with each element is a set of membership levels. These
indicate the strength of the association between that data
element and a particular cluster. Fuzzy clustering is a process
of assigning these membership levels, and then using them to
assign data elements to one or more clusters [13].
One of the most widely used fuzzy clustering algorithms is the
Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) Algorithm (Bezdek 1981). The FCM
algorithm attempts to partition a finite collection of n elements
X = {x1,...,xn} into a collection of c fuzzy clusters with
respect to some given criterion. Given a finite set of data, the
algorithm returns a list of c cluster centers C= {c1,...,cc} and a
partition.
.
J=U = u i, j [0,1], i = 1,.,n, j = 1,,c

Where each element uij tells the degree to which element xi
belongs to cluster cj.

In fuzzy clustering, each point has a degree of belonging to
clusters, as in fuzzy logic, rather than belonging completely to
just one cluster. Thus, points on the edge of a cluster may be
in the cluster to a lesser degree than points in the center of
cluster.
Any point x has a set of coefficients giving the degree of being
in the kth cluster wk(x). With fuzzy c-means, the centroid of a
cluster is the mean of all points, weighted by their degree of
belonging to the cluster:

Ck=xwk(x)x xwk(x)
The degree of belonging, wk(x), is related inversely to the
distance from x to the cluster center as calculated on the
previous pass. It also depends on a parameter m that controls
how much weight is given to the closest centre[14].

A. The Algorithm of Fuzzy C-means Clustering

Step1.Choose a number of clusters in a given image.
Step2.Assign randomly to each point coefficients for
being in a cluster.
Step3.Repeat until convergence criterion is met.
Step4. Compute the center of each cluster.
Step5.For each point, compute its coefficients of
being in the cluster[4-5].


Fig .4 Shown image segmentation by Fuzzy c means
V. WORKING OF COMBINED APPROACH FOR IMAGE
SEGMENTATION

HE MF




Fuzzy C-Means




Fig .5 combined approach used for segmentation
Input Image

Contrast
enhancement
image
Noise
improved
image
Segmented
output
image
International J ournal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJ CTT) volume 11 number 3 May 2014

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page 121

The above fig.5 shows the combined approach which is used
for segmentation. The histogram equalization is applied to the
input image, from which it give contrast enhancement output
image .After that by applying median filter ,which will
remove noise from contrast output image .At last by applying
fuzzy c-mean clustering algorithm to denoising output image,
it produces higher accuracy segmented output image, with
less computation time.



Fig. 6 Show image segmentation by using combined approach

In above figure an Desert Image is given ,by applying
Histogram Equalization ,the contrast of image is increased.
The noise which is present in this is removed by using Median
Filter .The final segmented Image is obtained by using Fuzzy
C Means.




VI. CONCLUSIONS
The techniques are developed in MATLAB lab for analysis
and comparisons. By combined approach that is by using
Histogram Equalization, Median Filter and FCM , it produces
higher accuracy and require less computation time.

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