THE MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

KEY POINTS
1. Matter : Anything which occupies space and has mass is called matter. 2. Theory of molecular structure of matter. (i) Matter (elements or compounds) consists of extremely small particles which are not visible to the unaided eye. The smallest particle of matter which can exist independently is known as molecule. (ii) The molecules are in the state of continuous motion, which does not stop with time. Due to the continuous motion all molecules have kinetic energy. (iii) The kinetic energy of the molecules increases with the rise in temperature. (iv) The kinetic energy of the molecules in the solids is least, in liquids more than solids and in gases maximum. (v) The spaces in between the molecules are called intermolecular spaces, The intermolecular spaces are least in case of solids, more in case of liquids and maximum in case of gases. (vi) The molecules attract each other with a force which is commonly called intermolecular force. It is maximum in case of solids and least in case of gases. (vii) The intermolecular forces decrease with the increase in intermolecular spaces and vice versa. 3. Solid : A rigid state of matter, which has a definite shape and definite volume is called solid. It can have any number of free surfaces.

5. Gas : A fluid state of matter, which fills the entire space of the containing vessel and has neither definite shape nor definite volume is called gas. It has no free surface. 6. Properties of solids : (i) They have a definite shape and definite volume. (ii) They cannot be compressed easily. (iii) They are generally heavy and have high densities. (iv) They do not flow, but can be heaped. (v) They can have any number of free surfaces and do not need a vessel to contain them. 7. Properties of Liquids : (i) They have a definite volume, but no definite shape. They take the shape of containing vessel. (ii) They cannot be compressed easily. (iii) They are usually less dense than the solids.

4. Liquid : A fluid state of matter, which has a definite volume, but not a definite shape is called liquid. It always takes the shape of containing vessel and has only one free surface.

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(iv) They do not fill the entire volume of a container. (v) They can flow and hence need a vessel to contain them. Properties of Gases : (i) They have neither definite shape nor definite volume. They always acquire the shape and volume of the vessel containing them. (ii) They can be compressed easily. (iii) They are very, very light and hence have very low densities. (iv) They fill the entire volume of a container. (v) They can flow and hence need a vessel to contain them. Explanation of solids on the basis of kinetic model : The molecules in a solid have very small kinetic energy and very small intermolecular spaces. Because of very small intermolecular spaces, they attract each other with very large intermolecular forces, such that they cannot change there positions. Thus, the solids are rigid and have a definite shape and definite volume. Furthermore, they cannot be compressed and have high densities. Explanation of liquids on the basis of kinetic model : The molecules in a liquid have more kinetic energy and more intermolecular spaces as compared to solids. Because of large intermolecular spaces, they do not attract one another with a strong intermolecular forces. Thus, molecules can change there positions within the liquid. So, the liquids have a definite volume, but not a definite shape. They can flow and always take the shape of containing vessel. Explanation of gases on the basis of kinetic model : The molecules in a gas have very large intermolecular spaces and high kinetic energy as compared to solids and liquids. Because of very large intermolecular spaces, they do not experience intermolecular forces. Thus, the molecules can move in all possible directions and fill the entire space of the containing vessel. So, the gases have neither definite shape nor definite volume. Diffusion : Intermixing of particles of two or more substances on their own is known as diffusion. Material : The term used to describe a particular kind of matter is called material. Homogeneous material : A material which has a same composition and same properties throughout is called homogeneous material. Heterogeneous material : A material which has different composition and different properties in different parts is called heterogeneous medium. Substance : A homogeneous material made of one kind particles (atoms or molecules), is called a substance. Interconversion of matter : The phenomenon due to which the matter changes from one state to another state and back to the original state, by altering the conditions of temperature and pressure, etc. is known as interconversion of matter.

18. Melting or Fusion : The process due to which a solid changes into liquid state at a constant temperature by absorbing heat energy is known as melting or fusion.

19. Freezing or solidification : The process due to which a liquid changes into solid state at a constant temperature by giving out heat energy is known as freezing or solidification. 20. Melting point : The constant temperature at which a solid changes into liquid state by absorbing heat energy is called melting point. 21. Freezing point : The constant temperature at which a liquid changes into solid state by giving out heat energy is called freezing point. 22. Numerical value of freezing point and melting point is same. 23. Vaporisation or Boiling : The process due to which a liquid changes into gaseous state at constant temperature by absorbing heat energy is known as vaporisation or boiling. 24. Condensation or liquefaction : The process due to which a gas changes into liquid state at a constant temperature by giving out heat energy is known as condensation or liquefaction. 25. Boiling point : The constant temperature at which a liquid rapidly changes into gaseous state by absorbing heat energy is known as boiling point. 26. Liquefaction point : The constant temperature at which a gas rapidly changes into its liquid state by giving out heat energy is known as liquefaction point. 27. Numerical value of boiling point and liquefaction point is same. 28. Sublimation : The process due to which a solid directly changes into gaseous state on heating without changing first into liquid state and the gaseous state directly changes into solid state on cooling is called sublimation. 29. Sublime : A gaseous form directly formed from a solid on heating is known as sublime. 30. Sublimate : A solid state of matter formed directly from its gaseous state on cooling is called sublimate. 31. Boiling is bulk phenomenon in which particles from the whole liquid change into gaseous state. 32. Evaporation : It is a surface phenomenon in which energetic particles close to the surface of liquid overcome intermolecular forces and atmospheric pressure and hence escape in air. 33. Rate of evaporation increases with (1) increase in surface area, (2) increase in the temperature of a liquid, (3) increase in the temperature of the surroundings (4) decrease in humidity (5) increase in the motion of air. 34. Evaporation takes place at all temperatures, below the boiling point of a liquid. 35. Evaporation always causes cooling. 36. Specific latent heat of fusion : It is the amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of a solid at its melting point into liquid state, without rise in temperature at the normal atmospheric pressure. 37. Specific latent heat of vaporisation : It is the amount of heat energy required to change of 1 kg of a liquid at its boiling point into gaseous state, without rise in temperature at the normal atmospheric pressure. 38. Plasma : It is a fourth state of matter, which is formed at extremely high temperature and consists of charged ions.