Pipeline Hydraulic Analysis Lec 6

Pipeway Engineering
Pipeline Hydraulic Analysis
Lecture 7
Department of Transportation Engineering and Management
University of Engineering and Technology Lahore

Pipeline Hydraulic Analysis
Outline
1. Velocity of flow in liquid pipelines
2. Reynolds number in liquid flow
3. Pressure and head of a liquid
4. Pressure drop in liquid flow
5. Friction factor
6. Cloebrook-white equation
7. Hazen William equation
8. Minor losses
Velocity of flow in liquid pipelines
The rate at which a fluid flows through a pipeline is measured by the
velocity of flow.
Where,
V= Average velocity, ft/s
Q=Volume flow rate, gal/min
D= Pipe inside diameter, in.

In SI units, average velocity of flow can be calculated as
Where,
V= Average velocity, m/s
Q=Volume flow rate, m3/h
D=Inside diameter, mm
Velocity of flow in liquid pipelines
Example:
A 400mm outside diameter pipe, 8 mm wall thickness flowing gasoline at 500
m3/h, have velocity of ?
Solution: Using
OR
Velocity = ? m/s (Average velocity at a particular cross section of pipe)
REYNOLDS NUMBER IN LIQUID FLOW
 when a flow in pipeline is smooth, it
is Laminar flow or viscous flow
 When flow rate is increased, velocity
also increases and flow changes
from laminar to turbulent flow (Flow
with eddies and disturbances)

 When a dye is injected into the flowing stream. The point at which the flow
changes from laminar to turbulent is not clearly defined
 There is an intermediate zone called the critical flow region in which the flow
is indeterminate
 The flow type is characterized using a dimensionless parameter known as the
Reynolds number.
 Reynolds number is used to classify the type of flow in pipelines
V = Average velocity, m/s

D = Pipe inside diameter, m
ν = Kinematic viscosity, m2/s
Where,
kinematic viscosity,v (m2/s) =
Flow through pipes is classified into three main flow regimes, based on
the value of the Reynolds number, R .
1. Laminar flow − R ≤ 2000
2. Critical flow − R > 2000 and R ≤ 4000
3. Turbulent flow − R > 4000

When flow rate is given, Reynolds number can be calculated using
Q = Flow rate, m3/h
D = Pipe inside diameter, mm
ν = Kinematic viscosity, cSt

PRESSURE AND HEAD OF A LIQUID
The pressure in a liquid is the force per unit area that acts in all directions at a
point within the liquid.
In SI units, the pressure P in kPa may be related to the liquid head (h) in meters as
follows:
Where, P = pressure in kPa
h = head ,m
Sg = specific gravity
Example:
A pressure of 500 kPa in a gasoline pipeline (Sg = 0.74) is equivalent to

a head of h meters?
 In liquid pipelines, term pressure is referred as gauge pressure (psig or kPa gauge) .
 The absolute pressure ( Pa ) is equal to the gauge pressure ( Pg ) plus the local
atmospheric pressure ( Patm ):
Pa = Pg + Patm
Example:
For a liquid pressure of 3500 kPa (gauge) at a location where the atmospheric pressure
is 101 kPa, the absolute pressure in the liquid is
Pa = 3500 + 101 = 3601 kPa (abs)

 Gauge pressure is used in liquid pipelines

calculations.
 In gas pipelines, absolute pressure is

used.
PRESSURE DROP IN LIQUID FLOW
Head Loss (h)
As liquid flows through a pipeline, depending on the

 Flow rate
 Liquid gravity
 Viscosity and
 The internal roughness of the pipe
A certain amount of pressure loss occurs from the upstream end A to
the downstream end B of the pipe.
This pressure drop resulting from friction is also called the head loss
(h) and can be calculated using the Darcy– Weisbach (Darcy) equation
PRESSURE DROP IN LIQUID FLOW
Darcy Equation (In USCS Units)
h = pressure drop due to friction,ft

f = Darcy friction factor, a dimensionless number, 0.008– 0.10
L = Pipe length, ft
D = Pipe inside diameter, ft
V = Average liquid velocity, ft/s
g = Acceleration due to gravity, 32.2 ft/s2
Darcy Equation
Pressure drop due to friction per unit length of pipe, in USCS units is
Pm = Pressure drop resulting from friction, psi per mile of pipe (psi/mi)
Q = Liquid flow rate, bbl/day
f = Darcy friction factor, dimensionless
Sg = Liquid specific gravity
D = Pipe inside diameter, in.
Darcy Equation
Sometimes, the transmission factor F is used in place of the friction factor f .

This factor F is directly proportional to the volume that can be transported
through the pipeline and, therefore, has an inverse relationship with the friction
factor f .The transmission factor F is calculated from the following equation:
 Because the friction factor f ranges from 0.008 to 0.10 so, transmission
factor F approximately ranges from 6 to 22
 Transmission factor is used more commonly in gas pipelines than in liquid
pipelines.
Darcy Equation
Pressure drop due to friction per unit length of pipe, in SI units is
𝑆𝑔
𝑃 𝑘𝑚=6.2475 𝑥 1010 𝑓𝑄 2( )
𝐷5
Pkm = Pressure drop due to friction, kPa/km

Q = Liquid flow rate, m3/h
Sg = Liquid specific gravity, dimensionless
D = Pipe inside diameter, mm
Problem
A refined products pipeline, NPS 16, 0.250 in. wall thickness is used to ship
diesel fuel (Sg = 0.85) at a flow rate of 4200 bbl/h. Assuming a friction factor of
0.015, calculate the frictional pressure drop in a 10-mi segment of the pipeline.
What is the value of the transmission factor?
Solution:
Pm = 0.0605 × 0.015 × (4200 × 24)2 [0.85/(16 − 2 × 0.25)2] = 8.7605 psi/mi

The frictional pressure drop in a 10-mi segment is
Pressure drop = 10 × 8.7605 = 87.61 psi
The transmission factor, F = 2/ √0.015 = 16.32
Friction Factor-Laminar flow
The actual value of f depends on the
1. Reynolds number
2. Pipe diameter and
3. Internal roughness of the pipe.
If the flow is laminar ( R < 2000), the friction factor depends only on the Reynolds
number and is not affected by the internal roughness. It is,
f = 64/ R
So, for laminar flow, the friction factor depends only on the Reynolds number
and is independent of the internal condition of the pipe.
Example
If the Reynolds number R = 1980,

then friction factor is
f = 64/1980 = 0.0323.
Friction factor- Turbulent flow
(Colebrook-White equation)
Colebrook– White equation is used to calculate friction factor in turbulent zone.
Where,
D = Pipe internal diameter, mm
e = Absolute pipe roughness, mm
R = Reynolds number of flow, dimensionless
As calculation appears on both sides of equation, so hit and trial approach

needs to be used to calculate the friction factor in this equation.
Friction factor- intermediate zone
 In the critical zone, where the Reynolds number is between

2000 and 4000 there is no generally accepted formula for
determining the friction factor.
 Flow is unstable in this region and therefore the friction

factor is indeterminate.
 Most users calculate the value of f based upon turbulent

HAZEN– WILLIAMS EQUATION
Commonly used in the design of water distribution lines and in calculation of
frictional pressure drop in refined petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel,
and so on.
Where,
h = Head loss due to friction, ft
L = Length of pipe, ft
D = Inside diameter of pipe, ft
Q = Flow rate, ft 3 /s
C = Hazen– Williams coefficient or C-Factor, dimensionless (ranges from 60 to
150).
Example
A outside diameter 400 with 8mm wall thickness is used to transport 750 m3/h
of gasoline (sg= 0.745). Using Hazen-Williams formula with C=145, calculate
the frictional pressure drop in a 5km length of pipeline.
Solution:
Inside diameter D= 400 – 2(8) = 384mm
Substituting the values in following equation
Pkm = 1.1101 x 1013 (750/145)1.852 (0.745/3844.487) = 45.03 kPa/km

Therefore, pressure drop due to friction in 5km = 45.03 x 5 =225.17kPa
Minor losses
 Minor losses include pressure drop through energy losses, contractions, bend,
restrictions, pipe enlargements etc. due to valves, fittings and other installed
devices in pipelines.
 In long distances pipelines (e.g transmission and distribution lines), major energy
losses are due to pressure drop because of friction in straight lengths of pipe.
Therefore minor losses can be neglected
 But in shorter pipelines, minor losses must be included for energy losses.
Minor losses
Minor losses in shorter pipelines can be calculated as follows,
Where,
h = Head loss due to valve or fitting,ft
K = head loss coefficient for valve or fitting, dimensionless (k-value is given
in upcoming tables)
V = velocity of liquid through valve or fitting, ft/s
g = accleration due to gravity 32.2ft/s2
Questions/Answers Session

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Pipeway Engineering

Pipeline Hydraulic Analysis

Department of Transportation Engineering and Management

University of Engineering and Technology Lahore

2. Reynolds number in liquid flow

3. Pressure and head of a liquid

4. Pressure drop in liquid flow

7. Hazen William equation

V= Average velocity, ft/s

Q=Volume flow rate, gal/min

D= Pipe inside diameter, in.

 when a flow in pipeline is smooth, it

is Laminar flow or viscous flow

 When flow rate is increased, velocity

also increases and flow changes

from laminar to turbulent flow (Flow

with eddies and disturbances)

changes from laminar to turbulent is not clearly defined

 The flow type is characterized using a dimensionless parameter known as the

V = Average velocity, m/s

1. Laminar flow − R ≤ 2000

2. Critical flow − R > 2000 and R ≤ 4000

3. Turbulent flow − R > 4000

When flow rate is given, Reynolds number can be calculated using

Q = Flow rate, m3/h

D = Pipe inside diameter, mm

ν = Kinematic viscosity, cSt

Where, P = pressure in kPa

A pressure of 500 kPa in a gasoline pipeline (Sg = 0.74) is equivalent to

Pa = 3500 + 101 = 3601 kPa (abs)

 Gauge pressure is used in liquid pipelines

 In gas pipelines, absolute pressure is

Head Loss (h)

As liquid flows through a pipeline, depending on the

h = pressure drop due to friction,ft

Sometimes, the transmission factor F is used in place of the friction factor f .

Pkm = Pressure drop due to friction, kPa/km

Pm = 0.0605 × 0.015 × (4200 × 24)2 [0.85/(16 − 2 × 0.25)2] = 8.7605 psi/mi

If the Reynolds number R = 1980,

As calculation appears on both sides of equation, so hit and trial approach

 In the critical zone, where the Reynolds number is between

 Flow is unstable in this region and therefore the friction

 Most users calculate the value of f based upon turbulent

Pkm = 1.1101 x 1013 (750/145)1.852 (0.745/3844.487) = 45.03 kPa/km

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